C OMPR EHEN S I VE G R MA R ;

O F T HE

EN G L I S H L A N G U A G E .

FO R T HE U S E O F S C HO O L S .

BY S I M ON K ER L , A M . .

Fungar vice co tis, acu tum

erru m
Be dder e ques f valet, exsors ip sa se candi.

Horace
.

N E W Y O R K :

P H I N N EY ,
B L A KEM A N ,
A N D MA S ON .

BU FFA L O : BR EED, BU TL ER co .

1 8 6 1 .
 W G M
f 'f WW

S ER I ES OF EN G L I S H G R A M M A R S .~

K er l
s P r im ar y E n g l i s h G r a m m a r T hi s little b o ok .

o r b egin n ers, an d as an in tro du ctio n to the C o mp re hens iv e

is design e d f G ra m
mar S in ce v ariety in his tex t b oo k s o n the same su bj e ct, always cau ses
.
- a lo s s
o ft im e an d lab or to the le arn er, this little w ork , e x ce p tin g the las t f
e w p ages,

is o r p age , w ith the rs t p art o fthe

made ide n tical, p age f la rger rammar G
It .

is also made in accordance with w hat se e m to b e the lates t an d best O p in io n s on .

the s cien ce o fgrammar an d the art o f teachin g 7 2 pp , 1 2 mo, w ell b ou nd . . .

Price 2 5 cents .

K er l
s C o m p r e he n s i v e E n glish G ra mmar .
-
T hi s bo ok
is de sign ed to b e a thoro u gh Practical mmon S cho o ls G ra mmar, f
o r the u se o fC o .

N e arly all that it co n tain s b eyo nd what t he gen erality o fgrammars hav e, will
b e n e w an d u sef
ul To its sect io ns o n VER BS , PR EPOS I TI ON S , C ON JU N CT I ON S ,
.

L
PA R S IN G , A NA Y S I S , VE RS I EI OA TI ON , P U N OTU A TI ON , C A P I TA L L ETT ER S , R H E
TOR I CA L FI G U R ES, an d FA L S E S YN TA X ,p articular atten tio n is directe d ; an d als o

to the arran geme n t o fmatter, an d to the c0p io u s I L L U S TR A TI ON S an d E XER C I S ES

3 6 0 pp .
,
1 2 mo . Pr i ce 75 ce n ts .

K er l
s T r e a t is e t he E n g li s h L a n g u a g e
o n h s bo ok .
-
T i
18 design ed f
o r the use H
o f igh S choo ls , C o llege s, an d Private S tu den t s
-
I t w ill .

e mb race, so f
ar practicable , the HIS TOR , ET M O L OG
as Y Y Y G R A M MA R
, ,
an d
I

S TR U C TUR E U
o f the L A N G A G E, w ith copio us I L L S TR A TI ON S U an d C R I TI C A L R E .

M A R KS , an ESSA Y o n C OMPOS I TI ON an ES S A Y o n ,
D EL I V ER Y ,
an d a C OL L EOT I ON
o fS YN ON Y MS . Large 8 vo (I n P r ess ) . .

En te r ed a cco r din g to A c t o f C o n gr es s, in the y e ar 1 8 61 ,

B y S I M O N K ER L ,

I n the C lerk

s O i ce o fthe Di t i t C s r c o u r t o fthe S o u the rn Di t i t
s r c o fN ewr Y o rk

S ter eotyp e d b y S M I TH M OD O U O A L , 8 2 84 B e ek man s tr e -

et .

J M . . J o hn s o n . Pir n te r an d Bin de r, B u f
falo , N . Y .
 P R E E A O E .

I t is gen erally admitted, at leas t b y t ho se p e rs o n s w ho f re qu en tly hav e occa

sion to w rite the English lan gu age, that the k n o w le dge o ft his s u bj ect, o b ta in e d
-
in o u r schoo ls, is n o t s u fcie n t f q
o r the vario u s re u ire me n ts o flif e I n t he f
. ol
lo w ing p ages w e theref o re o er t o t he p u b lic an English

G rammar t hat is de

s ign e d to b e, f o r p ractical p u rpose s, mo re thoro u gh than an y o the r w e hav e s e e n,

x
t he v ery large st n o t e ce p te d .

e r mu ch f x
W
I n its ma tter , it doe s n o t dif f ro m o the r grammars, e ce t that it has
p
mo re , an d that mu ch o fit is f resh f ro m t he o riginal s o u rce s o ft he sc ie n ce hat
.

e ve r o the rs hav e writ ten o n t he su bj ect, I h a ve e n de av o re d to asce rtain

; tho u gh
I tru s t I hav e treate d t hem le ss p irat ically an d ce nso r io u sly t han mo s t o fthe m
hav e t reated t heir p re decess o rs The in cide n tal re ma rk s o n grammar, made b y
.

re view ers, p hilo lo gis ts, an d o ther w r ite rs , hav e b e e n dilige n tly so u ght an d co n
s idered . The b est grammars o ff o re ign la n gu age s have also b ee n co n s u lte d,

e sp ecially tho s e o fB e ck e r, V iv ie r, A n dre ws, C ros by , an d Kii hn er . Oft he e x e r

cis e s to b e co rrecte d, ab o u t o n e halfa re the b es t o ftho se w hich f o rm t he co m!
mo n in heritan ce o ft he scie n ce ; an d f o r the o t he rs I hav e re ad so me w o rk o r

w o rk s f ro m e ve ry S tate in the U n io n , in o rde r t hat the b o o k may S ho w all t he

v ario u s k in ds o fer ro rs w hich ar e n o w cu rre n t, lik e u n de te cte d co u n te rf e it mo n e y
,
in t he v ariou s p arts o f o u r co u n try I fchildre n imbib e d n o e rrors at ho me it
.
,

x
w ere w ell to e clu de su ch e ercis es f x ro m
gra mmars : b u t w hen a pe rso n has
alr e ady cau ght a dis e as e , I
s u pp ose it is b e st to co n v in ce him o fhis co n ditio n ,
a n d S ho w him ho w to Erro rs in s p e llin g, an d e rro rs man u f
ge t rid o fit . act u re d
by grammarian s, a re o fco u rse o bj ectio nab le ; b u t e rro rs that are gathered f ro m
the u sage o fgoo d w rite rs, are a v e ry dif fe re n t t hin g . B e sides, pa rs ing and e u
al sis w he n u s e d a lo ne
y .
,
b eco m e to o m o n o to n o u s an d wear iso me an d hardl
, y
su f fice to te ach the co rrect u se o fthe lan gu age
I n re gard to t he arr angement ofmat te r,
.

e u imp o rtan t it e m, I v en tu re to
-

c laim f o r t he b oo k a s u e rio rity o v e r e v e ry o ther o fits k in d I t is w ell k n o wn

p .

that scie n ce an d lit e ratu re la n gu ishe d, u n t il Baco n an d S hak e sp e are e man cip ate d
the m f ro m the th ralldo m o fan c ie n t o p in io n s ; an d, as L
atin Grammars we r e rs t
G
made , an d English rammars mode lle d af te r t he m, the latt er have p ro b ab ly s u f
fe re d f ro m a s imilar do min io n
A langu age that has ma ny in e ction s, may w e ll
.

hav e its e ty mo lo gy t au ght as a se p arate b ra nch; b u t a lan gu age, lik e o u rs ,

w ho se actu al in e ct io ns might all b e p rin te d o n t wo o r t hre e p age s, n ee ds no
s u ch t rea tme n t . Bes ides w o rds hav e e tymo logy b e caus e t hey hav e sy n ta
, the x
x
v ery e is te n ce o ft he o n e im l in
p y g t he o the r ; an d to sto p w ith e ty mo lo gy , is
to leav e the wo rk half n ishe d T he gre ates t s tic k le r f
. o r s e p ara t in g t he m in o u r
langu age, has f a ile d t o dra w t he dividin g lin e ; an d mu ch o ft he e tymo lo gy
tau ght in o ur rammars as in t he cas es o f n o u n sis S he e r sy nt a x Ev e ry
g .

teacher o fe x p e rie n ce, too , mu s t have o b se rve d ho w w e aris o me t o p u p ils is t he

lo n g de s ert o fe ty mo logy, b e f o re t he y s e e its ap plicat io n in sy n ta x
; an d the n
t hey o f te n do n o t ge t t he f
ull b e ne t o fthis, b e ca u s e t he y hav e b u t a f ain t a n d
co nf us e d r eco llectio n o fthe o the r M o reo v er, by t he u sual syste m, almo s t the
.

w hole grammar mu s t b e le arn e d be f

o re an y p ractical b e n e t is de ri ve d f ro m i t ;
and, as children in man art s o f t h e c o u n try can atte n d s cho o l o nly a p ar t o f
y p
each e ar the co ns e q u e n ce is t hat the ro m
y , , y b e gin t he ir grammar f y e ar t o ye ar .

ge t tire d o fits te chn ical j argo n , an d, nally, derive litt le b en e t f ro m the s tu dy .

By the arrange me nt in this tre atis e, e ach s ectio n b e ars its o wn f r u it, a n d w ill
b e , iflearn ed, o f e rman e n t v alu e, w he t he r an f rt her r re s i s m ade o r
p y u p o g s
no t . The b ook, too , can b e more co n ven ie n tly re su me d at the b egin n in g ofan y

M5 1 5 9 98
 PR EFA C E
0

IV .

Pars ing i
A n alys s have n o t o nly b e en made f
an d ull, b u t s trip p e d o f mu ch

s u p er u ou s machin e r
y D octrin es an d clas si cat io n s hav e, in man y p lace s, b een
.

s impli ed an d ab rid e d
g ; an d f or so me o fthe in su f cie nt ar ticles in o u r grammars
hav e b e e n su b stitu te d o thers that are alto get her mo re s u b st an tial T he b o o k .

co mpris es b o th a P rimary an d a H
igher G rammar, an d is, in t he highes t s e n s e,
p ro gre ss ive an d p hilo sop hical I t is b u ilt u p b y a re gu lar syn t he sis f
. ro m t he
alp hab e t to V e rsi catio n
; t he n follo ws t he ar ti cle o n A n alys is, w hich r e late s t o
a ll that p rece de s it an d is o fthe u t mo st im ortan ce to t he n e t a n d last art icle
, p ,
x
n ame ly, P u n ctu ation I n ot her grammars , mo st o fthe do ct rin e is p rin te d in s mall
.

typ e, an d t he e x e rcise s ar e p rin t e d in large r his may b e mo re agre eab le to the

. T
t e acher, b u t it is less s o to the learn e r I
hav e g iv en the main p rinciple s rst,
.
in large ty pe , an d ap art f ro m the e am le s
p x
; t he n t he e erci ses in ty p e s u t cie nt ly x
large ; an d, lastly, t he u n imp o rt an t doctrin e in s malle r typ e, u n de r t he head o f
Ob se rv atio n s, an d at the e n d ofe ach se ct io n T he b e st mo de s o fle arn in g an d .

teaching hav e b een co n s ta n tly k ept in mind ; b u t, o fcou rse , n o p e rf e ct ly san e

t eacher o r learn e r w ill imagin e, that the grammar of a mighty lan gu age o fa

lan gu age that reaches in to ev ery b re o fhu man k n o wle dge, can b e learn e d with
o u t lab o r, or in

s ix le sso ns

A f ull p re f I
ace , e plan ato ry an d de f e ns ive , w o u ld x
re q u ire man y p age s t he re f I
ore leave the w o rk , w itho u t f
. u rther re mark, t o t he
can do r, j u dgme n t, an d rese arch o fthe reader .

TO T E A C H ER S .

S in ce al mo st teache r has his o wn v ie ws ab o u t te achin g, it is p rob ab ly

e v ery

n ee dle ss t o add any su ggestio n s I t may b e p rope r, ho w ev er, to s tate, that the
.

u il s ho u ld le arn, of t he irre gu lar v erb s , o n ly t hose f orms w hich are in goo d

p p
p re se n t u s e, t he o the rs havin g b ee n inse rt ed merely f o r re fe re n ce T he e x e r .

cis es f ro m

W
p 3 6 to p 44 , s hould b e u sed co n stan tly with t he recitations o n t he
. .

p a rt s o f s p e ec h hile t.he u
p p il is e n a
g g e d in t he p ars in g e e rc is e s , pp
4 7 5 7, x .

it may b e w e ll f o r him t o stre n gthe n himse lfb

y re vie wing se ve ral time s w hat
pre ce de s t hem T he n u mb ers ov e r w o rds S ho w t he R u les o fS y n ta
. The in x .

te rro gat io n p o in ts o n the lef

-
t o fp aragrap hs in Part S econ d, are u se d in s tead o f
qu e st ion s T
hey are a s o rt o fsu b st it u te f
W
or t he p e n cil marks o fte achers The -
. .

s e ction o n the De riv at io n o f o rds may b e o mitte d, iftau ht in so me o t he r b ook

g
w
.

Fo r a f e w o fits o rds, t he p u p il will hav e t o con su lt his dictio n ary I t w o u ld .

b e a u se f u l e ercis e f x o r t he p u p il to m m
t he S en te n ce s gi v en as e ample s in x
Part S eco n d H e wou ld t hu s le arn t o sp ell, t o p u nctu ate, to u se cap ital lette rs,
.

an d w o u ld b e co me f amiliar w it h all t he v ariou s s e n t e n ces w hich mak e lan gu age .

x
The e e rcises f o r co rrec tio n , it is p ro b ab ly b e s t f o r t he p u p il to w rit e o f f co r
re cte d, an d b r in g t he m to s cho o l as a p art o fhis e v en in g t ask I ft hey b e co r .

rec te d o rally, I
w ou ld re co mme n d tha t it b e n o t do n e with to o mu ch ce re mo n y

o r me chan ical man n e ris m I n t he s e n te nce,
. Him an d me are o ft he s ame age,
fo r in stan ce, t he p u p il may simp ly say,

I
n co rrect : him an d me, in t he o bj ective

case , sho u ld b e he an d I , in the n o min ativ e c as e, b ecau se A p ro n o u n us e d as

the su bj ect of a nite v e r b, mu st b e in t he n o min at iv e case Fo r additio nal .

x
e amples in an alysis an d p ars in g, may b e u se d t he n u me ro u s e amp les f ro m p x .

2 5 7 to the e n d T he s e ctio n o n A n alysis, thou ghn e ar the e n d, sho u ld b e S t u die d

.

as so o n as p ossib le , an d rev ie we d f re q u e n t ly A Ke y to the E ercise s will b e

. x
fu rnishe d, if it s hou ld b e f o u n d n ecess ary I t w as my de sign to add an art icle
.

o n C o mp o sition , b u t as t his is n o t n e ce s sar ily a p art o fgrammar, an d as it wou ld

hav e mu ch enl arge d t he si e o fthe b oo k, have o mitte d it z IS ho u ld the p re se n t .

work b e f av o rab ly re ce iv e d, ho w ev e r, I
may add, as a se q u el to this b oo k , a
small b u t ade qu a te t re at ise o n C o mp o sitio n ; so that the t wo b o o k s will mak e a
G
co urse o f rammar, R heto ric an d C o mp o s it io n .
 I N D E ~
X

P AGE P O A E

A b br eviation s 31 7 , 3 2 1 N o u n s , P r in cip le s , 91 1 1 8 -

A cce n t , 27 5 6 -
N o u n s , E e rcis es ,x 1 1 9 33
A dj e ctiv e s , 1 0, 1 4 9 64 -
N o u n s , Ob s e r vat io n s , 1 3 4 40
1 4 9 N u mb e rs , 6 , 1 05 1 2 ; o f er b s , 1 7 7 V
j
A d e ctives , P rin cip les , 56 80
A d e ct iv e s, Pr o n o min al, 1 535 5 O b s er vatio n s , G e n er al, 25 7
j
-

x
A dj e ct iv es , E er cis es , 1 5 7 6 1 O rt ho grap hy, 60, 6 7 83
A d ectiv es , Ob s e r vation s ,
j 1 61 4 -
Pars in g, 4 7 57 -

A dj u n cts , 33 , 2 1 7 8 P art icip le s , 1 2 , 2 1 2 , 1 65 , 1 8 2 6 -

A dv e r b s , 3 0 2 , 2 08 1 7 Par ts o fS pee ch,

W 2 , 90
- -

A dv e rb s , L is t o f ,
3 1 2 or ds o fD if fe re n t , 24 2 3 -

A dv er b s , Prin cip les , 208 11 Pau s es , 67 P oe t ic, 27 4

x
A d v e rb s , E er cis es , 2 1 1 1 5 Perio d, 31 6 1 8 -

A d v er b s , Ob s er v atio 2 1 5 17 P ers o n s , 6, 1 04 5 ; o f er b s , V 1 7 7 80 -

A n alys is o fS en ten ce s 2 98 31 4 P hras e , 3, 31 1

A rr an ge men t, 258 9 -
Pleo nas m, 2 60 1
A r ticles , 9 -
P o et ry, 2 7 2 , 296
A rt icle s , Prin ciples , 1 40 2 -
P r e dicat es , 2 3 , 3 00-

x
A rt icles , E e r cis e s , 1 4 2 6 Pr e x es , 84 6 -

A rt icles , O b s er v atio ns , 1 47 9 Pr e p o s itio n s , 3 2 3 , 21 7 3 0 -

A rticu latio n , 66 P re p o s itio n s , P ri n ci ples , 2 17 8 -

B rack e ts , 342 I
P re p o s it io n s , llu s t ratio n s , 2 1 92 3
C as e s , 7, 112 9 -
P re p o s itio n s , C o n s tru ctio n s , 2 23 6 -

C lau s es , 3 , 2 98 300 -
Pr ep o s itio n s , E e r cis es , x 226 9 -

C olo n , 3 1 82 1 Pre p o s itio n s , O bs er v ations , 2 29 3 0

-

C o m ma, 3 2 33 0 Pr o n o u n s , 4 5 , 94 1 40
C o mp aris o n , D egr e es o f 1 1 1 5 0 3 P ron o u n s , Prin ci le s 94 1 1 9
p
-

C o n u gatio n ,
j
,
2 3 9 ,
,
1 8 7 8 - -
Pr o n o u n s , E e rci s e s x 1 1 9 33 -

C o n u n ctio n s , 33 5 2 3 0 4 0 Pr o n o u n s , O b s e rvatio n s , 1 34 4 0
j
- -
-

,
C o nj un ctio n s , L is t o f 3 4 5 P ro n u n ciatio n , 60 6 -

3 , 2 98
,
C o nj u n ctio n s , Prin cip les , 2 3 02 P ro p o s itio n s , 318
I
C o nj u n ct io n s , llu s tratio n s , 2 32 5 -
P ros o dy, 60
C o n u n ctio n s , E er cis e s ,
j x 2 3 6 9 P u n ct u at ion , 3 1 5 54 -

C o nj u n cticn s , Ob s e rv atio n s , 23 9 40 Q u an tity, 27 5

C u r v es , 34 0 2 -
Q u o t atio n mark s , -
34 6 7 -

2 5 8
D as h, 335 9
W
R he t o rical D e vices , 62
-

W
D ecle ns i o n , 8 9 -
R o o t s o f o r ds 8 3 9
,
D erivation of ords , 8 3 90 -
S can n in g, 2 7 9 96 -

D i s co ur s e , 8 , 2 98 , 3 1 0 1 1 -
S e mico lo n , 32 1 2 3 -

Elli p s is , 26 0 S en t e n ces , 3 , 2 98 31 8 -

E mp has is , 66 S p ellin g, 7 8 83 -

x
Eq u iv alen t E p ress ion s , 258 9 -
S u b j e cts , 2 3 , 3 00
Etymo lo gy, 60 S u i xe s , 8 7 90 -

x
E clamation p oin t -
34 2 4 S yll ab les , 77 8 -

x
E ercis e s G e n e 8 6 44 , 24 3 5 0 -
S yn ta , x
BI gu r es , Bheto rica , l 2 62 71 T e n s es ,
Fo rms o fthe er b

,
V 2 0 ,
2 4 9, 1 8 9 T o n es ,
G e n ders , 5 4 -
U n de r s core ,
G rammar , 59 V erb s ,
H yp he n , 3 43 5 -
V e rb s , A u iliary , x
I n n tlv es ,
r 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 5 -
1 8 2 6 V e rb s , I
rr egu lar , is t L of
I n t e r e ctio n s
j ,
, ,
3 5 6
,
2 4 0 2 V e rb s , P r in ci le s ,
p
,

In terr o at io n
g p e r
-
m
,
2 3 1 2 V x
er b s , E e r ci s es ,
60 p :
,
L ette rs , 2 ; C a ital, 67 77 V e rb s Ob s er vat io n s ,
Mar k s , M is cellan e o u s , 3 5 1 4 V er s ification ,
5
0

8
1 7 3, 1 6 7 1 , 1 7 5
W
M o o ds , -
6 V o ice s , 6

N o un s , 0 O O O 4 , 91 0 1 40 o rds ,

Fo r an y thing n ot f
ou nd mon g the gener al p r in cip le s ,
a se e the Ob s e r vatio ns
at t he e n d o ft he s ectio n
'

.
 S Y N G PM S
ii i PA R T ES T .

1 . I n tr o d u c to y V i e w
r , o r a s
yn th e t o u tl n e r
L C tt e l S , ic i
s
yllab le s, w o rds, s u b e cts,
p j
1 e dicat es
, p hras es
,
r o os t o n s,
p p lau s e s , ii c
s e nt e n ces, di sc o u rs e .

2 N o u n s an d P r o n o u n s. C L A s s ms : n o u n sr ro an d
.
p p er
co m mo n i
r on o u n s at ve P R O
PER rs o n a1, r e lat ve an d 1n t e rro
p g p e ,
1

TI E S : gen de mas c li n e f e min i n e c o mm o n a d n e u t er

rs
p e s s
u , , ,
n r on
J

st se co d an d thi d ;
r , mb s s i ngu lar a d p l ral ; e es
n i nu er n u as

t i e p o s e s i v e an
, ,

n o mi na d o bj e cti ve
v D eclen s i o
s Ex e ci se s
s n. r
, , . .

3 A r t i c le s
. KI N D s ; den i te an d i de i te Ho w a and a
. n n . n

s ho u ld b e u se d .

4 . A d j e c t iv e s .
C L A s s n s :
den i t i ve ; den i t i v e , des cri pti ve a n d

w i th s u b c lasses D egr ees of co mp ar iso n

-

p o
. s i t i ve , co m arati ve ,
p
su e rlat i v e L i st o fadj e ct i v es i r re u larl co m are d
p .
g y p .

5 V e r b s C L a s s n s : v e rbs n t e , p a1 t1 C 1 p le s in n itives , 1 egu lar

. . i
v e rb s, irr e u la1 v e i bs, l st o f rre u lar v e r b s
g g t ran s t v e o r
p i i
as si v e , ii
i
int rar sitiv e o r n e u te r P O R TI S : v oices act v e, p as s v e , mo ods, . R PE E i i
n d cat ve, s u b u n ct v e, p o te n t al, impe 1 ativ e, in n t v e ; ten ses,
i i i j i i ii
p r es e n t ,
p as t, f
u tu 1 e
p e 1 ie ct, lu e1 f
p p e ct , f
u tu r e
p e 1f
e ct, f
1th o r ms ~
W
i
co mmo n , e m phat c, p ro g1 css 1v e p as s ve ; p er so n s an d n u m ber s P ar i .

t icip le s an d 1 11 n 1t1 ve s A u l ary v erbs C o n u gat o n xi i

E e r c se s j . i . x i .

6 . A d ve rb s .
-
Thei r chi ef c haracteri sti cs . Fu ll li st care u ll f y
class i e d .

7 . P re p o s i t i o al s . The i r ch e i f charact er st cs i i . A dj un cts .

L i st o fp re po s i ti o n s .

C L A S S E S co ord n ate, i s u b o rd n at e, i co rre s

i
8 . C o n i u n c t io n s. ;
p o nd n i g . L i st o fco nj u n ct i o n s c lassi e d acco rding t o the l r m e ani n gs .

9 . I n t e r e c t i o n s. L i st, class i ed acco rdi n

g t o the i
e mo t o n s .

10 . E xe r c i s e s o n all the P arts o fS p e e ch .

1 1 . R u le s o fS yn t a x.
-
The r e lat o n s o i fwo rds to o n e an o t her
in the c o nstru cti o n o fse n t en es c .

12 . P a r si n g .
Fo rmu las ,
mo dels, an d e xamples .
 PA R T F I R S T .

1 I N TR OD U C TOR Y VI E W .

W ha t is a letter r

A l e t t e r is a charac ter t hat den o tes o ne or more o f t he

elemen tary sou n ds o flan gu age .

EXA MP L Es : A , b, c ; a ge , a t, a rt , a 11 ; bu bble ; cen t , cart.

A lw ay s r e a d the e x amp le s car efu lly , r e e ctin g u p o n e ach, so that y o u may le arn cle ar ly an d
u lly w hat is m e an t b y t he d e nit io n o r d escr1 p t io n
f .

H o w man y ele men tary s o u n ds has ou r lan gua ge , an d how man y le tte rs to r ep r e s e n t them 1

A b ou t f o r ty ele men tary so u n ds, an d tw en t y

-
s ix le t t er s t o
re
p r esen t t hem .

I n to what two cla s se s ar e the le tte r s d iv ide d ?

I n to v o w els an d c on sonan ts
W
.

hich a re the v o wels ?

A e, i, o , u , an d s o metimes so an d y
W
.
,

ha t is a syllable I

A s yllab l e is a lett er , o r t wo or m or e c o mbin ed , p r o

n ou n ced as o n e u n b r o k en s o u n d .

Ex A I, o n , n o , n ot , s tr etche d, b arb ds t ,
a e ri al, p ro fa s io n
W
- - - - - -
.
, .

hat is a. wor d !

A w o r d is a s yllable, or two or m or e c o mb in ed ,
u sed as

the sign ofsome idea .

Ex .

M an , tree , wo rld, s ky, p in k , b eau ty, strik e s , w ell, f
air , al as , b e cau s e .

A n idea is the p ictur e o r n o tion o f a thin g , in t he mi n d .

H ow ar e w or ds class i d e accor di n g to the nu mb e r o f sylla b le s co mp o si n g them 7

I n t o mon o sylld bles , dissylla bles , tr isylla bles, an d

p ol s
y yl
la bles .

D e ne the se c las s es .

A mo no sylla ble is a w ord o fo n e syllab le a dis sylla ble,

o ft w o ; a tr is lla ble, o f t hree an d a o l s lld ble, o ff
y p y y o u r

Ol

mo re .

Ex I , s o n g ; b ak er ,
. r ailr o ad
; o rn a m en t , co mm an d m en t ; cu s to mar y, in co m
p re he n s ib ili ty .

H ow a r e wo r d s cla s si e d a cco r d in g as they a re o r med ,

f o r n ot rom
fo r med, f o n e an o the r

I n t o p r imitive, der iv a tiv e, an d c omp ou n d .

2 I N T R OD U CT OR Y VI EW .

D e ne the se classe s .

A p r imitiv e w ord is n o t f r om an o ther

or med f a der iv a
o r med f
tive w ord i s f r om an o ther an d a c omp o u n d w o r d is

c omp osed oft wo o r more o thers .

Ex P r i m i t i 1) e Bree e , m an , go o d, b u ild, u p
. zD e r i v a t i v e Bree y , . z
m an f ul , goo dn es s , b u ilder , r eb u ild 0 0 mp c a n at S e a b ree e , man k in d, dew
.
-
z
dr op , n e wsp ap e r , u p on , s e win g ma chin e -
.

H ow ar e wo r ds div ide d acco r di n g to what the y d en o te

I n to ni ne c lasses c alled P A R T S
,
OF S P E E C H .

N a me the m .

N P r on ou n s, A r tic les, A dj ectives , Ver bs, A dver bs ,

ou n s ,
P r ep o s itions, Uonj u n ctio n s , an d I n terj e c tion s .

FA M L IA R Exr m ru n om I mi ght p r es en t to your min d, b y words alon e, 811
that I x
hav e ev er s e en o r e p erien ce d To do this , w ou ld have to u s e nou ns an d
. I
p ron ou ns , to d en o te ob j e cts ; articles, t o aid the n o u n s ; adj ectives , to e Xpres s t he
'

q u alit ies , co n ditio n s , o r cir cu ms tan ces o f o bj e cts ; ver bs, to e

p r ess their action s , x
or s tates o fe is te n ce x a dv er bs, t o de scrib e t heir actio n s , or to s ho w the natu r e o r
q
degr e e oftheir u ali tie s ; p r ep ositions , t o e p res s t heir p o s iti on s o r r elatio n s to o n e x
an ot her ; co n u n ction s, t o co n t i n u e the dis co urs e, o r to co nn ect its
j p arts ; an d in ter
j ections , t o give v en t to an y feelin g or emo tion s p ringing u p s u dde nly within me .

Ex . N ou n s:
-
I n sp r ing, t he su n shin es le as an tly u p on the ear th, lea ves
an d o wer s co me f o rt h, an d M d8 s in g in t he w

W

the ro s es ad orn the win do w
Pr o n o u n s (6
R o s es en ci rcle my 1 n dow, an d
.
0

they ador n it .

A r t i c le s T he chu r c s tan ds on a hill
h .

A dj e c t i v e s R ip e s tr awb er ries are good

That man own s two f ar ms
" . .

Ve r b s R iv ers ow, s t ars s hin e, m en wor k, an d b o ys s tu dy an d p lay
.

A d v e r bs Belo w u s , a most b e au tif

ul r iv er o we d very smooth ly .

P r ep o s i t i o n s : T
her e are cedar s on the hill beyon d the riv er .

J J
W

(Jo n j u n c t i c n 3 oh n an d ames ar e happ y becau se they ar e
I n t e rj e cti o n s e all s e ek f or happ in es s ; b u t, alas ! ho w f
ew o fu s

ob tai n it .

S U G G ES TI ON T O TH E EA C H ER ak e a w alk with y ou r clas s , du rin g s o me leis

T . T
r o m the s u rr o u n din g s ce n ery
u r e in terv al, an d te ach t he m t he p arts o fsp e e ch, f .

S in ce the w orld f or u s to con si de r , o r thi n k

u rn ishe s tho u san d s an d tho u san ds o fobj ects f
ab o u t, an d s in c e w e n e v er sp ea k witho u t havin g so me thi ng in min d, what is e s sen tia l to ev ery
tho u ght or s ay in g ?

A S U BJE C T an d a P R ED I C A T E
W
.

hat is m e an t b y the s ub ectj f

T he s u b j ect den o tes t hat of whi ch somethin g is said o r
af
r med .

Ex T he can no ns
. w e re

r e d.

The leaves an d ower s in the gar de n
hav e b een i l
k l e d b y he f
t ro s t

W
.

hat is m e an t b y the p redicate

T he p re d i c a t e de n o tes what is r med

said or af .

Eire T he cann o n s wer e r ed .

The le av es an d o w er s in the gar den
have been killed by thefr ost .

H ow ar e s u b ects an dj p r e dica te s clas si ed

I n to s imp le an d c omp ou n d .
 m r u o n u er o s v e w . 3

D e n e si mp le s u b ects an d co
j mp ou n d j
s u b ects.

A s imp le s u bj ec t has b u t o n e n omin ative t o w hic h the

redic a te ref r s ; a c o mp o u n d su bj ec t has m o r e t h a n o ne
p e .

Ex S imp le . The boy learn s The boy who is s tu diou s lear n s

, .

C o mp o u n d: The boy an d his sis ter le ar n .

The boys and gir ls who
stu d io u s , le arn .

D e n e si mp le p r edicate s an d co mp ou n d p r e dica te s .

A s imp le p redic ate has b u t o n e nite v erb ref

err in g t o t he

s u bj ec t a c o m ou n d redic ate has m o re than o n e

p p .

Pix S i mp l e : Bo ys s tud

Bo ys s tu dy th e lessons which

ar e given to them 0 c mp o u n
. B oys s t u dy, r ecite, a n d p lay
Bo ys st udy a n d r ecite th lessons wh
e ich a r e given to them
.

r om
S u bj ect f s u b ect u s , thr o wn der b ec a u s e v ie w e d a s b ein g the f which the p rop o
, j un . o u n da tio n on
it io n is b as e d P r ed i ca te, fr o m p r ce di co , I s p eak o r s a y

W
s o r s e n te n ce . .

ha t is ap hrase f

p h r a s e is t w o or more w or ds rightly p u t to ge ther, b u t

A
n o t makin a r o o s itio n
g p p .

Ex I n the ne xt p l ace To s ho w yo u rag r an t b lo s s o ms

the f o fs
p rin g
W
. . .

hat is a p r op o si tio n ?

A p ro p o s i ti o n is a su b e j c t c o mbin ed w ith its p redi

c u te .

Ex . S tar s s hin e . Even ifmy ho p es sho u ld p eris h .

