You are on page 1of 624

:

44 - 4833303 :
32 - 4843662 :
:
:
98/16520 :
977 - 03 - 0534 - 0 :
: 1999
: 24 / / 5951923 :
:
) ( / TurboPower


......




:
www.turbopower.ws
:
bassel@turbopower.ws
..




.

.



.





.


.



.


.



..
..
..



1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

1 10 .

1 11 .

1 12 .

1 13 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

2 10 .

2 11 .

2 12 .

2 13 .

2 14 .

2 15 .


3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

.


4 1 .

4 2 .

4 3 )( .

4 4 .

)( .

5 4 .

4 6 )(.

4 7 .

4 8 .


5 1 .

5 2 .

5 3 .

5 4 .

)(.

5 5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

.


6 1 .

6 2 .

6 3 .

)(
.

6 4 .

6 5 )(.

6 6 .


7 1 .
7 2 )(.
7 3 .
7 4 .
7 5 )(.
) ( .
7 6 .


8 1 .

8 2 .

8 3 .

8 4 .

8 5 .

8 6 .

8 7 )(
.

8 8 .

)(

)( .


9 1 .
9 2
.
9 3 .
9 4 .
9 4 .
9 5 .
9 6 .
9 7 .
9 8 .
9 9 .
9 10 .
9 11 .
9 12 .
9 13 .
9 14 .
9 15 )(.
9 16 .
9 17 .
9 18 .
9 19 .
9 20 .


10 1 .

10 2 .

10 3 .

10 4 .

10 5 .

10 6 .

)( .

10 7 .

10 8 .

10 9 .


11 1 .

11 2 .

11 3 )..( .

11 4 .

11 5 .

11 6 .

11 7 .

11 8 .

11 9
.

11 10 .


12 1 .
12 2 .
12 3 .
.
.
.
.
12 4 )(.
12 5 .
.
.
12 6 .
)(.
.
.
.
.
12 7 .
12 8 .
12 9 ...
.
12 10 .
.
12 11 .
.


13 1 .

13 2 .

13 3 .

13 4 .

13 5 .

13 6 .

13 7 .

13 8 .

13 9 ) (.

13 10 .

13 11 .

13 12 .


14 1 .

14 2 .

14 3 .

14 4 .

14 5 .

14 6 .

14 7 .

14 8 .

14 9 )(.

14 10 .

14 11 .

14 12 .

14 13 .


15 1 .

15 2 .

15 3 .

15 4 .

15 5

15 6 .

15 7 .

15 8 .

15 9 )( .

15 10 .

15 11 .


16 1 .

16 2 .

16 3 .

16 4 .

16 5 )(.

)(.

16 6 .

16 7 .


17 1 .

17 2 .


)( .

17 3 .

17 4 )( .

17 5 . .

17 6 .

: .

: .

: .

: .

17 7 .

1500 .

3000 .

17 8 .


18 1 )( .

18 2 )(.

18 3 )( .

18 4 )( .

18 5 .

18 6 )( .

18 7 )(.

18 8 .

18 9 .

18 10 .


19 1 .

19 2 .

19 3 .

19 4 .

.. .

19 5 .

19 6 .

19 7 .

.
:




.

1 :1 :
) 1 (1
) (
)(



.

1 :2 :
:

: :

:

) (.

.
: :

:

)(.

:
)(
:

)( .

) (.

:

:

1 :3 :





) 1 (1
:

1 :
) ( .

) 1 (1

2 :
.
3 :


)(.

4 :


.

5 :



.



)(.

6 : )(
) (
)( .
.

7 :
.

8 :

.
9 . 1 .

10 . 2 .

11 . 3 )(.

12 . 4 )( .

13 . 5 .

14 . 6 .

15 . 7 .

8 .

) 1 (2


1 :4 :
) : . .(




.

) : . .(



) . .( ) . .(
.180

)(:




.
.
: .

. . : .

. . : .

: .

: )(.

: )(.

2 : = .

) 1 (3

:
:

:
.

:
.

:



.

:
.

1 :5 :


.

1 :6 :
) 1 (2 ) (


.

) 1 ( 4
:
1 .

2 .

3 .

4 )(.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 )(.

11 .

12 .

13 .

14 .

15 .

) 1 (4

: )(:
)
( )
(

.
: :



35
650.

: :



)..(
.

: :
)..( )..(


180
720 .

1 :7 :

.


.


) 1 .(5

) 1 (5

: )(:

.. . .. )(
) (.
: )(:

.. .. )
(
) (


) (
.

1 :8 :


.

1 :9 :

.





.


.
.

) 1 (7




) (.
) 1 (8


) 1 .(8

1 :10 :



7 ..
.


.
: :
:

:
1 .6

:
) (
1 .7

: :

.

: )(

.

: )( :

.

: :
:

.
.

: :
:

1 ) (

.

2 7

.7

3
1 11
1 .12

4 )(
.
: . : .

: . : .V

: . : .

) 1 (9

) 1 (10

V
) 1 (11

: :

:

:

.

:


.
: :

:

: )(
.

6 . 1 .

7 . 2 .

8 . 3 .

9 . 4 .

10 . 5 .
16 . 11 .

17 . 12 .

18 . 13 .

19 . 14 .

20 . 15 .

) 1 (12

:
.
:

) 1 (13 ) 1 .(14

) 1 (13

) 1 (14

.
: :
:

:
)(
)(.

:


.

: :

:

: ) (
.

:
.

: )(
.

1 :11 :


.



.

) 1 (15


.

.







4000
12 )
.(1995

1 :12 :





.
1 :13 :



.



%75

50

.

1
.

2 .

3
.




...

) 1 (16

V





.

- 1 - 2 :

. 100
1000


.

6
:

.

:



)( 1000 )(.

)(
12
10 1000000000000

)(
9
10 1000000000

)(
6
10 1000000

)(
3
10 1000


2
10 100


1
10 10

)( 10 1
_1
)( 10 ,1
2
)( 10 ,01
3
)( 10 ,001
6
)( 10 ,000001
9
)( 10 ,000000001
12
)( 10 ,000000000001
1000/1 )( 100/1
.

1 :



.

2 :


) (
1000 .

3 :

)/( )/(.

4 :



100)(
.


.

2 :2 :


.

1 :



.
):(1

0.670

= 4/ ) : = (3.14
2
=(0.67) 0.785
2
= 0.353

2 :

.
.

2 :1 :


)..(

.

2 :2 :


.
):(2

0.67 0.9

= 0.352 = 2(0.67) 0.785.2

= 0.9

= 0.3168 = 0.9 0.352.3

:

480/400/7/12 0.400
0.480 12 7

) 500 (540 ..
2000
500.3

3 :


:

= = /




.

:

:









.

):(3

300 0.400
.
:



2 2
)( )( ))
) 360(.


)/(
)/(.
:





.

10 12
900
2000/ 20
24 750/
900/
.


9

.

) (

:
) (1
) (80 .

1 1 .3

2 3 .9

3 9 .27

4 27 80 .

):(4
!Error
):(5
!Error

):(6
!Error

4 :
:




.

9.81


9.81 )
(.

):(7
!Error

5 :

:

= 9.81/.2

6 :

)(
1 = 1 1 /
2
00 = /


9.81 :
2
)( = )( ) 9.81/(

):(8

30 .

= 294.3 = 9.81 30.

:

)/ (3 )/ (3
)/.(3

:

1000 )(
.
):(9

:
:

1 = 1 1/ .

1 = 10 ) /(2
):(10

4500 6
150 2 .
2
= 900 = 150 60.09 = 2

:


=

1 = 1 1

=
):(11

700

= 5867 = 9.81 700

= 13734 = 2 6867

= 13.734

= /
1 = 1 1 /
=/

2 :3 :


.


4.187

.

= .

= .

1 .2
: 25
50/ 30/
) (.

2 :4:

) (


.



8/1
.

.

:


1
.


4.187

) :(1


. . .
0.237 0.601 0.225
0.217 0.511 0.089
0.421 1.00 0.125

:
:



.

.



) (.

2 :5 :




.

) 2 (3
13600/ 3
9.81 / 2 9.81 13600
133.3 .
133.3./ 2
133.3 /.2


.981 /.

760
:
= 133.3 760

= 101300/) 2(

= 1.013

0.760
10.3.

:


:

= )( + )(


:
= )( )(

U
.

760
.

= 133.3 760
2
= 101.300 ./

= 1.013 )1 = 10(
:

5,5
758 .

1.01 = 5-10 133.3 758 = :

= 6.51 = 5.5 + 1.01

600
758 .

= 133.3 600 133.3 758

= )133.3 (600 758


2
= 2.1 /

= 0.021

:





.

2 :6 :



.

1 :

:

= =

= 1 = 2 .

= 1 = 2 .

2 : 1 = 1 2
:
150 12

1.033.

2 :

:

= =

= 1 = 2

= 1 = 2 .
:

!Error
:


.

= )(

= ) (

= ) (

= )(

= 0.287 / )(
:

!Error

2 :7 :



:

1 :

2 3
) 2 (5
= .
2 :


) (2 ) (3
) 2 .(6

= ) 2(1

= .

= 2 .

= 1 .

3 )(:




) (1 ) (2 ) 2 .(5

= )(

)( = .

4 )(:





.

