I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

Khoa K thut Ha hc

---------

BO CO TIU LUN
NHIT NG K THUT HA HC
TI:
PIN NHIN LIU SOFC
(SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL)

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Hnh

PGS. TS. Nguyn Quang Long

Nhm 6:

- Trn Th Hng MSHV: 1670192

- L Th Nhn MSHV: 1670671

 MC LC

I. GII THIU ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

II. CU TO V HOT NG ------------------------------------------------------ 2

1. ANODE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2. CHT IN PHN (ELECTROLYTE) ------------------------------------------- 3

3. CATT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

4. INTERCONNECT--------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

5. KT LUN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

III. S DUNG HYDROCACBON LAM NGUYN LIU ------------------------ 5

IV. U NHC IM CA PIN NHIN LIU ----------------------------------- 6

1. U IM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

2. NHC IM ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6

V. HNG NGHIN CU ------------------------------------------------------------ 6

1. SOEC----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

2. ITSOFC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

3. LT-SOFC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8

4. SOFC-GT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

5. DCFC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

6. SOFC HOT NG TRN BI RC THI ---------------------------------- 10

VI. TI LIU THAM KHO -------------------------------------------------------- 12

 I. GII THIU
Cc t bo nhin liu oxit rn l
mt loi t bo nhin liu c c
trng bi vic s dng
cht oxide rn nh cht in
phn . SOFC s dng mt cht in
phn oxit rn tin hnh cc ion oxy
m t cc m n anode. Qu trnh oxy
ha in ha ca oxy oxy
vi hydro hoc carbon monoxide do
xy ra pha anode . Gn y, cc
SOFC proton proton (PC-SOFC) ang
c pht trin vn chuyn proton thay
v oxy qua in phn vi u im l c
th chy nhit thp hn cc SOFC truyn thng.
Chng hot ng nhit rt cao, thng l t 500 n 1.000 C.
nhng nhit ny, cc SOFC khng yu cu vt liu xc tc platin t tin , nh
hin nay cn thit cho cc t bo nhin liu c nhit thp hn nh PEMFC , v
khng d b ng c cht xc tc ccbon monoxit. Tuy nhin, d b tn thng do
ng c lu hunh c quan st rng ri v lu hunh phi c loi b trc
khi i vo t bo thng qua vic s dng cc lp cht hp ph hoc cc phng
tin khc.
Cc pin nhin liu oxit rn c nhiu ng dng, t vic s dng nh cc n
v nng lng ph trong xe to ra in th tnh vi cc u ra t 100 W n 2
MW. Trong nm 2009, cng ty c, Ceramic Fuel Cells t c hiu qu ca
mt thit b SOFC ln n nhn hiu l thuyt trc y l 60%. Nhit hot
ng cao hn lm cho SOFCs ng vin ph hp cho cc ng dng vi ng c
nhit thit b thu hi nng lng hoc kt hp nhit v nng lng , trong tip
tc tng hiu qu nhin liu tng th.
Do nhng nhit cao ny, nhin liu hydrocarbon nh, nh metan,
propan, v butan c th c ci to ni b trong anode. SOFC cng c th c
b sung bng cch ci cch bn ngoi cc hydrocacbon nng hn, nh xng, du
diesel, nhin liu my bay (JP-8) hoc nhin liu sinh hc. Nhng ci tin ny l
hn hp ca hydro, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hi nc v kh m-tan,
c hnh thnh bng cch phn ng cc nhin liu hydrocacbon vi khng kh
hoc hi nc trong mt thit b pha trn ca cc dng SOFC. Cc h thng
in ca SOFC c th tng hiu sut bng cch s dng nhit c gii phng bi
qu trnh oxy ha ha in gii nhit bn trong t bo nhin liu cho qu trnh ti
cu trc hi nc nng. Ngoi ra,
Vic m rng nhit i hi phi c quy trnh gia nhit thng nht v c
iu chnh tt khi khi ng. Cc ngn xp SOFC vi hnh hc phng cn trong