A p r op o s i t io n m ay b e a clau s e , o r n o t or it ma y b e a sen te n ce, or less t han a se n t e nce . I t is no t

W
n e ce s s a r ily e i the r a c lau se o r a se n t e n c e .

ha t is a claus e f
A c la u s e is an y o n e o f t wo or m o re p r o p o sition s whic h
t oge ther make a s e n t en e c .

Ex T he m or n in g w as u r e an d s u n n y , the elds w er e white w ith dais ies ,

.
t he haw t hor n w as co v er e d w it 1 it s f r agran t b lo s s o ms , t he b ee hu mm e d ab o u t e v e r

y
b ank , an d the s w al lo w p laye d high in air ab o u t t he vi llage s t ep le I r ving his e
. . T
s en t e n ce has v e clau se s , s e arate d b y the co m ma

W
p .

ha t is a se n te nce I

A se n te n ce is a thou ght exp r essed by w o rds .

Ex . Ev e ry m an is the ar chite ct o fhis o w n f o r tu n e .

H ap
p y is he w ho

n ds a t r u e f
r ie n d, an d hap y is he who
p p o s s es s e s the t r u e q u alitie s to b e a f
r ie n d

.

H ow d?
a r e s en te n ce s class i e

I n to s im le an d c o m ou n d
p p
W
.

ha t is a si mp le se n ten ce 2

A si mp le sen ten e c c
on tain s b u t o n e p r o p o sitio n
W
.

Ex as p s s tin g
" N 0 m an k n o ws his destiny
R etu rn (t hou ) q u ick ly
"

W
. . . .

hat is a co mp ou nd sen te n ce ?

A c o mp ou n d sen ten c e c on tain s two or mor e clau ses .

Ex A s e v ery t hr ead o fgo ld is p re cio u s , s o is e v e ry m o me n t o ft im e ; an d as

.

it w o u ld b e f
o lly t o s ho e ho rs e s
(as N e r o d id
) wit h gold, s o it is t o s p en d t ime in
t r i es
Maso n
W
-
. .

ha t is di scou r se f

D is c o u y f r o erl
r se
p p y r elate d sen t en ces,
is an seri e s o
e X r essm
p g c o n tin u o u s t ho u ght S e e yo u r R eader . .
 4 N O UN S A N D PR ON O UN S .

2 N O U N S A N D P RO N O U N S
W
. .

hat is a nou n

A n o u n is me
W
a na .

EXA M PL ES ! G o d, M ary, m an , m en , G eo rge as hin gto n , in s tr u ct or , s ky s u n,

st ar s , clo u ds
,
t o wn , S t L o u is , s tr e e t ,
. o ck , o we r, s o u l, f ,
eelin g, s e nse , mo ti o n ,
be hav io r .

N ame s ar e gi ve n t p ers o n s o r o ther s p ir it u al b ein gs , t o b r u te an imals , an d t o

o
thin gs The wo rd obj ects may b e u s e d as a gen eral t e rm f
. o r all t hes e clas s es .

Tell me which ar e the n ou ns i n the follo win g senten ces

L io ns an d o s t riches ar e f o u n d in A f rica
J J
.

o hn an d o s e p h dro v e t he ho rs e s t o the p as t ure .

P in k s an d r o s e s are b loo ming in t he garde n .

C are s o rro w , an d di s co nte n t, de st roy hap p ine s s .

A pp le s , p eache s , m elo n s , corn , an d p otato e s , are b ro u ght t o mark et

W
.

hat is a p rop er n o u n

A p e r n o u n 1 8 an i n dividu al n ame
W
ro p .

Ex G ee r e, S olo mo n , S u s an , illiam S hak e s p e are , N ap oleo n B on apart e , L on

J
.

do n , N e w Y o r N iagar a, Mis sis s ipp i, t he A n dre w Fu lto n , Mon day, an u ary

W
.

hat is a co mmon no u n ?
A co m mon n ou n is a
ge n er i c na me .

Ex . Boy , girl, t re e , hou s e , riv er , city , t o w n , r o ad p ath, b u ck e t, ho rse , co w,

hog, chair , w ago n , b o o k , pe n , b o at, i n k , b ird, b lack bird .

G ener ic m ean s b elo ngi n g t o a clas s 3 an d in divi d u al, b elon gin g to o n e o bj e ct o r

gro u o nly, as dis t in u is he d f ro m o t her s o fthe s am e k in d
'

A ll t he o b ects in t he
p g
.

worl may b e di vid e in to a limite d n u mb e r o fclas s es ; as , r ive rs , v a leys , hills ,

cit ie s , le av es o w e r s A fe w o ft he s e clas s e sn am e ly , p e r s o n s , laces , m o n t hs ,
d ays , s hip s , b o ats , hor ses , o e n , r iv e rs , m o u n t ain s , an d s o m e o t ers ar e o fs o
.

x
,

mu ch im p o rtan ce t o u s in o u r d aily af fairs , t hat w e hav e an e t ra n ame f o r e ach x

o bj ect o ft he clas s as , Th oma s , S mith , C
hicago , Missou r i The n ames o ft he f o r me r .

k in d are commo n n o u n s t hos e o ft he latter , p r ay er n o u ns A p r op er n o u n b egin s .

wit h a cap it al lett e r .

H ow man y ki nd s ofno u ns ther e, a nd wha t they

W
ar e ar e

hat is a p r on ou n f
A p is w or d t ha t li t h l c fa
W W W
ron o u n a su p e s e
p p a e o nou n .

Ex . il iam p
l ro m is e d M a r y t h at illia m w o u ld le n d M ary il iam s
l

mm
W

g ammar , that M ary m ight s t u dy t e g
r h r a ar , is e x i r e s s ed w ith great er facility
a n d more a re e ab l illi am p r o mis ed ary t h at h e wo u ld le n d h
g y , b y s aying, er

gr ammar , t hat she might s tu dy it .

P r o m e an s for , o r i n stea d of hen ce p ron ou n m e an s for a n ou n T he w o r d su bs ta n ti ve .

is o f
te n u s e d a s a ge n er al t e r m t o de n o t e e ithe r a n o u n o r a p r o n o u n, o r wha te v er 1 8 u s e d in
the s e n s e o fa n o u n .

W hat is a p er s ona l p ro n o u n ?
f a c lass o fp r o no u n s
is w ho se
A p e r so n al p r o n ou n on e o

phiefu se is, t o dis t in gu ish the dif

fer e n t p e r s o n s
W
.

Ex I t old you
. he w as n o t at ho me .

e t o ld him you wer e n o t at hom e .

P e r son s in g ramm ar , are p r o p erti e s o f wo rds to distin gui sh the s p e ak e r , what is sp o k en t o , an d

,
what is sp o s e n o f, fr o m o ne an o ther
W
.

hich a r e the p er so n al p ro n o u n s

I , my, min e, mys elf,

m e ; w e ,
o u r ,
o u r s , ( ou r se
lf) o u r s elves

thy, thin e, f,
el

his , h im,
 N O UN S AN D Pno n o u n s . 5

W hat is a r elati ve p ro no u n ?

A r e la ti ve p r o n ou n is one t hat mak es its clau se depe n d

e nt on an o t her c lau se .

Ex .
-

Th
is t he m an whom yo u saw
er e

Fro m the s ide o f a m o u n t ain
s he d f ort h a litt e
l r iv u e , wh
l t i ch lay lik e a s il er t r e ad, acro s s t he m
v h e ado w
. I
n o t k n o w wh o to ok o u r hat

N o o n e k n ow s wh at ails t he chil d

O b
W
s er v e
y
f
.

t hat t he I talic wo r ds i th what ollo ws e ach, can mak e s e ns e o nly in co n n ect io n

wit h t he o the r w o rds , an d he n ce they are s aid t o b e dep en den t
W
W
.

hich a r e the r e lati ve p ron o un s ?

ho , who ever , whoso ev er ; whos e, whos ever , whosesoev er ;

w ho m, who mever , w ho ms oev er ; w hi ch, whic hever , whichs o
ev er ; w hat , wha tev er , w ha ts o ever ; tha t ; an d a s
W
.

hose an d whatso are s o me times f

ou nd as s ho r te n e d o rms
f o f who soever an d
wh
W
a tsoever .

hat is an in te rr ogative p r on o u n ?

A n i n t e r r o g a t i v e p ron o u n is o n e u sed to ask a q es

u
t ion
W W W
.

" "
o to o k m y hat t

Ex h hichis yours t hat ails the child ?
W
W
.

hich ar e the inte rro gativ e p r o n ou n s ?

ho , whos e, who m ; whic h; an d wha t

W
.

hat o ther wo r d s ar e f
r e qu e n tly u s e d as p ro no uns ?
On e, o n es , o n es elf,
n one ; o ther , o ther s ; that, those ; ea ch
o ther , on e a no ther

W
.

hich ofthe f
o r egoin g p r on o u n s ar e co mp ou n d, or what i s a co mp ou n d p r o n o u n
A co mp ou n d p ron ou n is a simple p r o n o u n wit h s elf ,
s elv es e ver s o o r so ev er an n exed t o i t o r i t 1 s a
, , , , p r o n ou n
c o n sis t in f t w w d
g o o o r s .

Ex My myself ; yo u r, you r self; the m themselves ; who whoever eachother

.
, , , ; .

H o w man y chi efkinds ofp r ono u n s there, wh they ?

W
ar e and at are

hat p r o per tie s hav e n o u ns an d p r o no u n s ?

G en der s, p e r so n s, n u m b er s, an d c a s e s .
Ju st as e v e r y ap p le f
or in stan ce , m u st b e of s om e
, sit e , hav e so me k in d o fcolor , hav e so me kind
o favo r , b e har d o r mello w he .
,

a . The p u p il sho u ld con stan tly b e ar in min d, t hat lan gu a e is mad e to s u it t he g

w o rld, an d n ot the w orld to s u it lan gu age T he p r op ertie s o fw o r ds aris e gen er ally

W
.

fro m t he n at u re or r elatio n s o fo bj e ct s .

e can r eadily o b ser v e that t he o bj e cts ar o u n d u s ar e e ither m ales , fe males , o r

n e ither ; an d to en ab le u s to b e su f cien tly den it e in thes e resp ects , w o r ds hav e
w hat grammarian s call gen d er s
Wp
.

h n is a n ou n or p r on o u n o f the mascu li ne ge n de r , or wha t d o e s the mas cu line gen der

d e u o te

T he m a s c u l i n e gen der den o t es males .

Ex
Man C har les , b r o ther , ho rs e, dr ak e, in s tru ctor , he, his , him
W
.
, o x, .

hen is a n o u n or p r on o u n o f the feminine gen der , or what d o e s the fem in ine gen der
t eu ote ?
a

The fe m i n i n
W
e gen der den o t es f
emales .

E xp -
o man , S us an , n iece , co w , du ck , instru ctre ss , she , her .
6 NO UN S A ND P R ON O UN S .

W hen is a n ou n or p r on o u n o fthe co mmon gen der , or what d o e s this ge n d er den o te

T he c o m m o n gen der den o t es ei ther males or emales
f ,
or b o t h .

EL Par en t , chi ld , frien d , co u s in , pe ople , b ir d an im al, I , w e , o u r , yo u r , w ho

, .

Com/me n mean s ap p licab le to either se x : neu ter me an s ap p licab le to n either s ex

W
.

he n is a n ou n o r p r on o u n o fthe n eu ter ge n de r, or what d o es the n eu te r ge n der den ote

T he n eu t e r gen der den o t es n ei t her males n or f

e males .

Ex B o o k ,
. r o ck , r os e , wis dom , v ice , clo u d, happin es s , it , what .

b I n s p eak in g, we may ref

. er e ither t o o u rs elv es , to s om ethin g sp ok e n t o , or
to so me thin g s p o k e n o f
,
an d t he r e ar e n o o t her ways o f sp eak in g ; hen ce w o r ds
hav e what gram marians call p erso n s
W
.

hen is a n o u n or p r o no u n o f the r st p er son , or wha t doe s the rst p e r so n de n o te

T he r st p er son den o t es t he s peaker .

W wJack I

Ex . I A n dr e P r esiden t o f the U n it e d S tate s
son , . P au l have

w ritten it t he p eop le o ft hes e co lo n ies

W
. e, .

he n is a n ou n or p r on o u n o fthe s e con d p e rs o n , or wha t do e s the secon d p er son d e n o te ?

T he s e c o n d p er so n rep resen t s an o bj e c t as s o
p ken t o .

Ex
T homas co me t o m e
.

G en tleme n o fthe j u
,
. 0 Happ iness ! o u r
b e in g s
e n d an d aim

T hou , thou , art t he man
you r t o p s , ye p ines

W
. . ave .

he n is a n o u n or p r on o u n o f the thir d p e r s o n , or what do e s the thir d p er so n den o te ?

T he t hi r d p erson re
p t
resen s an o b e j ct as s
p o ke n o f .

hop e, p leasu r e an dp ain , e an d dea th, mo n ey an d

r
y
Ex . vp er i en ce an d o wer ,
hav e mighty i n u en ce
a on t he actio n s o fma n hin He k n e w it w as w at she
w an te d hi m t o b u y
.

H ow ma n y p er so ns ar e ther e, an d wha t ar e they r

c. T he r e ar e m or e than o n e o fal mo st
; an d in s p e akin g
ev ery k in d o fob e ct s j
err in g ei ther to o n e o bj e ct o r t o m o r e , o ft he dif
w e ar e co n t in u ally r ef fe r e n t k i n ds

w ith which we hav e to do he n ce wor ds hav e w hat grammar ian s call n u mber s
W
.

hen is a n ou n o r p r o n ou n o f the singu lar n u mb er , or what d o e s the sin gu lar n u mb er

den o te

T he s in gu la r nu mb er den o t es b u t o ne .

Ex D es k , k ey, leaf
.
-

,
b o y , A rthu r , deer , she e p , swarm , ar m v , I , my, m e , tho u ,
the e , t hyself, y o u rs e lf he , him , s he , her , it , its elf
W
.
,

hen is a n o u n or p r on o u n o fthe p lu ral n u mb er , or what d o e s the p lu r al nu mb er d e no te ?

T he p l u r a l n u mb er den o t es m o re t han one .

Ex D e sk s , k eys , leav es , b oys , de er ,

.
~
s heep , ashe s , s war ms , ar mies , we , our,
u s , y e , t he y , t hem .

H ow is the p lu r al nu mb er o fn o u n s o rme d
gen er ally f

By addin g 8 , so me t imes es , t o the Sin

gu lar .

Ex .
o x, f
G lo v e , gloves ; chair, chairs ; chu rch, chu r ches ; b u sh, bushes ; f oxes
chimn ey, chvmn eys ; n egr o , n egr oes ; n ati o n , n ati ons

W
.

hat is a co lle cti ve n o u n ?

A colle ct iv e
o r m, mo r e t han
f
n ou n

o ne o b e
is
ct
a n ou n

o f t he sam e
den ot
mg
k d in
,
in the S i n gu lar

j .

Ex Fam ily ,
. ar my, s war m, cr o w d, mu ltitu de , con gregation , p air, tr ib e, class .

How man y n u mbers ar e ther e, an d w hat ar e they ?

 N OU N S A N D P R ON O UN S . 7

d . I fI
Y o u r b rother s f
say,

rien d s en t Jame s to m e ;

Y o ur f rie n d s b r o ther s en t me to Jam es ;

M y b ro t he r s frie n d s e n t ames t o yo u

J
n J
ame s s e t yo u r b r o the r s f

r ien d to m e ;
I s en t y o u r f r ien d s b ro ther t o

am e s ; J
Y o u sen t am es to m y f
J
rien d s b r o t her
yo u ca n e as ily s e e th at
all the s e sen te nces di f er m u ch f
f r o m o n e an o ther in m e an in g T he dif f e r en ce o f .

mean in g aris e s f ro m t he dif fe ren t r e latio n s o ft he w or ds t o o n e an o t her, an d t he se

d iff
ere n t r e lat io n s ar e called cas es . T
hat o bj ects e ist or act , t hat o bj e cts ar e o w ne d; x
o r mak e p art s o fo t he r o bj ect s , an d t hat o bj e ct s ar e acte d u o n ar e the t h h
'

p , r ee c iet
co n dition s o ft h ings , o n w hich cases are f o un ded

W
.

hen is a n o u n or p r on o un in the no mina ti ve case , or wha t d oe s the no m inati ve ca e s

d e n o te

1 . T he n o m i n a t i v e c ase is the c ase o fa n ou n or

p ro

nou n t o whic h a p redic a t e dir ect ly r e er s f .

Ex
John
. s t rik es Jame s .

Josep h s wi ms .

T he
eld is

s w im in t

lo u ghe d T he r os e is b e au t iful Fishes
an d
p
. e s e a,

.

M ary s bu ncho f o we rs is f
'

r ds y in the air ading

. .

2The n o m i n a t i v e
. c a se is the c ase o f a n o u n or p ro

n o u n u sed in de en den t ly ab s olu t ely

p or .

Ex I n d ep e n d e n t l y : John , co me to me ; A las , p o o r Y or iclc I T he

.

Pi] rim Fa tim a where ar e t hey ?

M e rchan t s B an k

A b s o lu t e ly : .

he tr ee havin g f
alle n , w e r et u rn e d B onap ar te b ein g b an is he d , p e ace was
r es tor e d
; To b eco me a schola r , r e qu ir e s e er tio n
x .

I n dep endentl u s ed in ad dr e ssin g p e r so n s o r o ther o b j e ct s , i n e x claimin g , o r in si mp ly dire c ti n g

a tte n ti o n t o an 0
j c t A bsho lu t e l
.
y ; u s e d b e f
o r e a p a rt ic ip le , o r af
te r a p a rt ic ip le o r a n in ni t i v e , w it h
o u t b e in g g o v e rn e d b y it o r co n t ro lle d b y an y o t her w o r d .

W hen is
d e n o te ?
a n o u n or p r o n ou n in the p o ss es si ve case , or w ha t d oe s the p o sses si ve cas e

T he p o s s e s s iv e c ase den o t es p ossessio n .

My
ch b o ok s , T he gir ls
'


T he ildr en s
John hor s e

Ex .
-
s slatc ;
r oo m

.

W hat is the egu lar sign o fthe p o sse ss iv e case ?

r

An a os t r o he , ollo wed by
r c o mma ab o v e the lin e, f
p p o
the le tt er 8 .

Elm M


Mary
s s late

B ur ns

s
poe ms ,
T he soldier s

grave

n s

af
fair s .

I s the p o sses siv e 8 alway s e xp r e s se d

I t is n ou n s e n di n g Wth i 8 , a n d so me
t imes a in g Wth i 8 , or a n s sou n d -
.

r oo s tin g mp

Ex The p igeons The so ld ier s For con science
p lace

. ca
s ak e

W hen is
d en o t e ?
a n o un or p ro no u n i n the o bj ecti ve cas e, or what do es the j
o b ective cas e

T he o b j e c t i v e c ase is the c ase o fa n o u n or

p r on ou n

u sed a s t he o bj ect bf a v erb o r p rep o sit ion .

Ex
T he hors e nu s hay
T his s tr eam T U R N S a mill
T he w at er ws
Wh
. . o
,
ov e r . the clam
,
I SA er w rrn him
He sa w me wrr n her .

j te r it t o m ak e se n s e
T he o b ec t o fa v e rb o r p r ep o sitio n is the n o u n o r p ro n o u n r e q u ired a f as ,
I ro lle d a s to n e d o w n the hill H er e ston e is t he o bj ec t o fthe ve r b r o lled , an d hi ll is t he O bJC C t
.

o ft he p re p o s itio n do wn .

H ow man y cases ar e there, and what ar e h

t ey 1
8 N O UN S A ND P R ON O UN S .

W
no
W
t
hen mu st a noun or

es, b y way o fex lan a t io n , the same t h i n

p ro no u n

hen it is b u t a rep e t it io n ofthe o t her, o r w hen i t de

agr ee in cas e wi th an o ther n ou n o r p ron oun ?

p g .

Ex . I , I , am t he ma n Fr ien ds , fals e f

r i en ds , hav e
. ru in ed me .

S mith

is a bar ber S mit h the b b
. a r er is m y n eigh or
b .

H ow can the dif

fe r en t ca se s o fn o u n s b e dist in gu ished

By t heir mean in gs or, t he n omin a tive may b e f ou n d

by asking a qu es t ion wit h who o r what be f o r e t he v erb the

ob j e c tiv e ,
w it h w ho m o r w ha t aft er t he v erb ; an d the
p o s

s ess iv e is k no w n b y the ap o s t r o phe

W
.

Ex
M ary plu ck e d o w ers f
o r Jo hn

s s is ter .

ho p lu ck ed lp lu ck ed
what lf
.

or who m ?

c . Having n o w s how n y ou w hat p ro p ert ies n o u n s an d p ro n o u n s hav e , I s hall

x
n e t s ho w yo u , b rie y an d r egu larly, ho w t he dif feren t n o u n s an d p r o n o u n s ar e
x
writte n t o e p r es s t hes e p rop erties his p r o ces s is calle d declen sion T
W
. .

hat, then , is it, to decli ne a n ou n o r p ron o u n ?

T o d e c l i n e a n ou n or p ro n o u n , is t o sho w, 1 11 s ome r egu
lar way, wha t f o r ms 1 t has t o ex ress i ts rammatl cal
p g p p
r0

ertl es .

Ob se r v e that n o u n s so m e time s re main u n chang ed, and that p r on ou n s are so metimes wholly
c hange d, to e x p r ess t he ir p ro p e rtie s .

D EC L EN S I ON O F N OU N S A N D PR O N OU N S .

N ou n s .

S m e nm . PL U R A L .

N omi/no tic e . P ossessi ve .

P ossess ive . Obj ective.

Bo y, bo y
s, b oys
boys
, .

M an , man
s, men
s m en .

Lady , lady
s, ladies ladies .

Fox, fx
o

s, f
o xe s

, f
o xe s.
John , John
s, John .

Pr on oun s .

S m e nnxn .
PL UR A L .

l sr Pans
'
. my or m in e, ou r or o u r s ,

2 1) Pas s .
T hou or y ou thee or you ye or you , you r or yo u rs , you .

Mas He , .

3 1) Pas s . Fem S he , .
they, their or theirs , them.
N eu t I t, .

N am . or Obj .

Myself(or o u rs elf )
T hys elf yo u rs elf;or

Hims elf, hers elf

, its elf;
 A RTI C L ES . 9

e v er or s oe v e r . )
u

Swag . or Plu r .

foh ma n , bo lct g , f
B
ee
i
cl
ne e

g
l t u you g d ,
h 8 lw it m
ox,

you r self himse{f

cit/
g
herself M f
g

e ne s t g
wh oeo er wh
osoei : : h

o ne, other , o , wh i er w what, t at, as , no e n .

Tell me the gen der feach ofthe followtng wor ds , an d why

o

Th eo do r e , T heo do ra, he, hers , she, I , they, it, who, which, what .

Te ll me the p er son ofeach ofthe fo llowi ng p r on ou ns , a nd w hy

l , w e , my, my self ,
tho u , t hys elf
,
s he , he , it, its , hi mself
,
on e, o ther , that, who .

Tell me the n u m be r o feach ofthe fo llo wi n g p rono u ns , an d why

I , yo u , b e , me , we my , u s , the e , yo u rs elves , t he m, he r s elf
,
thems elv es it she ,
he rs , w hich, what, ot ers .

Te ll me the cas e o feach ofthe fo llowi ng p ro nou ns

I , m e , we , u s, t ho u , t he e , thys elf
,
t hey, t he m, w ho , who m .

Ofwhat ge nder , p er son , n u m ber , a n d case is ea ch ofthe fo llowi ng p r o no wns

Him, his , it s , he , t he m, it, I , yo u , t hy, their, s he , t ho u , m e , yo u r , u s t hey,
min e , t hin e , yo u rs , it , hers , t he irs , w e t hee , o u r , o u rs , ye , t he m, mys e f l
i
,
t he ms e lv es , o u rselv es , t hyse lf o u r s e ve s , yo u rs elf hims elf its e lf hers elf o n e,
, , , , ,
o t her, o thers who , w hat, w hi ch, what e v er

n o n e , o n e s , o n es
, .

3 . A R TI C L E S .

G ive m e a b o ok , yo u u n der stan d that an y b o o k will an s w er m y

I fI s ay,

yo u u n de rs tan d t hat I w an t s o me p ar

p u r o s e ; b u t ifI s a
y, G ive me the b oo k

tic u ar bo o k I fI s ay, M is s o u ri is n o rt o fA rk an s a , I me an S tate s b u t if I
s

he s e little w or ds
.

y, T he Mis so u r i is no r t h o fthe A r k an s as ,
I me an r ive rs T
W
sa

ten hav e s o imp or tan t an e ect o n t he s e n s e o fn o u ns , are calle d

.

a an d th hi ch o f

e,

W hat, the n , is an ar ti cle ?

A n a r t i c l e is a wo rd p lac ed b ef
o re a n ou n to s ho w ho w
i t is a lied
pp .

Ex . Man is m ade for ; b u t a man

s o ciety n atur ally ers th
p re f e man w ho s e
t e mp e r an d in clin at io n s b e s t s u it hi s o wn
.

H o w man y ar ticle s ar e the r e , an d wha t ar e they ?

T w o : t he , t he den ite ar t ic le ; an d a or a n
,
the in de f

f
i n ite ar t ic le
f

W
.

ha t d o e s the den i te a r ticle s ho w ?

T he d e n i t e a r t ic le s ho w s t hat so me p ar t ic u lar ob e j ct
o r o bj ect s ar e m ean t .

Ex
The ho rs e ,
. the ho r s e s , the s t age , the C o n n ectic u t , the lio n ; the gr een
meado ws the ir o n b o u n d b u ck et ; the b rav e P u las ki

W
-
.

ha t do e s the i n de n i te a r ticle sho w ?

T he i n d e n i t e ar t icle sho w s t hat no ar t ic u lar on e o f

p
the kin d is mean t .

Era
A b ir d, a mo u se ,
an app le , a che rry, a carriage an idle b oy .

 A D JE C Tr vics .

H ow d o
'

a an d an d i e r

In a
pp li c a t io n o n ly in mean in g, t hey are the sa me
W
.

he r e is an u s e d ?

Bef
o re w o r ds b e in n in
g g w it h a vo w el so u n d .

Ex
An art icle , an e n em y , a n in ch, an u r n , an hou r ; an ho n e s t man

W
. .

W
her e is a use d ?

B ef
o re w o r ds b egin n ing it h a c onson an t sou n d .

a cu cu mb er , a

Ex .
-
A b an qu et , du n ce , a f
o x, a ho rs e , a j u g, a kin g, a lio n , 0

yo u th, a u m v e rs rty , a e u lo gy ; a o n e
ho rs e carn age .

P lace the p r op er i nden i te ar ti cle befor e each o f the fo llowing wor ds or p hrases
R azo r , ho u se, k n if e , hu m min g bird , chi ck en , o un ce, ins u lt , u n it, o x, b all, hu n
dre d, A fr ican ; in t e r e s ting s t ory ; hu mb le co ttage .

4 . A D JEC TI VES .

The n ou n s an d p r o n ou ns , as yo u re m emb er , den o te o bj ect s B u t o u r r egar d .

f or o b e cts d ep e n d s n o t a lit t le o n their qu alit ies an d cir cu m s tan ce s ; an d he n ce

j
t her e IS a large class o fwo rds t o e p r e s s t hese , f x
o r all t he v ar io u s mrpo se s o flife

.

T he w o rd r iver , f o r in s t an ce , de n o te s s o me t hin g t hat m ay b e coo l, clear , swif t,

br oad , win d in g A p le de n o te s s o methin t hat may be r ed, lar ge, r ip e , mellow,
p
.

d h h i ap ple , ever ap p le f le s t he
j y
u ic A n w e n s ay, t a t a le t s
y o ur a
pp
p
p g
.

, ,
fou r thap p le , the slan tin wo r ds s o w, w it ho u t ex re s si n qu al ity, mo re reci s ely

w hat I mean he s e qu a if
. T
yin an d d es ign atin g e s e d e s cri tiv e an d
p e n it iv e

w o rds , whichge n e rally add an i ea to that o i t he n o u n , ar e t he re f o r e calle d adj ectives

W
.

ha t, the n , is an ad ec ti ve
j f
A n ad j e c t i v e is a w o rd u se d t o qu alif
y or limit t he
mean in g o fa s u b s an t t ive
W
.

Ex hit e gr e en goo d lazy tall ou s A bay hor s e a she }

h
?
. .

k n if
e ; a sh a er k n ifb a brzight day ; ti sto rmy golden clo u ds ; a go ld w at c
M issou r i ap p es ; a qu ivering as pe n ; that su n t e lm ; a b o y n ine ye ars old

W
-

.

hat is a descri p tive j

ad e c tiv e ?

A d e s c r ip t i v e ad e j ct ive desc rib es or qu ali es .

W

Ex A . id ri ver ; the blu e ehY a mo de st w oman
r ap S he is bea u tiful .

,

am ia ble, an d in telligen t

T he r ZE b roo k ; t he twin klin g s tar s ; wa vin g
g
/n .

w o o ds ; a r o ari ng s t o r m ; a br o/sen itc her T he las t ve adj e cti ves , an d o the rs

p .

like t hem, are u s u al ly calle d p ar tictp ial adj e ctives

W
.

ha t is a de n iti ve j
a d ectiv e ?

A de n i ti v e ad e j ct iv e merely limit s or modies .

Ex Fo ur p e aches ;

all hes ; me pe aches ; this p e ach yo n der p eaches
W
.
p e ac so .

hich ar e the p rin cip al d e n itiv e j

ad e ctiv e s ?

A ll, y, b o th ,
anc e r t a in ,
e a c h,
ev e r
y, e i th er ,
e l se , f ,e w
man y a , mu c h, n either , n o , o n e, other , o wn , s a me, s o me
tha t, this , v er y, wha t, whic h, an d yo n o r yon der On e , tw o , .

thr ee, f s t , s ec o n d, th i r d, e tc
o u r , e tc r . .

N early all t he adj e ct iv es o ft he r s t class ar e u s u ally calle d on omina l adj ec

tive s , me o ft he m b ein g occas io n al l u se d as p ro n o u ns an d t o s e o ft he s e co n d

g
so
clas s ar e calle d n u mer a l ad e ct iv es i n ce w e m ay r e f e r t o ob j ects de
ni tely i n def
j
. ,

i nitely, o r dis tr ibu ti/ vely, t i e pr o n omin al adj e ctives ar e acco rdin gly, s o me o ft he m ,
def in i te o r demo n s tr ative, as this , tha t, yon der ; s o me , i n def in ite, as an y, s ome , o ther
an d s o me , distr ibu t ive, as each, e ver y, ei th er , neither , ma n y a A n d s mce w e m ay .

e it her co u n t o r n u mber , s o me o ft he n u m eral adj ectiv e s are calle d car d wl, as one .
/if

14 00, th r ee ; an d t he o thers , or dinal, as f ir st, secon d, thir d .

 12 v a ne s .

5 . VER BS .

[ fw e loo k in to the w orld w e shall n d that , to the man y di f feren t b ein gs an d

thin gs de n o t e d b y n o u n s an dp r o n o u n s b elo n g n o t o nly m an di f fer en t qu ali tie s ,
d e n o te d b y adj ecti ve s , b u t als o man y dif fere n t mo tion s , actio n s , an d st ate s o fe x
x
iste n ce , w hich ar e e p r e s s e d b y certain w or ds calle d ver bs as , ohn r eads , writes , J
ru n s , an d l
W
p ays .

hat, then , is a ver b, o r w ha t is its chie fu se in lan gu age ?

A ve r b is a w or d u sed to rm some
af thin g ofa su bj ect .

Ex The win d blows

.

T he tr e e is d a
The r o se bloo ms
her e is an e n dle s s w o rld
. .

T .


e d I fI shou ld go
Br u t u s s ta bbed C aes ar C aes ar was
. . .

s tabbed b y Br u t u s D o yo u n o t s tu dy ?
. D o (yo u ) s tu dy dilige n tly .

Ver b m e an s wo r d, o r, p re e m in e n tl\ the wor d -

_
.

c au s e i t m ak e s t he c hie f p art o fe ve ry gramm ar o r b e cau se i t is t he c hie fw o r d o f lang u ag e

G
r ammaria n s hav e c alle d this p art o fsp ee ch so , b e
.
,

l i v e ry v erb de no tes some kin d ofactio n o r stat e A n d a rmatio ns , w ith gr am .

mari an s ,
m ean all k in ds o fas s er tio ns also co mm an ds an d qu es tio n s .

Tell which ar e the ver bs i n the fo llo wi ng sen ten ces , and w hy
Bir ds s in g M o the r s ews , k n its , an d s pin s C o lu mb u s dis cov e r e d A merica .

J
. .

we t
esu s T he dew glis ten s
. . G o w her e t he me n are r e api ng .