:
= 1

= 2

)( = 1

)( = 2

=
= 0.287 / =
= )( 1

= )( 2

= /
=
=
2 :8 :



.

.
1 :

2 5
.

) (1 1
1 .1
1 :2 = .

=
2 2 :3

) = 3(2

= 1

) 3(2 =

3 :4 =
=

4 :1 = ) 1 = 4(1

= 4

= ) 4(1

=
2 :

) 2 .(6

1 :2 )(.
2 :3 .2
) = 3(2
= 1 .
= ) 3.(2
= :) 2 3.(2
3 :4 )(.
4 :1 = ) 1 = 4(1
= 4 .
= ) 4.(1
3 :


) 2 .(7

1 :2 =
=

2 :3 2

= 1 .

= ) 3.(2

= .

3 3 :4

= 2 .

= ) 4.(3

= ) 3 4.(3

4 :5 =
=

5 :1 .5

= ) 5.(1

2 :9 :

:

=
.


) ( .
) (

) . (.
) 2 (8 1 2

) (1
:

= .
2
= 4/
2
= 0.8754

= 0.8754 2) 2/ (

2 = 1 +

2 = / 1) = 2 +/ (2

/2 =+1

= ) 2 (1
= 2 ( / (1

80
1200 15:

2 (

( )(

120 /.

= 4/ 2

= 1.2 2(0.8) 4/3.14


2
= 0.6

0.6 14/1 = 2
3
= 0.043

= 120 6 0.6
2
= 432
2 :10
:
) 2 (9
.

) (0
. .
2 .

) 6 (2
.

. ..
0.85 0.95 .
25 35.

) 2 (3
30 45 600
700.

) 3 (4
) 50 110( . ) 1400
1800(.
) 4 (5 )(
.. ...

) 5 (6 ..
.. .

..123456
) 2 .(11

) (1
..
) (6 ) 6 (1
.



15 30 70 150
.

) 2 (11
= + 12
2 :11 :



.

40 80 30 40 10 32 .. 1

20 40 40 50 18 25 .. 2

10 35 220 35 5 20 .. 3

) .. 4

30 65 40 55 35 40 .. 5

35 70 15 35 5 10 .. 6

2 :12
:
) 2 (12
.

1
) ( .
) 1 (3
.. . ) (2 )(
.

.. 35
50 . 700 800.

) 3 (4 )(
) 50 120( . )
1600 1800(.

) 4 (5 ) .
. . . . .
.
2 :13 :
) 2 (14
.

) (3
5 .. 10 ) (
) (4 15.

) (5
60 )(
) (1


) (2
) (6
.

)
(5 . .
) (6 . . ) 1
/6( ) 2 (15

. . . .
. .

. .

.. .
.

2 :14 :

2 15
.
) (1



540 .
) (2



.
) (3
)(
.
) (4

..
.
2 :15 :

. .






.

2 16
.

) (1

. . .
) (2
.

) (3

.

) (4 . . .
)(
) (1
.

) (6) (5



.




.
:





.
3 :1 :

) 3 .(1



)
(

.

) 3 (1
3 :2 :






.

)( :



3 3 2 .3

)(

.



.
) 3 (2

) 3 (2



)( :


:

1 .

2 .

3 )(.

)() () () () (.

) 3 (4

) 3 (5

3 :3 :


)(
.


.



)(

...

:

) 3 .(5

)(


.

) (1 ) 3 :(6


.
) 3 (6

) (2 ) 3 :(7

.

) 3 (7
) (:


)(
.

)(


.

)(


.



)(.

)( = 0.005 .
) 3 (8

)( ) (:
)(

.


A
.

)(

3 .9


.




..

) 3 9 (


) 3 9 (

)(:


) 3 .(10

) 3 (10



.

V
.

)(:

.

)(


.





.
) 3 (11

V

3 12
.
) 3 (12


V

.

3 13
V

.
) 3 (13


3 14
.
) 3 (14

3 :4 :




:

1
.

2

.

3

.
)( :

)( .

)(

3 15

:

) 3 (15


) ( .
24


.

) 3 (16
)( )( 3 16

.



3

.

3 :5 :

..

.

:





:




.







)( ...


.









.
:

3 17 .

) 3 (17








) (
.

3 18
.

) 3 (18

:
)
(

..
.



3 19 .

) 3 (19





.

)(
)(


.

) 3 (20

) (
) 3 (21

) (

) 3 (22

4 :1 :



.


) . .( ) ..
(
.
4 :2 :



.


)( ) (.


)(

.

) 4 (1





)(
) (
)( ) 2 3 (4
.

4 :3 )(:





.




.




.

) 4 (2


:

.

1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .

) 4 (3
1 ) (.

2 .

3 .

) 4 (4

)(
)( .




) 4 (2

.



)(
.

:





) 4 (1


)( .

:



.

)(
)(
) 4 (3




.

) 4 (5



4 :4 :
)(

.

1 .

2 .

3 .

) 4 (6




) 4 .(3




)( .




.
)( :



.

) 4 (7

1.5 2

.

) 4 (8

)(

)(

) (1430
30

.

)(


.




)(
.



.
4 :4 :
1700

.

%20
%20
) (.




1

80
.


150 50 70




)
(
) (
.
:


.

) 4 (9



%10




.

.

15
.

) 4 (10

4 :5 )(:





.





) (.



)(


.

)(
8 7
.

:

8 1


.

) 4 (11
)(



.

) (:




) 4
(12 .

) 4 (11



)
(


.

10 . 1 .

11 . 2 .

12 . 3 .
13 . 4 .

14 . 5 .

15 . 6 )( .

16 . 7 .

17 . 8 )(.

18 9 .

) 4 (12

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

) 4 (13


1 2 . 3 . 4 . 6 5 . .

) 4 (14

) 4 (15


4 :6 )(:

0.7 %1
.

4 16

.

) 4 (16 )( )(
)(
)( .



) (

.

)(

.

4 :7 :

) 4 (18
) 4 .(17


)(


.

) 4 (17

)(


.

)(
.. .

) 4 (18

)(
:



.

5 :1 :


.


)(

) (
)(
.
) 5 (1



%40
%40
.

5 :2 :




.


)(
.

) (
) (

.

5 :3 :


.

) 5 (2


) 5 (3


5 . 1 .
6 . 2 .
7 . 3 .
4 .
) 5 (4






.
) 5 (5





.
) 5 (6

:


)(





) (.



.
) 5 (7

5 :4 :


480
.



..


.
) 5 (8

:


) 5 (6



)(

200 .

9 1

10 2 )(

11 )( 3

4
12 )(
5

6

8
) 5 (9

) 5 (10

:




.




) 5 (10 ) 5 .(11

) 5 (11

:
.

) (
) 1600 (


) (.



)(
)( )(


.

)(



.

) 5 (12


) 5 (13

)(:














) (
) . 5 .(5


) (

.


)
( .
) 5 (14

5 :5 :


.



.

)(
.
) (

.
:
1
.
2 .
3 .
4 .

5 :6 :




.

) 5 (15


) 5 (16



)(
.
) 5 (17





.
:
)(

.

)(

.

:

)(
.


.
) 5 (18

5 :7 :

.




.

) (



.

:


.



)(
.




.


.

) 5 (19


:


.

)
( ) (.

6 :1:

:

1 .

2 .

3
.

4 .
5 )( )(
.

) 6 (1


) 6 (2


) 6 (3
..
%30




)(
) ( (
30
.
6 :2 :


)( .

) 6 (3

. = ) 60/2 (.

/ )(
.



) (
.

.

6 :3 :
:


.

:






.

:


)( )(


)
( ) (
) (
.


...

) 6 (4



) (

.


) (

) (
.




. ) 6 .(2

) (:


:

:

.

1 .

2 .

3 )( .

4 .

5 .

6 .

) 6 (5

) 6 (6

)(

:

.

:


)
(.



.
) 6 (7

)(

) 6 (8


.

:



)(

) 6 .(9

)(
.

:

.
1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10
.

11 .
) 6 (9


) 2 (6


.


) 6 (10

.
) 6 (10

:
)(


.

:

20
.


) (
) 6 6) (11
(12
)

.




.
) 6 (11

)(

4 6

.

)(
)( )(...

) 6 (12


) 6 (13

:
:

)(:



) (
)
(

.

)(:


.
) 6 (14

)(.

.
) 6 (15






)(.

)(:

) 6 (16

)( .
:



.

) 6 (17


:

)(
)(

) 6 (17
)( )(
.

) 6 (18

)( :
)( ) (








.



)(
.

) 6 (19

)(

:


)(.

:
: )(
.

: .

. .
) 6 (20


.
) 6 (21

6 :4 :




70


.

) 6 (22




.




.

%0.5

.

) 6 (23


) (

.
1 .

2 .

3 .

4
.

5 .

) 6 (24

) 6 (25
6 :5 )(:



.. .
)6.(7

)(

) 6 (26


) 6 (27

) ( .

6 :6 :



.



)(
)( .


) (

.


.


)(



.

) 6 (28

180
) (
.

) 6 (27



.

) 6 (29
:



.

7 :1:

.

)(






360
.
) 7 (1

) (H

.



.
7 :2 )(:








.

)( )(
/ .

) 7 (2


) (
) 7 (2





) 7 (3 )
( ) (
.