1
mt gi c nung nng n nhit tt. Hnh hc thit k t bo nhin liu
ng nh ha hn s khi ng nhanh hn nhiu ln, thng l theo th t pht.
Khng ging nh hu ht cc loi pin nhin liu khc , SOFC c th c
nhiu hnh dng. Cc nhin liu phng thit k t bo hnh hc l hnh hc loi
bnh sandwich in hnh c s dng bi hu ht cc loi t bo nhin liu, ni
m cc cht in phn c kp gia cc in cc. SOFC cng c th c lm
bng hnh hc dng ng, ni khng kh hoc nhin liu c truyn qua bn trong
ca ng v kh khc c truyn dc theo bn ngoi ca ng. Thit k ng l
thun li v n d dng hn nim phong khng kh t nhin liu. Hiu sut ca
thit k phng hn hin nay tt hn so vi hiu sut ca thit k ng, tuy nhin,
bi v thit k phng c mt khng thp hn tng i. Cc hnh hc khc ca
SOFC bao gm cc thit k t bo nhin liu phng c thit k li (MPC hoc
MPSOFC), Ni mt cu trc ging nh sng thay th cu hnh cn h truyn
thng ca cc t bo phng. Nhng thit k nh vy rt c trin vng v chng
chia s nhng u im ca c hai t bo phng (khng thp) v cc t bo hnh
ng.
II. CU TO V HOT NG

Mt ct ngang ca ba lp gm ca mt ng SOFC hnh ng. T tri sang

phi: cc dng xp, cht in phn dy, cc dng xp
Mt t bo nhin liu oxit rn c to thnh t bn lp, trong c ba
loi l gm (v th l tn). Mt t bo n bao gm bn lp xp chng ln nhau
thng ch c mt vi milimet dy. Hng trm cc t bo ny sau c kt ni
theo chui to thnh nhng g m hu ht mi ngi gi l "ngn xp
SOFC". Cc gm c s dng trong cc SOFC khng hot ng
bng in v ion cho n khi t c nhit rt cao v k t qu l cc ngn xp
phi chy nhit t 500 n 1000 C. Gim oxy vo oxy xy ra cc m. Cc
ion ny sau c th khuch tn qua cht in phn oxit rn ti cc dng, ni
chng c th lm oxy ha cht in t. Trong phn ng ny, mt sn phm ph
2
nc c thi ra cng nh hai in t. Nhng in t ny sau chy qua mt
mch bn ngoi, ni chng c th lm vic. Chu k ny lp i lp li khi nhng
electron vo vt liu catt mt ln na.
1. Anode
Lp anode gm phi rt xp cho nhin liu chy v pha cht in
phn. Do , vt cht dng ht thng c la chn ch to cc
dng. Ging nh catt, n phi dn in t, vi dn ion l mt thng s nht
nh. Cc vt liu ph bin nht c s dng l mt gm kim loi to thnh
t niken trn vi vt liu gm c s dng cho cc cht in phn trong t
bo c bit, thng YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) cht xc tc vt liu nano
da trn , phn YSZ ny gip ngn chn s pht trin ht niken . Cc ht niken
ln hn s lm gim din tch tip xc m ion c th c thc hin thng qua,
lm gim hiu qu ca t bo. Anode thng l lp dy nht v mnh nht trong
tng t bo, bi v n c tn tht phn cc nh nht v thng l lp cung cp s
h tr c hc. Theo Electrochemically, cng vic ca anode l s dng cc ion
oxy khuch tn qua cht in phn xi ha hydro nhin liu . Cc phn ng
oxy ha gia cc ion oxy v hydro to ra nhit cng nh nc v in. Nu nhin
liu l mt hydrocacbon nh, v d metan, mt chc nng khc ca cc dng l
hot ng nh mt cht xc tc cho hi chuy n nhin liu thnh hydro. iu ny
to ra mt li ch khc cho ngn xp pin nhin liu bi v phn ng ti cu trc l
cc k nng, lm ngui stack bn trong. Vt liu Perovskite c chng minh
l c mt cng sut 0,6 W / cm2 0,7 V 800 C, c th v chng c kh
nng vt qua mt nng lng kch hot ln hn.
2. Ch t in phn (Electrolyte)
Cht in phn l mt lp gm dy c dn ion oxy. dn in ca n
phi c gi cng thp cng tt trnh tn tht do dng chy r r. Nhit
hot ng cao ca SOFC s cho php ng lc vn chuyn ion oxy co cho hiu
sut tt. Tuy nhin, khi nhit hot ng tip cn gii hn di ca SOFC
khong 600 C, in phn bt u can tr ion ln v nh hng n hiu sut. Cc
vt liu in phn ph bin bao gm zirconium stabilized yttria (YSZ) (thng l
dng 8% ca 8YSZ), scandenzic stabilized zirconia ( ScSZ ) (thng l 9% mol%
Sc2O3 - 9ScSZ) v xi-xy ha dopolito . Cc vt liu in phn c nh hng
quan trng n hot ng ca t bo. phn ng bt li gia cht in phn YSZ
v cathodes hin i nh lantan stronti cobalt ferit (LSCF) c tm thy, v
c th c ngn nga bng cch lam mng (<100 nm) ceria ro cn khuch tn.
Nu dn in ca ion oxy trong SOFC c th duy tr mc cao ngay c
nhit thp hn (mc tiu hin ti trong nghin cu ~ 500 C), s la chn
vt liu cho SOFC s m rng v nhiu vn hin ti c th c gii quyt. Mt
s k thut ch bin nh lng ng mng mng c th gip gii quyt vn ny
bng cc vt liu hin c bng cch:

3
 Lm gim khong cch di chuyn ca oxy oxy v bn ca cht
in phn v in tr t l nghch vi chiu di dy dn
To ra cc cu trc ht c t in tr nh cu trc ht dng ht
Kim sot cc ht tinh th nano tinh th cu trc vi m t c
"tinh chnh" cc tnh cht in;
Xy dng composite c din tch b mt rng nh cc giao din
c chng minh l c tnh cht in bt thng.
3. Catt
Cc cathode , hoc khng kh in cc , l mt lp xp mng trn in ni
gim oxy din ra. Phn ng chung c vit bng k hiu Krger-Vink nh sau:

Vt liu catt phi mc ti thiu dn in. Hin nay, lantan strontium

manganit (LSM) l vt liu catt c la chn cho mc ch thng mi v tnh
tng thch ca n vi cc cht in phn zirconia pha tp. V mt c hc, n
c h s gin n nhit tng t nh YSZ v do lm gim s cng thng do
cng thng v s khng ph hp ca CTE. Ngoi ra, LSM c mc phn ng ha
hc thp vi YSZ ko di tui th ca vt liu. Tht khng may, LSM l mt cht
dn ion km, v do , phn ng hot ha in c gii hn ranh gii pha ba
pha (TPB), ni in phn, khng kh v in cc gp nhau. LSM hot ng tt
nh catt nhit cao, nhng hiu sut ca n nhanh chng ri xung khi nhit
hot ng c h xung di 800 C. tng vng phn ng vt qu TPB,
mt vt liu catt tim nng phi c kh nng dn in t v cc ion oxy. Cc
cathode composite bao gm LSM YSZ c s dng gia tng di ranh
gii ca ba giai on ny. Cc loi gm dn ion / in t dn in hn hp
(MIEC), chng hn nh LSCF ca Perovskite , cng ang c nghin cu s
dng trong cc SOFC nhit trung bnh v chng hot ng mnh hn v c th
lm tng nng lng kch hot ca phn ng.
4. Interconnect
Cc kt ni c th l mt lp kim loi hoc gm t gia mi t bo ring
l. Mc ch ca n l kt ni tng t bo trong chui, do in mi t bo
to ra c th c kt hp. Bi v kt ni c tip xc vi c hai mt oxy ha v
gim ca t bo nhit cao, n phi c cc k n nh. V l do ny, gm
s thnh cng hn v lu di so vi kim loi nh vt liu kt ni. Tuy nhin,
nhng vt liu kt ni gm ny rt t so vi kim loi. Cc hp kim niken v thp
ang tr nn c trin vng hn khi cc SOFC nhit thp (600-800 C) c
pht trin. Vt liu c la chn cho mt kt ni tip xc vi Y8SZ l mt hp
kim 95Cr-5Fe kim loi. Cc vt liu composite bng gm kim loi c gi l
'cermet' cng ang c xem xt
5. Kt lun
Tom la i: Pin nhin liu oxt rn (SOFC) hin ti l loi pin nhin liu
c nhit hot ng cao nht v n c th hot ng trong mi trng c
4
nhit dao ng t 600 n 1000 C, cho php s dng c rt nhiu loi
nhin liu khc nhau. c th hot ng c nhit cao nh vy, ngi
ta s dng mt mng mng ch to t gm (oxt rn) lm cht in phn,
cht in phn loi ny c tnh dn in i vi ion oxy. i vi SOFC th phn
t mang in chnh l ion oxy. Ti cc dng, cc phn t oxy trong khng
kh b phn tch thnh ion oxy vi cc electron. Cc ion oxy chy qua cht in
phn v kt hp vi hydro ti cc m phng thch cc electron
Cc electron chy qua mt mch in bn ngoi to ra dng in v
mt lng nhit nht nh. Hiu sut ca SOFC thuc loi cao nht trong tt
c cc loi pin nhin liu hin nay, vo khong 60 %. Ngoi ra nhit hot
ng cao ca h thng cho php b sung thm mt s thit b vo h thng
to ra hi nc c p sut cao c th s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
Kt hp mt pin nhin liu hot ng nhit cao vi mt tuabin thnh mt
pin nhin liu lai ghp thm ch cn c th nng cao thm hiu sut pht in
ca ton b h thng ln trn 70%.
III. S DUNG HYDROCACBON LA M NGUYN LIU