T he p rob e ms s ho u ld hav e b ee n s olv e d T he w at er is f

r o z en

W
. .

hen v erb s ar e actu ally u s e d t o ex r es s af r matio n s , they ar e calle d n ite

v e rb s
are cal
o rm s o ft he v e r
b u t t he r e are t wo f
le d the p art ic le an d t he i n n itive as ,
in g wr i tten , ha vi n g been written
w hich do n o t e p r es s af
m
'
rmat io n s , an d
r i tin g, w r itten , be in g w ritten , h
wr ite, to have written , to be wr itten , to have been
av W x

written
W
.

hat, then, is a p ar ticip le ?

A p a r t i c i p l e is gen erally an in ect ed f o r m of t h e

v erb c o n s t r u ed lik e an adj e ct iv e, an d ex re ssin g n o af r ma
, p
t io n .

Ex
A tr ee FU L L o ff
ru it A t r ee be n d in g with f
ru it

He s aid f
ew
TV Wd m
. .
, ,

t hi n gs I N D I C A I E o fw is do m
He s aid f
ew t hin s i n di ca ti ng is o . The
man w as f
ou n d DE D A o u n d mu r
The m an w as f ed
h
.

o rm ; a with o ther w or ds

W
I ne cted c an g e d in f as , w rite , wr iting . Co ns tr u ed r r an g ed .

hat is an i n n i tive ?

A n i n n i ti v e is a f o rm o fthe v erb b egi n n i n g gen er ally

wit h to , an d ex p ressin g n o af rmat ion .

s ee ms
Ex A n o o rt u n ity to stu dy He is
o b liged to sell

He to have
p p
. . .

been disapp oin te

O fho w man y wor ds m ay a v er b co n sis t ?

Ofas m an y as f
ou r .

Ex Eagles soar
. T he ho u s e was bu ilt
T he m ail may ha ve arri ved
.
.

.

The s e le sson s shou ld have been lear n ed Hav ing wr itten

To hav e been . .

A l mo s t ev ery v erb may b e

in a gr eat v arie ty o fw ay s or f e xp
or ms ; t hu s ,
re s s e d
from W T
R I E w e hav e w r iting wr ote , wr itten , wr ites , wr iteth, wr ites t, to wr ite, to
h
have wr itten , to be wr itten , to ave been wr itten , to be wr itin g, to have been wr it ing,
having wr itten , havin g been wr i tten , is wr itten , was written , sho u ld be wr itten , is
wr itin g, was w r itin g, can wr ite, m us t wr ite, will write, sha ll wr ite, wou ld wr ite,
sh ou ld wri te, cou ld wr ite, may wr i te, migh t wr ite, ma be w r itten may be wr it in g,
,
may have been wr itin g, might ha ve been wr itten , m ight ve been u ni tin g, mightst ha ve
been wr itin g, & c , & e . .

N o w , that w e m ay b e en ab led t o mas ter all thes e dif f ere n t for m s , u n der st an d

the ir me an in g, an d thu s b e e n ab le d t o u s e the m co rr ectly , grammarians hav e

fo u n d it b e s t t o divide verb s in to certain classes , an d als o t o r egard t hem as hav in g
certain p r op er ties .
 vanes . 13

Ho w ar e v erb s clas si e d ?

eren c e t o t heir f
I n t o r egu la r an d ir r egu la r , w ith ref orm .

I n t o tr a ns itiv e an d in tr a n sitive, wi t h r ef er en c e t o t heir

mean in g o r u se an d the f o r m er are o ft en u se d as p assive,

a n d so me o fthe la tt er are always n eu ter

W
.

ha t is a re u l
a r v erb
g
A r e g u l a r v erb t ak es the en din g ed, to f o rm its p re terit
an d it s rfect ar t ic ip le
p e p .

Ex Pre s en t p loy p r eterit p layed p e rf

. e ct p ar tici le
, p p layed mo ve, moved, ,

E , at the e n d o fa w o r d , is d rop p e d b e f
o r e an en din g that b e g in s with a v o w el
In st e ad o fp r eterit

W
.

t he p u p il m ay also say p a st , a le s s app rop riate b u t mo re e u p ho u ic w o r d .

hat is an i rr egu lar v erb ?

A n i r r e g u l a r v erb do es n ot t ak e the en din g e d, o rm

to f
its p re t erit an d its p erf e ct
p ar t ic i le
p .

Ex Pr es en t see p re te rit saw p e r f

e ct p ar ticiple seen ; sp eak , s oke, s oken
p p
W
.
.
, ,

hich ar e the p r i ncip a l p ar ts o f the v e r b , o r tho se r o m which all the

f o ther p ar ts are
f
or m ed 7

T he p r in cip al p art s are the r es en t, or the simples t f or m

a s r e is t er ed in a dict io n ar y ; t e p r eter it, o r t he simp le s t

g
for m af rmin g p as t ma tt er o ff act ; a n d t h e p erf ec t p a r ti

o ip le , o r the f o rm makin en se w it h t he w o rd ha vin

g s g o r

bein g .

Ex Pre s (to ) walk, wr ite ; p ret (I ) walked (I ) wr ote ; p erf p art having
. . .
, . .

walked, hav in g wr itten .

L is t o fI rr e gu lar Ve rb s .

T he f x
o llo w in g cat alo gu e e hib it s the p rin ci al p arts o fall the irr e ul ar v erb s .

Hav in g lear n ed the s e , t he s tu den t also k n o ws t e rincip al arts o fa t he o t he r

v e rb s , w hich m u s t b e r egu lar He mu st n o t in f
. er , o w e v er, ro m the w or d i r r e u
g p
la r t hat t he s e v e rb s are a m e re s traggling o f fs ho o t o ft he lan u a e
g ; f
o r t hey ar e g
re ly t he v ery cor e or pith o fit .

o r the m o s t p ar t o n ly i n the u s e o f tho s e

I n u s in g i rr egu lar v er b s, w e ar e liab le to erro r f
w ho s e p r ete rit an d p e rfec t p ar ticip le a r e n o t ali k e T he s e v e r b s hav e the r e f . o r e b e en giv e n
r s t, an d s e p ar a te f r o m t he r e s t, tha t t hey m ay b e lea rn e d p er f e ctly R de n o tes tha t; t he . .

r e g u lar fo r m m y
a al so be u se d in s t e a d o f t h e o t h e r s 4 d e n o t es t ha
t the f o r m u n der it is
.

s e ldo m u s e d, b ein g e ithe r an c ie n t, p o e t ic, o r o f la t e in t ro d u ctio n T he f o r m s u p o s e d to b e

p .

o fthe b e s t p r e s en t u sage, is p la ce d r s t T he s e co n d f o r m o f s o m e v e r b s is r ef e r a b le , w he n
'

"
p
"
a pp lie d in a cer tain w ay ; as , f g"
r e i h te d w i t h s p i c e s an d s ilk s, f r a u gh t w i t h m i sc hi f
e ;
"
thu n d e r s tr u ck, so rr o w s tri cken -
.

1 . T H E T wo P a sr '
F orm s D I FF ER EN T .

P r esen t . P r eter i t, or P as t P erfect P articip le

. . P res en t . P reteri t, or P as t . P erfect P ar t .

A ris e , ar o s e ar is e n . b ego t, b ego t ten ,

aw ak e d, b egat, * b ego t
A w ak e ,
.

aw o k e * b egan ,
b
.
,
e0 un
w as , b ee n b e gu n , *
.

313
1
b o re , b ar e , b orn b id, b ade ,
1 2 1en
.

ry ), b or e , b or n e . b itten ,
b e at en , b it
b eat
.

be at .

b ecame , b e co me .

,
b efell, b ef alle n .
 dar ed .

S mit e , smo te

S in su n s an g,
b in su n ,
s an k ,
S ow (
sca tter ), so we d
,
S p ok e
S p Oak ,
S p ak e , *

sp it , s at *
p ,
S p ru ng,
S p rin g,
S p r an
g,
s to le
stro de ,
s tr id ,

s tr u ck ,

s tro v e , r , .

s tro w e d,
s wor e ,
sw ar e ,
s w elle d,
swu m ,
swu m
sw a m,
.

t o ok ,
t o re ,
t hriv e d,
thro v e ,
thr e w, r .
,
tr o d,
t r o de

w ritten .

( )
a M y t o n gu e cla ve to the r o of o f my mo u th Dic kens (b )

T his line he dareo
Macau lay B
-

W
. . . .
"
n o t cr o ss . .
(c ) e ho ld en
.
; wit hho ld e n *
.
rd ). C ome as the win ds co me when
"
fo res ts a r e r en ded. . S cott
.
 V ER BS . il l?

2 . T a n T w o PA S T on m a T HR EE F ms
or A L I Kn .

*
A b ide ab o d e, ab o de , r . L ay laid , laid
d L e ad,
.

Be ho l , b ehe ld, b eheld . le d , le d .

Bela be laid, r , b e laid, r le arn e d, learn e d,

L e ar n ,
. .

Be n b e n t, r , . b en t, r . le ar n t , learn t .

Ber e av e , b er e ft, r , . b er e f t, r . L e av e , lef t, lef t .

Be s e e ch, b e so u ght , b es o u ght . L e n d, len t , le n t .

*
Be s te ad, * b es te ad , * b es t de a L e t. let let
h
. .

Be t,
gi
e t, b et, r lig ted , lighte d,
L ight,
.

et e b e t l de d, lit , lit
Betl de ,
.

* *
b e tid , b e tid . L os e , lo s t lo st
made ,
.

Bin d b ou n d, bo u n d . M ak e , m ade
Bleed,
.

b le d, b le d . M ean , mean t , m ean t .

b le n de d b len de d, M e et , met , m et
Blen d
.

*
b len t , * b len t p ass e d, p as s e d,
Pas s ,
.

*
b lesse d, b les s e d, p as t , p as t b .

b les t , b les t . PaY: p aid, p aid .

b r ed, b re d pe n n e d, p en n ed,
P en (fence in ),
.

b ro u ght , b ro u ght p ent , p en t .

b u ilt , r , . b u ilt , r .
(Pe n wr ite, p en n ed , p en n e d ) .

b u rn e d, b u rn e d , p lead e d, p lead ed ,
b u rn t, b u rn t . Plead, p lead , plead ,
*
b u rs t b u rs t , r p e d,
l p le d
b o u gh
. .

t, b o u ght .
p u t, p ut
Q u it,
.

(has t , cas t .
qu it , r , .
qu it , r .

*
cau ght , cau ght , r . r ap p e d, r ap p e d,
R ap ,
clu clu n g r ap t ra t c

ili g
g
.

d
.

clo e d, clo the d , R ead , r ea , re d .

*
clad, clad . R e av e , r ett , re f
t, r .

cos t, co s t R id , rid rid

d
. .

cr ep t, cr ep t. S ay sai , s aid .

cu t cu t . S ee s o u ght , sou ht .

d e alt , dealt, r . S e ll, s o ld, s ol

du g r , . dug r . S en d, s e n t, s en t.
dw e t, r , . dw e t , r . S et , s et , s et .
dreame d, d ream ed , S he d, s he d, s he d .
*
clr am dr eamt s ho n e , shon e , r .
f
S hin e ,
(i ress e f
.

dr e s s e d , S hoe , s hod , shod

D ress ,
.

d rost, * d e t
r s
*
. S ho ot, s hot , shot .
Feed , f ed, fed . S hr e d, s hr e d , s hr e d .

Fe el, f elt , felt . S hu t, s hu t , s hu t .

Fight, fo u ght, fo u ght S it , s at , s at .

Fin d, fo u n d, fou n d . S le e p , s le p t , slep t.

Flee , e d, ed . S li n g, s lu n slu n
Flin g, u n g u n g. S lin k , s lu n s lu n

3 a slit , r
3 gilde d, S lit ,
5
0
G d,
.
, ,
S me ll, s melt , r
gilt
.
7
,e
.

(31r d, gi rt , r .,
girt , r . S p ee d, s p e d, r .
,
G rin d, ro u n d
gr o u n d S p elle d ,
Han g,
,
S p ell,
hu ng, s pe lt,
a
u n g, r . r.
,
Hav e (p rin ci S en d S pe n t ,
al
p
Hear ,
r ve
had
b ),
he ar d,
had
he ar d
.

.
s iu,g
S p in ,
S p ilt , r
S pun ,
.
,
sp u n .

Hit , hit , hit . S p lit , s p lit , r .

,
li
s p t, r
*
.

Hu rt , hu rt , hu rt s p o iled , S p o ile d,
S p oil,
.

Keep , *

i
ep k ep t . s p o ilt , * sp o ilt .

n e 1: k n e lt , S pread, s p r e ad, s p r ead.

Kn e el,
k n eelbd, k n e ele d S ta s taid, r staid, r . d
S tr ig, ii
.
.
,
Knit, kn i t, r , . k n it, r . str u n g, s tru n g, r .

(a ) B an g, han ged, han ged ; to

. en d by the neck wi thin ten t to ki ll : b u t the d is tinc tio n
,

is no t alway s o b s e r v e d (b ) P as t 8 u s e d a s an adj e c tiv e o r a s a n ou n

. .
(c ) R ap , r ap t , r ap t . .

to s eize wi th r ap tu r e .
(d ) S tay , s tay e d, s tay e d ; to ca u s e to s top
. .
16 V ER B S .

P i eter it, or P as t . P erfect P ar ti cip . P r esen t . P r eter i t, or P ast P erfect P ar t

.

s to ve , r . , s to v e , r . w or k e d, w ork e d,
s t oo d , s to o d. w r ou ght, wr o u ght .

s t u ck , s t u ck . wr u n g, wr u ng, r * .

st u n s tu n
stu n stu n Be war e,
s w eat , r , . s w eat , r . C an , co u ld ,
ew e t , s w e t. D o (an xil 7
did
y
s w ep t , s w ep t. Hav e (au x y), had
s w u n g, s w u ng M ay, m ig t , h
t au oht , tau ht Mu st , mu st ,
m
.

t old, to ] O u gh o u ghu
t ho ught , t ho u ght .
qu o th,
t hr u s t, thr u s t . s ho uld ,
woke , r , . w o ke , r .
y ), w o u ld ,
w e dd e d ,
wed, *
w e dde d,
we d * .
wi lled, WH d'

w ep t , wep t .

w et, r , w et , r

W
. .

w on , won .

*
wo u n d, w o u n d, r . ot, *

W hat ar e t he las t f
ew v e rb s u s u ally te r me d ?

D ef e c tiv e, b ec au se so me o f t he p ar t s ar e w an t in a d
g; n
v er b s hav rn g mo r e p ar t s t han ar e ab s olu t el c
y n e e s s ar
y, are

t ermed r edu n da n t, as ber ea v e, s lide, sw im .

How ar e f rom
o r m e d the p r in cip al p ar ts o fv er b s deriv e d f o ther s b y mean s o fp r e xes

G en erally in t he sa m e w ay as t hose o ft heir p rimit ives .

Ex . T ak e , took, taken ; mis tak e , mis took, mistaken .

W hen is a v e rb tr ansi ti ve, or w ha t is a. tr an si ti ve v erb

A t r a n s it iv e v erb has an o b e j ct .

Ex .
Jo hn str u ck JA M ES .
C ats devour nu s an d m os .

I kn o w HI M

the L ES S O N .

Tra ns i ti ve me an s p assi ng over : ther e is gen erally an act p assin g f r o m the d o er to w hat is ac te d
I nt r a n si ti ve me an s no t p a ss i ng o ver P a ssi ve m e an s s u er i ng o r r ecei vi ng N e u te r me a n s ne i th

on . . er , .

an d n e u te r v e rb s w e re so n am e d b e c au s e the y are n e i the r acti ve n o r p assi v e

W
.

hat is a p assi ve v e rb ?

A p as s iv e v erb is a t ran sit ive v erb s o u sed that it re

p
resen t s its s u bj e ct as act ed u p o n .

Ex John s tr u ck James .

Jam es was str u ck by Jo hn .

W
.

hen is a v er b in tr ansi ti ve, or what is an in tr ansi ti ve v e rb ?

A in t r a n sitive ver b does n ot hav e an o b e j ct

W
n .

W

Ex . Jo hn walks T he child .

cr ies .

T he r o s e bloo ms . eb s te r was

e lo qu e n t eb s t e r was an o r ato r A lice r eads an d wr ites well

W
. . .

hat is a n e u ter v erb ?

A n e u t e r v erb is an in tr an sit ive verb t ha t do es n ot imply

a c t io n o r exer t io n .

Ex
. Tr o was .

There is a lan d of ev ery lan d the p ride The .

s p urs

lay on the s he f.

h
T e b b y leep
a s s h
T e p lan ts loo g
k re e n an .f
d esh
r .
 va ne s . 17

W hat p rop ertie s have v erb s ?

V o ice s , m o o d s , te n se s , p e r s o n s , and n u m b er s .

a . A tr an s itiv e v e rb can x
lly
b e e p r es s e d in t wo di eren t w ays ; as ,
'

en er
g

Far me r s r aise cor n ,

C o rn is r ais by f ar m er s

an d he n ce they ar e s aid to a
have two v oices , the acti ve an d the p as sive
W
.

he n is a v e rb in the acti ve v oice , o r what d o es this v o ice de n o te ?

T he a c t i v e v oic e r e r esen t s the su b e j ct as a cting or the

p ,
v erb as rela t in g t o an o bj ect .

Ex
D avid
. slew G o liath .

John r es e m bles h
is f
ather

Th y e own ed
arm

t his f
W
.

hen is a v erb in the p assive v o ice, o r what do e s thi s v o ice den o te

T he p a s s i v e v oic e e c t as a ct ed u
p on ,

o r the v er b as hav m
g t
Ex . G o liath was slain b y D avid .

T hi s arm was owned b y t he m
f .

b . I fI say,
I write,
I xp
; e I may re s s
o r ca n wr ite,
aI m atte r o ff
act

ac , ye t ma b co m
WT

ress w hat is n o t m at te o f f
r t o; I f I w er e w r it i If
e
y e e s

W x
I ad wr itten I e p r es s a m e r e s u p o s rtio n ; r ite, I re u e s t it t o e do n e ;

To wr ite ri tin g,

I s imply s p e a o fthe act he s e di er en t mo des o fe x .

p re ss ing t h
e v er b in r ef ere n ce to its s u bj e ct, m ay gi v e you s o me ide a o fwh at gr am
marian s call moods
W
.

hen i s a v e rb in the in dicati ve mo o d . or what d oe s the in di ca ti ve mo o d e xp r es s

T he i n d i c a t i v e mo o d a r ms
f s m e t hin g ct u al
o as an a

o cc u rren c e o r fact .

E J h h

ght som e sh G o d cr eated this b eau tif

x . o n as ca u . u l w o rld C ork .

oats . T he gu ilty ar e n o t happ y . Far away in t he S o u t h is a b e au ti f
u l is le .

I nd i ca tive m e an s de clarin g ; s ub z j m cti ve, j oin e d to ; p oten tia l, havi n g p o we r ; i mp er a ti ve , co m~

me n din g ; and i n n iti ve, le ft fre e .

H o w do e s the su b u n cti ve
j mo o d e xp r e ss the ac t or s tate ?

T he s u b j u n c t i v e mo o d af rms s omet hing as a f u t u re

c on t in gen c y, or as a m ere su p p osit ion , w ish, or c o n c lu sio n .

W

Ex .I fit r ain to n ight , o u r p lan ts -
B ewar e les t he deceive y o u w ill liv e .
.

He t alk e d t o me as ifI wer e a w ido w er e I a law y er I s hou ld n o t lik e t o

.
,

p le a d a ro g u e

s c as e

0 ha d I t he w i n gs o f a d ove C owp er

B u t ifI as ked

. . .
,
ou h a d b etter t o] s tay at ho m e
y o u r p aI a, he w o u ld o n ly s ay
d
I s hou l w ro n g m y f
y
rien d, i fI con cealed i t I d
B u lwer B
I fco n s cie n ce ba d bad as
ut
L
.
. .

ad s till been inn oce n t B r itislz E ssa is ts

.

s tr o n g a hold o n his min d as hon o r , he h

W y . .

te n p r ece de thi s moo d, o r in dica te it ?

ha t wo r d s o f

If tho u
gh tha t lest ex ep c t, u n les s , p r o vi ded, 85 0
Wm
, , , ,
.

hat d oe s a v er b in the j
su b u n cti v e mo o d s u gge s t, w he n it r ef
er s to p r e s en t on

p a s t ti e ?

T ha t the c o n t rary of w ha t is su p p o sed, or so me thin g dif

f
er e n t , is t he t r u e s ta t e o f t he c ase S ee ab o ve

W
. .

hat o ther moo d do e s the s u b u n ctiv e

j r e se m b le in its f
o r m, an d what one in its
m ean in g ?

o r m, th
I n its f e in dic a t ive b u t in mean ing, the p o t en t ial,
wit h whic h it is also m os t re u e n t l
f q y a s so c ia t ed in sen
t en oes S ee ab ove
. .
18 v a ne s .

H ow does the p otentia l r ep r e sen t the act or s tate ?

T he p o t e n t i a l mood af rm s merely the p o wer, I

liab ilit y, n ec essit y, w ill, du t y, o r some o t her r ela t ion
su bj ect t o t he act or s t a t e .

Ex G o d can des tr oy this w o rld

. Y o u may p lay .

. Y o u th may be tr if
led
aw ay

. hey w ho wou ld

Tbe happ y, mu s t be v ir t u o u s
. C hildren shou ld obey
t heir t eachers .

H o w can this m o o d b e k no wn , or wha t wor ds ar e u s e d to e xp ress it ?

M a y, ca n , mu s t, might, c ou ld ,
wou ld, an d sho u ld .

W he n is a v er b in the imp erati ve moo d, or what does the imp er ati ve mo o d ex p r es s ?

T he i m p e r a ti ve mo o d exp resses comman d, exhorta

tion ,
en r ea t ty ,
o r
p er m1 ss1 on .

Jh t
0 0 w here glory waits thee
Oh ! then
g
Ex . o n, s a /
g yo u r les son . .

remember m e
. 2etu ru to your frien ds
[
.

mma nd in te riors , p er mit in comp lian ce with the will

f
exhor t e qu als , en tr ea t s u p eriors , an d
F
i
e co
0 f0 ar e.

W hat is the s u b ect o fev er y v erb

j in the imp erativ e moo d
T ho u , you , or e
y , u su all
y u n der s oo d t .

Kn ow thou thys elf M y yo u n g f

Ex . Kn ow thy s e f
l - rien ds , b e p u r e . an d
cau tio u s

My yo u ng f rien ds , he ye p u r e an d cau tio u s .

W he n is a v e rb in the i n n i tive mo o d , or ho w do e s this mood exp r e ss the act or s tate ?

T he i n n i t i v e m o o d do es n o t af rm the act o r s a e t t .

I t c o mprises t he p ar t ic iple an d t he in ni t ive .

the
Ex C o rn to gr ind . The clo u ds disp er sing . Be caref
ul to avo id

dan ger .

W hich of the mo o ds can be u se d in te r ro gati vely ?

The in dicat ive an d t he p o t en t ial

W
.

Ex
S hall
. we s light this decisiv e moment ? ho is the cu lp rit ?


How can I?

H ow ar e they ma de in terr ogativ e ?

By plac in g the su b e j ct aft er the v erb ,

or a f
t er so me p ar t ofit .

Ex . T ho u art he
A R T thou he ?
Y ou can help us

C A N yo u
H EL P u s Q
H ow many moods , and wha t are they r

0. T ime m b e divide d in to p r esent, ast an d f

ay n atu rally
z
u tur e an d w e may
con sider an act or s t ate as S i mp ly t ak in p lace m e ac o t the s e p e rio s , o r as co m
o

lete d : t hu s, I wr ite I have wri tten g I wr ote, I had wr i tten I sha ll wr ite,
shall h ave wr itten

. H
en ce v erb s hav e what gr ammarian s call tens es .

W hen is a v erb in the p r esen t te n s e , or what do e s this te n s e e xp r e ss

T he p r e se n t t en se expresses t he act o r s ta e t in presen t

t ime .

Ex I wr ite
. I .

a m wri ting .

I t snows .

Y o u may commence L et .

m e see your n ew b o ok . S t L o u is
. is situated o n a p lain borderi ng o n the Mis

sis p p
s i i .
20 V ER B S .

H ow d oe s t i e p r e sen t, the p ast, or the f

u tu r e ten se, so me ti mes exp r e ss an act or s ta te 1

A s s o methi n g hab i t u al or cu st o mary in p r e s en t ,

p as t
,
or

f
u t u re t im e .

Ex . He chews to b acco
P eop le go t o chu r ch o n S u n day . . T he de ad ar e

u t in to the gr o u n d T her e wou ld he sp e n d his e ar n in gs T he w olf als o
p . .

sh all dwell w it h t he lamb , an d t he le op ard sha ll lie d o wn wit h t he

an d
Wq
f
re
hen the
u e n tly
act o r s ta te
in
is ideal r athe r than r e al, a s in the s u bj u n ctiv e m o o d,
e x p r ess e d a s
the p o te n ti al , wha t may b e o b s e rv e d o ft he t en se s , in r e sp e ct to t he tim e o f .

the e v en t ?

Tha t they m o v e f o r ward, o n e t en se or m o re, in t ime .

Ex I fI am
. n ow ;

I f I be
here af
t er p ast time ; . I f I was at
an y
I
I f wer e n ow

I had been t he re .

b efore been t he re -
t hat t im e ; Had I
at that t im e I am p ay in g yo u
.

n ow ; I may o r can; p ay yo u n e xt C hris t -

mas I p id yo u then ;
I might o cou ld p ay yo u
n ow I had p aid y o u

a r -

1 mi ht have p a id yo u at a cert ain p as t tim e

. .

b ef or e a ce r tain p as t t ime ;
g
W
.

S u ch go v e rn me n t s co u ld n o t last , it the co n tained eve r so mu ch i sdo m an d

v ir tu e P Hen ry
. A t an y t ime
. S e e 2 de f o fp r e s e n t t e n s e
. . . .

I n m o st o ft he t en s es , a v e rb m ay b e e x r e s s e d in s e v er al differen t w ays : as ,
He str ikes He does str ike H e is s t ing He is s tru ck He str iketh
.

T he s e , gr am marian s u s u ally di s tin gu is h, b y callin g the m , e mp hatically, the s o n ms

ofth e ver b

W
.

hen is a v er b in the co mmon f

or m , or wha t is the co mm on fo rm ?

T he co mm on fo rm is t he v erb ex
p r esse d in t he most
s im le
p an d o r din ary man n er .

Ex H e wen t ho me
Time ies
N 0 man has e v er been t o o hon est

W
. . . .

hen is a v er b in the emp o r m,

hati c f or what is the e mp hatic form 7

T he e mp hatic f o rm has do or did as a p ar t o f t he

verb , t o give it gr eat er for ce .

Ex I did say s o

R eally, it does move
Do co me to see me

W
. . . .

he n is a v erb or m ,
in the p r ogr es si ve f or o rm ?
wha t i s the p r ogr essi ve f

T he p r o gr essiv e f o rm is be, or s o me v ar a t i n i o o f it,

co mb in e d w it h t he p ar t icip le that e n ds in in g . I t den o tes
c o n tin u an ce o fthe act o r s t a t e .

Ex . I w r ote I was wr iti ng . S he goes to chu rch S he is go in g t e

chu h
W
r c .

hen is a v er b or m,
in the p assi ve f or what is the p as si ve o rm
f

T he p a s siv e for m is be, or s o me v ari atio n o fit , c o mbined

ith the p erf ect p articip le . I t is gen erally p assive in sen se .

Ex T he o ak was shatter ed b y light n in g The m elan cho ly days a r e co me
W
. . .

he n is a v erb in o r m, o r s olem n
the anci en t f s tyle , or ho w m ay this fo r m b e k n o w n ?

T he an cie n t f o r m has t he en din g t, s t, o r est, an d th or

cth, an d e n er ally u ses tho u o r ye in s te a d o fyo u

g .

T hou ba/r b dst t he dar t t hat wo u n d s t he e A dv e s it
atter eth n o

Ex . .
r
y
man .

H ow m an y tens es, an d wha t ar e t hey -

ho w man y for ms , a nd w ha t ar e the y

d
t
.

h t t h
W
hen I say,
b
I am, thou ar t, he
i wit h th f it
I wr ite, t ho u wr ites t, he wr ites
s s u b e ct d w h sa I j I
yo u see a e v e r v ar e s e p er so n o an e n y,
He wr ites, tb sy wr ite v o u s e e t hat t he ve r b

am , w e ar e He is , they ar e
 v an e s . 21

with the member o fits s u b e ct Hen ce t he v erb is s aid t o have p er son

'

v aries . an d
n um ber t hat is , it is s o e xpr es s e as to in dicat e t he p er s o n an d n u mb e r o fit s sub

j cet , an d there by t he s u bj ect it s elf

W
.

hat, then , i s m e an t b y the p er so n an d n u m ber o fa v er b ?

T he p e r s o n an d n u m b e r o fa verb are its f o rm as b ein g

s u itable t o th e p er s o n an d n u mb er o fit s su b ec t
j .

T he t erm fo r m ft v ,
h b
sig ni in it s widest mo d e o fe xp r e s s in g it
W
a e er o es , se n s e , an y .

he n is a v er b singu lar , an d w he n p lu r a l

I t is s in gu lar , w hen its f o rm i s p r o p er for p r edicating ofa

n u lar su b ect ; a n d u r a l, w hen r o er f r e dicatin of
g j p l p p o r
p g
l r al su b ec t
a
p u j .

Ex . The N I G HT was s eren e , an d t he s u ns wer e twin kl ing m o s t b rill ian tly in

t he ir b lu e de p t hs .

D e ne sin u lar s u b e cts an d

g j p lu r al s u b ects. j
ectden o tes o n e o bj ec t , o r mo r e o bj e cts taken
y; a
p lu r a l s u bj e c t de n o t es m o re t han o n e ,

bu t not t ake n as o n e S i n le t h i
g n
g .

Ex S i n g u l a r :

The boy is s t u dio u s E very tr ee is k n o wn b y
it s f
r u it ;

John , James , or Josep h, is s t u dying
N either John , James nor
Josep h, is s t u dyin g .

P lu r a l T he boys ar e s t u dio u s John,

James , a nd Josep h, ar e s t u dio u s T he p eop le ar e ck le

.

ln co r r e ct disco u r s e, o fwhat p ers o n an d n u mb er is the ve r b alw ay s s aid to b e ?

Ofthe sa me a s its j
su b ect , o r n o min ativ e .

Ex I a mH ere am is said t o b e o fthe rs t p er son

an d s ingu lar n u mber,
j
. .

b e cau s e its s u b e ct, 1 , is o ft his p ers on an d n u mb e r .

PA R TI C IPL ES A N D I N FI N I TI VES .

W hat is a p ar ticip le W hat is an in ni tiv e ? S ee p 1 2. .

H o w man y an d what p ar ticip le s ar e the r e , an d ho w man y an d w hat in ni tiv e s ar e ther e ?

T w o o f each, the p r esen t an d t he p f

er ect an d als o a

third p ar ticip le, the co mp o u n d .

H o w do e s the p r esen t p ar ticip le r e p r e se n t the a ct o r s ta te ?

T he p t p ar ti cip le re pr esen t s t he
r e se n act o r s tate as
r e sen t an d co n t in u i n t t h t im f d t
W W
p a e e r e err e o
g .

Ex . e s aw t he m o on r isi ng . ho go es bor r o wing, go e s sor ro wing .

H o w do es the p r esen t in ni ti ve r ep r e s en t the a ct o r s ta t ?

e
T he p t in n it iv e r ep resen t s the act o r s tat e
r e se n as
re se n t a t t he t ime r e f re d t o b u t o f
t e r as f t
p er ,
n e ,
u u r e .

Ex He s e ems to s t u dy
.

M an n e v er is , b u t alw ays to be, b le st P op e
.

. .

I in te n de d to s ay le s s , an d ce r tain ly e xp e ct e d to hear m o r e lib e ral s e n tim e n ts o i

f
e t e d o n t he o the r s ide .

i ti e r ep r ese t the act o r s tate ?

H o w d o e s the p erfect p ar ticip le or in n v n

T he p e r fe c t p ar t icip le or in n itiv e r ep resen t s t he

act o r state as ast o r e n ded at t h e t ime r ef er re d t o
p .

Ere A f

o x, cau ght in a T he r iv er ap p e ars to have
t r ap .
r is en . The

I n dia n s ar e s u
p p os e d to ha ve ro m A s ia o r S i b e r i a
co me f .
22 vn nns .

The p e rf e ct p articiple is s o me times p r esen t in s e n se ; as ,

He ives lo ved
l

by all The p rese n t in n itiv e so me times de n o te s simp ly t he act o r st ate ; an d
.

the p erfect in n itive, the co mp let e d act o r s tat e

W
.

hat is a co mp ou n d p ar ticip le ?