)
(
)
(.

) 7 (3

)
( ) (
/
/ .45
8 . 1 .
9 . 2 .
10 . 3 )(
11 . 4 .
12 . 5 .
13 . 6 .
14 . 7 .

) 7 4(


7 :3 :

) (7

:

(1 :
) (I ) (H




.

(2 :
V
) (

) (
) 7 .(6

(3 )(:
) (V

8 . 1 .

9 ) (. 2 )( .

10 . 3 .

11 )(. 4 )( .

12 . 5 .

13 . 6 .

7 .

) 7 (4


) 7 (5



) 7 .(7

(4 ) (:

.

)(
.
) 7 (6

7 :4 :
:





) 7 (10


...


)( .
) 7 (7

) (V


) (
) (.


) 7 7)(9
.(10




) 7 .(5
7 . 1 .

8 . 2 .

9 . 3 .

10 . 4 .

11 . 5 )( .

12 . 6 .

) 7 (8

) (
) 7 (9

:

.


0.02 0.03
)
( .

) 7 (10

) 7 (11

.





) 7 (15
.


.
) 7 (11

7 :5 :



.

.
1

)( ) (

)( :

) 7 (12







..
.
)(
.
)(:

) (
)(
) (
)( )(

.90

10 . 1 .
11 . 2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
) 7 (13

)(

)(

.

) (1 .

) (2 .

) (3 ) (.

) (4 .

) (5 )( .

) 7 (14


:


.

) 7 (15


.


.

)( :
)(


.

)(

.

7 :6 :

)
( .

...

) 7 (16


) 7 (17


:



.

8 :1:






) 8 .(1




...
) (
)(


)(




.

) 8 (1


8 :2 :
) (
:

:


.

) 8 (2






) 8 (2





.

8 :3 :

:

1 )(:

.

2 :

.

3 :

.


)(

)(.


.




.

6 . 1 .

7 . 2 )(.

8 . 3 .

9 . 4 .

10 . 5 .

) 8 (3


8 4 :





12 13 14

) ( V
) (


.. .

) 8 (3

. ) 8 (4 ) 8 .(5

) 8 (4


) 8 (5

8 :5 :




:

%0.1

%0.32

%0.7

%0.1 ) (

%0.015 ) (





) ( .


550/1 700/1


.


%50
.
8 :6 :


) 8 (6 )(





.

)(





.




.
) 8 (6

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

) 8 (7


1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

) 8 (8

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

) 8 (9

8 :7 :


.





.

:
) 8 (10
:

:

) %98 %2(
.

:

.
:


.

) 8 (10

) 8 (11







) 8 .(12

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

) 8 (12

)( :


)(


) 8 .(13

) 8 (13

:




. ) 8 (14

) 8 (14

)(

:

:

1 :


.

2 :



) 8 (15
.

3 :





.
) 8 (15

%0.5
.

4 :



.
) 8 (16

:I .

:II .

:III .

) 8 (17





0.01 ..


90
.. .

..

..

) 8 8) (16 .(17

8 :8 :




.

1 .

2
.

3
.

4 .




)
(

.

:


..
)( :
1 )( .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

)(
:

)(
)(
.

)(



.

)( )(:



. ) 8 (19
) 8 (18





.
1 .

2 )(.

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 )(.

8 )( .

9 .

10 )(.

11 .

12 .

13 .

14 .

) 8 (19

)( )(

10 8 6 4 3 1
2 .
5 .
7 .
9 .

11

) 8 (20

)( :



.

:

) 8 (22

.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

) 8 (21


) 8 (22







.
1 )(.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 ) (.
7 )(.
8 .
9 .

) 8 (23


) 8 (24






. :

) 8 8) (23 8) (24 .(25


) 8 (25

1 .
2 .
3 .
4 )(.
5 )(.
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
:





.

9 :1:



.



.
600



.


.

9 : 2 :


)( )
9.(1

) 9 (1


)(

.


)(
.

1 ) 9 2(:



) (
)(
)(

)
(.


)(
)(.
) 9 (2

2 ) 9 2(:



.

3 ) 9 2(:





.
4 ) 9 3(:

)(
) (2



.

) 9 (3

5 ) 9 3(:
)(
)(


)(
.
6 )() 9 4(:









.

) 9 (4

. .

7 ) 9 4(:


:


)(
.

9 :3 )( :


%90
:

(1 )( .

(2 .

(3 .

)(

)

.
9 )(. 5 . 1 .

10 . 6 . 2 .

11 . 7 . 3 .

12 . 8 . 4 .

) 9 (5

) (:
1 )( 8 6
3 5 11 )( 9 4
) 2 (.

5
6
5 2
5
)( )= ( 3
2


).(1

) 9 (6

)(.


) 3 .(6
4

)() 4 (
...

4
.


.

11
)( 4 .. .

36 10 11
..


)(



) (
.






2 )( .
) (

) ( .
17 . 9 . 1 .

18 . 10 . 2 .

19 . 11 . 3 .

20 . 12 . 4 .

21 . 13 . 5 .

22 . 14 . 6 .

.

23 15 . 7 .

16 . 8 .

) 9 (7


) 9 (1
)9
.(7
9 ) :4 ( :
)(

.



.
14 )(
12 13 10
.9
)( 14 )(.

15 . 8 )(. 1
)(. 2
16 )(. . 3
.
. 4
17 )(. . 5

9 .
. 6
10 .
.
11 )(.
. 12 )(.
7
13 .
.
14 .
) 9 (8
) (

)(
) (2 4 7 9
8 .

7 6
4.7 2 1
)(
7 9
13 14 ..
)(
5 .

)( 11 10 13
14 .. ) (1
) (2
9

) ..(

16
.17

15 ..
)( 14 16
)(
)( 3
.

)( ) (1
) (2
= )
(
.
8
9 6
8 )(
8
)) (A .B 9 (8
7 )(
.


6
2 .

9 :4 ) (
:


.


.

) 9 (9

) ( .

9 :5 ) (:

400 500



.

9 11
)(

500
) (1 ) (2
) (3
).(10

) 9 (10

)(

) 9 (11 ) (
) (4 ..


0.5
) (6 ) (7
) (8
) (5
) (9 ) (10

.



)( .


) (13 )(11
).(12

) (14
) (15
.

9 :6 :

)( .


)( .


.

.


)(
.

9 :7 :
)(
)(
)(
.


)(
.

) (
)(.


)( )(



.


..
.

9 :8 :





.

)(


.
) 9 (12


) (



9 12



)(
.


.
9 :9 :




.



9 13.

) 9 13(


) 9 ) 13(


)(

9 13.

9 :10 ) (:


9 14
.



9 14.



9 15
)(
9 ) 15(

.
) 9 (14

: .


9 ) 15(.

) 9 (15


9 :11 :


9 16.







1 3 100 10
120/.

.
7 . 1 .

8 2 6 .
)(.
3 .
9 .
4 .
10 .
5 .
11 .
6 .

) 9 (16

9 :12 :
) ( :

: .

:

.




.. .

9 :13 :

) (
)(
.

:1 .

:2 .

3 .

:4 .

) 9 (17



)(
200 650 ) 9 (18
.

)(
) (
)( .

:1 .
:9 .
:2 .
:3 .
:10 .
:4 .
:11 .
:5 .
:12 .
:6 .
:13 .
:7)(.
:8 .
) 9 (18

)(


) ( . 9
18 .

) 9 (19 .
9 :14 :






)( ) 9 .(20

) 9 (20

) 9
(21
)(
)(
)(

) (
) (
.

) 9 (21



) 9 (19



) 9 (22 ) (1
300 )( 100
( ) (3
) (2
) (1 ) 9 .(20

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 )( .

8 .

9 .

10 .

12 .

14 .

16 .

17 .

18 .

20 .

23 .

24 .

) 9 (22

.
9 :15 )(:

) 9 .(23


)(
)(
0.1 1.0.


150 250


.

.


) 9 (17

.


)(

.

)(


.

9 :16 )(:



.

) 9 (23

) (

)( ) 9 (24
.

) 9 (24




)(

) 9 (25 .

9 :17 :
)(
) ( ...





.
) 9 (25


)(

.

)(



.

9 :18 :
)(




)(.

) 9 (26
.


.

) 9 (26

9 :19 :







. ) 9 .(27
) 9 (27


. ) 9 (27

10
)18( .



130

) (

.
9 :20 :


.



)(

.


)( :

) (
)( =
) (.

0.6 0.94

.

1
.

2 .

3 .
) 9 (28




70 .

) 9 (29

)(
)(
) 9 (28

.

)(
)9
.(29
:






)( .

10 :1:




.

:

.

10 :2 :

:

:






.

) 10 (1





) ( .

) 10 (2

10 :3 :



.
) 10 (3




.
) 10 (4



.
10 :4 :
)( :


) (
) ( :


100 =

:



.






.
:


.

:

.

:

.

:

.

10 :5 :


.

) 10 (5

.
) 10 (5



.


.

10 :6 :
) 10 (6 :



.
:
1
.

2

.

3
.

4

.

5

.

) 10 (6
. ) (1
) (4 .


) (2

.




.
) 10 (6

) (3


) (3) (2) (1
.

) (5) (4
) (4
) (5
.
) (8) (7) (6 )(6
)( ) (7 )(
) (8
.