SOFC c th s dng c H 2 v CO trong phn ng in ha ca n. Tuy

nhin, cc hydrocarbon (CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , vv) trong cc nhin liu nh kh t t
nhin v kh nhin liu c ngun gc t than (gi tt l kh tng hp) trc tin
phi c chuy n hoa (phn ng vi hi nc) to ra H 2 v CO trc phn
ng in ha ta o nng l ng in.
Nh nhit hot ng cao, SOFC rt thch
hp cho vic chuy n hoa hydrocarbon thanh H 2 v CO. Nhit ta o phan ng
cua kh m-tan (CH 4 ) ti 1 atm khoang 700 C din ra theo phng trinh:

1 [CH 4 ] + 1 [H 2 O] -> 3 [H 2 ] + 1 [CO]

Nickel l mt cht xc tc tuyt vi cho phn ng ny. V vy, anode ca

t bo, c cha niken, c th c s dng lm cht xc tc min l s gia tng
nhit ca t bo do phn ng ny c th c gi trong phm vi chp nhn
c. y c gi l ci cch t bo hoc ci cch ni b trc tip. Qu trnh ci
cch ni b trc tip c th c tc ng lm gim yu cu v lung khng kh
lm mt t bo, do gim chi ph h thng (trao i nhit nh, my thi kh
chnh, ng dn, vv) v nng cao hiu sut in ca h thng (gim khng kh bm
cng bc)

5
 IV. U NHC IM CA PIN NHIN LIU
1. U IM
C kh nng gim thiu tp cht

Khng cn s dng cht xc tc t tin nh bch kim hoc rutheni.

Gim chi ph v s dng nhin liu c tinh lc t kh t nhin.
Khng nhim (khng kh, ting n..), kh thi NOx, SOx gim 3-4 ln.
Hiu sut cao, hn 50%, thm ch 65%.
S dng CO lm nguyn liu gip bo v mi trng, gim chi ph
x l sn phm ph CO t cc nh my
2. NHC IM

Vt liu c s dng phi l cc vt liu chu nhit cc tt.