A co mp o u n d p ar t icip le o
c n sis ts o ft w o orm o r e p ar
ti ci p les it is in an d s en se
gen erall a
y p f
er ect, b u t s o me times
a p r es en t, p
ar t icip le .

H v in g u r chas ed a f ar m, he

Ex a r e i e d to the co u n t r y
t r T he t e r ms bei ng
p
. .

s ettled, he p r o du ce t he c as h

He , havi ng been p r e v io u sly engaged , an d bein g
.

t hen e ngaged, in makin g s u r v eys o f t he co u n try , was t he mo s t s u i t a ble m arr w e

co u ld n d .

H o w is the p ar ticip le s o me time s u s e d ?

A s an adj ective, an d t he n called a p a r ticip ia l a d ectiv e

j .

D e n e a p ar ticip ia l a dj ective .

A p ar ticip ial a dj e ctiv e a s cri es b the a ct or s t ate t o its

s u bj e ct a s a u alit
q y
W
.

Ex . A leap in g an d m u rmu r i/ng r iv u let r itten law s .

P ar ticip les an d i n ni tiv e s ar e f

re q u e n tly u s e d a s w ha t o the r p a r ts o fs p ee ch

A s n ou n s , an d then o ften called v e r b a l n ou n s

W
.

o fa
Wo he n sho uld

n
hen it
un .
a p ar ticip le

ev ide n tly
o r an in
t akes the p lace,
ni tiv e be co n side r e d a n o u n

an d is
?

u se d in the s en se,

Ex To li ve w itho u t being ann oyed, is p le as an t That is p leasan t ? w ith

. .

f

o u t w hat L i e w it ho u t a n n oyan ce is le as ant S u ccess fu l st u dy in g r e qu ir es .

ave learn ed s o b cau t i u l an a t, w ill b e e v er a p leas u r e t o me

e xe rt io n 0 h . r .

My knowin g him w as o fgreat advan t age t o me

His havi ng been t her e , was .

the gr o u n d o f s u sp icio n
7 h live t em p e rately, to avoi d e xcite m e n t, an d to ta ke
.

=
alter n at e e xer cis e an d r e s t, ar e e s s e n t ial t o he alt h Tem er an ce , tr an u illity, an d
g
alter n ate exer cis e an d r es t, ar e e s s en t ial to he a t l h
Bo ys l k e to p lay

Bo y s lik e

. p '

g
a
pp l )
es H e b g
e an to wor k

( H e b e ga n h is w or k ) T0 lo ve is to ob ey To be

. . . .

( if h

o r n o t to be
-
,
t hat is t he qu e s t i o n I L e o r d eat ,
that is t he qu e s tion I)

A U X I LI A R Y V ER B S .

N o co m ple te v erb in o u r lan gu age can e xp r ess all its p rop er ties o r b e e xp r e s se d
in all its f o r ms , w it ho u t t he aid o f cer tain o t her lit tle v e rb s Thu s , t o e xp res s .

s tr ik e in f u t u r e t ime, w e s ay , sha ll o r wi ll s tr ik e ; in t he p o t e n tial m o o d ,

may, ca n , mu st, might co u ld, wo u ld, o r sho u ld s tr ik e

. in the p as siv e vo icc, is
s t r u ck , w as s tr u ck , bein g s tr u ck ,

85 0 T he s e little help ing v e rb s are t he ref
. o re
calle d a u xiliary v e r b s A uxilia ry me an s help in g
. .

H o w, then , wo u l d y ou d e ne n au xi liar y v e r b ?

A n a u xi li a r y v erb helps an o ther v erb to G x pr ess its

mean in g in a cer tain m an n er or t ime
W
.

hich ar e the a u xiliar y v e r b s

B e, an d all it s va riatio n s ; do , did ; ca n , o

c u ld ; have,
ha d ; ma y, might ; mu s t; sha ll, sho u ld ; w ill w o u ld .

Fo r what ar e the a u xiliar ie s be an d its v ar ia tio n s u s e d ?

T hey ar e u sed t o e xp ress the v erb

p r o gressiv ely or p as
s ively .

Ex
T li e far m e i p lo u ghin g his e ld
. r s

. T he eld is p lo ughed .
 v ane s . 23

F o r what ar e the au xiliar ie s do an d di d u sed

T hey ar e u sed to ex p r es s the v er b with emphasis, or w ith

g rea t er o rce
f .

Ex I do I s hall b e he re in time
He di d
W
. as su r e yo u , . say s o .

hat do can an d cou ld im p ly ?

P o w er o r ab ility .

Ex I can lift the s to n e . I can lear n the les so n I co u ld n o t give my

W
. .

co n s e n t .

. hat d o ha ve an d had imp ly, an d o r w hat

f ar e they u sed ?

T hey imp ly p o ssessio n , an d ar e u sed t o exPr ess t he act or

s ta t e as n ished o r en de d a t t he t ime r ef
e rr ed t o .

Ex. I h ave h
gat er ed the p lu m s , w hich t he win d had blown dow n

W
.

hat me an in g is co n v ey ed b y may an d migh t

P ermiss io n , p o ssib ility, or

p r o b ab ility ; s o me times r e as on
ablen ess .

Ex . Y o u may go to p lay
B u t r e m e mb e r the ho rse may die
.

I t may .

r a in t his e v e n in g

B u t t he q u es tio n might be asked , whe t e r t he t ax is legal
h

W
. .

ha t do mu s t, s ha ll, an d s hou ld d e n o te ?

D u ty or b u t sha ll, mo r e f
inj u n ctio n re u en tl
q y co mp u l
s io n a n d mu s t, n er ally n ecessit

W ge y

Ex . ho u ld car e f
e s he rs f e e lings T ho u shalt
or o t

. n o t swear . Y ou
o r m e b ef P u p ils mu s t obey

mus t not lo ok f or e n e xt w ee k . . N au ghty b oy I

yo u s ha ll be p un s i hed

W
.

YVha t d o wi ll an d wo u ld d en o te ?

illingn e ss , ada ta ti on ten den cy

W
or
p
W
.

Ex . H d p ay
e wo u l ifh e co u ld T his will do . . e e ds will gr ow h er e
t her e is n o c u lti v at io n

R o s e s will fade.

.

F o r w ha t p u r p o s e ar e all the au xiliar ie s mo re or le ss u sed ?

To e xp r e s s t he v er b in terr o gativ ely . F o r this p u rp o se ,

t hey are
p l o
ace d b ef re t he n o min ative .

Ex . i o n ar e w o u n de d . A r e Y OU w o u n ded D oes HE k n o w yo u ?

C ON JU G A T I ON A N D SY N OPS I S .

W hat is i t, to j
con u gat e a v erb ?

To (30 e g a t e a v erb is t o sho w, in a regu lar w ay, ho w

a

s o me o r all o fit s
p ar t s ar e c o r r e c tly exp r esse d .

Ex B e . an d w ri te in t he p r es en t te ns e , in dicative moo d .

W
S in gu lar . P lur al
FIR S T P ans . I am, FI R S T P an s . e ar e ,
S s oo m) P an s . Y o u ar e , S EC ON D P ans . Y o u ar e ,
TH I R D P ans TH IR D Pas s
W
. He , she , or it , is ; . T hey ar e .

1 . I w rite , 1 . w r ite ,
e
2 . Y o u w r it e , 2 . Y o u w rit e ,
3 . H e , s he , o r it , w rit e s 3 . T hey write

C onj u ga tio n p r o b ab ly s igni e d, in o ld t im e s , t he j o ini n g o f v ario u s e n d in g s an d p re x e s to the
chi e fp a r t s o f V t l b b c alle d t he r o o ts
-

fo r m s to the ir d i e re n t n o m in a tiv e s
; b u t,
i t h u s ,
t he w o r d ra t her S l g n lWilcs t he j o n in g o l t
e v ai io un
i

.
24 v a ne s .

W hat is it, to gi ve the syn op si s o fa v er b ?

T o giv e t he s y n op s is of a v erb , is t o ex pre ss it cor r eetl

i n a S i n le er s o n a n d n u m b er o r in a o
f m o
O

g p , p ar ticu lar r
,
t hr n
g
s o me o r all o fi ts m oo ds a n d t en ses .

Era S yn o p s is o fwr ite, w it h I t hr o u gh t he in dicativ e m oo d : Pres en t , I wr ite ; p a

,
I wr ote fu t u re , I sha ll o r w i ll wr i te p e rf e ct , I h ect, I h
ave wr itten ; p lu p erf a d wr it te
f e ct , I s h
er f a ll o r w i ll h

u tu re
p
-
a ve w r itten .

T he w o rd s y nop s is me an s a loo k a t the who le ; an d as w e ar e ap t to s e e o n ly the chie f o r mo s t st rik i

p rt s b y loo k i n g at a ll a t o n ce , t he w0 i d ha s co me t o sig ni f
g y the chi ef p a rts o r t he o u tlin e c f t he ht W
o a ihi n g .

C O N JU G A T I O N EX EMPL I FI ED .

I h ave her e re s e n t e d to the b t h u lar v er b m ar u lar v er b

*

l
, on v er r ove,
p y g e ,
e e e g
the ir regu lar v er b take in al t he f or ms i n w hi ch t hey can b e e x ress e d L ik e t he m,
p .

b y their me an s , may all o t he r ve rb s b e e xp re s s e d in all the ir f or ms ; an d f o r I , you , b

sh e, i t, we, you , an d th ey, can b e u s e d an
y o t he r n o m ina tiv e s h av in g t he s a m e p e rs o n an
n u mb e r , that is , all n o min ativ e s w hat s o e v e r ; s o t hat t he f o llo w in g co n u gatio n is s u j
c u t t o t e ach all t he cor re ct f o rm s o fall t he v e r b s , f o r all t he p r o p o s itio n s t hat hav e b e e
s p o k e n or w ritte n , an d all t hat can b e S p ok e n o r w r itt e n , in t he Englis h lan gu a e g .

R e cite the f o llo win g p ara digm acr o s s the p age ; a n d the s y n o p s is w ith tho u d o wn t he p a g
, ,

0 s ta n ds f
. o r C o mmon F o r m ; E , f o r E m p ha tic ; P r , f
. o r P r o gr e s s i v e ; an d P , f
. o r P a s s iv e . .

O b s e rv e t hat the v erb , lik e the n o u n s an d p ro n o u n s in t heir d e c le n sio i , r e main s s o metim e s un chan g e d
'

s o me ti me s
p a i t l c han g e d an d is s o m e t i mes w ho lly c ha n g e d , to ex p r e s s i t s di e r e i i t p ro p e l t i e s ; an d t h
-

y
,

i t s o me ti m e s c a is i n t he he lp o ft he au X i har y v e r b s .

T ak e .

I N D I C A T I VE M OOD
'

AB S OL U TE T E N S ES .

Pr esen t Ten se .

b vn gu la r

.

W
Fi r st P er son . S eco nd P e r s on . Thi r d P er so n . l st P e r s .

I Y ou HE , S u n, or I r, E

a m, ar e , is ; ar e 7 0

0 . mo v e , mo v e, m ov es ; m ov e, mo v e , mov e .

E d o mo v e ,
. do mo v e , d o es m o ve do m o ve , do m o v e , do mo v e .

P r am mo v in g,
. are m o v in g, is mo v ing ; ar e m ov in g, ar e mo v in g, are m o v in g .

P am m o v e d,
.
are mo v e d, is m o ve d ; ar e m ove d, ar e mo v ed, ar e mo ve d .

0 t ak e ,
.
tak e , t ak es t ak e , t ak e , t ak e .

E do t ak e ,
.
do t ak e , do es t ak e do t ak e , d o t ak e , d o tak e .

ar e t ak in g, are t ak in g, ar e t a ki n g
P r am tak ing,
. ar e t ak in g, is t ak in g ; .

are t ak e n , are tak e n , are t ak e n

P am t ak e n , ar e t ak e n , is t ak e n ; .
.

o r o the r
for m, an d is o bj e ctio n able al s o f r e as o n
S in ce love can n o t b e u s e d in the p r o gr e s siv e
move has b e e n p r e fe rr e d I t is v er y d if cu lt to
. f
i nd a s u i tab le v er b T he n e xt b es t that
.
o cc u r

m e, a re r ow, ca ll, ten d, ai d, ru le .

 VE R BS .

Past Ten se .

W
1 .

7
w er e ,
mo v ed, mo v ed ; m o v e d, mov e d,
did m o ve , did mo v e di d m o v e , d id m o v e ,
w er e m o vin g, w as m o vin g ; w er e m ov mg, w er e mo vmg,
w er e mov e d, was mo v ed ; wer e mo v e d , w er e m o v e d ,
to ok , to ok ; t o ok , to ok ,
di d t ak e , did t ak e ; did t ak e , d id t ak e ,
w er e t ak ing, w as t akin g ; w e r e tak in g, w ere t ak in g,
were t ak en , was t ak en ; w er e tak en, wer e tak en ,

Futur e Ten se . (FI R S T-

FU T UR E )
S i n gu la r P lu r a l .

b e, be
m ov e , m ov e
b e mo vin g, b e m o v in g ;
b e m o v e d, b e mo ve d ;
t ak e , t ak e
b e t ak in g, k
b e t a in g ;
b e tak en , b e tak en ;

R EL A TI VE T E N S ES .

Per f
ect Ten se .

S in gu la r . R u r a l.

8 . 2 . 3 .

HE, S HE , or I T, Y ou THE Y
has have have
b een , b een , b een b e en , b e en .

0 mo ve d,
. m ov e d , mo v e d ; m o v e d, m ov e d .

P r b een mo v in g, b e en m ov in g, b ee n mo vi n g ;
. b ee n mo v in g, b een m o v i
P . b e en mo v e d, b e e n m o v e d, b een m o v e d b ee n m o ve d , b e e n mo v e
0 tak e n ,
. t ak e n , t ak e n ; t ak e n , t ak e n .

P r b ee n tak in g,
. b e en t ak in g, b e en t ak in g ; b ee n t ak in g, b e e n t ak in g .

P b e en t ak en ,
. b e en t ak en , b e en tak e n b ee n t ak e n , b ee n tak e n .

ect Tense
Plu p er f .

S t n g a la e P lu r a l .

3 1

W
. .

HE, S H E, or I T, E

had
b e en , b een , b e en b e en , b een ,
(7 m o v e d,
. m o v e d, m o ved m ove d, m o v e d,
P r b een m o v in g, b e e n mov in g, b een m o vin g ; b ee n m o v in 7 b een m o v in g,
. g
P b e e n m ov e d, b e en m o v e d , b e en m o v e d ; b e en m o v e d, b e e n m o ve d,
.
,
(
0 t ak en ,
. t ak e n , t ak en ; t ak e n , t ak e n ,
P r b e e n t ak in g,
. b ee n tak in g, b e e n t akin g ; b een t ak in g, b e en t ak in g,
b e e n t ak e n , b een t ak e n, b e en t ak e n ; b een t ak e n , oe en t ak en.
 V ER BS .

Future p erf
e ct Ten se-
. (S EC ON D FUT UR E )
-
.

Plu r a l

W
3 . 1 .

HE , S H E, or I T, E

shall or will have

b e en , b een , b een b e en , b een , b e en .

0 mo v e d,
. m ov e d, m ove d mo ve d, mo v e d, mo v ed .

P r b een mo vm
. b e en mov m b een m o v mg b een m o v mg, b een mov mg, b e e n mo v m
P b een mo ve
. b een m o v e b e en mov e d ; b ee n mo v ed , b e e n m o v e d , b e e n mov e d
0 t ak en ,
. tak en , tak e n ; t ak e n , tak en , t ak e n .

P r b ee n t ak in g,
. b e en t ak in g, b een t ak in g ; b ee n t ak in g, b ee n t ak in g, b e e n tak in g
P b een t ak en ,
. b e en tak en , b ee n t ak en b ee n tak en , b een t ak e n , b ee n tak en .

S U B JU N C T I VE M OOD .

Pr esen t Ten se .

S in gu la r . P lu r a l

Past or A or ist T ense . (I MPERFECT

S in gu la r . P lu r a l .

2 . 3 . 1 .

IF Y OU IF HE S HE or I T, IF W E

wer e , w er e ,
0 . mo v e d, m o v e d, mo v e d ; m ove d m o v e d, m o ved .

did mo v e, did m o ve , did mo v e ; did mo v e , did m o v e , d id mo ve

wer e m o v in g ;
.

Pr . w er e m o v m w er e m o vmg, w ere m o v in g, w e r e m o v in o ,'

w er e m o v m
P . w er e m o v e w ere mo v e d, w er e m o ve d; w er e m o v e d , w er e m o v e d : w er e m o v e d
0. t ok ,
o t ook , t o ok ; t o ok , t ook , t o ok .

E di d t ak e , d id t ak e , did t ak e did t ak e , d id t ak e , did tak e

.

; .

Pr . w e re t ak in g, w e r e t ak in g, w er e t ak i n g ; w e r e t akin g, w er e t akin g, w er e t ak in g
P . w er e t ak en , w e r e t ak e n , w er e t ak e n ; w er e t ak en , w er e t ak e n , w e re tak en .

I lu p erf

e ct Tense .

S i n g u la r . P lu r a l
2 . 3 . 1 .

is Y OU IF H E , S H E, o r IT , I F wr
had
b e en , b ee n , b een b e en , be en , b e en .

0 . m o ve d , m o v e d, m o ve d m o v e d, m o v e d, m o ve d .

P r b ee n m o v m g, b e e n m o v in g, b e en mo v in g ; b ee n m o v in g, b ee n m o v ing, b ee n m o v in g
.

P b ee n m o v e d, b ee n mo v e d , b e e n m o v e d ; b een m o v e d, b e e n mo v e d, b e en m o v e d
.

0 t ak en ,
. t ak e n , t ak e n t ak e n , t ak e n , tak en .

P r b e en tak in g,
. b ee n t ak in g, b e en t ak in g ; b e en tak in g, b e en t ak in g, b e e n t ak in g

W W
P b e e n take n ,
. b e en tak en , b ee n t ak e n ; b e en tak e n , b ee n t ak e n , b ee n t ak e n .

e can als o s ay, l,

e re

Had b ee n , I
B e it e v e r s o n e , wo u ld n o t b u y it I
f
or , I t I wer e ,
I t I had b e en ,
'

T ho u gh it b e e v er s o n e , w o u ld n o t b u y it
I .
 V ER B S .

IM P ER A TI VE M OOD .

Pr e s en t Ten se .

S in gu la r . P lu r a l .

2 . 2 .

0 . Be , or b e t he n b e , or b e y e .

E . D o b e , or d o t ho u b e ; d o b e , or do ye b e .

0 . M o v e , or m o v e t he n ; mov e , or m o v e ye .

E . D o m o v e , or do t ho u m ov e d o m ov e , o r do ye mo v e .

P r Be mo vin g, or b e t he n mo v in g ;
. b e m ov in g, or b e ye mo v in
P Be mo v e d , or b e t ho u mo v ed ;
. b e move d , or b e ye mo v e d
0 T ak e , or t ak e t ho u ;
. tak e , or tak e ye .

E D o t ak e , or do t ho u tak e ;
. d o t ak e, or do ye t ak e .

P r B e t ak in g, o r b e t ho u t ak in g ;
. b e takin g, or b e ye takin g .

P Be tak e n , or b e t ho u t ak e n ;
. b e tak en , or b e ye tak e n .

W in the s in gular, as w ell as thou an d in t he p lu ral it is qu it e as co mm

ou is u sed
e hen the imp er ati v e is t o d e n o t e ge n tlen es s an d e n tr eaty r ather t han hars hn e
g
as .

an ( e rab le t o th
au thor ity , yo u is p e r hap s p r ef ou .

I N F I N I TI VE M OOD .

Pr esent I n n itiv e .
Per f
e ct I n n itiv e .

To b e . T o hav e b ee n .

0 T o mov e
. . T o hav e m ov e d .

P r T o b e mo v m g
. . T o hav e b een mo v ing .

P T o b e mo v e d
. . To hav e b e en m o v e d .

0 To t ak e
. T o hav e tak e n .

P r T o b e takin g
. . T o have b e e n t ak in g .

P To b e t ak e n
. . T o hav e b e e n t ak en .

Pr esent Par ticip le . e ct P art icip le

P er f .

B e in g . Be e n .

M o v in g . M o v ed .

T ak in g . Tak e n .

Comp ou n d Part iciple .

N eu ter . Hav ing b een .

P ass ive . B e ing m ov e d .

A ctiv e . H av in g mo v ed .

P ass ive . Hav in g b e e n m o v e d .

P assi ve B e in g t ak en
. .

A ctive Hav ing t ak e n

. .

P assi ve Hav ing b een t ak en

. .

To, the s ign o fthe in n itives , is o ter bid, make

mitt e d af hear , see, feel ,
da/r e, m the activ e v o ice .

A N CI EN T FOR M , OR S OL E M N S TY L E .
T H O U .

I N D I C A T I VE M OO D .

Fu t u r e Per f
e ct . . Plu p er f
ec t Fu tur e p erf
ec .
-

Tn o u Ta o n Tn o n Tn o u T n on
shalt o r wilt has t hads t sha lt or wilt ha ve
art ; w as t , or w er t ; b e be en ; b een b e en
0. m ov est , m o v e ds t, mo v e , mo ve d, mo v ed, m ov e d,
E . do s t m o v e , dids t m ov e ,
Pr . art mov m w as t m o v m g, b e mo v in g, b e en mo v in g, b ee n mo v i n g, b een m ov mg,
P . art m o ve w as t m o v e d ; b e m o v e d ; b een m o v e d ; b een mo ve d ; b e e n mov e d ;
0 tak e s t,
. t ook s t, t ak e , tak en , t ak e n , tak en ,
E do s t tak e,
. dids t t ak e,
P r art tak ing,
. w as t t akin g, b e t ak in g b e en tak in g, b ee n tak in g, b ee n taking,
P art t ak e n
. . was t tak en . b e tak e n . b ee n tak en b e e n tak en
. b ee n tak e n . .
 V E R BS .
29

S U BJU N C TI VE M O OD .

Past or A orist .

Ir TH O U

be wert , or were ;
0 . m ov e , mov ed,
E . do mov e , did m o v e , or didst mov e,
Pr . b e m o vin g ,
wert mo v in g,
P . b e m o v ed ; w ert m o ve d ;
0 . t ak e, to o k ,
E d o tak e , d id t ak e or didst t ak e ,
z
1 b e t akin g, w ert tak i n g, b een t ak in g,

W W W
P . b e take n . wert t ak en . b ee n tak en .

er t thou m o ve d,
e can als o s a
y er t t ho u ,
Hadst t hou b een ,
Hads t tho u mo v e f
o r, f
I thou w ert ,
I ft ho u hads t b een , etc 3 .

P OTEN TI A L M OOD .

Pre sen t . Past or A oris t . Per f

e ct . Plup eri eet

Tn o u Tn o u TH o u Tn o u
mayst, can s t, mi htst, co u lds t, mayst, cans t, mights t cou lds t
o r mus t wo u t, o r shou lds t o r mu s t hav e or s ou lds t h h
a ve

be be ; be e n ; b e en ;
0 . m ov e , m o ve , m ov e d, mo v ed,
Pr . b e mov i b e mo vi n g, b e e n m o v in b een mov in g,
P . b e mo v e d ; b e m o v ed ; b e e n mo v e b e e n mo v e d ;
0 t ak e ,
. t ak e , t ak en , t ak en ,
P r b e t akin g,
. b e t akin g, b een t ak ing, b een tak ir g,
P . b e t ak en . b e tak e n . b e en t ak en . b e e n t ak en .

T he A For m has the en din g eth, in s te ad o fs o r es, in the t hird p erson

n cie n t

W
s in gu lar ; an d e in s te ad o f ou in the seco n d e rs o n
y y , p p lu ral .

Ex . ho choosethme m u st giv e an d hazar d all he hath S halcesp ea r e
-
Ye .
-

a r e t he sal t o ft he e ar th B ible
.

. .

B othis u s ed f
o r the au xiliary doe s, an d do eth f
or the v erb does . B ath an d h
s a it
ar e co n tr actio n s o fh aveth an d sa eth
y .

H o w man y an d what te n s e s has the i n di ca ti ve mo o d the su bj un ctive f the p oten tia l f

the i mp erati ve ha t p ar ti cip les ar e there W
what inn i ti ves 2 -

I n what m o o d an d ten s e d o y o u n d do f did f h a ve fh d fs ha ll o r wi ll f sha ll or a -

wi ll ha ve fm ay, can , o r m u st r Jma y, can , or m u s t ha ve f might, co u ld, wou ld , o r shou ld 1

m ight, co u ld, wou ld, o r s hou ld have ?
-

D oes the j
s u b u n ctiv e mo od v ar yin its for ms , thro u gh the dif fe r en t p er s o n s an d n u m b e r s ?
C an y o u s ho w ho w s o me o f i ts o r m s d if
f fer fr o m the co r r e sp o n di n g f or ms o f t he in d ica tiv e
mo o d ?
Te ll of wha t moo d an d ten s e ; then j
co n u gate thr ou gho u t the tens e, begin n ing wi th the
r st p er s on si n gu lar :

W I im agin e He s u f fere d e hav e gaine d W W

I had b e en lo u ghin g I will v is it
p
W
. . . . .

er e I Had I b ee n
. I fhe we re er e I inv it e d
. Had b ee n in vite d I fI b e . . .

in v it e d T he s hall hav e n is he d
.
I lay e r e ad I t may p ass: Y o u s ho u ld . . .

hav e co m e e m ay hav e b een r o b b e d I w as s p eak i n g I t I S ri s mg Y ou .

g
. . .

might b e pr ep aring S he had b ee n s in gin . Had yo u b een s tu dyin g l) 0 yo u . .

ho p e ? D l d s he s mile ? I f I do f all i f t o n r ely T ho u art A rt t hou ? He

W
. . .

forgi v e th o s t tho u n ot f
. D
o r iv e ? I t mu st hav e hap p e n e d T hey ar e gon e Tho u . .

ar t go in g e w e r e p r o ce e
'

. ng .

P redi ca te f the fo llowi n g ver bs cor r ectly of m e n ; then ofms and ofm ay
eac h o ,

A m , was , hav e b een , w o u ld hav e b een , ar e de ceiy e d, had b een , do s ay, did
main t ain gav e , t o u che d, cas t , amas s , r e co mm en d, b e di s co u r age d, s hal l hav e b e en ,
w ill p ar do n , m ay have b e e n re o icin g, w as e le cte d, s hou ld have b e en ele cte d,j
wr app e d, co n s ider , co n s idere d , hav e b e e n lo iterin g ,
30 A D VER BS .

C hange i n to the other ten s es of the sa me mood

I write , I m ay wr it e, I fI w rite , I fI b e writing, T o write .

G ive the sy nop si s o f the ver b B E, with the no minati ve I wi th Y OU -

m ou n n
- m nv
w r n n M A N r n n
' '
M EN .

I like man n er gi ve the syn op si s ofeachofthe follo w ing ver bs

n

Bin d, arr es t , hav e , d o , b e k n own , b e p r ov e d, b e co n v e rs in g .

G ive w on wi th eac h au xi li ary accep t BE and i ts variatio ns gi ve B E .

6 . A D VER B S .

W

I fI s ay, He re as on s corr ect ly, s p e ak s u en tly ,
an d i er s u a des ea r nestly

alk p , w alk down , w alk in , walk ou t, w alk s lo wly, w a k n ot

u ll,
Ver y ta
horr ibly u gly , s ter n ly in u is itiv e , s u r r is in l
g ab r u p t mor e ingen io u s , most e lo
q p y ,
que n t, ver y p o werf u lly ,
q f
u i te as t
yo u s e e t hat the I t ali cize d w o r ds te ll how, when ,
wh er e o r to wh at d r ee, a t hin g is d o n e ; also h ow o r i n wh a t degr ee a qu ality o r
,

p r o p e r ty e xis ts ; an e
p
b e ing most gen erally ap p li e d o r adde d t o ver bs , t hey ar e
calle d a dver bs

W
.

hat is a n ad ver b

A n a d v e r b is a w o rd u s ed t o m o dif
y the meanin g o fa
v erb , an ad ect iv e,
j o r an adv er b . S ee ab o ve .

S o me en tir e i n vain , to an d f
p hr as es , asr o, by a n d by, th
lo n g g
a o,e mo r e , the
was , soon er or later , are ge n e rally u s ed as adv er b s , an d calle d adver bial p hr ases .

P e rhaps t hey m ay as w e ll b e calle d s imp ly adver bs

W
.

e hav e sa id that a dv erb s mo dify v e rb s, a d ectiv e s, an d a dv e r b s

j ; b u t w hat o the r p art s
d o the y so me ti m e s m o d ify ?
P hr as es, en tire sen ten ces, an d s o me times p erhap s n o u n s or

p o ou ns
r n .

Ex . He s aile d N E A R L Y
The mu r de r e d trav eller s b o n e s
r ou n d the wor ld .

w e f
er o u n d F A R do wn a n ar r ow glen B r y t
a n D y u k n ow him
o o No
C an . .

y o u n o t go C an n ot Y O U go ? T he immo r tality o ft he s o u l has b e e n e v in ce d

t o almost a D m o n sr m r ro n A ddiso n
A n d t he FA M E her eof w e n t ab ro ad
. . .

B ible
W
.

hethe r an a dv e rb , as s u ch, m ay ev er b e said to m o dif y a s u b s tan tiv e is u e s tio n ab le , q

B u t the r e i s a d if fe r e n ce , f
o r i n s tan c e , b e t we en an d
J
C an y o u n o t go ( a n n o t y o u go
A n d s o m e t im e s t he a dv e r b se em s t o r ela te to the v e r b lu rk in g i n the n o u n P e r hap s i t is .

be s t to p ar s e s u ch w o r d s , s om e tim e s as a dj e ctiv e s, an d s o me t i me s a s a dv e r b s m o dif y in g t he

v as e wi th r ef er en ce to the su bj ect, the o bj ect, the adj u n ct, o r wha tev er p ar t i s a f fe cted .

I fa dv e r b s d es crib e or limit as we ll as a d e ctive s , can

j the y al s o be co m p a r e d ?

Y es .

r om
fe r f
H o w d o they dif a d e ctiv es
j in co mp ariso n ?

A p o r tio n o ft h
smaller em ca n b e c o m p a re d an d they are

mo r e f
re u en tl
q y co m p ared b
y m o r e an d m o s t .

Ex T hu s , w e can s ay,
.

S lo w, s lower , s lowes t lively , li velier , li veliest : b u t
w e mu s t s ay, S o , mor e so , most so wi sely, mor e wis ely, mos t wi sely
W
.

hat do m o st adv er b s e xp r e s s ?

M an n er , P lace , Time , or De gr e e
Ex Elegan tly, w ell, m errily, gayly ;
.

. her e, ther e ; n o w, t hen ; v e ry , m ore ,

mos t o

L is t ofA dv e rb s .

S in ce it is n ot un f cu lt t o de t er min e whether a give n w or d is at

r equ en tly dif
e rre d a f
adv erb o r n o t , o r t o what clas s o fadv erb s it s ho u ld b e re f u ll cat alogu e is .
 A D VE R BS . 31

given b elo w, whichm u s t b e care f u lly an d tho r o u hl

g y s tudied T he clas s i cation , .

t oo , is m or e min u te than it u s u ally is ; b e cau s e it is s u p os e d that t he n at ur e an d

vario u s p o we rs o fthe ad ve r b s m ay b e b et t e r le ar n e d b
y t is mean s .

MA N N E R , M O D E , or Q UA L I T Y . H ow ?
S o , thu s , w ell, ill, how , wisely , f o olis hly , u s tl
y, s lo w ly ,
s o m eho w , an yho w , j
ho we ve r, ho w s oe ve r, o t he r wis e , e ls e , lik ewis e , lik e , alik e , as , e xt e mp o re , he ad
lo n g, le n gthw ise , cro ss w is e , across , as lan t , as tr ide , as traddle , adr if t , a main , a oa t ,
ap ace , ap art , as u n der , am iss , an e w , f as t , t o ge ther , se p arat ely
,
a lo ud
,
a cco r din gly,

agr e e ab l , n e ce s sarily , in v ain in b rie f at o n ce , in s ho r t, f o ot b y f o o t , s o s o , so

y
,
an d s o , l e lt er s k elt e r , hu r ry s ku r ry
-
n am ely , s u dden ly, s ilen t ly, f
-
e e lin gly, s u r
,
p r is in gly, to u chin gly, trip in gly, lo v mgly, hu rr ie dly, m o ur n f u lly , s w e e tly, p r o p o r
l
L io n ally, e xact ly , heav ily , ight ly ; an d m any o the rs e n din g in ly, an d f
-
o r me d f ro m

W W
a dj ectives o r resen t ar tici les
p p p .