) (9 )( ) (10

)(
)(

%5 )(
.

) (10




.


)(5







) (6
) (7



.


) (4





)(


.

) 10 7 (:

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .
) 10 7 (:

1 .

2 )(.

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

) 10 (7


)(
.
) 10 (8

)( :
)( )(


) (9

.

) (9



)( .
10 :7 :


) 10 (9 .

)( )(

)( )(
)(
)(
.

) 10 (9





)(
.

) 10 (10


) %15 (.



.
10 :8 )(:

) 10 (11
...


) (
.

)( )(
)(


)).

. .

)( .

)(.

)(.

.
) 10 (11

)( )(
)(


)( ) ( )(

)(
.


)( )(

.

10 :9 :
) 10 (12 )(
)( ) (

)( )(


.

)( )( )(
)(

.

)(

)(
)(



) (
) (.

)(
.
) 10 (12

:
) 10 (13


.



%10


)(

.

) 10 (13


:







.

11 :1 :

)
11 %15 (



.

11 :2 :


.

:


.

:




) (1 ) (2 ) (3 .

:
) (


.

) 11 .(1

:





.

) 11 (1



.
11 :3 :


:

(1 :
15 )60(
4 )39( .
. .
. ) .
( ) 11 (2 .
.

.

) 0.0007 (
11 .5

) (:


:
141.5
131.5 =

. 15
10 .
.10
(2 :





65.6 )150(
) (
) 12 20( .

) 11 (2

) (



5 38 ) 41 100(
.
(3:


.


)(


.


1500 1 100 )50(3
1500
100
60 3
200 2
20 )68( .


1300 1 100 3300
1 60 .

40 1 100
) 26 .(1

(4 :

:

/ / /
42 46 /.

= ) 2.465 (.

) /(.

= 33.7 ) 144.4 + 2 9.32 + (8/2.


.
(5 )(:



.

(6 :

250 280 ) 480
530(.

(7 ) (:


) ( )
( 100
42
%42 %58
) )(
)( ) 11 (3

) 002(


.
) (:

)
( .



. )(
.

) (
=
100


) 11 .(1

) 11 :(1


56 60 18
62 70 24 10
68 80 30 20
75 90 38 30
81 100 43 40
50 50
) 11 (3

) (

(8 :


%01
%01
..


.

(9 ) (:






%0.5 %0.1 )(
%15 .

%3



.

10

.

(10 :



)(

%1
38 .

(11 :

%5






%3




.



3 50 ) 122(

.

(12 :




64/1 8/3 4 24
10 4.
11 :4 :
) 11 (2
:

(1 (2 (3 (4 .




) (






.

)
(





.
) 11 :(2

1
24 18 10.5 7
1500 1000 600 400
)( )( )( )(
0.98 0.965 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.86 0.86
3300 1400 950 550 360 38 36 )(
0.10 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.1 %
0.1
0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 %
0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 %
14 :10 11 :8 8 :7 8 :6 8 :5 1.0 1.2 %
3.5 :2.5 3 :2.5 3 :2.3 2.8 :2,2 2.7 :2 1,1 1.3 %
7 :5 6 :4 5 :3.5 4 :3 4 :3 0.2 %
11 :5 :
:

(1 (2 (3 .

(1:
)
(
)(


)(
)( )
(




.
.
)(.
)(.
.
.
.
) 11 (4
)(
) (6 . ) (1 .

) (7 . ) (2 )( .

) (3 .
) (8 .
) (4 )( .

) (5 .

: .
) (3 . ) (1 .

) (4 . ) (2 .


) 11 (5

(2:



.

( ) (.

( .

(
38)100(.
) 11 (6

(3 :




.




) (.



) (


38 ) 100(

.


) 65 80(
54 50 ) 1500 1 100(
80
.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

) 11 (7




)(


.
0.985 15
0.0007
85 0.936 = (70 0.0007) 0.985
.

) 11 (8


)(

.


) 1700 6000 /(.

.

)(
80




4
) (


.




1945
)( 2.3 50

.
) 11 (9

:
) 11 (10

)(
.



) (.

) (1 .

) (2 .

) 11 (11

11 :6 :
) (

)80 1 90(.




) (
.





)(
.

11 :7 :


)(
.

)(
) (
)(
.

.

)(


.


)(
.

:





.

:
1
.
2 .

3 .
.

4
.

5
.

6
.

7
.

8
.

9
.

10

.
11 :8 :
) 11 (13
) (3
) (5

65



) (9 )(7
) (8 .



)17
(1819 5

.

) (9
.

) (12 .
) (13
) (15


.
) 11 (13

1 ) (.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 ) (.

9 .

10 .

11 .

12 .

13 ) (.

14 .

15 .

16 .

17 .

18 .

19 .

20 .

21 .

22 .
11 13

) (17 . ) (8 . ) (1
.
) (18 ) (9 .
. ) (2 .
) (10 .
) (19 . ) (3 .
) (11 .
) (20 . ) (4 .
) (12 .
) (21 . ) (13 . ) (5
)(.
) (22 . ) (14 .
) (6 )(.
) (15 .
) (7 .
) (16 .

) 11 (14
11 :9 :






.


..
)(


.

:

%5


.




.



.%0.1

:
:

:

.

:




) 11 (15


.

) (


.

:

.


) (
.





11 15

.
) 11 (15




.

) (1 40030006000 100
) 11 (16
.

11 :10 :
)(

%23

%86 %10 1 %0.5 3
%3.5.

) (2
2.66 ) 33.7
(
) ( .

) 10.25 (
0,57
) 22( 8
) 144,4
122,2 (
) ) (3
9,32 (.
) 11 (16



.
1 .
1

.
.
.




.
.




.
1 .
.
.






) . .(19




.




.

)11 (17


1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
12 .
13 .
14 .
15 )(.
16 .
17 )(.
18 .
19 .
20 .
21 .
22 .
23 .
24 .
25 .
26 .
27 .
28 ) (.
29 .
30 .
31 .
:



)(



.

12 :1 :

.




) 12 .(1
) 12 (1

12 :2 :

.
)(


) (




.

) 12 (2



) 12 (2





.

12 :3 :

.

:


) 12 (3


) 12 .(3

%5
..
5 3.


.

.

:



1.6

.

) 12 (3


) 12 (4

.

) 12 (4

:





)( .


) 12 .(5
) 12 (5


:

.

) 12 (6

12 :4 )(:
14.5
)(
) (
.
) (
)(
) (


.



%38
)(

3.0

.

) 0.28
0.35( %50
)..(
5.3 6 8.5 9.2.

2.8
18 .
)( ) 12 .(7

12 :5 :
)(
.



.

) 12 (7


)( .

) 12 (8
)(
)( )(
)(
)(


)(

.
) 12 (8

)(
)(

450
)(


.
) 12 (9

)(



.
:





.


) (.

:
)(




)( )(
)(

) 12 .(9
) 12 (10

)(


22





) ...

) 12
(10 6
1.6


.

12 :6 :


.




100 1000.


) (
.



60 70

.

6000 8000
) (




%6.5 %13.5 )
( %80 .
.

)(:


)(
)
( 4 10

) 10( .


)(
.

:
)(
)(
15 20 )(
.




) (

.

:
)(
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 )(.
5
.

)(
:
1 .
2 .
3
.

)( :
1 .
2 ) (.
3 )( .
4 .
5
)( .

) (:



) 12 (11

)(


.



.

) 12 (11

) (:
1 .

2 .

3 .

4 ) (.
5 .

) 12 (12

) 12 :(7 :


) 30
(
.
) 12 (13


) (


)(


)(

120


.
) 12 (14


12 :8 :

)(





.

) 12 (15

)...(
7

.





.
) 12 (15
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 )(.
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 )(.
12 )(.
13 .
14 .
) 12 (16

1 .
2 )(.
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
12 )( .
13 .
14 .
) 12 (17

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 )(.

5 .

6 )(.

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 .

11 .

12 .

13 .

14 .

15 .

16 .

17 )( .

) 12 (18


1 .

2 )(.

3 .

4 )( .

5 )(.

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 .

11 .

12 .

13 .

14 .

15 .

16 .

17 .

18 .

) 12 (19

)(

..:
..

.





..
.


..
)(


.

..





.


) (



.

:
) 12 (20

2940 106
/ 30.

) (1

) (2
) (2 ) (3
) (4
) (5 .

) (7 )(8

.

12 :10 :



.


.

) 12 (20





) (
.

:
40






.
) 12 (21

12 :11 :

.


.
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .
5
.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

.
:
1
)(
)(
.

2
.

1 .

2 .

3 .. .. .. .

4 .

3
:

1
.

2
.

3
) ( .

4
.

5
.


.

1 .

2 .

3 )(.

4 .

5 )( .

6 .

7 .

8 .

) 12 (22


:





) (
.

13 :1:


:

1
.

2
.
3
.

) 13 (1
)( .

) 13 :(1 )
(.


34.6
30.6
29.8
5.0

13 :2 :



.




.
) 13 (2

35
/ 41/ 275/
.




50 60 3
1000
30 3 1000


.






...


.

) 13 :(2


27.213 ) (
3.807 .
1.658 .
1.260 )(.
0.863 .
0.076 .
0.123 )(.

