____.

(SI) _______________________.
,
, : ____________________________________________________________________
1 m3 = ________________________________________________________________.
: 1 = 4 m3
: o ( ).
(l) : 1 l = 1 dm3 .
(ml) : 1 ml = 1 cm3, 1 l = 1000 ml.
1: .
3 3 3 1l 1ml
V (m ) V (dm ) V (cm )

1. 800000
2. 135000
3. 40000
4. 180000
5. 0.20
6. 85.0
7. 0.25
8. 90.0
9. 12.5
10. 0.11
2:
) 1 cm3 ) 0,25 m3.

V a=
_ __
_ _
3
m
V =
_ __
Va=______m3 V=______m3 _ _
3 3
Va=______m V=______m m3

Va=_____m3 V=_____m3

1/19


( , , , , ,
, , , , , ...)
,
.
.
,
.

.
:
,
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:
2D
1D . .

;
() ;
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0,1 m3.

, , : ,
, , , ,

,
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( ),
...
:
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5.
.
6.
.
7.
8.
9. .

2/19


1) :

1 n 1 n
2) : P =
2 i =1
=
2 i =1
3) : (d)
{ [ (o1) (on)] (oi)}

+
: P = * + + + + + = =
2
4) :
(d) { o1 n [ np]
[ p]}
:
10 10 10
P = *[4 + 4 + 2 ( 5.1 + 6.3) + 4 ( 4.5 + 6.5 + 5.1) ] = *[8 + 22.8 + 64.4] = *95.2 = 317.3m2
3 3 3
5) .
6)
7) -
(AutoCAD, MAPSoft, Survey, Pitagora ...)

3/19


4/19


.
.
, , ,
, ...
3: :

P=
a
a a V=

P=

c V=
a b

P=

V=

P=

x V=
a

P=
h2
h3
h1
h4 V=

( )
P=

V=

P=
h h1 h2
V= V=

5/19


(.
), , , , ..
: 1
2, d, 1:m
KN KT.
.
,
.1:
1. : 1 d V1 = P1*d
2. : PK = P2-P1-P3-P4 d V2 = P2*d/2
3. : 3 d V3 = P3*d/3
4. : 4 d V4 = P4*d/3
KN1

1:m 1:m
h1

KT1

KN2
P4=(ab)/2
P3 h2
a b
KT2
.1
: V = V1+V2+V3+V4
d d d P P +P P -P -P -P P +P
V = Pd
1 + PK + P3 + P4 = d ( P1 + K + 3 4 ) = d ( P1 + 2 1 3 4 + 3 4 )
2 3 3 2 3 2 3

P + P -3P3 - 3P4 + 2 P3 + 2 P4 P +P P +P
V = d *( 1 2 + ) = d *( 1 2 - 3 4 )
2 6 2 6
ab
P3 P4 = ?
P3 P4 = ; a:b=1:m b=am h D- h2 D 1
a=
2

(Dh 2 -Dh1 ) 2 m P + P 2 P (Dh 2 -Dh1 ) 2 m
P3 P4 = 3 4 = 3 =
2 6 6 6

P1 + P2 m(Dh 2 -Dh1 ) 2
V = d *( -
)
2 6

6/19


d
V = ( P1 + P2 + 4 Pm )
6
1 2 -
- d/2
d - 1 2
4: , :
: :

0+154,45m 0+182,23m

=13,51m2 =17,8m2

= 81,54m = 82,48m

N = 80,00m N = 80,50m

1:2 1:2
:

: V = 434.9m3
5: :

0+103,74

0+124,48

7/19


d= ____________
h1= ____________ V= ____________
P1= __________ P1= __________ h2= ____________
P2= __________ P2= __________ V= ____________

8/19


, , ,
,, ...
1 2 3 4 5
1
,


2
.

3
,
.
4
.

5
.

2
()
(), () 1
()
. 3

:
1' 2'
Dh + Dh2 + Dh3 + Dh4 4
V= 1 P;
4
Dhi -
4' 3'
-

:
P
V = (h1 + 2h2 + 4h4 )
4
h1-
- (11,15, 51,55)
h2-
-
(12,13,14, 21, 31,41, 25,35,45, 52,53 54)
h3-

- (22,23,24, 32,33,34
42,43,44)

Dh1 + Dh2 + Dh3

: V = P
4
9/19


6:
a)
, ( 1,2,3,4)
.
: 10m 10m
: K = 120,000m ( H0 )
N1.

) H0 = Hmin=____________
:

10/19


h2

x2 y2 3'

- 2' 6'
h3
1 a
a
h1 3
x1 y1 4'
1' +
h4

4
a

h1 h1
x1 y1

h4

-
a
x1 : Dh1 = a : ( Dh1 + Dh4 ) x1 = Dh1 ;
Dh1 + Dh4
a
x2 : Dh2 = a : ( Dh2 + Dh3 ) x2 = Dh2
Dh2 + Dh3
a
y1 : Dh4 = a : ( Dh1 + Dh4 ) y1 = Dh4 ;
Dh1 + Dh4
a
y2 : Dh3 = a : ( Dh2 + Dh3 ) y2 = Dh3
Dh2 + Dh3
-
x +x Dh + Dh2
Pu = a 1 2 ; Vu = Pu 1 ;
2 4
y + y2 Dh + Dh4
Pn = a 1 ; Vn = Pn 3
2 4

11/19


7:
, ( 1',2',3',4')
.
: 20m 20m
: K = 124,60m ( H0 )
N1.