PL A C E . her e ? t n ce ? hither
Ofp lace a bs olute : Her e , there , yo n de r , w here , e v erywhe r e , s o m ew he re , u n i

v er s ally, n o w her e , w he r e v e r, wher es o e v er , an yw her e , he r e in , t he r e in , w he re in ,

he re ab o u ts , t her e ab o u ts , w he reab o u ts , her eab o u t, there ab o u t , ab e d, agro u n d, o n

W
high, all o v er , her e an d ther e .

Ofp lace me p o in t :
r eckon ed FR OM hen ce , hen ce , then ce , else w her e , o ther
so
w here , aw ay, f ar , af ar , f ar of f ,
o u t , r e mot e ly , ab r o ad , ab o v e , f o rt h, b e lo w , ahe ad ,
alo o f, o u twar ds ,
a b o u t ,
ar o u n d ,
b en e ath,
b e fo re , b e hi nd ,
o ve r ,
u n d e r ,
wit hin ,
w it h

W
o u t, f ro m w it hin , f r o m witho u t .

0 p lace r eckon ed T O some p oi n t : hither , thither , hither , in , u p , d o w n , u p

w ar s , dow n war ds , in wards , b ack wards , f o rw ar d s , hit he r w ar d, t hit her w ar d , ho m e
w ar d , aside , ashor e , a eld, alo f t, ab o ar d, agro u n d, n igh T he f or ms up wa r d, .

do wn war d, back war d , & c , ar e als o u s e d as ad v e rb s

. .

Of or der : Fir st , se co n dly , t hir dly , & c .

,
n e xt , las tly, n ally, at las t, in n e .

TI M E . M en ? H ow long ? H ow f
o ten ? H ow s oo n ? H ow

W
lo ng ago ?
time absolu te : Ev er , n e v er , alw ays , et er n ally, e
p pr e tu ally ,
co n t in u ally, eon

W
s tant ly , e n dles s ly , f
or e v e r , in ces s an tly, e v e r las t in gly , e ve r mo re , aye .

Ofrim e r elative, i e , r eckon ed with, to , or fr om s ome other time :

. . he n , w he n
e v er, t hen , m e an while , m e an t ime , as , w hile , w hils t , t ill u n til, o t her while , af ter,
af te r w ar d, af o r e , lat e , e arly , bet ime s , se as o n ab ly
ter war ds , s u b s e qu en t ly, b e f .

Of time r eated A gain , o f ten , o f te n tim es s o m etim es , o ccas io n ally , s e l

t, o f
d o m , r ar ely , re qu en tly , n ow an d t he n , e v er an d an o n , daily , w eekly, ho u rly,
mo n thly, yearly, an n u ally, an ew, o n ce , t w ice , t hrice , f
o u r time s , e t c .

Of time p r es en t N o w , t o day, n ow adays , at p res en t , y et ( her etof

-
or e an d z

n o w ), as y et .

Of time p ast : Y e s ter day, her eto fo r e , r ecent ly, lat ely, o f lat e , already ,
j j
mcrly, u s t n o w, u st, an cien tly, s ince , hit he rt o , lo n g s in ce , lo n g ag o , e r e while ,
t ill no w .

Oftime fu tu r e : Her eafter , he n ce f o rth, he n ce f or war d, s o on , to m orr o w , s hor tly , -

e r elo n g , b y an d b ,
y p r e s en tly ,
i n s t an t ly ,
imm e d iat ely ,
s tr aight way , s tr ai ht ways ,
g
dir e ctly, f o r thwith, n o t ye t , an on .

D E G R EE . H ow mu ch? H o w little ? To wha t ex ten t ?

A dv er b s o fd egr ee ar e n o t ea sily clas s i e d ; f o r a dv e r b s f

r o m se v e r al o the r clas s e s may
s om e t im e s b e u s e d to e x r e ss d e r ee T he f o llo wing a dv e rb s , to the d a sh li n e , a r e n o t al l
p g
-
.
,

s t r ictly a dv e r b s o fd egr e e .

'
A d ver bs showing ho w much, to wha t exten t, o r in w ha t degr ee : M u ch, m o r e , m o s t ,
gr eatly, f ar , f u r t he r , v er y , t o o , little , le ss , le as t , e xtr a, m o s tl , en t ir ely , chie y,
p ri n cip ally, m ain ly, gen e rally , co m m o nly, u su ally , in ge n e r a , f u lly , f u ll, co m y
le tely, t o tally, w ho lly , e rf ectly , all, altoge the r , u it e , e xcee din gly , e xt rav agan tly ,
p
i mm e as u rab l
y, imm en s e y, e xce s s iv e ly, b o u n dle s s y, in n ite ly, inco n ce iv ab ly, cle ar ,
s tar k , n e ar l , w ell n i h tl ti l l i t e n s e l , s car cel , s can t il , r e cis e ly
y g p ar y, p ar a y n
y y y p
-

, ,
e n o u h e xactl
y , e v en , e v ers o , Ju s t , e qu ally , s u f ci e n tly , ade qu at e ly , pro p ortio n

g ,
ately , co m et en t l , as s o ho w ho w e v e r , hows o e v e r so m e w hat at all
p y , , , , . . .
 P R EP O S [T I O N S .

Ofexclusio n or emp hasis M er ely , o nly, b u t, al On e , simp ly, b arely, j u st , p articu

larly, e s p e cially, in p ar ticu lar .

A dver bs imp l in something addition al to what has bee n men tion ed, or somethi
g
beyon d what mtg t e exp ected A ls o , b e s ides , els e , s till, y et , t o o , lik ewis e , with
more ov er , furthermore , ho wev er , e xtr a, e k e , ev en , n e verthele ss , an yho w .

A dver bs imp lyin

g
ca u se or
co ns e qu en tly, accor in gly , wher eb y, her eb y , the r eb y
means
hy , w her e f : W
or e , ther ef
or e , hen ce , t he n ce
,
.

Of n ega tion : N o t , n ay, n o , n o w is e , n o w ay, n o ways , b y n o m ean s .

Of a r mation or admittan ce : Tru ly do u b tle ss , u n dou b t edly , n u u es tio n ab ly ,

fo rs o o t h, in de e d , w ell, v e r y w e ll, w ell t hen , e s , y e a, ay, v eril y, s u r e y , ce rt ain ly,
really , as s u r e dly , ce rt es , ame n , o fcou r s e , t o e su re .

Ofdo u bt or u n cer tai n ty : P erhap s , p r ob ab ly , p o ss ib ly, p er chan ce , p eradv en t

ur e , hap ly , mayhap , m ay b e -
.

T he adv er b s o f the las t thr e e clas s e smodal adv erb s

are so m etimes t er m e d .

The y ar e s aid to s ho m an n er o ft he ass er tio n The hav e a mo r e dir ect
w t he .

re fe r e n ce t o t he m in d o f t he s e ak e r t han t he o t he r s hav e e m ay d en y o r r e .

fu s e , hes itat e , co n s en t r o m s tr o n
disb e e v e , do u b t , b eliev e ; p as s f
'

g n egation

t hro u gh d o u b t in to s tr on g p ositiv e ass er tio n , an d vi ce ver s a.

V
EXPL ETI E A n v nn ss T hes e s er ve merely to begin
. sen ten ces , in or der to r en der them
less blu n t or mor e sp rightly ; as , T he r e , w e ll, w hy .

V
C ON JU N CT I E A D ER S V B
T hese con nect as well as modif
ver bs oftime, p lace, or ma nner ; as ,
.
y
WThey ar e u s ually
he n , w he r e , w hile , t ill, as , et c
.

.
ad

I N TER R o s A n vE A n v nns s
ar e u s ed to ask u es tio ns
q as ,
.

W These ar e those adver bs of the f

hat ? w her e ho w w hither ?
or e o in
g g clas ses , whi ch

Fr om the f o r ego in g lis t, it m ay b e s e e n that the s ame w or d m ay som etim e s

err e d t o o n e clas s o f adve r b s , an d s o me t imes to an o ther , acco r din
b e r ef g t o its
m ean in g .

Ex I hav e j u s t co m e
.
(Time ) I t is j u st fu ll
. i e , n either m or e n o r less . . .

(Exten t or degr ee ) .

I t is that the st u de n t , af
su p p ose d ter hav in g car e f ully st u die d t he f o r ego in g
catalogu e , w ill b e ab le t o r e f er an y adv erb n o t in it t o its p r o p er clas s I n p arsin g, .

w he n an adv erb can n o t b e e as ily r e f e rr e d t o s o me s p e cial clas s , it m ay b e m ore

er it t o t he ge n e r al clas s t o w hich it b elo n gs , t o call it s imp ly an
co n ve n ien t t o r e f
adv erb o fman ner , p lace, time, o r degr ee

W
.

i ll you m en ti on s ix a dver bs of ma n ner f thr ee ofp la ce wher e f thr ee of p la ce

when ce f thr ee of p la ce whi ther t hr ee of o r der f
thr ee of ti m e a bsolu te f thr ee ofti me

-

re la ti ve f thr ee of ti m e r ep eated fthr ee of ti m e p r es en t t three of tim e p as t f thr ee of -

ti me fu tu r e t six of degree t thr ee imp lyin g exclu si on f thr ee i mp lyin g som ething addi
tioha l fthr ee of cau se t thre e of n ega tio n f thr ee o faf fi rma ti o n r
t hr e e ofd ou bt fthr ee

exp letive adve r bs f si x co nj u n c ti ve a dv er bs f o ne i n ter r ogati ve adver b of ma n n er , on e of

p lace, an d

time f si x ad ver bia l p hr as es

7 P R EP OS I TI O N S
W
. .

I err y erry
b oat is on the riv er
hen sa , Th e hors es are in the f b o at , t he f
y ,

an d t he riv e r i s between t he hills yo u s e e t hat t he w o r ds i on , an d between , s ho w

ho w dif fe r e n t o b ects ar e t o o ne an o ther

jn T hey ar e calle i p r ep ositio n s ; f
. o r t he n
word mean s p laci g befor e, an d thes e little w o r ds m u s t gen er ally b e p lace d b e f ore

no u n s , t o mak e the n o u n s cap ab le o fb ein g u s ed as descrip tiv e w o r ds

W
.

hat is a p r ep osi ti on

A p r e p o s it io n is a wo rd u sed to ow
sh the r elati on be
t ween dif
fer en t t hin gs .

Ex I n ,
. o n , u n der, ab o v e , o v e r , ar ou n d, at, ro m, to , t hr ou gh
f .

T wo r ep ositio n s ar e s o met imes comb in e d, an d s o me p hr as e s ar e con stan tly

o rme r e x r es s io n s m ay b e cal e d comp lex
us ed in t e s en s e o fp r e p o s itio n s T he f .
li m l r e
r e ositio n s ; t he lat te r , p r ep os it ional p hrases or t h may b e te rmed s p y p
p p
o si tion s S ee the L i s t
p . .
 P R EP OS I T I e n s . 33

W hat do es a p r ep o s itio n u s u ally j o in to so me o the r w or d or p ar t o fthe se n ten ce ?

A su b s tan tiv e den o t ing the p lace, tim e, do er , p o ssess or, ,

o mean s, man n er , o r s o me o ther cir cu ms tan ce

W
cau se, s u rce , .

Ex -

T he ap ple s h an g O N the tr ee e hav e sn ow I N w in ter He
BY
. . .

w as s tabb e d a volu n teer , w rr n t he s wor d o r a Kent uckian .

T o wr ite w rr n

ea se an d r ap idity

W
.

ha t is an a d u nc t ?
j
A n is a p rep ositio n with its o bj ect, or w ith the
ad j u n ct
ter it t o co mp le te t he sen se
wo rds r e qu ir ed af S ee ab o ve . .

I s the p r ep o sitio n alway s e xp r es se d ?

I t is s o metimes u n derst oo d .

=
-=

Ex . G iv e him his b o o k G iv e his b o ok to him . I s t o o d n e ar him
I
s to o d n ear to him He is lik e his
. is lik e to o r u nto his f
ather .

L ist of Pr ep o sition s .

er e, r es p ectin g, u
p,
ro u n d,
p t,
e xce u p on
,
e xce p ti ng s av e , v e rs u s
, ,
fo r, s av in g, w ith
,
fro m s in ce , w ithi n ,
,
in , t hro u gh, wit ho u t
in to , t hr o u gho u t
n o t wit h till,
to ,
t o u chin g, A b af
t,
to war d, ado w n,
t o war d s , af
o re ,
u n de r, alo f
t,
u n de r n e ath alo n o s ide ,
,
u n til, al o o
u n to , an e at h,

A b o ard o f, as to , fro m b et wixt , from ou t of

,
acco r din g t o
, b e cau s e of
,
ro m b e yo n d ,
f fro m u n de r ,
alon g wit h
, fro m amo n
g, ro m o f
f f,
o ut o f
,
as for , ro m b e f
f or e , fro m o u t , r o u n d ab o u t

C a n y ou r ep ea t the p r ep o s iti on s tha t b egi n w i th a t b fc rd t e rfi i f f

l

fp i r fs t t t u fw
n
o

8 C O N JU NC TI O N S
W
. .

he n I s ay, John an d Jame s w r it e John w rit es a n d cip he rs Jo hn

w r te s f k
.

as t a n d w ell
i J o h n s p th
il is in o n t he d e s k a n d on t he o o r ; Jo hn
wri te s t wi ce e v e r y day, an d I ge n erall loo k at his w rit in g ; yo u s ee t hat the w o r d
y
a n d b r i n s o n s o me t hin
g g m o r e t o w hat has b e e n s aid, o r oin s t o ge t her t wo wor ds , j
t wo
p h r ases , o r t wo
p r op os ition s an d as co nj u nctio n m ean s j o in in g together , t his
wo r d an d o t her s lik e it, hav e b ee n calle d co nj u n ctio ns
W
.

ha t d e n iti o n , then, m ay b e giv en o fa con u n c tion

j ?

A c o n j u n c t i o n is a w o rd t hat j o in s s o me t hin g t o an
o ther p ar t of the disco u rse, an d sho ws ho w the p ar ts s o co n
u s e ted ar e V ie w ed w it h re s ect t o e ach o ther
p .

Ex G r ain w ill b e che ap , a n d p er hap s u n s alab le G rain will b e che ap

.

,
.

f or t he har v es t is ab u n dan t G rain will b e che a ifthe w in te r co n tin u e mi l

d
.

G rai n w ill b e chea b u t n o w it is cle ar H i e s , fhe is s ic

H r ides ,
p, e r
i k . e .

tho ughhe is s ick He r ides , b eca u se he is s ick

.

.

3
 C ON J U N CTI ON S .

T wo co nj u n ctio n s are s om etimes co mb in e d, an d certain p hr as e s are s o me t ime s

u s e d in t he s e n s e o fco n u n ctio ns as , j
His healt h, as well as his e s tate , is r u in e d
o rm er e x r es s io n s may b e calle d

an d et he s till p e r s is t s in his co u r s e T he f p .

co mp ea: co nj u n ctio ns ; an d t he latte r, co nj u n cti ve p hr a ses ; o r b o t h ma

y b e t erm e d
s im p ly conj u n ctio ns

W
.

ha t is a co or di n a te co n u n ctio n j ?

A c o iir d i n a i c c n u n cti n c n n e cts par t s o fe qu al ran k o j o o .

Ex A n d, b u t , o
. r

T he w o o ds ar e 5 r o u tin g, an d t he d o v e is co o in g
. .

H er e an d co n n ect s clau s es w hich do n o t de p e n o n each o t her , an d t here f o r e t he y

ar e s aid to b e co or di na te, w hi ch mean s of equa l r an k
W
.

ha t is a. su bor din a te j
co n u n ct ion ?

A su b or d in a te o j
c n u n cti n c n n ects o o p ar ts o fu n equ al
r an k .

Ex If, that , sin ce , b ecau se

.
-
I w ill w ork f

o r y o u , ifyou . ay me .

Her e
ifco n n e cts t wo clau s e s , o fwhich o n e dep e n ds o n t he ot her , an d t er ef
or e the de
p e n de n t o n e is said t o b e s ubor dina te, w hi ch m ean s r an king u n der
W
.

ha t is a cor r esp ondi ng o r cor r elative co n u n ction j ?

A co r r e sp o n d in g o j o su ggests an o ther
c n u n c ti n co n

j u n cti n , o a n d assis ts it in co n n ectin g t he s ame p ar ts .

Ex I will
. n either bu y N on s ell.
T
ho u gh he r ep r o v es m e , yet I e s t ee m

C an y ou m e n tion the chie fideas co n v ey ed b y the dif

fer e n t j
co n u n cti o ns in r ef
e r en ce to
the p ar ts co n n ecte d ?

A dditio n , sep ar at io n , co n trarie ty, cau se, co nsequ e n ce, p u r

o se, co n di t1 o n , co n cessmn , a n d co mp ari s o n
p .

wha t wo r d s w o u ld y o u i nfer m ay be

W
B y e xam in in g the b egin nin g o fthis s ec tio n , con
he ate d b y co nj u n ctio n s ?

o r ds o falmo st an y
p ar t o fsp eech
W
.

her e a r e co n u nctio n s
j m o s tly u se d

In o
c n n ectin g t he p ar ts o fco mp o u n d sen te n ces .

A r e co n u n ctio n s ev e r u n d e r s to o d
j ?

S o metimes they are an d o ther w o r ds ar e

ge n erall
y u n der

s too d after them .

Ex
R o u t,
. an d ] p an ic, s eized them all
r u in , [an d] I k n ew [t hat ] he .

m ay rs t e ad [y m y] p a s e it

had los t it . on r t his se n t en ce , a d t
n he n o u a r .

H o w m ay p r ep o si tio ns,
a dv e rb s , an d co n u nc tio n s
j b e dis tingu ishe d, or w ha t is the chie f
char acte r istic o fe ach cla s s ?

Ofthe a dver b, to mo dif

y limit ; o fthe p r ep o s it io n t o
or ,

g o v ern a su b s tan tiv e in t he o bj ectiv e case an d o f t h e co n

n ctio n t o c o n n ect
j u , .

Ex
He t oo k
. bu t on e ap p le .

I s aw all bu t him . I s aw him, bu t he
wo uld n o t co me .

L is t of C onj a n e s ion s .

1 Oonj u n ction s i mp lyin co n tin u an ce or addition , s i mp ly mp hatically A n d,

g
. or e
as w ell as , again , als o , b es i b o t n , mo reo ve r, fu rt her more , ais o )

es , e ve n , n ay, s o ( m .

Cop u la tive conj u nctions ) .

2 S ep ar ation or cho ice : Or,

. n o r, e ithe r
,
n either, o r els e .
(A lter na tive or d is ~
j u nct ive co nj u n ctio n s ) .
36 EX E R C I S E S ON A LL

4Ofcon temp t or aver sion Ps haw ! p ish ! tu t ! tu s h l p oh ! foh ! b ah! hu m h !

.
p
f
au gh ! w he w ! o l b egon e ! avau n t !

5 Ofexu lta tio n or app r oba tio n : A ha ! ah hey ! hu z zah ! hu rr ah ! goo d ! b rav o

. .

6 Cfatten tion or callin g : H o ! 10 ! b eho ld !

. lo ok ! s ee ! hark ! la ! heigh
ho l
so ho ! ho llo ! hallo a ! b oy l hold ! w ho hl halt !

st !

7 . Ofsilence : H u s h ! his t ! w hist !

st ! aw l mu m !
Oj in terr ogahmg : Eh ? he m, hm ? (The o pp osit e o fthe

p re ceding clas s

8 . or .
)
9 Ofdetection
. A ha ! o ho ! ay ay
-
!

W
10 . H a, ha, he ! he , he , he !
Oflau ghter :

1 1 Ofsalu tin g or p ar ting :

. e lco m e ! hail ! all hail ! adie u -

goo d
-
by l a n d p er
hap s go o d day ! go o d n ight ! go o d m o r nin g ! go o d evenin g !
- - - -

cu lt to mak e a s atis f
I t is d if acto ry clas s i catio n o fin terj e ctions
ar e u s ed w it h gr e at latit u d e o f m e an in g ; t hat is , in v ar io u s s e ns e s
j
M o s t o fthem
he n t he
le ar n er m e ets w it h an in ter ectio n , it is p er hap s b es t t hat he s ho u ld det ermine it s
.

. W
mean in g fro m t he sp irit oft he s en te nce o r dis co u rs e .

I fa m an cu ltiv at es t he e ar th, he m ay b e style d a f ar mer ; ifthe same

man sho u ld e n gage in t he b u sin ess o fb u yin g an d sellin g go o ds, a mer chan t;
ifin p reachin g the go s p el, a p r ea cher e v en so the sam e w o r d, acco r din g
to its u se, is s o metimes o fo n e p ar t o fsp e e ch, an d s o me time s o fan o ther .

Ex
A black ho s e
. r To black b oo ts B lack is a colo r
.

T he rs t black is j
an ad e ctive ; t he secon d, a v e r b ; an d t he t hir d, a n o un .

C a n y o u men ti o n two i nterj ectio n -9 o f f t/wo

gr i e
f ofj oy (Pas s thu s thr o u gh the L ist .

10 . EXER C I S ES ON A L L THE PA R TS OF S PEEC H .

A gre e n t r e e A hou s e o fmarb le

. L au r a b ro u ght a f res h r os e
. T he f armer .

n
lo u ghs his eld L o v e an d d elity are in se p ar ab le
. P o m ey b ein g v an qu ished , .

Caesar re tu rn e d t r m h
iu p n t to o e
a R m T e g o v es w ere G o s r st t e mp le s
h r .

C ol .

o n el T ho m as H B e n t on die d in t he
. ear 1 8 5 8 .

The p e ar an d qu in ce ay s qu an der e d on the gr as s ;

The m o u ld w as p u rp le w ith u n he e de d s how ers
O fb lo o my p lu ms a w ilde r n e s s it w as
Off r u its , an d w e eds , an d o wers l Hood .

*
T is H eav en its elft h t pa o in ts o u t an h e eaf
r t er Place me on S u n iu m s mar b led

j
.

T he r ich m an s oys in creas e t he p o or s de cay L earn t he ho w an d t he

ste ep . .

w hy Y o u is a p ro no u n de n ot e s addi ti o n I lik e t o s k ate I t w o u ld b e n o n

.

W
. . .

s en s e fo r u s t o b u y it T her e w as s o me i n dian ghtin g in s e ttlin g this cou n t ry

. .

hy he did n o t go , is o b viou s I b elie v e t hat t he p e op le o fa r ep u b lic m ay ab u se

.

t heir lib e r ty, as w e ll as a des p o t hi s p o we r (Belie v e what

W
.

he ther p r op mmon , an d why

er or co

S u san , girl, G eorge , b oy, Eu r o p e , cou n try, day, mon th, S atu r day, S e t e mb er ,
ho liday, C hr ist mas , r iv er , M is s is sip pi, mo u n t ains , A n de s , is lan d , C u b a, b ir b lack
b ir d, chain , Jan e, L o u is , L o u is a ci ty, N ew Y or k , ye ar , 1 8 60 G e n er al A le xan der
H amilto n , M on t au k P o in t , * s o il, ho p e , s o u l, p o e try, p res iden t ,
A melia W
e lby , T ho ms o n s S e as o n s , he av e n , e ar t h s u n

s t ar s
eb s te r , M r s
I s ab e lla an d Fe r
.

.
W .

d in an d, t he q u ee n an d k in g o f S p ain , e n ab le d Co lu mb u s t o di s co v e r A m erica .

Pr e s co t t s Con qu est ofM exico is w orth a car e f T he L au r en s e s , the

u l p e r u s al
S u m ters , t he it u tle d g cs , an d t he M ario ns ,
.

A mer i can s all T he Baham as an d

A n d Fre e do m s hr ie k e d as Ko s ciu sk o f
.

t he n t ille s . e ll I is a p ro n o u n T he . .

r o n o min als each e ver an d ei th T h e clamor o fm o s t p olit ician s is b u t an ef

p , y , er .

i o rt t o ge t the in s o u t an d t he cu ts in

W
.

o llo win g the s tar s , m ay b e o mit te d o r d e f

T he e x er cis e s f er red hen ab le to co p e with .

the m , t he p u p il may tr his learn in g a n d in gen u ity u p on them ; b u t they p rop e rly b elo n g to
Par t S e co n d o fa b o ok e vin g the f y
;
o r e goi ng in s tr u ctio n s as P ar t Fir s t .
 37

an d w hy
s ity, san d, n av y e xte nt , p arty, p arty
co rn , p e o p le , law ,
j u ry , co mm er ce
,

hen a
had b een
elf . W
he came ? W th a t yo u
e b o u ht o n ly s u c hm u le s
g
w hat is w o rthy o f lo ve the thin g
y ou r app le n or my
.

min e , b u t he rs .

m e n co r r e ct their o wn B
( y o th er m n s
e

.

(N o p er sons ar e O u r p o e try , I b e

W
t han t hat o ft he R o m an s tha n the .

is he ? hat is he ? D o yo u k n o w
hear t , goes to t he hear t T each m e w hat .

on , lio n es s , j o y, co n te n tmen t, mas t er , m is

d au ght er , he , him , hy mn , s he , it, t he y , w e ,
p arty, gam e , p ar tn er ,
n at i o n ,

s , gho s t, S p irit , w ri ter , m ar qu e e s , lady s

e w, Je ws , n o t hin o , n o n e , n o b o dy , t hys e lf
'

,
o e ve r, w ho s e Je an is a n o u n , an d she is a
.

rector , her o , e xecu to r , gan der , co u n t, e ar l,

n, gen tleman .

lady, las s , maid, mis s , mis tress , s ign o r a,

in na , hi n d, r o e , sp awn e r .

min e , t hin e , thys elf, hims e lf, t he m

elv e s ,
l o w ; my dictio n ary yo u r gramm ar her
l
Zd th t th
ca
'
tl ll a ou w as t dead,
s o ft he
. t e ars I s he d ?
t hy s orr o w in g s o n ,
j
5 o u rn e y u s t b eg u n l Cowp er
W

i s ib le lazy girl
ar y, yo u ar e a
e p as .

W
.

s e ! my k in gdo m f o r a ho r s e 1 C o me , P eace

0 Virt u e , p e ace is all t hy o wn

) he r I am t he cap t ain , s ir
.
e ar e o ld
ell, my litt le
o o d m an an d w o man are lo n g s in ce in the ir
. W.

g
u s t he ir c hildre n .

ad m ys elfs aid t o m e
lf
a fo r n on e care f o r t cc .
,

yo u m ay play
u ry, . I A ugu stu s w o u ld do
wing co als l?

ldgo , f r ien ds , ge e s e , lilie s , family, s cis s ors ,

w ar m, as he s , ho n ey, m o las s es , I , w e , yo u ,
*
s e v e r al, e ight , an e ight , one , o n es , o u r,
h s ic s , mat he matics , a, an , e ach m an ,
p y
0 , a t wo , t wo t wo s , w ho , w hi ch, t hat , w hat .

a t win , a p air .
38 E XER C I S ES ON A LL

S p ell the p lu ral

a, do gma p en in s u la, lamin a, min u tia, v er t eb r stigma, o rb , cher u b
*
S of
b e d, f e at her be cro wd, n o o s e , go o se , s imile , w if e , e , k n if e , w o lf ,
s taf f, a
b lu ff le af t f h f h dk hi f o u t an b t h t t h t o t h,

h
u r o o , a n e r c e e o r an g o o o o e y e o -

R an do l h, s k e tch, alk ali, cadi, r ab b i,

, , , , ,
is e o n r i, lar k , ell, acqu ittal, cu s t o m , lu s
tr u m , o ru m, s t r at u m , e u lo giu m , n o s tr u m, ap ho r is m , p e n du lu m , p e n , s tam e n , o c
j
tago n p he n o m e n o n , man , u rym an , talis man , M u ssu lm an , n egro , t yr o , t rio , came o ,
ze r o , bu f falo , m o tt o , can t o , e mb r yo , s er ag li o , t o r e d o , o tat o c ar o alm e t t o , m a
p , g , p
lat to , man if e s to , S cip io , Plat o , t o p , t hu n d e r cla , P hi ip , m as te r, q u ar te r m as t e r ,
p
clas s , ce n s u s , f o cu s , ge n u s , ge n iu s , iamb u s , ign o r am u s , axis , ir is , d u ches s , s e r ie s ,
tr ellis , e llip s is , e p hemeris , o as is , ap p ar atu s , cho ru s , d en ariu s , R u f u s , Ve n u s , S o c
rate s G racchu s r oo t f
, , ,
o o t, fo x, o x , s ix , s e a m e w, gu n , alle y , ally , m o n ey, v alle y ,
-

city, Hen ry , co u s in
W
er man , co u rt mart ial, comin g in , o u t p o u r in g, M is s S p r agu e ,
- - -

M r Phinn ey, L o rd li an cello r , S ir

.

alt e r S co t t .

S p ell the si ngu la r

*
A p p e n dices , ar can e , an t itheses , d es ider ata, s e ries , v ir t uo s i, n eb u lae , v o lcan o es ,
ap o s tr o p he s , ap p arat u s , i gn e s f
at u i .

The n ou n or p r on ou n then the cas e, a n d why

Jo hn f o u n d M ary s b o o k , L u cv s lam b n ip s the gr as s T he s u n illu m in ates

.

the w o rld Fair b lo o ms t he lily

. He w ro te his n ame in his b o o k Jo hn s ho t s o me
. .

s qu irr els in yo u r f at he r s e ld T he G r e e k s w e r e m or e in gen io u s than t he R o

.

man s I n p e ace , he w as t he ale o fs p r ing ; in w ar , t he m o u n tain s to rm T he -

.

p lo u h
g , t he s w o r d ,
t he p ,en an t he n ee d le ,
ho w m ighty
O n t hat day o fdes o lation ,
L ady, I w as cap t iv e m ade ;
Ble e d in g f o r my C hr is t ian n at io n ,
By t he w alls o fhigh Be lgrade Camp bell .

*
T hen r u she d the s tee ds to b at tle driv e n S we et f o u n t ain , o n ce again I v is it .

thee .T o v e n t u re in was t o die I k n o w t hat yo u can le arn

. I hu r t my s elf I . .

mys elfhu rt him P r o mis in g an d p e r f . o r min g ar e t w o dif f

er e n t t hin gs To be a .

b u s y b o dy is a m e an o ccu p atio n A ie ce o fcan dy te n in che s lo n g, is w o rt h a

p
-

John Jon es ,
.
_

dime . an d w hat o fhim 4

C hie f s , s ages , her o e s , b ar ds , an d s e er s ,

That liv e in s tory an d in s o n g,

Tim e f o r t he las t t w o t ho u s an d y ear s
Has r ais e d, an d s ho w n , an d s wep t alo ng A n onymo u s . .

Bear w it n e s s , G re ece t hy liv in g age

A tte s t it m an y a de at hless age yr on . E .

G en d er , p er so n , n u m b er , a n d ca s e

My, he , s he , it , t hey, u s , o u r , yo u r s , yo u r , the m, m e, w e , y o u , he re , its , y o u r

self
,
o u rs e lv es , t he ms e lves , * who , w ho s e , who m , w n at, whi c h, who e ve r , o t her s ,
t hat ,

W
on e s , n on e, as .

ha t is the n om i n a tive co r r esp on di ng to

M l t hee him i w ho m iher lher s the m ithe m s elve s 4 her~

us e i
s elfl it i

W ha t is the o bj ectiv e co r r esp on ding to

I i tho u l w e l ye lhe is he lthey i who 4
'

F o r m the co mp o un dp r on ou n

M y, o u r, thy, yo u r , him , her, it, o ne, t han , who , w hich, w hat .

S p ell the p osses si ve si n gu la r ; then the p ossessi ve p lu r a l, i fthe wo r d ca n ha ve i t

S ist e r , 1 Jo hn , day , S park s , p r in ce , hors e , S t Jame s , Jo hn Hen r y T ho ms o n , he ,
'
.

o n e , w ho o t he r , s he , i t, co u r t m ar tial, b r ot he r in law, b ook k e ep er , alu m n us ,

- - - -

alu mn a ; A lle n an d B ak er ; M o rr is , t he b o o k s e lle r

Chan ge i n to the o the r fo r m, a n d n o tice the ej ect

A j ax s s hield T he co mp an y s co ntro l T he co mp any s m an age men t T he o c d

. .
.

to r s t reatment

G o d s lov e Kn o wledge o fthe man
. My fri e n d s n o m i n at i o n.
.

.

1 T hu s : S
i s - -
s is t -
e r ap os trop he s
- - - -
te i

S i
s s ter s.

 o cms H op e
.
p leas u r e s
s .

p assio n s s tri f

r e as on s , e .

it ca n b e d ete r m i n ed ; als o

ims elf Jo hn , y o u ,
.

hI S les s on He n ry , .

I s er v e , is e te rn al .

n o azu r e b ro w ;
l t he e , s u c h t ho u r olls et n o w B yr o n
n P op e
.

t me n , f ro m m e n w hat s irits , k n o w
.
p .

