arisen Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od Dynamic Response of Shell Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads -. hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loads 1anisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od aitack along with ether measures rather only relying on increased standoff distance which, even being the most important factor in the biast protection design [1-2] Therefore, the present study is aimed at assessing the dynamic response of stone masonry shell structures subjected to explosive loads by numerical simulation using finite element method (FEM) as experimental tests in such cases is not feasible. Herein, the dynamic response of stone masonry shell structures subjected to explosive loads is assessed through () deflection of shell structure, (i stresses induced and (i) effect of damping FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF SHELL STRUCTURE FEM is a commonly used technique to assess the behaviour of a variety of structures. Figure 1 shows the line diagram of different shell profiles considered in the present analysis. The base diameter of all shell structures is 40 m with a rise of 15 m at crown. The thickness of 0.5 m of the shell structure is kept constant in the present analysis. Different geometries are generated by varying rise of shell profile at quarter span as shown in Figure 1 Equation 1a to Equation 1d is used to generate shell profile passing through three points for profiles Ps, Pz, Ps and Ps respectively as, y= 0035" —005e+15 (1a) y=-O.0452? +0.15e415 (1b) y= 00558" 4035x115 (te) ya B205%10°x* 40.0036." ~ 0105258? 40.2868." ~0.4834.0 414.999 (1a) ‘The FE models of the above profiles are generated in a commercially available software ABAQUS® [3], In the present study, stone masonry shell structure is meshed using linear, finte-membrane strain, reduced integration, four node quadrilateral shell element (S4R) with hourglass contr! (3). The number of elements and its shape and size has major impact on the results. A mesh that is too coarse can produce inaccurate solutions, while a mesh that is too fine wil result in problems with program limits on the number of nodes or elements or will result in evferiynath tense Aaprdarebhiy Atetaeehin RecA GETradR: dom aAwS|NES Matias UWA presented here). Based on this, a global seed of 0.7 is used in the present investigation for all the profiles and analysis MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS The lack of knowledge on traditional materials used in ancient construction is a limitation in the analysis of such structures and prechides the detailed analysis under diferent complex loadings. The real behaviour of masonry is nonlinear with the stress-strain law, even for elastic compression shows softening behaviour. Therefore, itis easy to work with linearly elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material properties and significant progress in the assessment of a masonry structure can be made using this simple form of constitutive law as suggested by ‘Atamturktur [4]. In such case, the princtal material properties required for stone masonry structural modelling ang assessment are density, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio. In the present study, the stone masonry is ‘modelled using elastic, isotropic material properties with a density of 2000 kg/m’, modulus of elasticity of 20 GPa ‘and Poisson's rato of 0.1 [5]. Inthe present study, the shel structure is modelled with full fxty at base, BLAST ANALYSIS Explosion results in sudden release of large amount of energy moving outward from the centre of explosion. This ‘outward movement of energy resuits in a layer of compressed air and the movement of this layer 's known as blast wave. Figure 2 shows an ideal blast wave profile resulting due to high explosive explosion [6-7]. The blast wave is characterized by instantaneous increase in pressure from ambient atmospheric pressure (P,) to a peak Incident overpressure (P,.) in arrival time, ¢,. The peak incident overpressure decays exponentially with time and rotums back to the ambient air pressure in the positive phase duration, 1, . This is followed by a negative pressure wave of duration, ¢,, approximately 2 to 5 times of the positive phase duration and being very small it is ignored. The blast wave profile is described by the Friediander's wave equation as follows for spherical charge detonated in ree ai, hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loadsanisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od @ roan wor) he tine dependent pressure KPa: 2,8 e pea nen prossire (KPa; iho poav phase duration (msec bis dmensioess wave decay coetient; an ithe aval (isc). tegatng te area unser pressured cv, mpue, of the nese presi assole withthe Bast waves computes 1 frie @ In the present analysis, blast load is applied in the form of an equivalent pulse computed based on the Friedlander’s wave equation. The stone masonry shel structure is subjected to a pulse load that varies with time: the pressure al the start ofthe analysis to its maximum of 0.7 MPa before dropping back to zero in another 10 ms, then remains at zero for the remainder of the analysis (Figure 2) rr (rf neo Pont SoS ron ty rey Co a Trianguiar Pulse .. ' To | Positive | Negative Duration “— Duration Fig, 2 Ideal blast wave profile from the high explosives along with equivalent triangular pulse hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loadsanisa0%s pin acadonia odu1051374D ynaric_ Response of Shell Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Numerical analysis carried out in the present investigation aims to study dynamic response of stone masonry shell structures subjected to explosive loading through ()) deflection of shell suture, (i stresses induced and (i) effect of damping. Several numerical simulations are performed, using different element sizes for the stone ‘masonry shel! structure with global seeds and based on this, a global soed of 0.7 has been selected for the purpose of numerical convergence and accuracy. An automatic time incrementation estimator with global stable Increment without any time scaling factor is used in the present study. To asses the effect of direction of loading on the shell structure, analysis is carried out with blast wavefront tangential to the shell surface, ie. the direction of blast wave propagation normal to the shell surface at the point of incidence and blast wavefront applied horizontally to the shell surface at the point of incidence as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively for the profile P. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of deflection-time history in Figure 5 for the both types of loading direction. It is observed that tne maximum deflection occurs when the incident blast wavefront is tangential to the shell surface, i.e. the direction of blast Wave propagation to the shell surface at the point of incidence. Similar observations are made for all the shell profiles considered inthe present analysis. In order to understand the failure behaviour of shel structure, self weight deflection analysis is carried out and the ‘maximum deflection, von-Mises stress and principal stresses due to self weight is computed and are presented in the Table 1. Table 1 also shows the deflection, von-Mises and principal stresses with and without the ‘consideration of damping .It can observed fram the table that peak response reduces with the intraduction of ‘damping in the analysis, indicating the importance of damping consideration even in case of such a small duration loading as resulted from explosion, Figure 6 shows the deflection-time history of stone masonry shell structure {profile P,) observed at shell crown under explosive placed outside the left-side of shell structure just above the ‘ground surface so that explosion results in spherical blast wave front. Under ths situation, the analysis resulted in Peak deflection of 28 mm at the crown. Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows the von-Mises and maximum principal stross ‘contours respectively forthe profile P; under the above mentioned situation. In order to investigate the effect of damping on response_of stone masonry shell structure, dynamic analysis is performed considering mass proportional damping. The mass proportional damping coefficient (a) available in ABAQUS” [3] is computed by ‘considering 5% critical damping in the first undamental made, which is kept constant in all modes of vibrations, Similar analysis is carried out for other profiles (P, to P4) and deflection-ime history for undamped and damped stone masonry shell structure presented in Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively along with von-Mises and principal stress in Table 1. The consideration of damping significantly reduces the peak deflection in all the profiles considered under the present investigation. Further, it can be observed that shape of the shell profile governs the peak deflection and peak stresses. The increase in rise at quarter span resis in reduction of peak defection beyond a critical point and it depends onthe structure geometry and ts cimensions. This eriical rise at quarter span in the present analysis is the stone ‘masonry shel structure with profile Pt can be observed from the Table 1 that, the peak aisplacement is 69 mm {or the profie Pp whereas, wih the increase and decrease inthe quarter span rise, resis inthe reduction of peak deflection of crown Itis observed tha, from al the profiles considered inthe present investigation, profile P, has tho lowest deflection with all ether conditions being similar, indieating the importance of shell proie and dimensions, In order to asses the effect of varying shell profie the shells modeled using opposite arch and the same is depicted in Figure * as profle Ps, This profle results inthe lower peak defection of crown but higher Sitess concentration as compare fo profile P» and P, considered in the present investigation. The reason for tvs s attributed tothe use of reverse curve in the geometrical design al the quarter span rise, From the stress contours Gf shell profes, it's observed that structure is under compression only even in the case of the explosive loading Considered in the present analysis. rvetures_ Subjected_o_ Slose_Loadsanisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od Fig, 3 Stone masonry shell structure with loading normal to shell surface Fig. 4 Stone masonry shel structure with loading n horizontal direction hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loadsanisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od on) Tine ( Fig. 5 Comparison of crown vertical deflecton-time history of P, shell structure with loading applied normally and horizontally ‘Table 1 Peak deflections and von-Mises stresses for different shell profiles Profile Self Weight Explosive Loading Deflection von- Maximum Grown Vertical Peak Peak von-Mises Maximum Principal (mm) Mises Principal ___ Deflection (mm) Stress (MPa) ‘Stress (MPa) AWBS}_fBay_Urdarped Damped Undamped Damped Undamped Damped Pr 67 05 0.07 2B 0 6643325098 DAT P6305 0.08 69 2 56.29 1051 37.50 7.46, PL 26 © O72 0.33, 65 44 aaa 2.60 2.80228 B, 24475 10 45 2 e741 9255506 B76. =P, Undone Tone se0) Fig. 6 Crown vertical deflection-ime history of shell structure for profile P, with and without damping hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loadsanisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od Fig. 7 von-Mises stress (in Pa) contour of shell profil P (in ABAQUS®) Fig. @ Maximum principal stress (in Pa) contour of shell profile P; (in ABAQUS*) 5 & 5 Crow ertcal Detection (fn) § = P.Undamped oe = PUndamped= Pindar Fig. 9 Crown vertical deflection-ime history of shell structure for profile P, to P, without damping hupinwwnacadenia edu1051374D ynaric_Response_of Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loads 1anisa0%s Dynamic Response of Shall Structures Subjected to Explosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar- Acadia od hupshwwacadenia odu1051374Dynaric_Response_ol Shell Stctures_ Subjected fo Explosive Loads aeansan Dynamic Response of Shall Sructires Subjected to Elosive Loads | Dr. Vasant Matsagar-Acaderia.ed puke acacia ech 10513741 ynamic_ Response. Shall_ Structures. Subjected > Ealosive Loads