Chi ph tng i cao v cu to phc tp

V. HNG NGHIN CU
Nghin cu hin ang theo hng cc SOFC nhit thp (600 C). Cc
h thng nhit thp c th lm gim chi ph bng cch gim vt liu cch nhit,
vt liu, khi ng v chi ph lin quan n suy thoi. Vi nhit hot ng cao
hn, gradient nhit lm tng mc nghim trng ca cc ng sut nhit, nh
hng n chi ph vt liu v tui th ca h thng. [16] Mt h thng nhit
trung gian (650-800 C) s cho php s dng cc vt liu kim loi r hn vi cc
tnh cht c hc tt hn v tnh dn nhit . S pht trin mi trong cc cu trc
in phn nano cho thy lm gim nhit hot ng xung khong 350 C, cho
php s dng cc thnh phn thp v elastomeric / polymeric r hn .

6
 Gim nhit hot ng c thm li ch ca hiu qu tng ln. Hiu qu
pin nhin liu l thuyt tng vi nhit gim. V d, hiu qu ca mt SOFC s
dng CO lm nhin liu tng t 63% n 81% khi gim nhit ca h thng t
900 C n 350 C.
Nghin cu cng ang c tin hnh ci thin s linh hot v nhin
liu ca cc SOFC. Trong khi hot ng n nh t c trn mt lot cc
nhin liu hydrocarbon, cc t bo ny thng da vo ch bin nhin liu bn
ngoi. Trong trng hp kh t t nhin , nhin liu c ci to bn ngoi hoc
bn trong v cc hp cht lu hunh c loi b. Cc quy trnh ny lm tng chi
ph v tnh phc tp ca cc h thng SOFC. Cng vic ang c tin hnh
mt s c s ci thin tnh n nh ca vt liu cc dng i vi qu trnh
oxy ha hydrocacbon, do lm gim cc yu cu i vi qu trnh ch bin
nhin liu v lm gim cn bng SOFC ca chi ph nh my.
Nghin cu cng ang c tin hnh trong vic gim thi gian khi ng
c th thc hin SOFCs trong cc ng dng di ng. [18] iu ny c th t
c mt phn bng cch gim nhit hot ng, l trng hp cho cc t
bo nhin liu mng trao i proton (PEMFCs) . Do tnh linh hot v nhin liu
ca h, h c th chy bng ng c diesel c ci to li mt phn , v iu ny
lm cho cc SOFCs th v nh cc n v in ph (APU) trong xe ti lm lnh.
C th, Delphi Automotive Systems ang pht trin mt SOFC s cp
ngun cho cc n v ph tr trong t v xe ko, trong khi BMW gn y
ngng mt d n tng t. Nhit cao SOFC s to ra tt c lng in cn thit
cho php ng c nh hn v hiu qu hn. SOFC s chy bng cng mt loi
xng hoc du diesel vi ng c v s gi cho my iu ha khng kh v cc
h thng in cn thit khc chy trong khi ng c ngng hot ng khi khng
cn thit (v d, ti im dng hoc dng xe ti).
Rolls-Royce ang pht trin cc t bo nhin liu rn oxide c sn xut
bng in la vi cc vt liu gm r tin. Cng ty TNHH H thng in Nhin liu
Rolls-Royce ang pht trin mt h thng tuabin kh SOFC c t bng kh t
nhin cho cc ng dng pht in theo th t ca mt megawatt (v
d Futuregen ).
In 3D ang c nghin cu nh l mt k thut sn xut c th c s
dng lm cho vic sn xut SOFC d dng hn bi Phng Th nghim Shah
i hc Northwestern. K thut sn xut ny s cho php cu trc t bo SOFC
linh hot hn, c th dn n thit k hiu qu hn. Qu trnh ny c th lm vic
trong sn xut bt k phn no ca t bo. Quy trnh in 3D kt hp vi khong
80% ht gm vi 20% cht kt dnh v dung mi ri chuyn i hn hp thnh
mc in c th a vo my in 3D. Mt s dung mi rt d bay hi, do mc
gm ng li gn nh ngay lp tc. Khng phi tt c cc dung mi bay hi, do
mc duy tr mt s tnh linh hot trc khi n c bn nhit cao
densify n. S linh hot ny cho php cc t bo c bn theo hnh trn tng
din tch b mt m cc phn ng in ha c th xy ra, lm tng hiu qu ca