13 :3 :

)(



)(
.
)
( ) 13 /1(



.

) 13 (1

.

) 13
/1(
.





.



) 13 /1(

) 13 (2


)(




.



) 70 80(
) ( . 2
3 .
1 .

2 .

3 .

) 13 (2

13 :4 :
) 13 (2



.


)(


)(


.

13 :5:
) 13 /3(
)(





)( .




)(






.
)(

)(

))

) 13 (3


13 :6 :










) (

.

.


)(
.

.

13 :7 :


.

)(

:
=

.
:
1 60
.
2

.
3
) ( .
4
.

.
13 :8 :

) 13 (4
)(



)( .

8 . 1 .

2 )( .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .
) 13 (4





) (



.

) 13 (5



60
.

13 :9 ) (:






)( )
(.
:





.

:


.

:



.

:

.

:


)( .

13 :10 :





)(



.



)(


) 13 (3
.


..

.

) 13 :(3
)( )(


) %0.5(
.

) (

3 4
.

)( )(


. ) %0.5(

) 5 .
(.


) (
.

)( )(

) 3 (
) %0.5(
.



. .

13 :11 :


:
: .

: .

: .

: .

: :
) ..(
)(
.

)(
.

)(
.


1.5 .

)(:

)(
.
:


) ( .

:


.

:
37
)(
4 12
) 5 (

.



.


.
:

10 50

)(


.

: :

)( ) (pH .

:
6 9 5.7 11
11 16


.

:
7 9
20 7



.
:

) (
%3.0

%10.0
.

: :




.

:

) (.


2.2 3.2
9 = pH 9.2
pH ) (

.


) (.
:




.

: :

pH
100 3
10 ) (A9 No3
%30
) 2 .(3

13 :12 :
) 13 (7 )(
) 13 (6 ) (.



)(
.

:


) 13 (9
)(

)(

.

5 . .
6 . .
7 )(. .
8 )(. .
9 )(. .
10 . .
11 . )(.
12 . 1 .
13 2 .
.
14 . 3 .
15 . 4

) 13 (6

.
1 . .
2 . .
3 . .
4 . .
5 . .
6 . )(.
7 . .
8 . .
9 .
.
10 . .
11 .
)(.
12 . .
13 .
14 .
15 .

) 13 (7

)(
1 )( .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 .

11 .

12 .

) 13 (8

) 13 (9


:





)(
.

14 :1:





) (.



.
14 :2 :


.


) (
.


.
) 14 (1

14 :3 :

)(


...


.


.

14 :4 :

.

( :





.

( )(:




.

( :
) (
.


.

14 :5 :




.

)
(
%1
).(.





)40..( )20..(
.

.. : .
14 :1 .

54 210 50 ..
25.2 39.8 45 58 46 20

39.8 55 58 70 9)6 30

55 70 85 9 12 40 )(

20
30 55 58 70 4.2 5 )(
30

14 :6 :




:

) (1 :



.
) (2 :
) (

) (
) (
.

14 :7 :





:

1 : 0.86
0.96 )15( 0.9
0.9

.
2 : )
(
.

8 10
50 12 15

.
%20 .

3 :

)( .

. 10
) (
.

220 250


.

4 :
)(
)(.


)(
) (.



1.5 ) (
2
2.5 .
5 : %0.3
2 %3
2 3 5 %10
95 100

60.
6 : 2 %3


)
(.
7 :

.%2

.%0.8
8 :
.
9 ) ( :
3

20
.



)(



.

14 :8 :
(1 )( :
350 600


.
:
: ..


: :
: :
: :
: :

1
) (1 140 2
50 3
100 2
6
5
5
7
7
8
8
4
4
) ( 3
4

14 :2


.

2 ) (:


.
.

3 :







.

)( :



.

)( :



.

)( :



)(
)(


.


)(
) (





)(

.

)( :


)(




.






.
) 14 (2

14 :9 )(:


)(
).(.


:
(1 :



.

(2 ) (:



.

(3 :

)( .

) (
) (

.



:
1 :
.

2 :
.

3 : .

4
.

5 : .

(4 )(:



.

(5 :

)(

.





) (.

14 :10 :


14.3

1 .

2 .

3 ) (.

) 14 (3


1 .

2 .

3 .

4 ) (.

5 .

6 .

7 .

) 14 (4

) 2 4(

.




) (


.

:

) :
( ) 14 (5

) (
:
: :
) (13 . ) (1 .
) (14 . ) (2 .
) (3 ) ) (15 .
(.
) (4 ) ) (16 .
(.
) (17 . ) (5 .
) (18 . ) (6 .
) (19 . ) (7 .
) (20 . ) (8 .
) (21 )(. ) (8 .
) (9 .
) (11 .
) (12 .
) 14 (5

)( )(

14 :11 :
)(
) (


.



.
14 :12 :

)(


.

200 250
400 500
.

) ( 500 1000.

) 200 ( 1000 2000.

) 200 100 ( 2000 3000.

) 1000 ( 8000 15000.

20000 30000.

:
).(

.


:
1 .
2 15
20.
3
.
4 .

:


.

) (:



) 14 .(6






.
.

18 . 9 . 1
19 . . . 2
20 . 10 . 3
. . 4
21 11
. . 5
1213 .
. 22 .
. 23 14 . 6 .
. 24 15 . 7 .
. 25 16 . 8 .
17 .

) 14 (6

) (.

)(


.





500
5000/.

) (:
14 7
)(11
) (3 ) (4
) (12 ) (8 )(10

) (3 ).(1

) (14
) (13 ) (7

) (6 )(5
) (2 10 %15

).(9

14 8
) (13
) (7
)(
) (10 ) (12
45
.

)(:

.

14 10 )(1
) (2
)(
)( )(
0.14 0.14
.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 )(.
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
12 .

) 14 (7

1 . 7 . 1 .
2 . 8 . 2 .
3 . 9 . 3 .
4 . 10 . 4 )
5 . 11 . (.
12 . 5 .
13 . 6 .

) 14 (8


) 14 (9

)(



)(
)(
1.5
)(.


14
11
) (9 2820.25 0.25 )(
) (8 ) (7 )(
)( ) (6
.

) (11
) (10
) (4 ) (5 )(
) (9 ) (3
) (2
) (8
).(1

) 14 (10


) 14 (11

)(

)(
)(
.


)(
0.01 0.07

. )(


.

)(
.
5 . 1 .

6 . 2 .

7 . 3 .

4 .

) 14 (12

:
0.01 0.001

7 15

.





2000
%32 %28
%48
%20 .



) 14 (13



.

) 14 (13

) 14 (14
)( :
) 14 (15 )( ) (1
) (2 ) (4 )(3
) (5 ).(6



)1/ (2

.


300 /
.



) (


.


)( .

) 14 (15

) (
) 14 (16


)(
.

15 :1:










.


:
(1 :





10
.

(2 :


)(
12 24 110 400

.

15 :2 :



20 40
12
) 30
35(

.

=
)(1

)(2






.
:


.

12

.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

) 15 (1


)
(
.

15 :3 :




.


)
( ) (
.

) (

)(

) (


) (
.


)( )(
.

15 :4 :

10
.

) 15 (2

) (



15

:

1 :
) 720 360 (

(4/360) 90 90

.

2

.

3



.


) 15 (3 15
10 125
120 = 6/720
5


7

) 15 3( = 3/360
120 115


75
4
.

) 15 (3

) 15 3) )(
15 130
115 25 .

15 :5 :


:

1 :



)(


.

2 :

)(

.

3 :


.
4 :

) 15 (4

)(






)(.

) 15 (4


:



) (
.

)15
(5
)(



)(


)
(

.
1 )(.

2 )(.

3 )(.

4 )(.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

) 15 (5

15 :6 :


:
1 :
.

2 )( :
.

3 )( :

.

4 : ) (
.

5 :
.

: 15 : .6

) (2
) (4 ) (3
) (8 ) (6

) (9
) (6

) (9
) (10 ) (22
)(

) (16 )(
5 .. .

).(16



) (4

.

15 :7 :





) (


.
13 .
1 14 ) (.
16 . .
17 )(.
18 ) 2 .
(. 3 .
19 )( ) ) 4 .
(. 5 .
20 )( ) 6 .
(. 7 .
21 )( . 8 .
22 . 9 .
10 23 .
.
) 15 (6



20

.. .


.

1 .
6 .

7 . 2 ) (.

3 .

4 .

5
.
) 15 (7

15 :8 :

)(




.

1


.

2

)( .




) ( .

40 ...
10 .. .
.. . 15
40 ...
10 .. .
30
.

) 15 (8

.
) 15 (9

15 8

30










) (13 ) 15 .(9

15 :9 :











)( .




) 15 (10



.
) 15 (10






)(
)(
.

)(

90

.
) 15 (11





)(
.


) 15 (11

)(

.





).(360

15 :10 )( :
)(




.

) 15
(12 )(








.

) 15 (12

) 15 (13 )(



.

) 15 (13



15 :11 :


)(
) 15 .(14




347
)( .

) (10
) (11 ) (12
) (9

) (8
) (14 )(13

) (22


.
) 15 (14

)(

) (23


.

) (24
) (1 ) (23

) (23
) (15 ) (6

) (23
) (15 ) (6 .

16 17 18
.
:


)(
.

16 :1:


.