: P= m2; h1= ; h2= ; h3= ; h4= ;

: , .
a
x1 = Dh1 =
Dh1 + Dh4
a
x2 = Dh2 =
Dh2 + Dh3
a
y1 = Dh4 =
Dh1 + Dh4
a
y2 = Dh3 =
Dh2 + Dh3
: x1 + y1 = a = x2 + y 2 = a =
x1 + x2 Dh1 + Dh2
Pu = a = ;Vu = Pu =
2 4
y +y Dh + Dh4
Pn = a 1 2 = ;Vn = Pn 3 =
2 4

12/19


h1 -
1'
2
a
a
x h2
3'
y 2'
h3 c
+
3
-
a c a
x : Dh3 = a : (Dh1 + Dh3 ) x = Dh3 ; y : Dh3 = c : (Dh2 + Dh3 ) y = Dh3 ; sin a =
Dh1 + Dh3 Dh2 + Dh3 c
-
xy xya Dh Dh + Dh2
Pn = sin a = ; Vn = Pn 3 ; Pu = PV- Pn ; Vu = Pu 1 ;
2 2c 3 4
8:
, ( 1',2',4')
.
= 20m
: K = 124,60m ( H0 )
N1 .
: c2=2a2 c=a2 = m; h1= ; h2= ; h4=
a
x= Dh4 =
Dh1 + Dh4
c
y= Dh4 =
Dh2 + Dh4
xya Dh4
Pn = = = ; Vn = Pn =
2c 2* 3
Dh1 + Dh2 +
Pu = PV- Pn = ; Vu = Pu = =
4 4
:
: P = s( s - a )( s - b)( s - c );s = O / 2 ; c = (a - x) 2 + a 2 = 12, 27 2 + 20 2 = 23, 46

13/19


,

,
, , , ...
1:m
, -
( ) .
,
(, ...) .

1:m

c
h K
a

,
.1:
1. : P=ab h VP = PP*h
2. : PK1 = b(c-a)/2 h
VK1=PK1*h/2
3. : PK2 = a(d-b)/2 h
VK2=PK2*h/2
4. : P=[(d-b)/2][(c-a)/2] h
VP = PP*h/3
: V = VP2 + 2VK1 + 2VK2 + 4VP
b (c - a ) h a (d - b) h ( d - b ) (c - a ) h
V = abh + 2 +2 +4
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
b(c - a) a(d - b) ( d - b)(c - a )
V = h[ab + + - ]
2 2 3
h
V = [6ab + 3b(c - a ) + 3a( d - b) + 2( d - b)(c - a)]
6
h
V = [ 6ab + 3bc - 3ba + 3ad - 3ab + 2dc - 2da - 2bc + 2ba ]
6
h h
V = [bc + ad + 2dc + 2ba] = [bc + ad + cd + cd + ab + ab]
6 6
h h
V = [ab + b(a + c) + d (a + c) + cd ] = [ab + cd + (b + d )(a + c)]
6 6

14/19


,
, h 20m - 25m hsr
9: : h=4m, a=10m, b=30m,
c=14m, d=34m
:
1. : P =
2. : PK1 =
3. : PK2 =
4. : P =
: P= P + 2PK1 + 2PK2+ 4P =
:V = hP =

(.
, ,
, .
:
1. ;
2. ;
3.
4. .


.
: P6, P5, P4, P3, P2 P1

:
Ph P +P P +P P +P P +P P +P
V = 6 + e *( 6 5 + 5 4 + 4 3 + 3 2 + 2 1 )
3 2 2 2 2 2
P6 h
- , h -
3

10: : 1m,
K=125,56m, 120 6=26m2,
5=310m2, 4=1080m2, 3=2255m2, 2=3928m2 1=4420m2.
:

15/19


()
.
:
.
() .
,
.
.
( ).
.
:
Ph P +P P +P P +P P +P P +P
V = 6 + e *( 6 5 + 5 4 + 4 3 + 3 2 + 2 1 )
3 2 2 2 2 2
P6 h
- , h -
3
11
,
( ).

: ,

, .

16/19


.

.

.
.
hi=Kiprojektovana-Kiterena
(+hi) (-hi) .
:
VN= P(+hi) VU= P(+hi)
12:
20m:

:
h1= h2= h3= h4=
h5= h6= h7= h8=
h9= h10= h11= h12=
: P =
: (+hi)=
:(-hi)=
: VN=
: VU=

17/19


.
,
.

.
.
.

.
:
P Dh P +P P +P P +P
VN = 1 1 + e( 1 2 + 2 3 ) + 3 4 Dh2
3 2 2 2
P Dh P +P P +P P +P
VU = 8 3 + e( 8 7 + 7 6 ) + 6 5 Dh4
3 2 2 2
:
h1 - 1 ,
h2 - ( )
.
h3 - 8 ,
h4 - ( )
.

13: , h1, h2, h3, h4 ,

=33,40m.
: = , h1= , h2=

18/19


h3= , h4=

19/19