APPENDIX: ESSENTIAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

The following formulae and equations will be listed in the examination paper.

1 Equations of motion

xx xy xz
fx a x ,
x y z
yx yy yz
fy a y ,
x y z
zy zz
zx
f z a z .
x y z

2 Strain-displacement relations

u 1 u v
xx , xy ,
x 2 y x
v 1 w v
yy , yz ,.
y 2 y z
w 1 u w
zz , zx
z 2 z x

3 Generalised Hookes law

E
xx
(1 )(1 2 )

(1 ) xx ( yy zz ) ,

E
yy
(1 )(1 2 )

(1 ) yy ( zz xx ) ,

E


zz
(1 )(1 2 )

(1 ) zz ( xx yy ) ,

E E E
xy xy , yz yz , zx .
1 1 1 zx

4 Stress transformation in xy-plane

1 1

nn 2 xx yy 2 xx yy cos 2 xy sin 2,

1 sin 2 cos 2.

nt 2 yy xx xy
 2

5 Principal strains in a plane-deformation state in xy-plane

2
1 1 xx yy
2 2

xx yy
2
2xy ,

2 xy
tan 2 .
xx yy

6 Airy stress function for plane-deformation problems

In Cartesian coordinate system,

2 2 2
xx , yy , xy .
y 2 x 2 xy

In polar coordinate system,

1 1 2 2 1 1 2
rr 2 2 , 2 , r 2 .
r r r r r r r

In Cartesian coordinate system, the compatibility equation in terms of stress function

is

4 4 4
2 2 2 4 0.
x 4 x y y

In polar coordinate system, it becomes

2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 0.
r r r r 2 2 r 2 r r r 2 2

7 Yield Criteria

Tresca criterion
1 3 Y .

von Mises criterion

2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 2 Y2 .
 3

SOME USEFUL SUMMARIES

1. Signs for stress components

 4

2. Similarity in stress and strain analysis

 5

3. Similarity of plane-stress and plane-strain deformation problems

Plane-Stress Deformation Plane-Strain Deformation
Equations of Motion Equations of Motion
xx xy xx xy
+ f x = a x , + f x = a x ,
x y x y

yx + yy f = a . yx + yy f = a .
x y y x y y
y y
Geometric Equations Geometrical Equations
(or Strain-Displacement Relationship) (or Strain-Displacement Relationship)
u v 1 u v u v 1 u v
xx = , yy = , xy = + . xx = , yy = , xy = + .
x y 2 y x x y 2 y x
Compatibility Equation Compatibility Equation
2 2 2 2
2 xx + yy = 2 xy . 2 xx + yy = 2 xy .
y2 x2 x y y2 x2 x y
Stress-Strain Relationship Stress-Strain Relationship
(or Constitutive Equations) (or Constitutive Equations)
E
E xx = xx - yy , =
2 xx xx
- yy ,
1 1

E yy = yy - xx , E
=
2 yy yy
- xx ,
E xy = (1 + ) xy . 1 1
E
2
xy = 1 + xy
1 1
E* xx = xx - * yy , E* xx = xx - * yy ,

* * * *
E yy = yy - xx , E yy = yy - xx ,
* * * *
E xy = (1 + ) xy . E xy = (1 + ) xy .
E, under plane - stress deformatio n
*
E E
, under plane - strain deformatio n
1 2
, under plane - stress deformatio n
*

, under plane - strain deformatio n
1 2

*To get a plane-strain solution from the known plane-stress solution

E
E 2
;
1 1

*To get a plane-stress solution from the known plane-strain solution

E(1 2)
E ;
2 1
(1 )
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4. Differences of the two plane-deformation problems

Plane-Stress Deformation Plane-Strain Deformation

zz 0,


zz xx yy 0,

w 0, w 0,
0.

zz xx yy 0.
E
zz