W
orcs er ve the s ens e, a n d m ake th e exp r es sio n fu ll

ho b ets, s ho u ld b e willin g t o lo s e T he .

t s u c h as hear m e , t o t ak e warn in g H is

Wm
.

l d b lu s h t o o wn His p rin cip les are thos e .

1 . ho s he lo ve s s o m u ch 1 n e v e r co u ld
ich is yo u rs .

r i n de n i te, and w hy
is a b eau tiful o we r
A sh fr o m t he r i ver . .

'
01 a d u ke A dau ghte r o f t he d u k e
. A .

e ac h o fth fo llo wi ng words or p hr as es

e

ho s t le r , har o on , he athe n , ho tel, hu mb le

er, hab it u al r u n k ar d
,
e u lo gy , e we , u ni t ,

rip ti ve or den itive, an d w hy ; an d to wha t it

. n as p ir ing A m o de s t an d b eau t if
m an . ul
affe ct io n ate T he n ight gr e w dark e r an d
.

T h e rs t car is n o t fu ll
itio n
fo u r ye ar s
W
.

was gre e n i t h gra ss , fre s h w it h d e w an d

,
n ge re d M o r n T he s tar po w der e d galaxy
.
-
.

o o ms t he r o s e H is hammock s w u ng lo o s e
.

L e t m e alo n e : I f e e l so me what t i ge ris h

'

s a wk wa rd T o b e in dole n t in yo u t h, is
.

d is tr i bu tive, dem o n str ati ve or de n i te, ind e

ii n a ha n d w hy
o ne, f o u rt h ; t wo m en ;
o u r, f s e co n d m an
:an in o n ke s ; Pi n dar ic v e rs e ; t wo -
e dge
w hit e f
e at -
e r ed t u r k ey s .

o s e w hi ch ca n b e
h co mp a r e d w i thp ro
p r i e ty
slo dio u s , high, t u n e fu l, s au cy, e lo q u e n t , e x
1 011 , f
ew lit tle o ld, s hallo w
, br am e d, glo w
,
 40 E X ER C I S E S ON A LL

in g, k n o w ing, heco mp hshe d, e x

*
half n is he d, full, co u nterf
er t, -
e it ,
meagr e , w o rt hle s s , b o tto mless , fu n amcn tal, o rn am e n ta l, v ern al, gr e en
,
s u n b u rn t f
-
r e e , rs t .
,

M en tio n a n d sp e ll the thr ee d e gr ees ofco mp a r iso n

S tro n g, w e ak , light ga r ou gh, n ice , co ar s e , erce , white , r ip e , t hin , slim , dim ,
it , hot , f
x at , glad , b i , d r ol d ry, s p rig htly, m an ly en tle f
e e b le , ab le i dle s e r e n e
g g , , , ,
d is cree t, se v ere , p oli t e , s u b lime , in t en s e , p r o f
oun

C omp a r e by u si n g L E S S a n d L EA S T
Br o ad, con v en ie n t , co n de n t, lively, t ro u b les o me , t hick , j oyful, so rr o wful, e x
o rb itan t , e xact , in d u l e n t han ds o me
g ,
.

Jo i n s u i t a b le a d ectives to ea ch o
j fthe fo llow in g n o u n s
Moon, eld, f
o u n t ain , t re e s , ar de n , ho r s e , willo w, man , woman , m u le , p e n ,
in k, day, w o o d, b oys , t ho u ghts , e e lin gs , act i o n s , co n du ct .

The v er b s , a n d why
T he H o p e dece ives u s
su n r is e s . S addle y o u r ho rs e B ees colle ct ho n ey

. . .

Hon ey is co lle cte d b y b ees T he b ir d u t t e rs T he t r e es w av e

. T he w o r k me n . .

hav e b u ilt t he ho u s e T he I n dian s b o u n d t heir p ris o n e rs

. T he p r is o n ers w er e .

b ou n d P in k s ar e fra ran t
g T he t hu n de r w as r o lli ng L ip s , ho we ve r r o s y m u s t
T hin k o fcas e ,
. .

W
.

be f ed T he mill can n o t grin d w ith t he wat e r t hat has p as s e d

. .

b u t w or k o n R iches ar e go t w it h ain , k e p t w it h care , an d lo s t wit h grie f

.

e .

ar e lo ve d fo r o u r gifts , b u t r e s p ecte f o r t he u s e we m ak e o fthe m .

The p a r ticip les a n d the i n n iti ve s, an d why

Plan t in g, p lan te d , b ein g p lan t e d, having p lan te d, hav in g b een p lan t e d, t o p lan t ,
to b e p lan t e d, t o b e p lan t in g, to ha ve p lan t e d , to hav e b e e n p lan te d , t o have b e e n
lan t in g
is w ay
s u n r is in
C olu mb u s b e came w earie d an d d is he ar te n e d b y impe dim en ts t hro wn in
.
.

W
T he I n dian s e d , leav in g t he ir m u le s t ie d t o t he b u s he s
e s aw t he s u n r is e h W e s aw t he
e n m y e ye s s ha ll b e t u r n e d t o b e ho ld , f
. W
g . or
the las t t i me , t he s u n in he av e n m ay I n ot s e e him s hin ing o n t he b r o k e n an d d is
hon o re d f ragme n ts o fa o n ce gl o r io u s U ni o n ; o n S t at es s ev e r e d , dis co r d an t , a nd

b lo e ebs ter W
b elli erc u t ; o n a lan d r e n t wit h civ il f
.
e u ds , o r dr en che d, it m ay b e , with f r at e r nal

Gi ve the p r i n cip a l p a r ts, a n d tell w hether the v er b is r egu la r o r i r r egu la r

Fo rm at tack , s tr ip , d en y b o w , so w, gro w, s e w, s in , win , s p in , au tho r ize , crit

,
ieis e , s k i m, s wim, he al, s te a in b rin g, s pr ead, d r e ad, t wit , s it , t , hit die , lie ,
e el
,

m old, hold, clo s e , lo se , c ho os e , b in d , nd, n e s p u rn , b u rn , r ee l, f b le n d ,

f
,
r e n d, len d lo an , t e n d t e n t , n e e d, f e e d, b light , ight , w in k , dr in k , s lin k , s n e ak ,
,
sp e ak , s t e e p , s le e p , 0 eav e , w eav e , le ave , r e ach, t e ac h ,
fre t, ge t , let , s e t, whe t,

s mu t, p u t , agr e e , f r e e s e e , e e , y, cr y S ite , b i t e , wr ite , t ak e , m ak e , b ak e , b ar e ,

, , p
d ar e , s tr ay, p ay , slay, tr ick , click , s tick , c all, f all, f e ll, b in d b o u n d, gri nd , gr o u n d ,
,
he at , e at , r o am, co m e , w e lco me , ho ld, 11 ho ld, wit hho ld, giv e, m isgiv e u n der 0 , ,

u n do , co u n t e r act , s ay, gain s ay, will, s ha , hav e , m ay , can , lan d, s t an d, am , e,

r ise , raise t e ll, s well s p ell, qu ell, lie , lay, s it , s eat , s e t .
, ,

G i v e, i n the o r d er o fthe C o nj u ga tio n , the p a r ti cip les , then the i n n iti ves
M o v e, co n clu de , u n de r min e , r e i ns tate ,
*
r is e , s rin g,
p de rade , gro wl, n d, write ,
b le e dl o ve r whe mi dro wn w e av e
'

in v 1go rate 7 s ee .

7 he v er b s, a n d w hether tr a n si ti ve, p as s iv e , i n tr a n s it ive, o r n e u te r , a n d w hy

T he ho rs e carries his r ider T he ho rs e s ar e hit che d t o t he w ago n
. T he wat er .

t u rn e d t he w he e l T he w he el was t u rn e d b y t he w at er
. M ary r e ads T he b o o k . .

i s re ad T he man k ick e d t he ho r i e
. T he man w as k ic k e d b y t he ho r s e
. T he .

ho rse kick s S u c h as I am, I have always b e e n , an d always s hall b e

. T o teach . .

46
hav in g t au ght , hav in g b e e n t au ght , t o hav e b e e n t au ght S in ce t hes e m e n co u ld .

n o t b e co n v in ce d, it w as de te rm in e d t hat t he y s ho u ld b e p ers e cu t e d He t alk s w ell . .

He t alk s n o n s en s e I fhe t hin k s as he s p e ak s, he m ay b e s af

. e ly t r u s t ed I fyo u .

ar e ab le t o he lp , wait n o t t o b e as k e d He s e ate d hims e lf He sat in a co rner

. He . .

s e t a t ra for artrid e s L t he b o k w h e r e it lay b e for e Y o u r leade r s his s ed

p g a y o . .

the ir i n gn at i o n , a i d s hou t e d Ki n l
T he wo r k me n ar e b u ildin g t he ho u s e

. .

The ho u s e is b u ilding O u r chains are f orging

. G re e n m ap le cu ts e as ily A n ax. .

t o grin d He was n ev er he ar d o faf

. te r war ds .
 H . 41

w as walk e d Mi lto n .

v er bs p assi ve, a n d the p ass we

m ise r y . My n e ighb or has

T he d is tan ce w as m e as u r e d

be
W. He w ill go
ho e v er w o u ld
hat e ver dir e c tio n
r ight .

n o ds o n the r av e , an d the lily lolls on t he

g
ain I m ay co mman d, b u t yo u
t his e v e n i n g

re as s is t e d u s
, b u t he wo u ld n o t D o n ot .

Villiam s t u dy , he w ill s oo n k n o w his les s o n .

ride Tr ain u p a child in t he w ay he s ho u ld

.

ep ar t f ro m it T he v iolet s o o n w ill ceas e t o

.

hate v e r t hy han ds n d to d o , do it w it h all

he s tart e d u
p M ay yo u b e happ y
. I fy o u .

in b e d is a
p p o mte d , blame n o t m e I fI w e r e .

me, b rin g my le tte rs He wo u ld r ob o t he rs) .

0 , that he w er e w is e r He is as m erry as if .

in e is d rawn b is e cting t he an gle , t he s eg

n b is e ct in g t he an gle , t he s egme n t s w ill b e
it los e t he co n de n ce o fthe p e o p le T his .

o n de n ce o ft he p e o p le T hi s go v e rn me n t .

den ce o f t he p e o p le H ad yo u f o rb o r n e ,
W
W
.

) t o an o the r p ar t L e t u s n o w t u r n t o an
.

hat els h f airy B e it s o S ay t hey w ho

. .

) Wh s ore . H u s he d n o w are t he w hir l wi n ds

Je d to w e e p f o r t he b u ds it had le f t T he .

elt er T he s to rm ce as e d b e f o r e we r e ache d
g
.

10 accu se r He w ho is a s tr an er t o in d u s
.

ly . M e n m u s t b e t au ght as i yo u t au ght f
p ea rly c lo u ds r e p o s in g lle T h e n t ho u s halt .

w o u ld have grie ve d yo u r he ar t t o s e e t he
ld S r ik e ! f o r t he gre e n g ra v e s o f
d e t .

mo ther Hallo we d b e t hy n ame I m ay

y
. .

t hat the s ir it o fdis co nt e n t w as ve ry p re v a

g
~

at I hav e l e e n gr o s s ly mis in fo r me d Had .

o s it io n , it co u ld n o t , at t hat m o m en t , hav e
av e b e e n f o r me d a t t he age o f tw e n t y IIe .

I s aid, G o ; a n d he w e n t I fit we r e r e ally .

33 3 Havi n g r e ceiv e d an in v it atio n , he w as

.

had rat he r s ell it I wo u ld rat her s e ll it A s . .

I p lay wit h yo u .

ir e
go i n q s en ten ces i n to a ll t he o the r m o o d s, the n
42 E X E R C I S ES ON ALL

The ver bs the n the fo r m s, an d why

Tw ilight is w e epin g o e r t he p e n siv e r o s e A s w e were co ming home , w e s aw

.

a m os t b e au t if u l r ai n b o w I t d o e s amaz e m e . . Y e k n o w n o t w hat ye s ay .

il l g t ak e th aw a the b ar b arity o fmen s min ds G on e, f o r e v er go n e are t he lov e ly

y
.
,
v is io n s o fyo u t

W fwhat p er so n
The v er b s ; an d o an d n u m b er , to a gr ee wi th
I stu d wr it e He s tu tte rs
e G ras s gr o w s T hey w e r e Y ou might im
W
. . . .

p ro v e . hou art t he man I t is Y e ar e T ho u has t b e e n

. T he i n d has ris e n
. . . .

C o w s ar e lo win g T he crick e t c hir p s S ill he av e n ly M u s e S e e k w e t he s hade

g
. . . .

t is I I t is t he y
. I m y elfs aw him
s . T i e ge n e ral hims e lfw as s lain *
ow n . . D
w e n t t he s hip an d he r alla nt cr e w D o wn w en t t he s hip w it h her gal lan t cr e w
j
. .

T he co lo n y w as in u re d b y civI l d is s e n s io n s M an y a
g

T he u b lic ar e in v it e

p
W
.

man as b e e n r u in e d b y sp e cu lat io n B e it e n acte d Jo hn , b r ing m e s o m e w at e r . . .

R is e , an d d e f e n d t hys elf T o co m lain is u s e less h t s i n ie s r c o m lain

p . a g y o u p .

in g i I t is u s e le ss t o co m plain I s it he ? T he re ar e s o me p e rs o n s at t he do o r

. .

Eithe r yo u r hors e o r m in e is gon e N eit he r t he w o man n or her chil d w as hu rt . .

T ho u o r I am t o b lam e He , as well as I , is t o blam e

. .

C onj u ga te ea ch ofthe follo wzn g ver bs, begi n n in g w i th the

r st p er son si ngu la r , a n d
s top p i n g w i th the s u bj ec t

T he b o y le ar n s T hu s : S I N G U L A R , 1 s t p ers o n , I lear n 2 d p ers o n , Y o u lear n ;

.

3 d p e rs o n , He, or the oy, lear n s ) T he le av es are f alling Flow e rs m u s t f

. ade an e . . J
r e a ds Jan e an d E li z a r e ad
. Jan e o r Eliz a r e ads T he lan ds m ay hav e b e e n s old
. . .

T h e ho rs e has b e en e at in g T he hor s e s hav e b e en f .ed .

Co nj u ga te fu lly the v er bs R U L E, P E R M I T , C A R R Y , S T R I KE, S EE.

The v er bs r e gu la r o r i r r egu la r ; tr an si ti ve, p a s s iv e, i n tr a n si ti ve, o r n e u te r ; mo o d ,

a n d n u mb er , a n d w hy
fo r m
W W W
ten s e, an d p er son

H e r e ads hav e sle pt S he die d

. e e re w e s u r ass e d ?
. ere w e s urp as s e d . .

Y o u had s ee n Had yo u s e en ? T ake car e , lest t ho u o se it M y t ime m ight hav e

. .

b een impr o ve d b ett er The s tr awb err ie s ar e ri hin g I wis h I w er e a care le s s child
. . .

N ow , n o w , w hile my s tre n gt h an my yo u th are in b lo o m,

L e t m e thin k w hat w ill ser ve m e w he n s ick n ess s hall come,
A n d p r ay that In s in s b e f o rgiv e n :
L et me r e ad in go o b ook s , an d b e lie v e an d ob ey ,
T hat , whe n
I m ay d well in a p alace in heav en
D
eath t u r n s m e o u t o ft his co t t a e o fclay
a tts
,
. W g
.

The a d ver b s ofw ha t ki n d , a n d w ha t they m o d if y

N ow , wis ely, her e , there , f or war ds , alw ays , s o me tim es , v er y, lon g ago ; w o n der

fully m ade t o o f as t ; r athe r s le n de r T he hor s e r u n s s wif tly G o d is e v ery w he r e . . .

N eve r b ef o r e did I see her look s o ale Thes e thin gs hav e alw ays b e e n s o Y ou
j
. .

do n o t k no w him as w ell as I do u st n o w s aw him her e He re ad alo u d T he

. . .

b all w as b rillian tly illu min at e d, an d d en s e ly cr o w d e d w it h hear ers H e is p o o r .

e no u gh t hat is n o t lo v e d Play is goo d w hile it is p lay P erhap s yo u hav e n o t .

j
.

n o tice d q u it e all the adv e rb s in t he s e n t e n ce w hich I hav e u s t r e ad T he w o m e n .

es p e cially w e re well p r o v ide d f or Y o u r b oo k is mor e b e au tif u l ; m in e is m o r e

.

u sef ul I hav e b ee n t oo idle he ret o f

. ore ; b u t he n cef o rth I w ill s t u dy m o re dili

t i *
N o t t o u s , b u t t o t hy n ame , b e all t he p r ais e Ho w e v e r p leas an t it
ge n
b
.

m ay e , w e can t ar ry n o longe r T he co o le r t he w at er , t he b e tte r I lik e it T he r e

. .

i l ig W
liv e d a m an w ho s e n ame w as D an S e co n dly, there is n o ho n o r able w ay o fr et re at
hy, o f fagain ? I co n s u lte d him o n ce o r t wice n ot o f
te ll a lie N o , in de e d
.

T he o wers are n o more
t e n er
.

D id yo u e v e r
e hav e m ar che d n o t qu ite W .

g
. .

f ar e n o u h as ye t p e r b a s T he mo nk ey at o n ce t o o k u p the v io lin , an d t rie d it

.

all o ve r , b u t co u ld n o t n d w her e t he t u n e lay A n d t ho u has t ho b ah o bb ed wit h .

-

P har ao h, glass t o glas s .

C or/ (p ar e

L ate , s o on , e arly, m u ch, little , well, ill, lo n g, f

ar ,
p ro

u dly, her o ically, p ar t i e

u larly .

ill en tio n the co r r esp o n d i n g a dv er b

Tru e , n ew, s u r e , go o d, glaring, s tu dio u s , arde n t, b ad, p atie n t, n ob le , ge n t le,

n e ce ssary , grap h
h *
laz p ro f u se, s la v u ,
r i ch er ,
r i ch e s t , p
lal n e r ,
s e v r
e e s t ,
i c, crl tl c
,
r
or e , gr amm ar ,
h is to ry, ar it hm et i c ,
a

geb r d .
44 R UL ES or S Y N TA X .

R uf us T he rst tr ee an d t he f
. o u rth ar e de ad I S hall call fo r you at S m it h s

.
.

Y o u hav e t he hor s e I w an t L e t it b e A r m, s oldiers H o w n o w, T u l al ; w hat

. .

n e ws f ro m G e n o a ?
S hou ld hav e k n o wn m e !
s oo n r ot ten .
W
S we et t he p le as u r e , rich t he t reasu r e
ill yo u go t here lI go t her e ? N ev er
S tr ange in dee d, he
S oon rip e ,
.

C ha n ge the p o si tio n o fthe w o r d s , w i thou t cha n gin g the m ea n i n g

After a p ain f u l s t r u gle , I y ield e d t o my f ate S w e et s on w er e hear d the
g .

le af
y dells alo n g M e glo ry s u mmo n s t o t he mart ial s cen e
. ario n s , S in ce r e .

an d co n s tan t are t he ef fo rt s o f m e n t o p r o du ce t hat ha

pp in e s s which the m in d
re qu i r es .

T ell which is the su b e ct, a n d w hi ch is the r ed i c a te

j p
Bir ds T he gr as s is gr o wi n g
s in g T he b ir d has b een S in gin g T he clo t he s
'

. . .

w ill hav e b een drie d R e ad Hark ! they w his p e r ; an ge ls s ay , S is te r s pirit, co me

. .
-

aw ay The s u n s hin e s an d w ar ms
. T he su n an d mo o n s hi n e . .

The the en ti r e p r ed i c ate then the su bj ect n om i na tiv e a n d b y w ha t

en ti r e s u b ect a n d
j -

m o d ied , a n d the p r e d ica te ve r b a n d b y wha t m o d if

-
ied
T he do b ar k s T he do g is wat chf . ul T he dog is a qu adr u e d A n an gry b e e . .

t i T s l t di T h t i i i
y b d o ld is t he mis er s

s n gs i
. s o u can n o e e p arr o s a n o s r . .

d elight A lam w itho u t o il is u s ele s s

. Her eyes ar e b lu e T he r e e d b e n ds u n
. .

d e r t he w in d e le av e s f.all o f f T he p as s e n gers cr os s e d t he m o u n tain s , o n

.

mu les A s er v an t co mes r u n n in g T he thr u s h s in gs me rr ily in t he m o r n ing, fro m

. .

the t o p o ft he t r e e T he s ick m an n e eds a p hys ician

. T he man w ho is s ic k , n ee ds .

a p hys ician T her e is n ow o f

. fe r e d y o u an o pp o rt u n ity t o s ee yo u r u n cle .

P oi n t ou t the cla u s es

I fw e m u s t f
ail, b e it so ; bu t w e shall n ot f
ail .

Be cau s e I e at an d dr in k w itho u t lu xu ry, b an is hin all f or eign s u er u it

p y ; be
c au s e I dr es s m ys elfin a w ay at o n ce co mf o rt ab le , an l in g t o t he eye
p e as
; be cau s e
I r ei n s t ate t he m an ly he ar d in it s lo s t ho n o r b e cau s e I withs t an d p r ivilege s an d

rej u dices , an d w o u ld as s fo r n o m o re t han I am w ort h ; b ecau s e I w ill n o t e s t ab

is h my char act er b y a u e l, o r he ar ab o u t t he in s i n ia o fr eal o r f eign e d s e r vice s
b e cau s e I f or s wear d ece it , an d as s e rt t he t r u t h wit o u t fe ar , am I t he r ef ore to b e
treat e d, in the n in e te en t h cen t u ry , as a f o ol

l l . R U L ES OF S Y N TA X .

TI I E R EL A T I O N S OF WD OR S TO O N E A N O TH E R , I N T HE S TR U C TU R E OF

S E N TEN C E S .

W o r ds ar e u se d to ex p r e s s thou ghts ; b u t
qui r e s t w o e v e ry tho u ght re

o r mo r e w o r ds t o b e asso ciat e d o r gr o u p e d t oget he r, in o r de r t o e x p r e ss

it. A lmo st ev e ry w o rd, ther ef o r e , is s o made o r m o di e d, o r is o fs u ch a

n atu r e , t hat it lo o ks t o so me o th er w ord f o r co mp le t e s e n se an d w o u ld

,

b e as u n mean in g an d u seless b y its e lf as a de tache d piece o fa s te am

e n gin e .

Ex The w hite ho u se gleamin g o n yo n de r b ill, w as b u ilt lo n g ago f

. o r me

an d my f The re lates t o hous e, S ho w in g t hat so me p art icu lar

amily t o liv e in it .

o n e is me an t ; white r elate s to h o us e, de scrib in g it ; hous e re lat e s to was bu i lt,

the thin g sa id o fit ; gleam ing re lat e s to ho use, descr ibin g it ; on re lat e s t o gle am
ing an d hi ll, s ho w in g w he re ; hill relate s to on , s ho w in g o n w hat ; was bu i lt ,

re lat e s to ho u se, s ho w in g w ha t is said o fit ; lon g a go re late s t o was bu ilt, sho w

in g whe n ; f or re lat es to w as bu i lt an d m e an d my f a mily, s ho win g t he p u rp o se ;

me an d my f a mily re late s to f or a n d co nn e cts m e an d f ami ly, s ho w in g t hat t he

t wo are t o b e t ake n to ge t he r ; m y relat es t o f am i ly, s ho w mg w hat f a mily ; a

li ve re lates to me an d f a m ily, sho wing w ha t w e do ; in re la te s to it an d to lit e .

s or S Y N TA X . 45

ho us e as the thin g me an t, an d to in as de
ay t e ach y o u , t o s o me e x te nt , w hat t he f
ol

fw o rd s b e tt er , t he te ac her m ay do w ell t o w r ite o n

s till
i e r, the f o r eg o in g s e n t e n ce , a n d t he mo s t s u ita b le o ft he
u le s ; a n d t he n Jo in t he re la ted p a r ts b y c on n e c tin g li ne s

R ON OU N u s ed a s the su
bj ect ofa

TOM I N A T I VE
W

a m . e ar e

Th
o u d ar s t n ot . T he
V
.

hat he N E D s
E . I HA E les s t han he

{ ON O U N u sed in dep en den tly or a b

[ I N A T I VE

bal, go . P lato , tho u T hre e
r e as o n s t w ell
2 b be o r n o t to be, that is t he
.

d s um

.

8, whe e ar e
r t hey i
My ba n ks they ar e
l Di c tio na r y, U m b ri d ge l A b s c l u t e ly .

T o b eco me a tho r o u gh scho lar , r e qu ir e s gre at

7

limits the mea n in g

ess i o n , mu s t be in the P OS S E S S I V E

W
o t an y hor s e ,
b u t the o n e t hat b elo n gs t o
ho se b o o k is it , ifn o t min e [ my b o o k ] i
S mith, A llen , an d B ar ton s s to r e

C all
u

S m ith
s h o u s e o r s t o re

The cap ta i n o f .

o bj ect ofa tr a n s
in the O B JEC T I V E cas e .

DI D yo u H IT

D av id SL E

W
t ing an d s lei
ghi ng D o yo u.

he is in debt
By R EA D I N G
.

u s ed a s the o bj ect ofa p r ep

is , w e cou ld n o t s ay, w he n s p e ak in g

each B Y r eadi ng I N
p .

witho u t a go v er n in g
a dj u n ct s o me o ther

The ho r se RAN s ix
t hin g n o w TR I PS a

H e is n othi ng

N tha t do es br in g a n n ot

cc, a n d is u s ed mer ely f or

ion , mu st be in the S A M E
46 R U L ES OF S Y N TA X .

Ex The STR A N GER w as y o u r f

. r ien d, he that aft erw ar ds b ecame my in str u ctor .

T A KES , en dle s s taxes , ar e t he consequences o f co rr u p t io n HE s tr u ts a da n dy . .

T hey made H I M cap tain

HE w as m ade cap tain
. .

R U L E VI I I The r ela tive W H A T, a n d o ther exp r ess i n s oof

W
.

the s a me kin d, ma y ha ve a T OF OL D c n str u cti n o o in r e ar d

g
to
W
cas e .

Ex I TOO K wh t a S U ITE D me hoe ver m TA K which

W K
. SINS L S U FFER E
K
. .

horse w hat e v er man

e ve r
yo u L I E. T he ho n I LL ILL T O U C I I ES hi m .

R U L E I X A P R ON O U N mu st . a gr ee with its a n teceden t,

in
gen der , p er s o n , an d n u mber .

Ex T H OM AS f ou n d h is D OG w ith Hen ry s D O G S , an d they w er e all chas in g a

.

D EER which had leap ed o u t o ft he w heat held T he an teceden t is t he su b s tant iv e in -

.

r ef r e M ar y

e re n ce to w hich t he
p r o n o u n is u s ed
; a s ,
M ar y los t her b o o k H e .

is t he an t e ce de n t o fher I t is n o t n e ce ss ary to ap p ly t he R ul e , u n le s s it is de n i tely

.

k n own w hat the an t e ceden t is .

R ULE X A n A R TI C L E or .
-
an A D JE C TI VE belo n gs to the
su bs ta n tive to w hich it r ela te s .

Ex A . le s r ti
B rin g a R O S E f
c ro m th e G A R D EN A G A R D EN ER S w ages .

.

O n ce u p o n a s u mm er s D A Y

A N O U N an d p ro n o u n The H O U S E an d L OT
Y
. . .

A n I D US
N. T R I O U S P EOP L E , hav in g a G R E A T M A N C U R I O U S I N VE N T I C N S

A dj e c .

tiv es This A PP L E is r ip e T he t r u ly goo d P EO P L are h T h
SJ
a py e

p . .

PL Es b o iled sof t T o live co mf o rt ab ly, is des ir ab

. hat is d es irab le
N OTE X A n A D JEC TI VE is . so metimes u sed a bs o lu tely a fter a
p r eceding

p ar ticip le or i n n itiv e .

Ex . To BE good is To B E happ y .

T he dr ead o f B EI N G p oor .

R U L E X L A FI N I T E V ER B mu st a gr ee w ith its su b e ct, j in

r s o n an d n u m ber
p e .

Ex He is T hey ar e
T hou ar t

I a m
T EA an d S I L K ar e

WK
. . . . .

ro m
br ou ght f t he Eas t A EE . o r 9. M O NT H soo n p asses aw ay . O ur P EOP L E

l
No B elie ve T H OU an d obey
a r e e n ter p r isin g . N A T I O N i s at w ar wi th u s .
[ .

T o wr ite te n lines a day, | is s u f cie n t

That s o an y are ru in e d in
. m ar ge citie s , |

is o w in g t o b ad e xample s .

N OT E X I I n a f ew p ecu lia r exp r ess io ns

.
,
FI N I T E V ER B S ar e u s ed w itho u t
su ita ble s u b ect o r w itho u t an
a j y j
s u b ect , .

Ex . Afethin hs .

Fo r thw ith o n all s ides to his aid was r u n

By an gels m any an d s tro ng Milton s P L

. .
, B . V] .

A nd p erhap s , G o d s aid, L et u s m ak e m an in o ur o wn image .

X I
I A ou n or
P A R T I C I P L E o r a n I N F I N I TI V E r ela tes to a n

r o n o u n a s its s u b ct ; a n d the inn itive ma y bes ides mo di f

p j e y
the mea n in g o r co mp lete the c o n s tr u ctio n qfs o me o ther w o r d -

or p a r t ofthe s en ten ce
W
.

E x lW D t t E t h i i g A A L KE hig h t b ou o s ee e MOO N r s n .

M O U N TA I N so As o e
j
.

h d h b t m y '

er t
c ually d w i w A
co ver e
p t sno n o u n or ron o u n , u se as s u c a su ec , a

b it h i th mi ti
p .

e e er n i th bJ t
e no ; d t d t t hna bJ t v e cas e or n e o e c I ve case an I en o e s e o ec

to w hich t he act o r s tat e b e lo ngs .

N O TE XI I A P A R TI C I PL E o r can I N FI N I TI VE i s so meti mes u s ed a bso lu te

!
or in dep en de n tly .
 b u s in e s s than o ld men are .

to p r oceed : I t has b e en f re e

s e v e r al s trin gs b y w hichhe
u
p plie d , t o avo id the u s ee s

to the w o r d, p hr a s e, or

A Pidl
y up the r o ad .

so mething tha t u s u a lly

is u s ed in the sen se ofan a dv er b

wher e ou r her o was b u r ie d .

1

metimes
Wj
car s to be so us ed in dep enden tly .

w hat to do . hy , t hat is a new idea .

o ft he n at u r e o fco n u n ction s an d in t erj e c

o ws the r ela ti o n ofa n an

ent ter m in the o bj ectiv e cas e.

[L in S PR I N G BL O SS OM ED a lon g t he B K AN on the
fr om M E an d H I M an d G A VE it to H ER
,
t he s late ,
e cede n t

me an s go ing be
for e ; su bsequ en t m ean s
arr an ge d , u n le ss w hic h s o m et imes
I n v er t e d,
be o no u n , an a dj ecti ve, a ver b, an
'
a n o u n , 9.
ten t ter m m u st e a s u bs ta n tive .

o
[O N S c n n ect cla u s es or s en ten ces ;
in the sa me o
c n s tr u cti n o .

is to rt e d an d p ale .

l t he e ld , becau se it is n o t cu lti vat e d .

TI O N S ha v e no g ra mma tica l co n

d f4 ihf5 ihf6 th 7 thf S thfc fl Othf

ih

PA R S I N G .

3O fS p e e ch, an d w hy the kin d, an d w hy ;

latio n t o o the r w o rds, an d acco r din g t o

r ti c le s .

de nite,
an d why , to what I t b elo n ga s ,
0

inde nite,

The riv e r .

d b ef o r e a n o u n to S ho w ho w it is ap p lie d ;

r riv er is me an t ; an d it b elo n gs t o r i ver , ac

i gs to th e s u bs ta n tive to whichi t
co mmon it is a n ame co m mo n t o all o b e ct s o f j
otes n e ith e r a m ale n o r a f e m ale thi r d p ers on ,
s in gu lar n u mber , it m e ans b u t o n e .

r ep e at ofa R u le mo re th an the e xa mp l e v o
q n ir e s .
48 PA R S I N G .

I n li k e m a n n er p a r se the fo llo w in g p hr a ses

The man . The me n .

The ho r s e . The ho r ses .

The child . The childr e n .

A man hat

s .

A is an ar t/icle, a w o r d p lace d b ef o re a n o un t o s ho w ho w i t 1 5 ap p lie d ;
-

de n ite , it s ho ws t hat n o p art ic u lar man is mean t, an d it b elo n s t o

g
co r di n g t o R u le X
(R ep eat it ) . .

