Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kilda
- In years with high populations of sheep
- More deaths in total
- More lambs died than survived
- Quotes
Soay sheep are adapted to the extreme conditions. Explain how natural selection could account
for the adaptive features of Soay sheep.
- There is variation among the species.
- Some are better adapted than others
- They survive and breed
- Passing on their alleles
- Over time, the better adapted features become more common
Suggest why using DNA sequences is a useful method for identifying species of bacteria
- More accurate compared to traditional classification system
- Easier
Explain why Aspergllus nidulans is the most distantly related species from all the other five
species
- Longest distance from the branching point
- Branched the longest time ago
- Only one ancestor
Describe the type of evidence that scientists used for classifying organisms before they were able
to sequence DNA.
- Study of similarities and differences in morphology
- For example, looking for the presence of wings or tail
The larger air spaces are an adaptation for water lily leaves. Suggest why.
- Air spaces are in the leaf for buoyancy
- So that leaves are closer to the light
- To absorb more light for photosynthesis
State the name used for plants that are adapted to dry habitats
- Xeropytes
Name the type of graph that should be used to show discontinuous variation
- Bar chart
Name the technique of inserting genes from one organism into another
- Genetic engineering
A gene for producing a vaccine has been inserted into banana plants. Give examples in which
crops have been changed by inserting genes and advantage.
1. Herbicide resistance
- Increased yield
2. Resistant to drought and cold
- Increased yield
- Extended range where crops can be grown
When bacteria colonies were placed into a plate with antibiotics, some were left. Explain.
- Some bacteria were resistant to antibiotic
- Fewer were resistant to antibiotic T
Explain why in the next step, many bacterial colonies were found on the plate
- Bacteria that are resistant
- Have reproduced
- All genetically identical, so all resistant
Explain how strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria are formed and then spread
- Are formed by mutation
- Change in base sequence of DNA
- Which produces new protein
- Are spread by susceptible bacteria dying
- So less competition and fewer limiting factors
- Resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their genes
Describe how the farmer could improve the yield of the cows using artificial selection
- Cows with best milk yield is chosen
- (Bull linked to cows with high milk yield are chosen)
- These are matched and artificial insemination is used
- Offspring checked for improved milk yield
- These cows are then used to breed the next generation
Explain why there are concerns about using BST to increase milk yield
- Possible side effects on human health
- Bad for the health of cattle
- Lack of consumer choice
Explain the problems that may occur as these sickle cells circulate in the blood system
- Red blood cell get stuck in capillaries
- Reduce supply of oxygen
- Reduce removal of carbon dioxide
- Less respiration in tissues
- Cause pain and death of tissues
Describe the harmful effects on the body of having red blood cells which become sickle shaped
- Fewer red blood cells
- Less elastic
- Less haemoglobin, and haemoglobin less efficient at transporting oxygen
- Less respiration
- Less energy provided
- Capillaries blocked
- Cause pain and death of tissues
Explain why the distribution of sickle cell anaemia and malaria are similar
- Malaria is severe disease that may be fatal
- Natural selection occurs
- People with sickle cell anaemia are resistant to malaria
- HbnHbn are susceptible to malaria
- They are more likely to die of malaria before they have children
- Sickle cell carriers do not die, have children and pass on Hbs allele
Suggest why sickle cell anaemia is very rare among people who live in Indonesia and northern
Australia
- Malaria is not very serious
- People have other genetic protection from malaria
Explain how the results of the crosses show that these alleles for flower colour are not dominant
or recessive
- Phenotype Ac Ay is different fro either parent
- The phenotype was intermediate
- Both alleles are expressed
- The alleles are codominant
Suggest the advantages of having mass spawning occurring only at certain times of the year
- Many sperm and eggs are released at the same time
- Increases chances of gametes fusing
- More genetic variation
Describe how meiosis differs from mitosis and explain why meiosis is important for the
production of gametes
- Halves chromosome number
- Forms haploid
- Gametes have different alleles, which gives variation in offspring
- Chromosome number remains the same in next generation
Downs syndrome is an example of a characteristic that shows discontinuous variation. State the
cause of Downs syndrome
- Mutation
Explain how discontinuous variation differs from continuous variation, in its expression and
cause
- Discontinuous variation is influenced by genes alone,
- And is not effected by the environment
- And it is discrete and has limited number of phenotypes
Explain how natural selection could lead to the evolution of a new species of lily.