1:3 1:4
1000


1:4 .1:6


) (


.



:

.
) 16 (1

16 :2 :

2000 .






)(





.





)(
.

)( ) 16 :(2
) (15)(4
) (4
) (6 ) (13
).(15

) (8)(7 ) (13)(6 /
) (14
) (11)(10 ) (2
) (15)(4
) (3 ) ( ) (5
) (6
) (2 )) (4
( ) (15 ) (5.
) 16 (2

) 16 :(3
) (4 ) (1
)( ) (3
) (7)(5
) (2 ) (14
) (5 )( ) (12
) (11 ).(9

) 16 (3

) (8
) (9 ) (12
) (7
) (4 ) (5
) (14 ) (13
) (2
) (1 .2:1

) (8)(6
)( )(
) (9 ).(10

:

) (10 )(5



) (5
) (2 ) (7

) (6 ) (8
) (5
) (3 )(4
) 16 (4 )(5
) (6 5 12 ) (9
.
:
1 )( .

2


).(1

3 )(
.

) 16 (4

16 :3 :



.



.

6 )(. 1 .
7 . 2 )(.
8 )(. 3 .
9 . 4 .
10 . 5 .

) 16 (5

)(



97


)(
)(

.

) 16 (5
)(
)(


)(

.




6 7

.

:
) 16 6 (7





.









)(



) (

)( .
) 16 (6

) 16 (7

)(
16 :4 )( :



)(
1 .%3

) 16 (8 ) (


.

6 . 1 .

7 . 2 .

8 . 3 )(.

9 . 4 .

10 . 5 .

11 . S .

) 16 (8

)( .




.



.


.

)(
.

16 :5 :




.

:
: :
) 16 (9 )(
)(
)( )(
) 7 (8

) 7 (8
.

) 16 (9

: :

)(
) 16 (10
.







)(
.

) 16 (10

: )(:
) 16 (11 )(
)() (1
) (2 ) (3
)( ) (4
)() (4
)() .(1
.

)(
)(
)( )(
.

3 . 1 .

4 . 2 .

) 16 (11

)(:

.




) 16 (12
)) ) (1
.

: . :21 .

: . :35 .

:4 .

) 16 (12

)(

) )
)(
) (3
) (4 ) (5
.

) 16 (13








) (2 ) (1
) (5 ) (2

.

16 :6 :





)(
.

) 16 (13

)(

.







)(
.

)(


)(

.

) 8 (8
)(

.


.
:





.

) 16 (14

) 16 (15

) 16 (16






.
) 16 (17

) 16 (17

.

16 :7 :





.

4 . 1 .

5 . 2 )(.

6 )(. 3 )(.

) 16 (18

) 16 (19



.


.

9 . 5 . 1 .
10 6 . 2 .
. 7 . 3 .
11 . 8 . 4 .

) 16 (20


9 . 5 . 1 )(.

10 . 6 . 2 .

11 . 7 . 3 .

12 . 8 . 4 .

) 16 (21

7 1 .

2 ) (.

3561012

411 .

8 .

9 .

) 16 (22

4589111216 . 1 ) (
14 . 271017 )(
15 . 313 .
610 )(.
) 16 (23 ) (

) 16 (24 1 )( .

2 )(.
3 ).(1
) (
4 .
5 ).(1
6 ).(2
7 .
:



.

17 :1:

.

%99

.



.




.

17 :2 :




.

:


)( )(
.

:


.


)(
)(




.

1 )( .
2 ) (.
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 )(.
7 )(.
8 .
9 .
10 .

) 17 (1 )(
:



.

)( )(
)(

.

:
.

: :

.



)(
.
: :





.

: )(:
) 4
(
35

60.


4 .

: :


.

: )(:



.


)( .

: :

.

: :


.

17 :3:


.



) (.



.




)
(.

17 :4 :



) (

) (
:

: :



.
: :



..
.

: :

:

1
.

2
.

3
.

4
.

5
.

6
.

7
.
: :






.

: :






.

: :





.
: :


) (



.

: :
)(
.

) 17 (2


: :


)(
.




..
.

17 :5 :



.

)
(

.

.

)(

.

)..(
)(
.

:
) (

.

) (
.



) (.


.

17 :6 :
: :
:
:
1 .
2 .
3 )(.
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

: :
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .
:

1 .

2 )( .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

)( :

1 .

2 )( .

3 )( .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .
: :
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 )( .

2 .

1 .

2 .
3 .

4 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

: ) ( :
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .
:

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

1 .

2 .

3 )( .

4 .

1 .

2 .

1 .

2 )( .

3 .

4 .
17 :7 :




..
.

..
.

: 1500 :
1 :
.

2 : .

3 : .

: 3000 :
1 : .
2 : .
3 :
.
4 )( : .
5 : .
6 : .
7 :
.
: 6000 :
1 : .
2 : .
3 :
.
4 : .
5 :
.
6 :
.
7 : .
8 : .
9 :
)( .
10 )( :
.
11 : .
12 :
.
13 : .
14 : .
15 : .
16 :
.
17 :8 ) : (

.

)
( .

)(

.



)(

) ( )
( .

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

1
20000 12 .
1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 / .

7 .

8 )(.

9 .

10 .

11 )(.

12 )(.

.
. )(
20000 .

2
.
01 02 3 :

01 : .

012 : )(

: 3 .

02.05 2 . 1

02 : )( .

05 : )( .

2 :.

1 .

)(
) (.

) (
.

) (

.
3
.

1 )( ) /( .

2 .

3 )(.


..
.




.
4 :


=
= =
.

)
..( )(.


) (.
:

)(
)( )(

)(
)(
)(
.

18 :1 :
) (


.


)(
.

) 18 (1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
)( 5 )(
6 6
7 7 1
7 1
)(
.


: =

= ) (.

= )(.

) 18 (1

) ( ) 1 ..(
1 = 1

= 16 ) 16 ..(
.
1 =
= ) (1
1 = 16


+ 1
.. =
.. 1
.. = 16 1 16
.

) 18 (2
1 2 2 3 3 4
4 5
5
1 .2

1 .

2 .

3 .
) 18 (2

18 :2 :


.


) 18 (3
)(

)(

)(
.


)(

)(
)(.



) 18 (3

)(

.
6 . 1 .
7 ) (. 2 .
8 . 3 ) (.
9 . 4 .
10 . 5 )(.

) 18 (3

.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 )( .
6 .
7 )( .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
12 .
13 )(.
14 .
15 .
16 .
17 .
18 )( .
19 )(.
20 .
21 .
22 .

) 18 /3(

)(.

)(
1 1
1 = 1
) (
)( 1
0.7 7
10
)(
)(
)(


.. ..
) 18 .(4

) 18 (4

400/


1000/
2400/ .

)(.

) 18 (5

18 :3 :




5 12

.

) 18 (6





) (
.
1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 )(.

9 .

10 .

) 18 (7

) (






.
)( )( ..

)( ))
...
.

)( )( ))

) 18 (8

) 18 (8 )(
)(
..



18 8..

18 :4 )( :
) 18 (9

.

)( 45
)(


.
) 18 (9

18 :5 :


) 18 (10

) (.



)( )(


.

) 18 (10

18 :6 )( :






.




) 18 (11 .
) 18 (11

)(

1 :




.

2 :




.
18 :7 )(:

)(

)( ) 90 18
.(12


)(
.

.
90 .
) 18 (12
90
) 18 (13

)(
) 18 (14
: .
)(
.
:
.
)( )
1 1.5 /.2
) 18 (14

:
)(
.
:

) (.
:

)(.
:
)( .
:
) (

) (
.




.
) 18 .(15

:



.

: ) (


.
:

) (

.

) 18 (15

)(
) 18 (16

)(

) 18 (17

)(

) 18 (18

)( .
18 :8 :





) 18 ) (19(
) (1

) (
) (2




.

) (3

...

) (4
0.5 0.12/ 2
) (I

.
)(


.

) ( )
(
..


.

)(
) (

.

))

.

)(

) 0.1 0.3/.(2
) 18 (19


)(


.

:
) 18 (20
)( )(
)(
)) .

) 18 (20

18 :9 :
:

:
.

).(


.

:

.


28
.35

0.65 0.85 / .

: .

.


.
) 18 (21

18 :10 :

.

: 123..4
)) .

= + 1) 3/4 + 1 4+ 2 2+ 4 4+ 5 1+ 6.(7

: )(
) 18 (22

.


)( .

= 2 = =
.


.. =

) 18 (22

)(

.
:


10










10152626789
2 / 60 2 )( 10.8
/ 10.

800 1600.

:

:

10.8
=
6-
10 90

= 1.2 .
= 2) 3/10 2 + 9 2 + 8 4+ 8 2 + 7 4+ 6 2 + 2 4 +
+ 26 4 + 15(
= ) 3/10 + 104 + 30+ 40+ 18 + 32+ 16+ 28 + 12 + 8 +(.
=827 = 248 3/10.2
= 8.27 = 100 827.
= 10 = 1.2 8.27.
= .
= 10 1000/102 1.6 2(8.) 4/
= 1608 .
:

:
:


.

.

.


.

.
5
.
)(
.
3 4
.


:
: :
: :
: :
% : :
:
/ : / :
: :
/ : / :
1 : :
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1




) (
/ .
/
/ .
:2 :1 /
: :


.