7
t bo. Ngoi ra, k thut in 3D cho php cc lp t bo c in trn u ca nhau
thay v phi tri qua cc bc sn xut v xp chng. dy d kim sot, v cc
lp c th c thc hin vi kch thc chnh xc v hnh dng l cn thit, do
, cht thi c gim thiu. [20] V cc lp c th c thc hin trong kch
thc chnh xc v hnh dng l cn thit, do , lng ph c gim
thiu. [20] V cc lp c th c thc hin trong kch thc chnh xc v hnh
dng l cn thit, do , lng ph c gim thiu. [20]
Ceres in Ltd pht trin mt chi ph thp v nhit thp (500-600 )
SOFC chng s dng xeri gadolinium oxide (CGO) v tr ca hin ti ngnh
cng nghip tiu chun gm, yttria n nh zirconia ( YSZ ), cho php vic s
dng thp khng g H tr gm. [21]
Solid Cell Inc. pht trin mt cu trc t bo c o, chi ph thp kt
hp cc tnh cht ca thit k phng v ng, cng vi mt kt ni cermet Cr min
ph .
Trung tm in ha nhit cao (HITEC) ti i hc Florida, Gainesville
tp trung vo nghin cu vn chuyn ion, cc hin tng in phn v cc c
tnh cu trc vi m ca cc vt liu dn in ion. [22]
Cng ty SiEnergy Systems, mt cng ty spin-off ca Harvard, chng
minh c loi pin nhin liu oxide dng rn mng u tin c th hot ng
mc 500 . [23]
1. SOEC
Mt t bo in phn oxit rn (SOEC) l mt t bo nhin liu xt rn c
thit lp trong ch ti sinh cho s phn ly nc vi mt oxit rn, hoc
cht gm , cht in phn to ra oxy v kh hydro . [24]
2. ITSOFC
SOFC hot ng trong mt nhit trung bnh (IT), c ngha l gia 600
v 800 C, c t tn l ITSOFCs. Do t l phn hy cao v vt liu chi ph
pht sinh nhit trn 900 C nn thun li v mt kinh t khi vn hnh SOFC
nhit thp hn. S thc y cho ITSOFC hiu sut cao hin ang l ch
nghin cu v pht trin nhiu. Mt khu vc tp trung l vt liu catt. Ngi ta
cho rng phn ng gim oxy chu trch nhim cho phn ln tn tht trong hot
ng v vy hot tnh xc tc ca cc m ang c nghin cu v tng cng
thng qua cc k thut khc nhau, bao gm c xc tc xc tc.
3. LT-SOFC
Cc t bo nhin liu oxide rn nhit thp (LT-SOFCs), hot ng
di 650 C, rt quan tm n nghin cu trong tng lai bi v nhit hot
ng cao hin ang hn ch s pht trin v trin khai cc SOFC. SOFC nhit
thp l ng tin cy hn do s khng ph hp nhit nh hn v d nim phong
hn. Ngoi ra, nhit thp i hi t cch in hn v do c chi ph thp
hn. Chi ph c h thp hn do s la chn vt liu rng hn cho cc kt ni

8
v nonglass nonglass / nn gm. C l quan trng nht, nhit thp hn, cc
SOFC c th c bt u nhanh hn v t nng lng hn, s dng trong cc
ng dng di ng v vn chuyn.
Tht th v, khi nhit gim, hiu qu pin nhin liu ti a s tng, ngc
vi chu trnh Carnot. V d, hiu qu l thuyt ti a ca SOFC s dng CO lm
nhin liu tng t 63% 900 C n 81% 350 C.
y l vn v vt liu, c bit i vi cht in phn trong SOFC. YSZ
l cht in phn c s dng ph bin nht v tnh n nh cao ca n, mc d
khng c dn in cao nht. Hin nay, dy ca cht in phn YSZ l ti
thiu l ~ 10 m do phng php lng ng, v iu ny i hi nhit trn 700
C. Do , cc SOFC nhit thp ch c th vi cc cht in phn dn in
cao hn. Cc la chn thay th khc c th thnh cng nhit thp bao gm
cerium cha gali (GDC) v bismuth n nh erbia-cation (ERB). Chng c dn
ion cao hn nhit thp hn, nhng iu ny i km vi chi ph thp hn s
n nh nhit ng lc hc. Cht in phn CeO2 tr thnh in t dn in v
in phn Bi2O3 phn hy thnh kim loi Bi trong mi trng nhin liu gim.