M an

s

it is a n ame commo n , it is a gen er ic n ame ; ma scu lin e
is a noun ,
der , i t den ote s a m ale ; thi r d p erson , i t re re s e n t s an o b e ct as s o k e n o f; s in
n u mber , it m e an s b u t o n e
p j p
; an d in the p o ssess ive cas e, it lim its t he mean ing o f
acco r di n g to R u le I I I
(R ep eat it ) . .

Ha t is p ars e d lik e
r i ver .

I n lik e m an n er p a r s e the fo llo wi n g p hr as es

A n e ighb o r s f
ar m

The sun s sple n do r

. .

A n I n dian s hatche t

The b oy s b o o k

. .

W
A te amste r s w hip

. The b oys b o o k s .

A lady s f

o men s f

an .
an cie s .

A dj e ctiv e s .

A h adj ective
gzgf
fl
e
FORM U L A ,
an d w hy ;
an d w hy ; whether co m
p a r ed or n o t and ho w ; t he degr ee, an d w hy ; t o w hat it b elo ngs, an d ac co rd
W
,

in g t o ht R a u le .

A u l m o rn in
b e au tif g .

B ea u tifu l is an adj ective, a w or d u s e d t o qu alif

y o r limit t he m e an in g o f a
s u b s tan tive ; des cr ip tive, it d es cr ib e s o r q u ali e s t he mo r n in g ; comp ar ed p o s .

bea u tif u l, co mp mor e beau tif u l, s u p er ]

. mo st beau tif ul in t he p o s it ive degr ee , it .

as cr ib es t he q u ality s imply ; an d it b elo n gs t o mor n i ng, acco r din g to R u le X .

(R ep e at it ) .

A ll m e n .

FOR M U L A A n adj ective, . an d w hy ; the kind, an d why ; t o w hat it b elo n gs,

an d acco rdin g t o w hat R u le .

A ll is an adj ect ive, a w o r d u s e d t o qu alif

y o r limit t he m e an ing of a su b
s tan t iv e ; den it ive, it limit s o r m o di es t he m e an ing o f men

an d it b elo n gs to
men , acco r din g t o R u le X (R ep eat it )

. .

P ar se the fo llo wi n g p hr a s es

A r ip e m elo n
'
. An e arly r is e r . The black w in ge d re db ird
-
.

A dar k n ight A n o lde r man The r e d w in ge d blackbir d

W
-
. . .

The de ar e st his tle . The w hites t r o se . The fair e s t la d

y .

D eli
ghtful s ce n e r
y . A mos b
in ge n io u s s to ry
t .

Flo w ery me ado w s . The mo s t e lo qu e n t p re ache r

b
.

Ele gan t fu rn itu r e . h b

j
T e le ss o b ectio nab le place .

A mo re b eau tif
b
u l da
y . The le as t ro u ble so me se r van t
t b
.
 ES I N G .
49

The b eS t gi f t
Joh n s b ay ho rs e

.

T he w o rst con dition .

The las t in tervie w .

W
A go o d b oy s mo ther

.

e b s te r s mo st elo qu e n t sp e e ch

b
.

Gro u n d corn .

o u r th m an
Ev e ry f .

Tho se tw o b e n che s .

The law yer s o w n case

.

yo u n g, an d f
n o b le , air
D ryden m
,
n e d t he ir o win g ha .

"
e m elo n is m e an t . (b ) T o b e
. o mi tte d in p ar sing .

53533
29 an d w hy ; co llective, an d why
6 7 71 ,
;

nu mber , an d why ; case, an d R u le .

)w is f
alli n
g .

co mmon , it is a gen e r ic n ame n eu ter gen der , it

r d p erso n , i t r e r e s e n t s an
p o bj e ct as s p o k en
on e an d m t he no m m ati ve case it is the su b
t o Rul e 1 R
( ep e at it ) . .

id the n ou n s

1 .

Holme s ta ught E cu r
a
m
y arith e c
ti
.

L S arahs

p en .

e s the co achman is s ick

.

p o e t M ilto n w as b lin d .

aro f
t t he h isto rian w a s m a de chair m an d

r e
g is
[
a ge n tle man an d a s cho lar .

2 .

o ks, slat e , an d p ap e r .

w as he
tir es m in d an d lab o r .

3k, I r emained at ho m e .

le e p, an d 3 6 fe e t w ide .

m
u d i n the o b e c ti ve cas e
j it i the o bj e ct o f the v e r b
s
z od w o r ds d e t er min e the p ar s in g o fo the r w o rd s

.
i

in t he o bj e ct iv e cas e i t 1 8 t he o bj e c t o f the p r e p

"
0 a gree w ith Jam es a cco r d in g t o R u l e VI I
,
.

Ba ncroft, acco r d in g to R u le VI I

0 agr e e w i th .

re co r di n g to R u le I I .

"
n i ti 1 g
'
d e ep acc o r din g t o R u le V I .
 5O PA R S I N G .

P ron ou n s .

r ela tive,
FOR M UL A A .
p r o nou n definition ; p er son al, an d w ay ; gender , an d

interr ogative,
why ; p er son, an d w hy ; nu mber , an d why ; cas e, a n d R ul e .

I myself saw Jo hn an d his b r o the r .

I is a p r on o u n , a wo rd t hat s u p lie s the lace o fa n o u n ; ers ona l, it is o n e

p
o ft he p r o n o u n s t hat s er v e t o dis t in gu i s h t he d i e rcu t
p ers on s ; 0 the co mmo n gen
der , it m ay de n o t e e ithe r a m ale o r a f e male ;
f p
i st er so n , it de n ot e s t he s i e ak e r ;

r
s in gu la r n u mber it m e an s b u t o n e
; an d in t he no mi n at ive case it is the s u j ect o f
the v e rb saw
,

acco rding t o R u le 1 .

Myself is
a p r o no u n , a w o rd that s u p plies t he place o fa n o u n co mp ou n d, it
is co mp o u n de d o fmg a n d s el ; f p er son al, e t c. an d in t he nom in ati ve case to
agr e e w it h I,
acc m ding to

R u le VI I .

Hi s is

a p r o no u n , a w or d that s u p plie s
p t he lace o fa n o u n er son a l, it is
o n e o ft he r o n o u n s t hat s e r v e t o d is tin gu is h t he di e re n t 3 e rs o n s
; o ft he masc u
p
lin e gen der , thir d p er so n , an d s ingu la r n u mber , t o a r e e wit John , accor din g t o g h
o ssess i ve ca s e, i t li mits t he me an i n

R u le I X (r e e at it a n d i n t he
g

o f br other ,
p
acco rdin g to R u le I I I
(R ep eat i t ). .

R e ad t hy do o m in the o w e rs w hich f
ade an d die
W
.
,

hich is a p r on o u n , a w o r d that su plies t he p lace o fa n o u n ; r elative, it
?
-

m ak es its clau s e de p e n de n t o n ano ther ; 0 t he n e u ter en der , thir d p er so n , an d

p lu r al n u mber , t o agr e e wi th f

lo wers , acco rdi ng t o R u e I X ; (r e p eat it a n d in

t he nomin ative case it is t he s u b ect o ft he v er b sf j

ade an d d ie acco r din g t o R u le 1

W
.

ho m did y ou s ee

M o m is
a r o nou n , a w or d t hat t ak es the p lace o fa n o u n ; in ter r ogative, it
p
is u sed to ask a
q u estio n ; o ft he common en der , it m ay de n o te e ithe r a m ale o r a
fe male thir d p er son , it r ep r es en t s an 0 )j e0l3 as g s o k en o f; s ing u lar n u mber , it
me an s b u t o n e an d in t he obj ecti ve case it is t he o j cet o ft he v er b d id see ae
co r ding t o R ul e I V .

James r e ads w hat ple him

W
as e s .

hat
is a w or d
t hat eu plie s the p lace o fa n o u n ; r ela ti ve, it
a p r o n ou n ,
mak es its clau s e dep e n de n t o n an ot he r o t he n eu ter gen der , it d e n o t es n eithe r a
m ale n or a f e male thir d p erson , it r ep res e n t s an ob e ct as s p ok en o f; si n gu lar n u m j
ber , it means b u t o n e an d it is her e u s e d as t he o b e ct o f r ea ds an d t he s u b e ct


j j

o f p leases , b e cau s e it tak e s t he p lace o fthat whichor thin g which, acco rdin g t o
R ul e VI I I R
( ep eat it )
. .

N atu r e de ign s to ble ss w hate v e r man w ill u se he r gif ts aright

W
.

hatever is an ad ective , a w or d that qu alies o r limits t he m e an in g o fa

s b
u st an t iv e def
j
in itvve, i t limit o r mo di e t he mean g of m n , an d it b elo ngs
s s in a

to mam, acco rdin g to R u le X

.

Man is a n ou n , it is a n ame ; comm on , it is a ge n er ic n am e , et c

an d .

it i s u s e d he r e as t he o bj ect o f to bless

an d t he s u bj e ct o f

w i ll u se , b eeau s e
the p hr as e whatever ma n tak e s t he l
p ace o fan y o r e very man that, acco rding to
R ule VI I I .

I do not kn o w w hat he is do in g

W
.

at
h

is a p r o no u n , a w o rd
lie s the p lace o fa n ou n ; r elati ve, it
that su p
mak e s its clau s e d e p e n d en t o n an o ther o ft e n euter gen der , it d en o t es n e it he r a
male n or a f e male ; th ir d p er son , it r e pr es e nts an o bj e ct as s o k e n o f; s ingu lar
n umber it means b u t o n e
; an d in t he o b
j ec tive ca se it is t he o j e ct o ft he ve r b is
do ingacco r ding to R u le I V
,
.
52 PA R S I N G .

in ectio n e d p ass ive, it af rms t he act o ft he o b ect acte d u p o n ; in dicative mo o d , j
it as s e rts s o me thin g as an act u al o ccu rr en ce o r f act ; p ast tense, it r e f
e rs t he act
s imp ly t o p as t t ime thir d p er so n a n d s in gular n u mber , to agre e with its s u b ect j
which, acco rding t o R u le XI .

Part iciples an d I nn itive s .

FOan U L A .
A p ar ticip le,
A n in n i ti ve ,
tr ans itive o r p ass ive,
i n tr a ns i ti ve or neu ter ,
an d Why
52?n 7
an d w hy, withf
or m, an d why ; to Wh t it a re late s, an d acco rding to

Wh R
7

at ule .
(X I I ) .

I n p ar s in g a p r es en t p ar ticip le , o mit r m an d in gen e r al o mit o fthe F o r m ulas Wh t a ev e r

is n o t ap p li cab le .

The t rave le r hav ing b e e n ro b b e d
,
w as o b lige d to s e ll his ho rs e .

Having bee n r obbed is a p a r ticip le, an in ecte d f

o r m o ft he v e rb , co n s t r u e d

lik e an adj e ctiv e , an d e xpr e s s in g n o af

rmat io n ; co mp ou n d, it co n s is t s o ft hr e e
p art icip le s p as sive, it r e p re s e n ts its s u b ect as acte d u p o n ; p erf
ect in s e n se it e x j
p re s s e s t he act o r s tat e as p as t an d n is he d at the time r e ferre d to ; an d it relat es t o

tr aveler , acco rdin g t o R u le XI I (R e p e at it ) . .

To i n n itive a f
sell

is o rm o f the v erb b e in n in
an g g u su ally with to, an d
e xPr es s in g n o af rmatio n a tr an sitivei it has an o bJe ct ; Pr es en t it d en o t es t he ac t
'
'

S l m ly m

; d it l t t d
tr v l , an co p et e l t h e o f w s obliged ,

a n r e a e s o a e er s e se n s a ac
n g t o R u le XI I
'

co r .

To b e tray is b ase w rit in g the le tter . I in sist on .

To betr ay is an i n tr an si tive, active, p r esen t in n itive, fro m the v e rb betr a , be
y
tr ap ed, betr ayed I t is her e u s e d also as a n o u n o f t he n e u te r gen der , thir d p er s on ,
an d in t he no mina ti ve cas eb ein j
.

s in gu lar n umber
g t he s u b e ct o f t he v er b is
l
W
acco r din g to R u e I .

is a tr an siti ve, active p r es en t p ar ticip le, f
riting ro m the verb wr ite, wr o te , ,

wr itten I t is he r e u s e d als o as a n o u n o ft he n e u ter gen der , thir d p er son , s in gu la r

.

n u mber ; an d in t he o b j ect ive case b e in

g t he o b e ct o f

t he r
p pe os iti o n o n acco r d j
in g t o R u le V .

It a f
fo r ds us
p le asu re to hav e s e e n the r isin g su n atte n de d by so m any

b e au tifu l clo u ds .

To h a ve see n is a tr a n sitive, acti ve p erf ect i n n iti ve, f ro m the v erb s ee, s aw , ,

I t is her e u se d als o us e n o u n o ft he n eu ter gen der , thi r d p er so n , s i n u lar

W
s een .

n u mber ; an d in the nom i n a ti ve case, t o agree

i th I t , accor ding to R u le V I .

R isin g is an a d ective, a w o rd u se d t o qu ali f

y o r limit t he m ean in g o fa s u b
'

s tan tiv e ; p ar ticip ia , it is a p ar tici is f ro m t he v e rb r is e, r ose r is en as cr ib in g

j
t he act o r s tate t o its s u b ect as a qu a ity it can n o t b e co m p ar e dwith p r o p rie ty
acco r din g to R u le X
.

an d b elo n gs t o s un

A tten ded is a p ar ticip la an in e cte d f

o r m o fthe v erb , co n str u ed lik e an
adj e ctiv e , an d e irpr ess in r:r n o alrmation ; p ass ive, it r e p r ese nts its s u b e ct as acte d j
u p o n ; p erf ect in fo rm bu t p r es ent in s e n s e , fo r it r e p re s en ts the act o r s tate as

p r e s e n t an d co n tin u in
g at t he t im e re f
e rre d to ; an d it r elate s to s un, acco r ding
to R ule XI I .

P a r se the a r ticles . a d ecti ves , j n o u n s, p r on o u ns, n i te v er bs, p a r tic ip les, a nd i n n i

ti ves z
1 .

W
C olu mb u s disco ve r e d A mer ica
e lo ve
S u san sp ilt th e in k
o ur frie n ds
.
.
. The s to r m r o ars
B irds y I t w as I
The le av e s qu iv e r
.

.

.
.

F o r tu n e f
av o rs him . R ive rs o w , an d s tars tw inkle .

They stru ck me . The s u n n y str e am glitte rs .

The tall pin e s ru stle . The t all p in e s are r u s tling .

 R SIN G . 53

2 .

Po n ds may b e de ep .

Y o u might hav e b e e n mo r e u n f o r tu n at e .

The ho rses might hav e b ee n f ed .

The lady may have b e e n han dso me .

W
The app les may have b ee n e ate n
ash in gto n w as p atrio tic
The so ldie rs w ill b e a tta ck e d
.
.

R eckle ss y o u th mak e s r u e f ul age .

J
o s e h has lo s t his hat
p .

The tailo r will hav e nishe d yo u r coat .

B e s in cere ( B e tho u s in ce re )
. .

M o v e y o u r de sk .

H o p e an d p e rs e ve re
se dt he su n is s e td
.

s afest r o o st
.

o w er e ts t o the su n .

"
catch a re at o n e
'

g .

on mu st w rite a co mp ositio n illiam . W

phthisic ? J ame s w o u ld go M ary co u ld

.

o uld
ghb o rs
lo v e D id y o u go ?
our n ei .

Time an d thinkin g tam e the s tro n ge st

g iv e ,
di v in e Of m ak in g m a n
y
. b o o k s
,
s co r n e r le s t he hate t he e I fhe w e re
,

f o o t, w e ar in
y g h im s e lf an d w a stin g h is
an d w o u ld n o t w ait H er e w as an o p .

3d h im to b e b ro u ght I t is the du ty o f
h
.

an d m in d L it tle me ddlin g m ak e s f
. air

len ! L e t L o v e hav e ey es, an d B e au ty

h c

at o fthe e lds, that o w e st f u ll an d f

'
ree .

,he b lo o min g v alley lls To die it is .

1 -

d Virgil chan ge dk su b e cts , the y had c e r j

e an d R o me w h ate ve r the h a d b e en
, y

Lul e XI I .
(d ) . is set
"
=h a s s e t. (e ) .

f) R ule I T ha t i s ,
(g ) an o p p o r tu ni ty f
=
. . . or
IV ( )
.i R u le I I
.
(j )

t h
.e m i h
g yt.

t he~

ha d b een ( : w o u ld h a v e b ee n), a n d
ha d been
ar e in the s u bj u n ctive mo o d .

dv e r b s .

if it may b e co mp ar ed, say s o, an d ho w ,

1 acco rdin g t o w hat R u le o r N o te .

w avin g b e au tif
u ll
y .

i es t he m e an in g o fa v e r b (are w av in g) ; it
co mp mo r e bea u tif
. u lly, s n p e rl mo s t bea u t i .

u ality ; an d it b e lo n s t o t he v e r b a/r e wa vi ng
g
he R u le as mu ch as is ap p lic ab le ) .
54 PA R S I N G .

w hile they blo o m

Gather
W
ro s es .

hile is an adver b, a w or d u s e d t o m o dif

y the m e anin g o fa v er b , an ad
j e ctiv e , o r an adv erb ; it is a co nj u n ctive adv erb o ftime an d it b elo ngs t o b o th t he
v er b gath er an d t he v e rb bloom, acco r din g t o R u le X I I I Or sag,

W
.

hile
is an a dver b, a w o rd u sed to m o dif y the m e an in g o fa v erb , an ad
j ectiv e , o r an ad v e r b ; conj u n ct ive, it co n n e cts its o wn clau s e to an o ther to exp res s
t he time , acco r din g to N o te XI I I .

C an n ot
yo u go t oo ?

Not
is w or d u s ed t o m o dif
an a dver b y the m eani n
-
a o f a v erb , an adj e c
,
tiv e , o r an adv e r b ; it 1 8 an ad ve rb o fn e at io n ; an d it m o i e s t he v er b can go g
W i t h r efer en ce to

you , an d t he r ef ore belon gs t o the m , acco r din g t o R u le X I I I .

(R ep eat it ) .

Par se the ar ticles , ad ectives, nou ns ,

j p r o no u ns , ver bs , an d adver bs

1 . A dv er bs M o d if y i n g Ver bs .

The ho rse gallop e d grace f u ll ather has j u st

My f co m e

y . .

The b irds su n g s w e e tly . The le ave s mu st s o on f all .

The w ater o w s rapidly . G o d rule s e v e ryw he re .

M ar y s e w s an d k nits w ell
a
. H e re w ill I stan d .

2 . AM e r bs M o d if
yi n g A dj ec tives .

H er child w as v e y o un g . H e is p e rf
ectly ho n e st .

The mu sic r o se so tly sw e et . M y hat is almo st n e w .

J ohn is most stu dio u s . The w o u n d w as inte n sely p ainf

ul .

3 . A d ver bs M o d if
y in g A d v er bs .

S ome horse s can r u n ve ry f

as t . Tho mas is n o t v e ry in du strio u s .

He s tu tters n e arly alw ay s . The eld is n o t e n tir e ly p lan te d .

Y ou m u st co m e v e ry so o n . S he had b e e n w riti n g very caref ull

y .

4 . M i scella n eo u s Etcamp les .

S mack w en t the w hip, ro u n d w en t the w heels B e alw ays s in cer e

W
. .

"
Flo w e rs co m e f o rth e arly A s y o u so w , so y o u shall r e ap
W
b
I n v ain
.

e .

s e ek f o r p e rf

e ct hap pin ess

S adly an d slo wly w e laid him do w n e . .

d
car v e d n o t a lin e , w e raise d n o t a s to n e B u t he lay lik e a w arrio r .
a

t ak in g his r es t The soldier di e d w he r e he f

. e ll .

Y ou hav e adv an ce d n o t f
ar e n o u gh
y et E ve n f ro m the to mb t he .
6

*
v o ice o fn atu re crie s These scen e s, o n ce so delightf
'

. u l, n o lo n ge r p le as e

him The de w glitters w hen the sun rise s J oseph b ehav e d as I re qu e s te d

. .

him to b ehav e .

Vain ly b u t w ell that chie fhad f o u ght,

H e w as a captiv e n o w ;

W
Y e t p ride that4 f o r tu n e hu mb les n o t,
a

as w ritte n on
a
his b ro w B r yan t .

. W
(d ) o r ds b elo ngi n g to the p ar ts o fs"p e e ch n o t y et le ar n e d b y the p u p il may b e o mit te d
V ,
.

(b ) M an"n e r (e ) R ule (d ) N o t limi ts t he m e anin g "

. . . . of . carved i n r e s p e ct
a l i ( )
e E modi e s the p hr ase fr om the tom b o r r athe r i t mo d i e s the

A dj u n cts =
ne . ve n .
, , ,
"
v er b cr ie s w ith r e f fr om the to m b

e r en ce t o the
p hr as e a dv e r b s o r adj e ct iv e s .

hence o fco u r se a d v e r b s ca n mo dify the m a n d n o t as s ome grammaria n s te ach the p r ep o

, , ,

l i tio n o n l
y ( f ). D e gr e e . .
, ,
n ns me . 55

ms i t i o n s .

itio u ; b et we en w hat it sho ws the relatio n

;

f
lo w s o ve r the dam .

u sed to sho w the relatio n b etw e en dif fer en t

o ws to da m,
acco r di n g t o R ul e XI V

ction s

W
1 .

In spr in g, the le av e s c o me fo rt h . e
I s tu ck a tho rn in to my thu mb . He
Is o ff
o r tu n e A n e agle r o s e n e ar 'l t he
e n d the distan t hills

b y railro ad, in e ight ho u r s

.

e t rav e le d fro m

A s t o t he
. W .

n o thin T h iv e r is w as hin th e il
g e r .
g s o

u r tle in s te ad o fa s h
b
.

2 .

1 in to the v ast le v el p rairie, lik e a p r o m

n I r vin
.
g .

o n the m ou n tain s b r o w

,
he shade d p lain s b elo w ;
es u me d t ho s e t re es to b ite

rld a v e n e rab le si ht D ryden s Vi rgil

, g .

b e tte r written an d pa r s e d as thr e e w or d s .

(e )
.

au c t i o n s .

ny ; it s p ecu liar n atu re

; w hat it co n n e ct s ;

du ce s grass an d o w e rs .

that j oin s so m e thin g t o an o the r p ar t o fthe

w ith r e s p e ct t o
co n n e ct e d ar e v ie w e d e ach
or t hat s o me t hin g m or e is a dd e d ; an d it con ~
ir d in
g to R u le XV .

b u y min e o r s ell y o u rs .

e tc . it corr e sp o n ds to or ,
an d as s is ts
to R u le XV .

it is a lte r n ati ve, or allo w s b ut o ft he

one

r es t : it here cor res o n ds
p to either , a n d
e XV .

le m in d
Eagle s ge n e rally go alo n e , b u t
.

his p each is go o d, b e cau s e it is r ipe .

I hav e taste d it The s ilk w as light .

56 PA R S I N G .

b lu e , or sky colo r e d, thou gh it shou ld have b e en white o r black

-
U nle s s .

li v irt u o u sly, y o u can n o t b e hap py Y o u m u s t w rite imme diate l ,

y o u ve y .

u nless
y o u ha v e alr e a dy w ritte n A g ain e ver
, y m an is e n title d t o co m
.

e n satio n f o r h is s er vices I fit r ain t o mo r ro w w e sh all hav e t o r e main

p
-
.
,

at ho me .

H e w as alw ay s co u r te o u s to w ise an d gif te d me n ; f o r he kn e w that

tale n ts, tho u gh in p o v e r ty, ar e mo re glo rio u s than b ir th o r r iche s [ar e] .

W m m m
S n
i i e o e n t l b t t h i is s e t o f ll
o ow

a
y g v a r
y p as u e
e r u e p a n u r .

he the r my b ro the r co me o r n o t, I will e ithe r b u y o r r e n t the f ar m .

N eithe r p r ecept n o r dis ciplin e is s o f o r cib le as e x amp le [is] Tho u gh he is .

p o o r,
y e t h e is ho ne st I fy o u can n o t re s ist s in t he n a vo id te m tatio n
.
, p .

The mo the r, as w e ll as the f athe r, sho u ld b e in te llige n t I w ill p ardo n y o u , .

in as mu ch as y o u r e p e n t H e has lab ore d lo ng an d dilige n tly, a n d y e t he

.

is still p o o r .

W
I hav e n o m o ther, f o r she die d
he n I w as v e ry yo u n g ;
B u t her me mo ry still aro u n d my he art,
L ik e mo rn in g m ists, has hu n g .

(a ) T r an sitiv e T his p each is goo d, o r thal thi s p each i s goo d, is he r e u s e d as a n o un
b ein g the
. .

o f the n e u te r ge n d er , thir d p e rs o n , s in g u la r n u mb e r , a n d in t he o bj e cti v e ca se

" "

o bj ec t o f Icno w a cco r di ng to R u le I V N o w p ar s e this , e tc , as b e f (b ) R X I I

. or e . . . . .

En t e r j e c tio n s .

FOR M UL A .
-
A n inteij ection, an d why ; its p ec uliar n atu r e or mean in g ;
R u le .

A las ! no o r me
hop e f re main s .

A la s

is an in terj ectio n , it e xp re ss es an e mo tio n o n ly, and is n ot co n n ect e d in
co n str u ctio n w it h an y o t he r w or d it here i mp li es gri e fo r d eJection ; an d it is u s e d
in dep en den tly, accor ding t o R u le VI X .

W
P arse a ll the wo r ds
A h! *f
0, yo u n g L o chin var is co me o u t o fthe w i shall p ar t 1
e st . e

w he re many A m e e t !

0 D e s d e m o n a
l D es de mo n a l dead ? D ead l '

Oh! o h! o h!

W
The t re e blo ss o ms s w e e tly
w hat y ou can sp are
s

hat a s imp le to n he is !
10
7

h
hat is t t y o a.

r
n

hat is a p o o u n
n
der WW
S w e e t b lo sso ms ado rn the tre e
? I
I s
k
i
n

s
o

i
.

w
s
"
n o

t
h


Giv e
t w at it is
a t ! s hall . .
.

w e n e v e r hav e any r e s t ? The tr ain f r o m o u t the cas tle dr e w ; b u t M a r

mio n sto pp e d to b ld a die u .

(a ) A r t tho u
. d ea d ?

Fo r ab ridge d o r sk ele to n p arsin g, pr oce e d p re cisely i n t he same w ay

as he re to f o r e s ho w n , w ith t h e e x ce p tio n o fo mi ttin g the re as on s .

John is r e ad n gi
John is a n o wn p r ep er mascu line gen der ; thir d p er son ;
f

i t is the s u bj ect o ft he v erb is r ea di ng

.

singu la r n um be r an d in t he m hza li ve cas e

accordin g t o R ule I
ar lar ead r ead, r ead
.

18 r eading
is l
a ver b r in ci air r egu lar ; i n tr ans i
p p p , ;
viee i n dica tive mo od p r es en t tens e, an d r ogr ess w efor m thi r d p er son an d s i n gu
'

lwr m ember , to agre e wit h John , accor i ng to R u le X l

.

I n the s e an d all f u t u r e p a r si n g le s so n s , 9 n u m b er p lac e d o v e r a w o r d, in dicate s the

.

R u le to b e a pp lie d to it ; a nd a ca r e t s ho ws wher e wo r ds a re to b e s u p p li ed
. .
 Examples .

ole ts7 . M llis .

gle etin

g.
S ha kesp ear e .

f
ar the
y can

e cro w n , is su p e

may le ar n the little v alu e o ff

o rtu n e ,

p le as e d to b es to w it .
"

S teele .

b ut G en ius full o ft ho u ght .

d, b les t lan d o fmy b irthI

t he b righte s t o n e ar th!

ed me d an d acco u tre d, an d, hav

u
ar
12

i te d
u
j
M a o r H ar riso n co mman de r , an d

si n H is to r y ofOh io
g .

lik e the w o lfo n the f

13
o ld,

n in g in p u rp le an d go ld
k
ars w as li e
10
s tar s o n t he s ea,

l i htl
g y o n de e
p G a lile e Byr o n .

c
) .

b e gan t o lo ok dismal I s aw my e vi l .

on u s in t he mo rn in ; an d a t n ight it g
]ik e a b all o f re That w as the las t
10
.

w
k H is heart is de ad, an d n o lo n ge r
.

n o w a p ris o n e r to t he w hite me n ; t he y

B u t he can s ta n d to rtu r e , an d is n o t
tI Cl

B lack H aw k is a n I n di an B la ck
.

3 .

l smile o n yo u b lan dly,

i ds b e an d f

cho ice ew ;
10

8 6 , p u rs u e it gran dly,
hat y ou p u rs u e T B R

. . ea d
.

4 .

M o rn , he r risin g A
'

s w ee t

t b ir ds ; ple asan t the S u n ,

ightf ul la n d he s pr e ads

he r b , tree , f r uit an d o w e r
, ,
fra ran t t h e f e r tile Eart h
g
n d s w e e t t he co min g o n -

llld t he n s ile n t N igh t

; ,
b ird, an d this f air M o o n ,

fH e av e n , he r starry train M ilton .

4:
3

lil l h hi
S Ni h PA R T hil tld hill .

1 . I n tr o d u c to r y V i c t i m G ramm ar ; E i glish G rammar ; its

arts
p .

2 . P ro n u n c i a t io n .
I . e tter s an d ele men tary s ou nd s ; ac ce nt

e xe rcis es ; o b ser vati n s . o

3 o r t ho gr a p h y C a ital lett e rs with exe r cis es llab le s ;
. .
p , ; s
y
ru les o fsp ellin g, with e xe rcis es
W
.

4 . D e riva tio n o f o r ds .
P r ex es an d su f
xes, w ith e xor

cises .

5 N o u n s a n d P C lasses o f e ach; operties ;

. r o n o u ns .
p r

exe rcis e s ; o b s e r vatio n s S e e S yn op sis o fP art First

. .

6 . A r t i c le s . Prin cip les ; e xer cis es ; ob servatio n s .

7 A d je c tive s C lasses de r e e s f co m aris o o n omin l

. .
; g o
p n ; pr a

j
ad e ctive s den e d ; e xe r cis es ; o bs e r vatio n s
C lasses
8 . Ve rb s .
; p ro p e rties ; au xiliary v e rb s ; p articip les an d
in n itives ; c o nj u gatio n ; exe rcis es ; ob s e r v atio n s . S e e S yno ps is o f
Part First .

9 A d b P rin ci le s e xer cis es o b s er o

v ati n s .
. ve r s p ; ;
10 . P re p o sit io n s. P rin ciples ; illu stratio n s ; co n s tr uctio n s
exer cis es ; o b s e rv at i n s o .

1 1 . C o in u n c j tio n s . -
P rin ciple s ; illu str atio n s ; e xe r cis es ; o b
s er vatio n s .

1 2 . I nnt e r j ec tio n a. -
P rin ciples ; e xe r cis es ; observ i
at o n s .

13 R he t o r ic a l D e v ic e s o Eq u ivalen t e x r e ssio n s ; ar ran

.
p g e

me n t ; e lli s is
p ; ple o n as m ; e xe r cis e s .

14 . R he t o r ica l F i gu res. D enition s an d illu stratio n s

exercis es ; ob s e r vat io n s .

1 5 V e r s i tio P rin ci le s ; m o re than o n e hu n dre d an d

. ca n .
p
f
ty dif
fe r e n t s p e cim e n s o f v e rs e, s can n e d obs er vatio ns .

16 A n a lysis o f S e n te n c e s. Prin ci les, w ith e xe r cis es ; se n

.
p
t en ces an alyz e d e xer cis e s ; s u mm ary o fan alysis an d des cr ip tio n .

17 . P Pe rio d ; co lo n ; s e mico lo n ; co mm a ; ih
u n c tu a tio n .

t e rro gatio n p o in t ; e xclam atio n p o int ; das h ; cu r ve s ; b rack ets ; hy

- -

h e n ; u n de rs co r e ; o b s er vatio ns ; miscellan e o u s m ar k s
p .
60 PR ON U N C I A TI ON EL E MEN TA R Y . s o unns .

P ro n u n c fthe so u n ds o fthe letters, an d o f

ia tio n t re ats o

t he s o u n ds an d st ress o fsyllab les in the u tteran ce o fs e parate w o rds .

O r t h o g r a p h y t re ats o fthe f o rms o fle tt e rs, an d t e ache s ho w

to s
p e ll w o r ds
y c o r re ct l .

E t y m o l o g y, in its p o p u lar s e n s e, is the hist o ry o fw r ds ; b u t o

in gram mar it mer e ly de n t es t he p art w hich classie s w rds , an d o o
t eache s tho s e p ro p e rt ies an d mo dicati ns which adapt the m t o the o
o
fr matio n o fse nt e n ce s .

S y n t a x t r eats o fthe r elat i o ns an d pro per arra n

gem e nt o fwo rds
in the fo r matio n o fs e n t e n ce s .