:
:


.

19 :1:
..

...

19 :2 :




) 19 .(1
) 19 (1

)
(
..
.

300 460
640 6.5 2 )( 6.

)( 9.428
10.

:
=

10 9.428
6
=
2
)(5

= 510 1.2/ 2 .

= 1.2 ) (


)( =

65
0 = 10.83 =
60
5
)( = 10 1.2 10.83
2
= 510 12.996/

= . .
300
( = 510 12.996) 0.64 2(0.46) 4/
2 60 = 510 3.458

= 345.8 .

19 :3 :

1000
) 19 (2
)(
) (1
)) )(.

)( )(
)(
1 1.
)(
1
2
2 1 :

= ) 2 (1

: = 2 .

= 1 .
2
= ) (9.81/

) 19 (2


)(
:

= 2 )(.

= 2 )(.
: = .

= ).(3.14

= .

= .

300/
65 1.8.

= 1000 65.

= 0.9.

= 5 = 60 300/.

= 5 0.9 3.14 2 1000 65

= 1836900

= 1836.9

) (:


.

= 2 )(.
: = 2 ) (.

= )(.

= .

= .

= / .


2
/ =
2

) :(5 120/ 650


.

0.900 1.20 8
.

= 2
120
8164 = 650 = 3.14 2
60

2 60 8164
=
)8 120 1.2 (0.45
2

2
= 1337.448 /

= 13.4

19 :4 :


) (
)( .

.

= .

= .

)( 1200
)( 0.50.

= 600 .

)( ) ( 2

= 2


: =
2

):(6

240/ 6400.

6400
= 254.77 =
4 3.14 2
:
)( :

=2

2 ) (
=
) 1 (

2
: = /

= ) .(

= .

= .2

= .

):(7

0.9
1.2 500 .

2 (2) 1000 500


=
1.2 )6 (0.45
2

2
= 1371700/
2
= 1371.700/

= 13.717
19 :5 )( :


.

1 .

2 .

3 )(.

4 )( .

:
) (
.



...

) (
100 = %
) (

) ( = ) ( ) (

.

=+
):(8

570
190 .

= 760 = 190 + 570



100 =

570
%75 = 100 =
760


..


)( .%90 %70

):(9

300
460 640 .
11.
)( 120/ 2 .
57.6.
1.98.

=

1
6
300
) 0.64 2(0.46 = 120 11
2 60 4
= 2104.895

= 2 = 2
300
57.6 1.98 = 3.14 2
60
2
= 1790.55


=

1790.55
= 0.85 =
2104.895

= %85

)( ) (:

:


100 = %

.
):(10

126/ 1.600
0.800 2900 44/
12 .6
: .
.
.

= . .

5
126 10
6 ) 1.6 (0.8
2
= 12
60 4 1000

= 12154
3600
)( =

3600 12145
=
310 44 2900

=

2900
= 0.239 . =
12154

) (:

:


100 =



:
=
):(11
900/ 2.6
32/ 8 90 95
44/ :

)( = 2

= (1000 2.6) 300 3.14 2


= 8164060 .

= 81.64.

)( = . .

= 81640 . . 0.95 )8 900 2(0.09


60 4
81640
=
900
8 ) (0.09
2
0.095
60 4
= 11.263


)) =

3600 1000 81.64
=
1000 1000 44 32
= %20.87 = 0.2087

) :(12 400/ 3200


%85 1150/ 8
400 540 42/.

)(.

:

=
)(
3200
= 3764.7 =
0.85
= . .

3
10 3764.7
)( =
900
8 ) (0,42
0,54
60 2 4
2
= 17334600/

= 17.35

60 60 3200
)( =
1000 42 1150

= 0.2385

= %23.85
:


.



)(
.

500
) (60 60 2 500 ) (1000 3600.

) (1000 11250
:

3600
.%32 = 100 =
11250

:

) (
0.21/
0.21
.

):(13

450/
15 8 400 460
0.223/ 42.4
/ .%82

:
.

= . .

5
10 450
8 ) 2(0.4 = 0.46 15
2 60
3 4
10
= 2599.92

= 0.82 2599.92

= 2131.93 .

=

3600 1

1000 42.4 0.223


=

= %38.07 = 0.3807


=

0.3807
=
0.82

= %46.43 = 0.4643
):(14

900/ 400
%95 %82 %40
42/.

400 %95
3200
= 421 =
0.85
:%82
3200
= 513.41 =
0.85

=

513.41
= 1283.52/ =
0,4

= 24 60 60 1283.52

24 60 60 1283.52
=
1000 42

= 2640.384

= 2

1000 421
900 =
3.14 2
60
= 4469.2 .

) (:



15 736 :
) 15 736 (
100 )( =

:

.

90 80 .



...



.
19 :6 )( :


.

19 :7 :

:

1
.. .

2

..

) 19 (1
.
) 19 :(1



14.520 33
3.960 9
11.880 27
12.320 28
1.320 3
44.000 100


.

(A)

Absolute pressure
Absolute temperature
Acceleration
Acceleration
Access door ( )
Accumulator
Additives
Adiabatic
Ahead cam )(
Air blast
Air cooler
Air compressor
Air diffuser
Air duct )(
Air filter
Air lock
Air port
Air Pump
Air suction
Air vent
Air ventilation
Alginment, Crank shaft
Allawance, Expansion
Ambient conditions
Ambient temperature
Analyser, shade
Applications
Ash in fuel
Aspinal governor
Assembly
Atmospheric pressure
Atomistion, fuel
Auxiliary engine
Axial flow

(B)

Back pressure
Baffle
Ball valve
Barometer ( )
Barometric pressure
Bearing
Bed plate ( )
Bellow
Belt
Bimetallic
Bitumen
Bleed valve
Blending, Fuel oil
Block, Cylinder
Blocking device
Blower impeller
Blow past
Boiler, exhaust
Booster pump
Bore, Cylinder
Bosch pump
Boyls law
Brake power
Break down, engine
Bridge gauge
Bulb, feeler
Bursting disc ( )
By pass valve
(C)
Cam ( )
Camshaft
Castallated nut
Characteristics
Carbon residue
Centrifuging
Cetane number
Charls law
Choke
Classification
Clearance
Clearance volume
Cleaning
Cock
Coefficient
Collar
Column
Combustion chamber
Compression ratio
Compression ring
Compression stroke
Compressor
Confined gases
Connecting rod
Connection
Conradson No.
Constant, indicator
Contamination
Controls
Cooler
Cooling
Copper ring
Corrodible
Corrosion
Crack
Crank case
Crank Journal
Crank pin
Crank shaft
Crank throw
Crank web
Crosshead
Cycle of operation
Cylinder
Cylinder block
Cylinder cover
Cylinder head
Cylinder jacket
Cylinder liner
Cylinder wall
(D)
Diaphragm, Crank case

Decelerating unit
Deflection gauge
Diffuser, Air
Detector, Oil mist
Detent
Detergent oil
Diagram, Indicator
Disel engine
Discharge
Dismantling
Dispersent
Displacement volume
Distributor valve
Double acting
Double acting
Drainage plug
Dry sump crank case
(E)

Effective pressure /
Efficiency
Efficiency, Brake
Efficiency, Indicated
Efficiency, Mechanical
Efficiency, Thermal
Engine classification
Engine mounting
Engine stalling
Entablature
Equipments
Exhaust manifold
Expansion
Expansion
Expansion tank /
Explosions, Crank case

(F)

Fabricated
Feed pump
Filter, air
Filtration
Firing protection
Firing order
Firing ring
Fixed part
Flash point
Flay wheel
Fracture
Frame
Foot valve /
Four stroke
Fresh water
Friction
Friction clutch
Friction pad
Funnel
Fuel Oil

(G)

Gas
Gas oil
Gasket
Gear
Gland
Groove
Governor, speed
Guide, valve

(H)

Heat energy
Heat engine
Heating value
Holding down bolts /
Hoist
Housing
Hunting, speed
Hydraulic

(I)

Ignition delay
Ignition quality
Impeller blower
Indicated pressure
Indicator
Induction stoke
Inertia force
Injection
Injection timing
Injector
Intake valve
Integral liner
Interlock

(J)

Jacket
Jerk
Jerk pump

(L)

Late injection
Light spring )(
Liner
Loop scavenging
Lubricant
Lubricating oil
Lubrication
Lubricator
Lubricator quill /

(M)

Maintenance
manifold, Air
Maneuvering
Mean pressure
Mechanical
Mist, oil
Monitoring
Muffler, Air intake

(N)
Needle valve
Non return valve
Nozzle
Nut

(O)

Oil tank
Operating
Opposed pistons
Overheating
Overlap
Over speed governor
(P)
packing
Packing ring
Passage
Peg
Pilot valve
Pin
Pintle
Piston
Planimeter
Plunger
Port
Pour point /
Power
Pressure
Priming, Fuel pump
Properties
Pump
Pumping
Purifier, Oil
(R)

Rake
Rake and ram stop
Rating, Engine
Redwood No.1 1
Reference line
Refining
Relief valve
Remote control
Repair
Reversing
Ring
Rocker arm
Rod
Rubber
Running Gear