chng li hin tng ny, cc nh nghin cu to ra mt loi in

phn i vi lp ceria / bismuth-oxide, trong lp GDC pha anode bo v
lp ESB khi s phn hy, trong khi ESB pha cc m chn cc dng r r thng
qua lp GDC. iu ny dn n tim nng mch m gn l thuyt (OPC) vi hai
cht in phn dn in cao, m bn thn n s khng c n nh y cho
ng dng. Bilayer ny c chng minh l n nh trong 1400 gi th nghim
500 C v cho thy khng c du hiu ca s hnh thnh pha gia cc pha hoc
s khng ph hp v nhit. Mc d tin b ny lm gim nhit hot ng ca
SOFC nhng n cng m ra cnh ca cho nghin cu trong tng lai th v
hiu c ch ny. [27]

So snh dn ion ca cc cht in phn rn oxide khc nhau

9
 Cc nh nghin cu ti Vin Cng ngh Georgia gii quyt s khc bit
ca BaCeO3 mt cch khc. Chng thay th mt phn Ce mong mun trong
BaCeO3 bng Zr to ra mt dung dch rn th hin dn ca proton, nhng
cng n nh ha hc v nhit trong phm vi cc iu kin lin quan n hot
ng ca pin nhin liu. Mt thnh phn c bit mi, Ba (Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2) O3-
(BZCY7) c dn ion cao nht ca tt c cc cht in phn c bit n cho
cc ng dng SOFC. Cht in phn ny c ch to bng bt kh, cho php sn
xut cc mng mng khng c crack mng hn 15 m. Vic thc hin phng
php ch to n gin v hiu qu v chi ph ny c th gip gim chi ph ng
k trong vic ch to SOFC. Tuy nhin,
Hin ti, vi iu kin hin ti ca LT-SOFC, s tin b ca in phn s
thu c nhiu li ch nht, tuy nhin nghin cu v anode v vt liu catt cng
c th dn n nhng kt qu hu ch v bt u c tho lun nhiu hn trong
vn hc.
4. SOFC-GT
Mt h thng SOFC-GT l mt trong nhng bao gm mt t bo nhin liu
oxit rn kt hp vi mt tuabin kh. Cc h thng nh vy c nh gi
bi Siemens Westinghouse v Rolls-Royce nh mt phng tin t c hiu
qu hot ng cao hn bng cch vn hnh SOFC di p lc. Cc h
thng SOFC-GT thng bao gm s tun hon anodic v / hoc cathodic, do
tng hiu qu .
V mt l thuyt, s kt hp ca SOFC v tuabin kh c th cho kt qu
cao tng th (in v nhit) hiu qu. Vic kt hp thm SOFC-GT trong cu
hnh lm lnh kt hp, nhit v cng sut (hoc trigeneration ) (thng
qua HVAC ) cng c tim nng mang li hiu sut nhit cao hn trong mt s
trng hp.
Hn na, mt tnh nng th v khc ca h thng hybrid c gii thiu l
t c 100% CO2 thu c hiu qu nng lng cao tng ng. Nhng
tnh nng nh khng kh thi CO2 v hiu qu nng lng cao lm cho hiu sut
nh my in ng ch .
5. DCFC
i vi vic s dng trc tip nhin liu than rn m khng c qu trnh
to kh ho v ci to, mt t bo nhin liu cacbon trc tip ( DCFC ) c
pht trin nh l mt khi nim mi ha hn ca mt h thng chuyn i nng
lng nhit cao. Cc tin b c bn trong vic pht trin DCFC da trn than
c phn loi ch yu theo cc vt liu in phn c s dng, nh oxit rn,
cacbonat nng chy, v hydroxit nng chy, cng nh cc h thng lai bao gm
cc oxit rn v cht in phn nh phn kali cacbonat hoc Cc anode lng (Fe,
Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi, kim loi oxit c c v kim loi / oxit kim loi). [32]
6. SOFC hot ng trn bi rc thi