- Different environments have different selection pressures
- Variation occurs
- By mutation
- Best adapted organisms are most likely to survive
- And pass on their alleles
- Over generations the changes are enhanced, and evolution occurs
Suggest why there is very little genetic variation in the offspring of the adult nematode
- Gametes are from the same individual
- The only new source of variation is mutation
Explain why meiosis and mitosis occurs
Meiosis
- Reduction division to form haploid cells
- Prevents doubling of chromosome number with each generation
Mitosis
- Growth is taking place
- Producing identical cells
Crabs produce many offspring, but their population remain constant every year. Explain why.
- Population remains the same because birth rate equals the death rate
- Death rate is high
- Many crabs do not survive to adulthood
- Because they are eaten by predators or lack of food
Chitosan helps blood clot quickly and has antibacterial properties. Explain benefits of using it.
- Stops blood loss
- Reduce infection
- And prevents entry of pathogens
- Promotes healing
Examples 3 and 4 show two ways in which twins are formed. Twins in example 3 are identical.
Explain why.
- Only one fertilization occurred
- The zygote has split into two
- by mitosis
- Into two groups of genetically identical cells
State what is meant by the term development
- Increase in complexity
- For specialization of different types of cells
Explain how boys can have haemophilia when the condition has not previously existed in their
family
- Mutation
- In the gene, for blood clotting protein
Explain why it is important to carry out a test similar to that in fig 2.1 before gibing an antibiotic
to a person infected with a bacterial disease
- Person may be infected to bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
- To find the most effective antibiotic
Suggest the advantages of providing human insulin to people with diabetes rather than insulin
obtained from animals
- Easier to supply the demand
- Cost effective
- Human insulin is more effective than animal insulin
- No rejections or side effects
State two ways in which the structure of bacteria differs from the structure of an animal cell
- Cell wall
- Plasmid
- Flagella
Suggest and explain how white crabs evolved at great depths in the sea
- At the bottom of the sea the predators are unable to see
- So no camouflage needed
- So no need to make pigment
- Mutation in DNA
- White crabs survive and reproduce, passing on their alleles
Describe the effect of radiation on the plants in both variaties
- Plants from irradiated seeds had more nodules
- And had nodules with more mass
- Data quote
Suggest and explain what happens to the seeds when they are exposed to ionising radiation
- Mutation
- Change in DNA
Genetic engineering
Introducing a gene from a different species
Results come out after one generation
Compare the survival of the two species of flour beetle in different temperatures and humidity
- T. castaneum, survive in wet conditions
- In wet conditions, decreasing survival with decreasing temperature
- T. confusum, survive in dry conditions
- In wet conditions, increasing survival with decreasing temperatures
- Data quote
The eyes of Tribolium species are usually black. A small number of flour beetles have white
eyes. Explain how this happens and why they are so rare.
- Happens because of mutation
- Mutation is a rare event
Discuss the long term effects of self pollination on the evolution of these plants
- Limited variation
- Variation is due to mutation
- Low chance that mutations will be expressed
- Offspring will be well adapted to conditions if the environment does not change
- Limited opportunity for evolution
A species of bee is very similar to another species which gives a painful sting. Explain how this
is an advantage
- Predators mistake it for it
- So in fear of painful sting, they do not eat it
The species of bees evolved from an insect that did not have any stripes. Suggest how these
insects became striped.
- Mutation
- Gave stripes
- Ones with stripes were not eaten by predators
- And survived
- And breed, passing on their alleles
- Ones with no stripes died out
- Natural selection occurred
Suggest the advantage of different cichlid fish being able to detect blue and red light (
blue and red)
- Retina adapted for detecting different colours
- Fish are adapted to live in different depths
- Blue red retinal detector mates with relevant species
The lake water became cloudier due to pollution. Suggest and explain the likely long term effects
on the cichlid fish
- Reduces ability of blue fish to find mates
- Reduces reproduction in blue fish
- So number of blue fish decrease
- Water has less effect on red fish
- Number of red fish increase
- As less competition
Many bacterial diseases can no longer be treated with antibiotics. Outline how antibiotic resistant
strains of bacteria can develop
- mutation
- stronger wall
- antibiotic kills bacteria except those that are resistant
- resistant bacteria reproduce
- increased numbers of population have resistance
Explain the advantages of using insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria rather than
insulin from dead animal tissues
- Used to treat diabetes
- Insulin is the same as humans
- Not rejected
- No risk of infection
Explain the advantages of asexual reproduction for insulin production by genetic engineering
- Offspring genetically identical
- Rapid
- No gametes required
- Large quantity of insulin produced
In a light background, less black moths were present than before. Suggest and explain one
reason.
- More black moths eaten
- Because black moths are not camouflaged