(S)
Safety valve
Saybolt seconds
Scavenging
Score
Scraper ring
Seal
Sealing
Seating
Sea water
Sepatator, Water
Servomotor
Settling tank
Skirt, piston
Sleeve
Sludge
Solid bar
Solid injection
Spare parts
Specific fuel consumption
Speed governor
Spray holes
Spring
Starting air ( )
Stress
Stroke
Stuffing box
Suction
Sulpher content
Sump
Supercharge
Supercharging
Supercharger
Surging, Blower
(T)
Tank
Telescopic pipe
Test
Thermal
Thrust bearing
Tie bolt
Timing gears
Torque /
Total base number
Trestle bed plate
Trunk piston
Turbocharger
Twist
Two stroke

(U)
Ultrasonic test
Uniflow scavenging ( )

(V)
Vacuum pressure /
Valve
Vandium
Ventilation
Vibration
Viscosity
Vise
Volute casing

(W)

Washing, Turbocharger
Water cooling
Wear ( )
Weight
Wet liner
White metal
/

()
Confined vapours
Valve needle
Speed governor stability
Fixed parts
Moving parts
Thermal stresses
External combustion
Internal combustion
Oil test
Engine stalling
Piston displacement
Overload ( )
Engine applications
Crankshaft alignment
Specific fuel consumption
Engine cylinder
Fuel ignition
Injector repair
Detergent additives
Dispersion additives
Oil additives
Fuel additives
Crankshaft torque
Running gear
Rotary piston mechanism
Speed governor mechanism
Safety valve
Speed variation
Speed variation
Loop scavenging
Adiabatic compression
Crankcase explosions
Engine breakdown
Hydrometer

( )
Access door
Barometer
Fraction column
Indicator barrel
Indicator card
Cylinder liner
Guide pulley
Planimeter ( )
Wear ( )
Inlet port
Exhaust port
Potassium borate
Timing diagram
Pressure volume
Pressur-time diagram
Work diagram
Bitumen

( )
Piston crown
Late fuel injection
Speed governor hunting
Cam follower
Cylinder cooling
Turbocharger cooling
Injector cooling
Cylinder head cooling
Piston cooling
Cooling systems
Firing order
Liner fixation
Nozzle assembly
Cylinder bore
Helical groove
Corrosion
Crankshaft alignment
Fuel pump priming
Ignition delay
Fuel atomisation
Valve overlap
Injector pressure fluctuations
Impulse turbine
Hydraulic tightening
Cylinder arrangement
Turning gear ( )
Timing gear
Idle gear
Fuel filtration
Gear wheel
Engine mounting
Liner lubrication ( )
Reverse interlock
Cylinder construction
Water discharge
Blower discharge
Oil drain
Fuel draining
Engine classification
Speed acceleration
Over speeding
Vacuum
Blow past
Oil distillation
Engine rating
Crude oil refining
Crankshaft throw
Contamination, pollution
Expansion
Fuel bunkering
Air venting
Oil purification
Crankcase ventilation
Pressure relief
Reversing interlock
Oil supply
Engine specification
Injection timing
Fuel oil blending

( )
Indicator constant
Saybolt second
Spray hole
Flying weight
Balance weight
Two stroke
Bimetallic

( )
Turbine side
Blower side
Piston skirt
Cylinder wall
Piston trunk
Runner
Control rack
Bypass cock ( )
Float adjustment cock
Control cock
Cylinder body
Injector body
Sleeve
Bilge
Chain
Indicated efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Thermal efficiency
Brake efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Atmospheric
Air pocket
Surging

( )
Frame column ( )
Oil quill ( )
Fuel injector
Aspinal governor
Over speed governor
Speed governor
Seal
Crankcase diaphragm
Displacement volume
Clearance volume
Flywheel
Cam
Ahead cam
Astern cam
Leading cam
Heat
Specific heat
Angular motion
Lost motion
Scavenging fire
Cylinder belt
Governor sensitivity
Labyrinth packing
Gasket
Solid injection
Fuel injection
Plate bowl
Seal ring
Compression ring
Fire ring
Packing ring
Piston ring
Scraper ring
Rubber ring
Beveled ring
Copper ring
Fire protection
Dry sump
Oil sump
Crankcase
Air space

( )
Drainage plug
Sludge
Air reservoir
Engine characteristics
Replenishing line
Surging line
Valve clearance
Reference cell
Photo cell
Mixture
Gas properties
()
Plunger
Cylinder jacket
Rollers
Ambient temperature
Absolute temperature
Blower impeller
Log book
Side thrust
Cross head guide
Push rod guide
Valve guide
Cam roller
Indicator cord
Operating cycle
Two stroke cycle
Four stroke cycle

()
Starting lever
Control arm
Knife and fork connecting rod
Floating lever
Piston rod
Rocker arm ( )
( )
Cylinder head
Cross head
Crane
Four stroke
Red wood 1 1
Skim
Propeller
Total base number
Conradson number
Ash in fuel

( )
Crank angle
Sight glass
Dismantling jack

( )
Deflection dial gauge
Push rod
Suction
Sea suction
Heater
Air lock
Trestle
Critical speed
Flow
Sealing surface
Air blast
Container ship
Lead wire
Epicyclic

( )
Turbocharger
Supercharger
Supercharging
Fracture
Crack
Eccentric strip
Work done
Air suction
Flange
Indicator diagram
Solid impurities
Compression stroke
Expansion stroke
Suction stroke /
Exhaust stroke
Power stroke
Piston stroke )(
()
Ballast
Penetrating die
Chock


Rack and ramming stop

Valve chest
Turning boss
Needle valve
Pilot valve
Safety valve
Bypass valve
Reducing valve
Discharge valve
Regulating valve
Relief valve
Distributing valve
Fuel injection valve
Outlet valve
Inlet valve
Rotary valve
Suction valve /
Delivery valve
Exhaust valve
Float valve
Quick closing valve
Spill valve
Poppet valve
Stop valve
Ball valve
Non return valve /
Metering valve
Bleed valve
Castle nut /
Expansion tank /
Settling tank
Replenishing tank
Fuel oil tank
Double bottom tank
Stuffing box
Gear box
Maintenance

()
Compressor
Emergency compressor
Oil mist
Alignment adjustment
Pumping
Maximum pressure
Barometric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
Reference light

()
Heat energy
Mechanical energy
Spring plate
Types
Centrifuging
Chromium plating
Thrust collar
Stroke length

( )
Exhaust
Frame girder
Directing baffle
Piston acceleration
Thrust wheel
Misalignment
Jack
Heat process
Driving shaft
Camshaft
Crankshaft
( )
Confined gases
Combustion
Water washing
Bearing cover
Exhaust boiler
Tappet

( )
Overflow
Air separator
Water separator
Vanadium
Fuel port
Delay period
Recess hole
Cooling space
Bed plate


Effective

Injector nozzle

( )
Friction clutch
Hydraulic clutch
Corrodible
Coupling
Double bottom
Base
Boyls law
Charls law
Gas law
Indicated power
Brake power
Casing
Volute casing
Gravity disc
Bursting disc
Scraper
Measuring trammel
Push rod
Distance piece
Adjusting screw
Cylinder liner
Heating valve

( )
Air intake
Opposed piston
Cross head type piston
Trunk type piston
Rotary type piston
Indicator piston
Mass
Cylinder block
Thrust block
Bracket
Thrust bearing
Journal bearing
Scavenging
Scraping
Bridge gauge
Pintle

()
Eccentric
Gland ( )
Viscosity
Twist

( )
Double walled pipe
Telescopic pipe
Heat exchanger
Water cooler
Air cooler
Housing
Operating troubles
Carbon residue
Mean effective pressure ( )
Oil sump
Bypass valve /
Drain valve
Ballast valve
Quick closing valve
Overflow /
Engine
Servomotor
Gasket groove
Ring groove
Oil groove
Bearing
Controllers
Gudgeon pin
Ball pin
Crank pin
Water outlet
Water inlet
Funnel
Detergent
Crank journal
Air filter
Oil filter
Fuel filter
Crane
Suction fan
Double acting
Lubricant
Lubricator
Wire holder
Air duct
Holding down bolt /
Tie bolt
Adjusting screw
Expansion allowance
Peg
Despersant
Suction manifold
Exhaust manifold
Anode
Strainer
Shock damper
Hydraulic pump
Bosch pump
Priming pump
Booster pump
Common rail pump
Gear pump
Sulzer pump
Circulating pump
Jerk pump
Rubber
Diesel index
Adjustment
Survey
Grining paste
White metal
American petroleum institute
Distiller ( )
Seat
Deflection gauge
Feeler gauge
[ressure gauge
Planimeter
Detector
Oil passage
Entabulature
Automatic controller
Air vent
Cathode

( )
Spring
Air diffuser
Engine output
Compression ratio
Dead band
Blower
Lower dead point
Upper dead point
Driving end
Small end
Big end
Ignition quality

( )
Gas escape
Starting air
Atmospheric air
Sealing air
Monoblock casting frame
Built in frame

()
Accelerating unit
Decelerating unit
Measuring unit
Viscosity unit
Engine specific weight
Friction pad
External medium
Internal medium
Safety device
Blocking device
Connection
Fuel connection
Telescopic connection
Oil pan
Heavy fuel
Diesel fuel
Residual fuel


......

TurboPower
:

:
www.turbopower.ws

You might also like