10
 Mi h gia nh sn xut rc thi / rc thi hng ngy. Trong nm 2009,
ngi M sn xut khong 243 triu tn cht thi rn th, tc l 4,3 pound cht
thi mi ngi mi ngy. Tt c rc thi c gi n cc bi rc. Cht thi t bi
rc c sn xut t vic phn hy cht thi tch t ti bi chn lp c tim nng
tr thnh mt ngun nng lng c gi tr v mtan l mt thnh phn chnh. Hin
nay, phn ln cc bi rc hoc t chy kh t ca h trong flares hoc t n
trong c kh ng c sn xut in. Vn vi ng c c hc l s t chy
khng y cc loi kh c th dn n nhim khng kh v cng khng hiu
qu.
Vn s dng kh bi chn lp cung cp nhin liu cho mt h thng
SOFC l kh cha chn lp cha hydrogen sulfide. Bt k bi chn lp no chp
nhn cht thi sinh hc s cha khong 50-60 ppm hydrogen sulfide v khong 1-
2 ppm mercaptans. Tuy nhin, vt liu xy dng c cha cc loi lu hunh lu
hunh gim ch yu l sulfat c tm thy trong tm thch cao, c th gy ra
mc cao hn ng k cc sulfide trong hng trm ppm. nhit hot ng
750 C nng hydrogen sulfide khong 0,05 ppm bt u nh hng n hiu
nng ca SOFC.
Ni + H 2 S NiS + H 2
Phn ng trn kim sot hiu qu ca lu hunh i vi anode.
iu ny c th ngn nga c bng cch tnh hydro di nn c tnh
ton di y.
453 K, hng s cn bng l 7,39 x 10 -5
G tnh 453 K l 35,833 kJ / mol
S dng nhit bnh thng ca s hnh thnh v entropy G nhit
phng (298 K) ra n 45.904 kJ / mol
Khi ngoi suy n 1023 K, G l -1.229 kJ / mol
Khi thay th, K eq 1023 K l 1,44 x 10 -4 . Do v mt l thuyt chng
ta cn 3,4% hydro ngn chn s hnh thnh NiS 5 ppm H 2 S.

11
 VI. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Fuel Cells, <http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm> truy cp ngy

30/10/2016.

[2] Fuel cell technology, <http://www.fuelcelltoday.com>, truy cp ngy

10/10/2016.

[3] Pin nhin liu oxid rn hot ng 450oC,

<http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/hoa-hoc-hien-dai/pin-nhien-lieu/841-
03022011.html> truy cp ngy 01/10/2016.

[4] Why SOFC Technology? <http://energy.gov/fe/why-sofc-technology> truy

cp ngy 10/10/2016.

[5] SOFC, < http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/technologies/sofc>, truy cp ngy

10/10/2016.

[6] Kirubakaran, Shailendra Jain, R.K. Nema, 2009, A review on fuel cell
technologies and power electronic interface, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 13, pp. 24302440.

[7] Nguyen Q. Minh, 2004, Solid oxide fuel cell technologyfeatures and
applications, Solid State Ionics, 174, pp. 271 277.

[8] Navadol Laosiripojana, Wisitsree Wiyaratn, Worapon Kiatkittipong,

Arnornchai Arpornwichanop, Apinan Soottitantawat, Suttichai Assabumrungrat,
2009, Reviews on Solid oxide fuel cell Technology, Engineering Journal, 13,
pp.65-83.

[9] Nirmal R. Joshi, Survey on development in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC),
2016, International Journal of Advance scientific research and engineering
trends, 1, pp. 67-69.

[10] Chendong Zuo, Mingfei Liu and Meilin Liu, Chapter 2: Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells, 2012, Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy, New
York.

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