P r o so d y, in its n arro w e st s e n s e, t re ats o fv e rs icatio n ; in its

Wd i est s e ns e, o f u r es v e rsicatio n u tte ran ce, an d
g , , p u n ct u ati o n .

2 . P R O N U N C I A TI O N .

O u r lan gu age has a b out fo rt

y e le m e n t a y o u n ds r s ,
which are

r e r e s e n te d b
p y t w e nt
y s ix le tt e rs , -
c alle d t he a lp ha bet .

T he P ho n e tician s mak e f o r ty th r ee elemen tar y s o u n ds L O N v o w a : eel, ale , G

V W
-
.

a r m , a ll , o p e foo d S H O R T O EL S . in , ell, a n , add , u p , f oo t S HA DE v o wa :

. .

ea rt h, a ir, a s D i r n r n o n o s : is le , o il, o wl, m u le C o a nns oams : y e a, way A s, . .

,

P I R A TE : hay Ex PL o n n N Ts : r op e, r o be , f
. ade , e tch
ate , f e dge , lo ch, lo g C O N TI N U .
,
A N rs : s af
'
e, save , w r e ath, w r e a he , b u s s , b u zz , v icio u s , v is io n t
L l ou ms : f all, f or . .

N AS A L L ro ums : s eem, s e e n , s in g O ft he s e , a in add an d a in an ar e the s am e

an d o i an d o n o r ow are co m o u n ds e u iv ale n t t o d an d d
.

i cc s o t hat w e hav e
p q
b ut f o r ty ele me n tar y s o u n ds I f c as he ar d in citr on , is mo r e s le n der than 8 as
.

he ard in s ister an d if0 as he ard in f or m, is b ro ad er t han a as hear d in all, the n

t he r e are f ort
y t wo e le m e n t ary s o u n ds in all
-
.

T he p ar ts o fthe t hro at an d m o u th, b y me an s o fw hich the le tte rs are

p r o n o u nce d, a r e calle d the o rga ns ofsp eech The se are the glo ttis, p ala te,
.

to ngu e, teeth, a n d lip s .

T he e le men ta r y so u n ds ar e e ither zn ar ticu la te o r ar ticu a te l .

The in a r ticu la te so u n ds are S i mple s o u n ds f

or med by keeping the
o rgan s o fsp e ech m o re o r less ap art o r o p e n .

T he a r ticu la te s ou n ds ar e mple s o u n ds that b egin

si o r en d in a

clo sin g o fso me o fthe o rg an s o fs ee ch

p .

A r ti cu a te
l m ean s j o in t e d
; i n a r t ic u

la te ,

n o t j o in te d
T hese wo r ds ar e ap p lie d to sp e e ch,
.

ro m
f a f a n c i e d r e s e m b la n c e o fthe s y llab le s in a. w o r d t o t he p ar t s o fa j o in te d p lan t : t hu s , i n n n -

ic -
a l, cn ter ta i n me nt
- - -
H e r e t he so u n d, li k e t he p ith, i s b r o k e n o r s to p p e d at ce rt ain p o in ts ; an d
.

n, m, c, l, an d t , se r v e a s p ar t itio n s i n t he s o u n d , li k e t he j o in ts i n t he p i t h o fa r e e d o r s ta lk .

A l e t t e r is a characte r u s e d t o r epr e se n t o n e o r mo re o ft he

ele m e n tar s o u n ds o flan u a e ; o r it is t h le as t distin ct ar t o fa

y g g e p
writte n w o r d .

A letter g en e rally has f

o r its na me o n e o fthe so u n ds , o r p ow er s , w hich it r e p r e s e nt s .

S o m et im e s t w o o r mo re le tte rs r ep re s e nt b u t o n e ele me ntary

sou n d

Ex Ph== as in p hleme ; eau

.

o, as in beau ; ch, in chu r ch th

; in tho u

W
. .
,

W hat is s aid of
P r o n u n c iatio n ? O r tho g rap hy ? E ty molo gy ? S y n tax ? P r o s o dy ?
hat do y o u k n o w o f the o r igi n al m ea n in g 0 ? t he s e te r m s ? O u r la n gu age has ho w m an y
ele m e n ta r y s o u n d s ? E le me n ta r y so u n d s ar e o f what two k in d s hat is an inar ti c u la te W
a mu d ? A n a r ticu late so u n d ? A le t ter ?
 ND TH EI R SO U N DS . 61

v o wels a n d con s o n a n ts ; the o

c n so

an d s o me o ft he se mivo wels ar e

d is tin gu is hes the m acco rdi n g to their na

w an d y, w he n not ollo w ed
f

d re
p r es e n t eac h s e ve ra l iu articu
w .
)
me t ; fin e , f
in , f
atigu e ; n o, n ot, do v e ,
w, de w, boy .

let t ers e xce

p t t he v ow els .

the y ca n b e s o u nded alo n e ; o r

no t

o n e, the s o u nd o fa v o w e l is alw ays

d as ifwritt en be, le, e , e

se, a f m ,
lea .

a v o w e l so u n d f
o llo ws it in the sa me
tr , I o wa , B an ya n .

ale n t to t he co n so n an t s w an d 3 / as in p er
L ta x exa lt Xerxes
, , .

w hate ve r w itho u t the aid o fa vo we l,

p o ice
the v e n tir e l
y .

law) al o s 0 an d y w he n hard, as in

the o
c n s o n an ts e xce pt the m u tes
v ar e , in t he ir n atu r e, b e t w e e n vo w e ls

b y the ms e lve s .

an d e rhaps 3 so calle dfro m the ir

p
in t o an d u n it e s w it h that o fo the r

in , C o lu mb ia, mammo n , A lp s , p e arl, s ta mp ,

[u id n a me the N in e .
P op e .

ls j o in ed an d b len de d in o ne s ou n d.

cro w, n o w, v a in , l
p ay .

1e t wo v o w e ls ar e he ard, or fo rm a

the r ; imp r op er , ifo n ly o ne v o w e l is

f
r au d . Eagle , hear t, mou rn , f
a ir , s leight ,

e ls j o in ed an d blen ded in o n e s o u n d.

can
lo n gs
y o u say o fv o wels
?
? C o n s on an ts ? W an d y?
 62 P R ON U N C I A TI O N .
A C C EN T .

Triphtho n gs ar e als o
divide d, lik e diphtho n gs, in to p r op er an d
imp r op er , acc o rdi n
g as the vo we ls are all s o u n de d o r n o t all s o u n de d .

A letter is said to b e s ilen t, whe n it is su

pp r e ss e d in p ro n u n cia

Ere W alk , k iln , n ight, f

o reign , v ict u als ,
T he p ro nu n ciation o f d is co u r se b y m e an s o flett e r s m ay b e co mp ar ed t o m u s ic f r o m a u te o r
ho u r .

o t he r simila r i n s t r u m e n t T he v o w e ls a re an alo g o u s to t he dif

fer e n t n o t es o r t o n e s t he y all o nd t he

. .

so u n d T he co n s o n an ts res e m b le t he st op p ag e s b y m ean s o ft he n g e r s N ot a n y o r e v e r y m ra n g w
m e nt o fle t te r s m a k e s lan g u ag e ; n o r will an y o r e v ery mo de o fp lay i n g p ro d u c e mu sic I n s ing m g ,
. .

v o w e l so u n ds ar e ma de mo s t p ro mi nen t .

M en tio n the vo wels, co n s ona n ts , ma tes , semi vo wels, liq uids , s ilen t le tters ; als o t he dip k
tho n gs an d t/r ip htho ngs , and o f wha t kind
0 , b , d, e , i, f ,
a, m , u , z , an n o u n cemen t , an alytical, his t m y ,
r, s, f
,
l, q, y, g,
cz ar , re v olu t io n
yo u t hf u l, y e ar s , go rge o u s , co lo rin gs , clan g, o ys ter , w e ight , s le ight ,
st reak , s t e ak , h
t his ic s
; p rk lin f n tain s R o m e w as an oce an o f am e H e ight
d
a o u
p . .

Hi d d p th w er e cov er e d with r e s u rges , t hat r olle d b e f or e t he b las t lik e an e n d

{ess ti e g .

L etter s are o rme d in t

f o sylla bles, an d syllab le s in to w or ds .

The simple or o b vio u s so u n ds o flan gu age as w e he ar it spo k e n , ar e

W
s lla bles
y .

hen mo re syllab le s than o n e mak e a w o rd, w e ad mit in to the pro

n un c iat ion w ha t is calle d a cce n t .

A C C EN T .

A cc en t is adistingu ishin g stress on s o me s

yllab le o fa w o rd
hav ing tw o or m o r e syllab le s .

Ex Eu k er , a m u s e , co n ti n en t , con co u n ter act , t em'

f
.
- -

p e r a -

- -
m e ri t ge o gr aph lo al ; to eo n tr act , a co n
-
t ract
-
N o t t he les~ s or, b u t t he les
,
.

A u au g t p oce s sio n , in t he m on th o fA u gu s t
u s

r -
.

T he co mmon o r w o r d acce n t s e ems to hav e b e e n i ntr o d u ce d i n to lan gu age to d is tin gu ish

s yllab le s t hat ar e the ms e lv e s w o r d s, f ro m t ho se w hich a r e o n ly p ar ts o f w o r d s A n a cc e n te d .

s y llab le a t o n ce in dicat e s , tha t t he r e a r e o the r s llab le s ab o u t it f

y o r min g a p ar t o fthe sam e
w o rd A cce n t , m o r e o v e r , co n trib u te s to e-a p ho ny , an d to e as e o f u tte r an ce
. I t a ls o s e rv e s .

t o dis tin g uis h wo r d s f r o m o the r s i n s o m e w ay r elat e d to the m ; an d s o m e ti me s , t o s ho w t he

mo s t imp o rta n t p a r t o f the wo r d A n e min e n t G e r m an gr ammar ia n s ay s ,
. A s s o o n a s lan e

g u a ge p r o ce e d s f ro m m er e ar ticu lati o n t o co he r e n cy an d co n n e cti o n , acce n t b e co m e s t he

Wo
"
gu id e o f the v o ice .

fthr e e o r mo re syllab les ge n e rally hav e a chiefacce n t,

r ds o

c alle d the e rio r a cce n ts , calle d

p r ima r y acce n t ; a n d o n e o r m o r e in f
t he secon da r y accen t o r acce n ts .

Ex L u mi .

n a r y, coun t e r act ,
-

an te
ce den t ,
- - - -
p i gram
- -
ic, ih
m at dem
u i ca tion , ln cem p r e hen s i

- - -
b i1 i ty
- - - - -
.

S o me w o r ds, mo stly c o mpo u n ds ,

hav e tw o accen ts o fn e arly e q u al

st r es s .

e ve n

Ex A m en , f

ar e well l do w n f
.
f
all ,
- -
k n it tin g n ee dle,
'
han d e d,
lin '
'
s ey w o ol s ey
-
.

T o pr o no u n ce w ell it is imp ortan t t o k n o w t he elemen tary s ouhds an d t he ir

co mb in atio n s , t o div ide w o r ds accu r at ely in t o s yllable s an d t o k n o w whichs yllab le

W W W
,

lab les ,
ha t can y o u say
an d a ccen t ?
hat i s acce n t ?
?
W o ftr ip hthon gs
he n is a le tter s ile n t ?
ha t a re so m e o fits a dv a n t age s ?
WW
hat is sa id o fle tter s, s yl
ha t i s s a i d o f
q W W
p rim ar y a n d ofse co n dar y acce n t ? hat o ftwo e u al ac cen ts ? hat is n ee d ed, to p r o
no u n ce w ell ?
 T . 6 3:

iefaccen t s ho u ld b e place d ,
r p lace s .

the hief acce n t e ithe r o n

'

~
c

hat is, on the s eco n d o r the t hird

te m p er
- -
at e , mu t a
b il
i ty- - !
.

3 , alwa
y hav e the chiefaccen t
s on

J er e - -
mi f -
ah, J e ru-
-
s a~ le m .

have the chiefacce n t as f

ar b ack as

fr o m the e n d .

B u t w he n
t he f
th syllab le f ro m on
s a s tr ong t e n de n cy t o
n e ar er the e n d ; an d hen ce w e o f ten hear
o b lig a

to
ry -
.

o fs hu n , z ku n , o r C ha n , o r in an
y
ce n t o n t he p en u lt .

s s cs
-
s io n , co mb u s tio n , co m le x' ion , e m - -

af cio us , ci rcu ms t an t ialar ti cial , co u ra' -

56 3 , or tir e p r ece de d by a co n s n an t , o
a lt .

sul h r ic, char acteris t ic, p hilan thr op

-
u
p
-

tcS
, co n s u mp -
t1 v e .

n ic
(no u n )
,
ad s
j e ctiv e
'
,
b is hf op r ic, cat hf -

nat ic
p o l iti e , r het o r ic, su b

ol itic,

u -
s -

,
'
~
o r ic an s p le n

e t ic .

by l, ef e ty, er o u s ,

e e n , e oa s
g,
a a
- - -

z a,
-
e ac
,
z a
-
l z an -

,
zea l, z ou s
-

meter , metr g/ l o r o u s, a oa s

ie chie facce nt o n the a n tep en u lt .

p at hy, e mp yr e al, or de al,

Hercu fle an , -

a ti
-
e ty , ar m ig -
e ro u s , au riP cr o -
ms , s u p e r/

o g rap hy , lit ho g rap hy , r ega ha, am mo /
l - -

-
ical, co n tu me lio u s , o m in o u s , v o lu m in
- - -

aral y s is , b ar o m e t er , t gon o m

e tr y , -

p o n y, an at o my , m is an thro p y
-
-
.

d l s , em
f
o e an c o o s s e an can o r o u py r e
p
- - -

, ,

p ygme

n ,
-
an .

in a live, hav e the

> le s, e n din g a cce n t

ce din s llab le
g y .

co m ma ni cativ e , er ative , al liat iv e,

-
-
op p
-

ve, di a t iv e
l -
.

un ce d fe ren t w ays, with go o d

in dif

m en t ; d e co
r ou s,

or dec -
oro u s .

3 acce n t e d L atin , G r e ek , o r S cr ip tu r al
?
How ar e
i d in g i n the s o u n d o fs hu n , e tc I n e we, e tc . .

l o fwo r d s p r o n o u nced i n differ e n t w ay s

64 P R ON U N C I A TI O N E X ER C I S E S
. .

Exer cise s in Pr onun ciation .

s fo llo w in g e x e r cis e s m ay s e r v e to gu ar d the s tu d en t a a in s t the chiefc u rr en t f

f r b au lts o fP ronu n
ci at i o n T he w o r d s are tho s e m o st f
.
g
r e qu e n t ly mis p t o n o u n c e d in t he dilf
e re n t p a r t s o ft he U
nite d S ta t e s .

1 . Giv e to e v e ry syllab le its p r o pe r so u n d.

Pr onou nce the f ollowing wor ds cor r ectly Be e n , w e re, o f ; fo r, n or an d, catch, ,

c au ght, s hu t , b leat, s u ch, ge t, can , little, en d, gather, rathe r, cart, co w, sk

y, n e w ,

v ie w , attitu de, Tu e sday , girl, gird, gu ise , ga rde n , re gard, w he re , t here b ear,
,
dau ghte r, hearth, again, again s t, hin de r, Jame s, ge n eral, le arn , sau ce, sau cy ,
s au ce r, to u ch, p e rt , b ecau se , u mb rella dis t ric lo rd, G o d, do g, scarce , b o il s o il
t, ,
p , .

o in , j o is t, p o in t, disapp o in t, my, my self h h f

j ,
t y ,
t y se l ,
e a rt h, p r et ty, b re thre n ,
childre n , in to , co ve re d, roo f ,
ho o f , g
o o d, to , t ass el, n at u re , f u tu re , o n ce hu n dre d
, ,
image, t w ice, n atu ral, n ation al, ratio n al, te rro rs, hu sb an d, die re n t, w ho le, dro v e,
sto ne , k e ttle , rinse , w in ce, lico rice, e n thu s ias t, t u n e, gratitu de , b eau t e o u s, im
me diate, u nc tu o u s, te diou s, gu ardian, cry s tal, distich, p ro n u n ciat io n , sin ce, yes,
ear, are, an o t he r, cross w is e, che win g to b ac co , p ass age, s teady, sp ectacle, s tre tch,
- -

e ducatio n , sp ec u latio n , co n trib u ted, dimin u tive , calcu lat e , e ithe r, cre atu re p a ,

re n t, s w o rd, daun t, hau nt, hu rrican e , le isu re, ge o grap hy, e x trao rdin ary, o f ten,
so f te n, has ten , ras p b e rry, s u b tle , disf ran chis e, s acri ce
,
au x iliary, irradiate ,
ign o ramu s, p hilo so p hy, diplo ma, div ert , div e s t, dile mma, d ilap idate, st u p e n do u s ,
t re me n do u s, mo u n tain o u s, p ro p o sal, v e rb at im, app aratu s, a f at u s yo u r to u r, ,

in f t n: rs e, o n o n de r, yo u rs, t h e irs, his, ou rs half calf

g o g, a e r, p e r s o p a y , y , , ,
ce r

tain ly, su dde n, su dden ly, ye llo w , meado w, w ido w, w in do w, shallo w, ho llo w ,
Af rica, A sia, A me rica, magn o lia, f o u ght, might, I n dian s, n e gro , o n io ns , hav e ,

b oiler, e n gin e , s ervice, w he n , W

hat, w he re , w he t, w hich, w hil e , s it, se t, s at,
lib erty, S atu rday, dagu erre o ty p e, ste re o typ e , have n t, as k , as k e d, w o men,

A t he n s, Themis to cle s , me tho d, r e co rds, att ac ke d, co n t in u ally, in te re st, lat e n t ,

p aten t, chimn ey, b ayo n e t, cu po la, e n d, s ho o k, b oo ks , in qu i rie s , s e arch, s o r t

of , k in d o fg i v e m e d ra u gh
, t re it e r at
,
e d,
is o late d, aco rn, ve rmin , p rece de,
p rev en t, p re dict, p erhaps, o n ly, p rairie , p e rso n age, p o tatoes, co qu e t, f o r tu n e ,

mas sacre d, help e d, cu rds, mercy , dro w n e d, p artak e r, in iqu ities, hein o us, Vic
len t, e x tre mitie s, recoil, in s te ad, in s tru me n t, t ho u s an ds, tre mble, s arcas m,
chas m, p ris m, lm, e lm, au dacio us , k itche n , fo re ign e rs, sp irits , he a rd b e ard, ,

decisiv e , drain , gure p re f ace, des igna te ,

, I talian s tamp, s leek, s la ke s ie v e
, , ,

v erdigr is, do e s do s t, do th, f

, e min ine, mas cu lin e , clan de s ti n e , ge n u in e , c ry s tal
lin e , f av or ite re s p ite , ho s tile, f
, ertile , mercan til e , p ro le En glis hmen s ay hit
.

fo r i t, an d o rse f or h or s e .

2 Be car e f
. u l n o t to o mit an
y le t te r or lette rs o fa syllab le , no r an
y
syllable o r sy llable s o f a w o rd, tha t are n o t s ile n t .

P r ono u nce cor rectly Ke p t,

lis ts, cos tly , co n qu es ts, co n so nan ts,
slep t, n e sts,

do o r,
o o r, an d, ide a, rs t, w ort h, mo nt hs, c lo t he s, s ix t h s, o ld, mu s t, g u e s ts ,

te xts, ado p ts, b o u n ds, min ds, p e rf e ctly, shre d, s h re w d, s hru b , shrie k , s h r in k ,

s hro u d, s hrill, s t re n gt h, le n gt h, so me thin g, f o ld, C hlld, he ld o n , han ds , s tan d,

j
grin ds, o b e ct , t ran s crip t, te mp es ts w o rs e , cu rs e , nu rslin g, re al, p o em, horse s,
,

histo ry, hick o ry, victory, s ev e ral, e mp er or, salary, art ery, s ep arate, b elie ve ,
te mp o rarily, ge ne ral, p ar ticu lar, n u rs ery , b o u n dary, at te ry, go v e rn o r, n o mi
n at iv e, u su ally , e x ce lle n cy, pu rity, gove rn me n t , e x p e c t, su pp ose, atte n d,
again s t, e s t e e m, su rf

mo rn in g, e ve n ing, e n te rin g, playing, as h in gto n W

ace , as t o n is he d, w ais t b and, w ais t co at, acco rdi n g, clo thing,

3 . P lace the acce n t o n t he p r op e r s

y llab le .

Dif ficu lt, o pp o n en t, co mp o n ent, fan at ic, he re tic, to wards, in to , ab st ractly ,

in tere st ing, in te res te d, arab ic, o rches tra, co n t e mplat ive, su p e r u ou s , ex qu i
s ite , in disso lu b ly, de cit, d isciplin e, in ex orably, mischievo us , alab as ter, im

W hat i s the rst dir ec tio n in r egar d to p r o n u n ciatio n T he se co n d ? T he thir d ?

 65

man damu s,qu in in e, p an the on ,

co n co u rs e, dess e r t, in qu iry, idea,
chagrin, p lacard, re cess div e rs e ly , ,

ho sp itab le , co mp u tab le, ho s pital,

iss ary, hydrop a thy, hy dro p at hic .

are n o t alw ay s acce n t e d or p o

r

midal ; re vok e , re v o cab le , re v o k ab le

;
co n ve rsan t ; o b lige , o b ligat o ry ; co m
ules, H e rcu le an ;
circu late , c ircu

p hilan t hro p y, p hilan t hrop ic ; su p p le me n t ,

co n de mn atio n ; damn, damn in g ; so le mn ,

amoeo p at hy, ho moeo p a thic .

c h of
te n re
qu ir es a chan e
g in the p ro
ro d
'

ro d

is
p p
-
u ce
; ,
-
n o ts to p ro gre ss ,
-

S u ch w o rds, w he n u se d as no u ns or
cce n t o n the rs t s llab le an d w hen
y ;

-
to b e ab s e nt, ab e ct j ; to ab stract, e u ah
t, af
x, au gme n t, the a cc en t, af
x, au g

tct, co mp lo t, co mp ou n d, co mp re ss, co n cer t,

con serv e , co n so rt , co nt es t. co n trac t, co n
i vo
y, co u n te rcharge, co u n ter march, co un te r

pact, co mp lo t, co mpo u n d, co mp ress,

co n ce rt .

j iet, co n se rve , co n so rt , co n tes t, con tract, co n

vo y, cou n tercharge , co u n t er march, co u n ter

ge s t, discou n t ; a de s er t , descan t , dige st ,

e x tract, e x ile ; an e scor t, e ssay , e x p o rt
,
t, f o re te ll, f o re tas te , f re qu e n t ; a f e rme n t
,

i o tic es . To impo rt , imp res s, in cen se , in

nte rdict
; an i m p o rt ,
im p re s s
,
in ce n s e, in
nte rdict . j
To o b ect, o u tlaw , o v e rcharge,
,
ou tlaw , o v e rcharge , o v e r o w , o v e r t hro w,
re lu de, p re mis e, p re s age, p re s e n t, p ro ect , j
p r e lu d e , p re m i se , p re sa e ,
g p re s e nt, p ro ect, j
ail, re p riman d , a r e b e l, re co rd, the re f us e ,

,
su f x , s u rv ey ; a su b ect, s u x , s u rvey j l .

t o rmen t , t ran sf er, tran s p o rt To u n dr ess, .

m

I
; w t
i h ar s e ic, ars e n ic a cid ; to b e en
- -

t o b e in stin ct w ith lif
-
e , to b e in val id, o

in A u gu st -
.

W hat i s s a id o f w o r d s u s e d in d if
fe r en t s e ns es ?
66 P R ON U N C I A TI O N AN D U TTER A N C E .

To ally, an ally ; to rele ase, a rele ase ; to disco u rs e , a discou rse ; to design ,
a de sign ; to intrigu e , an intrigu e ; t o de sce n d, as ce n d t he de s ce n t, as cen t ;
to ass e n t , co n s e n t m as se n t, co n se n t.
, y

The followin g ar e some of the gover ningp rin cip les o

fP ron un ciatio n
1 . P ron o u n ce w or ds acco r din g to the ir s e llin g, o r acco r din g to ana lo gy, u n le s s
p
cu st o m i s deci d e dly a ai n s t s u ch a
g p r o n u nci at io n .

2I n dicate dif fe ren ce in m e an in

.
g b y d if
fer e n ce in p r on u n ciatio n .

3 U s e acce n t i n s u ch a w a t hat it m ay co n trib u te t o e as e o f u tt er an ce ,

. or
o rce t 6 m e an in
s e rv e t o di s ti n u i s h an d e n f
g g .

W
E n gli s hp r o n u nci atio n has a has ty air , ten d s to b r ev i ty, an d slid es its a cc en ts to w ar d the
le f t A n o mn i bu s ha s b e co m e a me r e bu s
. a ba lco m y ha s b ec o me a b a l con y

o r ces ter is -
.

p r o n o u n ce d s ter ; B r ou gham , Br i m ; a n d M ichi lirnackin a c lo s e s i ts s e rp en tin e len gth in

M a ke n dw T he v er b al e n d i ng ed is y e t hea r d in t he s p eec h o fs om e v e r y o ld p e o p le ; b u t
-
.

u n le s s t he w o r d i s u s e d a d e c tiv e l
j y , this e n din g i s n o w ge n e r ally b le n de d w ith the p r e ce din g
s y llab le, w he n i t wi ll c o ale s ce w ith i t in s o u n d M o s t o f o u r n al o s ar e b u t the r e mai n s o f

.
s y lla ble s t ha t w e r e o n c e
p r o n o u n ce d .

In r egar d to U tterance, i t may be well to n o t ice thefollow in gp ar ticu lar s

1 A rticu lat io n ; 2
. egr ee o fL o u dn ess
. D
; 3 . D e gree o fR ap idity ; 4 I n ection s
.

5 . To n e s ; 6 Emp has is ; 7 P au s e s
. . .

G oo d ar t icu la tion r e qu ir e s t he w ords to b e u tte r ed with their pr o er s o u n d,

1 .
p
cle arly, f u ll
y in all t heir s yllab les , an d dis tinct] f r o m o n e an o t her I t i s o pp o s e d .

t o m u m b lin g, m o u t hin g, min cin g, mu tte rin g s u rrin g, dr awlin g, clip p in g, li s p ing,
he s itatin g, s tammer ing, ni is callin g, an d r ecallin g
W
.

o r ds s ho u ld dr op f ro m t he lip s as b eau t if ul co in s n e wly iss u e d f ro m t he

m in t , dee p ly an d accu rately imp res s e d, p e rf e ctly n is he d, n e atly s tr u ck b y t he

p re p er o rgan s , d is tin ct s har
, p , in d u e s u cce s s ion , an d o fd u e w eight A u st in . .

T hat w e hav e m any w o r ds n e ar ly alik e in s o u n d, yet widel dif feren t in me an

in g, is alo n e a s u f cie n t reas on f o r e xact ar t icu lat io n T hu s , 0 eer an d chair p i n t .

an d p oi n t
; bor ne ,
bo r n gen u s g / n iu s m
i m in en t em in en t ; s atir e su t r
y bu r s t,
bu st ; beer , bear , p ear clo se, clo thes f
,
, ,
alse, f au lts i dle, ido l ; glu ten , glu tton ; cr itic,
cr itiqu e ; an tic, a n tiqu e j u st, j es t
; r eal, r eel ; r ear , r ar e ; tu r n ip , t ur n up .

2 3 T he degr ee o flo u dness o r r ap idity m u st dep en d o n the s p e ak e r, t he

an d .

b e ar e r , t he d is co ur s e , t he p lace , o r o the r circu mst an ce s S car cely an y t hin g e ls e .

is s o d is agr e eab le as u tte ran ce to o r ap id, lo w an d u mb le d t o b e in t elligib le , an d j

r ather s u gge s t in
g t hat t he s p eak e r is as hame dto le t o t hers kn ow w hat he is s ayin g .

4 I r lectio ns r e f e r to the p as sage o f the v o ice f ro m o n e k ey o r p it ch to nu

g
.

o t her
"

he r e ar e thr ee : t he r is ing in ectio n , w hich imp lies e lev at io n o ft he

W
.

e v o ice ; an d t he cir cu m
v o ice
; t h e f g
a llin i n e ct io n , w hi ch imp lies a s in ki n g o ft h

,ex w h ic h co m b in e s t h e o t he r t w o as it yo u ,
o r he ?
.

M ad am,
g o d h a ve

my f at he m u ch o e n d e d

r .

5 The to nes are v o ice as m o du lat e d b y f

. eelin g T hey s ho u ld b e adap te d t o .

t he gen e ral dis co u rs e , an d als o to its dis t in ct s e n timen t s T o n es aim t o awak e n , .

b y s ym at hy , t he in t en de d e mo tion s in the he ar e r ; an d t hey m ay al s o giv e a

fav o rab e o p in io n o ft he s e ak er s heart an d f l

p ee in s
g .

I n exor diu ms , t he v o ice s ho u ld b e low , ye t cle ar ; in n ar r atio n s, dis tin ct ; in

'

r easo n in g, s lo w in p er su as ion s , s tron g i t s ho u ld t hu n der i n an ger , s o f t e n i n sor

ect/r , an d m e lt in love

r ow , tr e m b le i n f Hi leg .
-
.

6 E np hasi s is an ele v ation o ft he v oice on s ome w or ds , w o r d, o r art o fa

.

w or d, b y w hich t he mean in g is b r ou ght o u t mo r e p r ecis ely o r f o r cib ly mp has is , .

e n ds to imp r e s s o n t e
r o e rly u s e d, ad ds t l t t h i r o f d is co u rs e I t t h
p p gre a y o e v go .

e ur er ho w clearly an d f u lly t he s p e ak er co mp r e he n ds t he me an in g o fhis d i s

co u rs e , o r t he imp o rt an ce o f t he s u b e ct I t give s a f j
av o r ab le Op in io n o f t he
j
.

S p ea e s u n de rs tan din g
W
A u dicio u s u n ion o fe mp has is an d t o n e has s o m et i m e s

k r .

a p o w e rf u l ef
fe ct Emp hasis
e mu s t f igh t; r e eat it , s ir , w e mu s t ght

I
W
p
W
. .

W
hat are so m e o f the go v er n i ng p r in cip les o f P r o n u n cia tio n ? hat is the te n den cy
o f En glis h p r o n u n cia t io n ? ha t can y o u sa y of a r ti c u la tio n ? e g ree o flo u d n e ss o r r a D
p i d i ty ? I n ile c tio n s ? T o n e s ? E m p ha si s
?
P a u s cs ?
68 O R TH O G R A P Y .
C A P I TA L L E TTER S .

The rst w o rd o f the latte r p art o f a lin e b ro k e n to be~

4
'

in an e w , an d e ve n the rst w o rd af t e r an in f e r io r o in t, t o s ho w
g p
mo r e den ite ly the b egin nin g o f so m ething t o which t he w rite r
m ean s to draw p articu lar atte n tio n S ee t he p re ce din g p age . .

W
Ex
h
R esolced, T a w e ap o v e ,
. t r

&c
B e it enacted by the L isla t u r e of .

N ew Y or k, T hat a t ax, 85 0 . t r u t h is cle ar :
ne hat e v er is , is r ig t P op e .
-
.

C ap it al le tt e rs s ho u ld b e u s e d in t h e follo w ng in tan ces : A t t he b egin n in g,

i s

& c Ep es S ar gen t
. .

I m, S ir, with sin cer e

a e ste e m,

ai t hf
Y ou r f u l s e r van t ,
R O ER T P E EL B .

5 . The
rs t wo rd o f e ve ry sep ar ate or in dep e n de nt phr ase,
e sp ecially in e n u me ratio n , o r w he n u s e d f
or a co m le t e s e n t e n ce
p .

t he n
Ex
s hip o fH ollan

The u n p o w der ov erb oar d
.

d
O u t w ith the b oat ! He re T he f
1 T he in dep en de n ce o f S p ain
G r atta n
S elect P o ems o fMrs S igo u rn ey 8 vo P hilade lp hi a 1 84 2 P rice
.
.

I n de e d !
r ie nd

hat
. .
. .

.
.

.
W

f
T o Jos e p h E B o wn , E
r s . Ve y
r r e s
p ect u ll r
y, y o u s l
For R e n t o r S a e . .

T o t al
B alan ce , S trat a an d lamin ae m ay b e d is t in gu is he d f ro m
j ,
o in ts : 1 By t he altern atio n s o fdif
. fer e n t mate rial in t he f o r m er

2 B y a d i e r . .

e n ce o fo rgan ic r e m ain s in t he lat t er 3 By rip ple mar k s an d t o rt u o s itie s 4 By -

. . . .

a dif fer e n ce in co lor o fs u cces s iv e p o r tio n s o fro ck Hitcbcoclc s G eology

. .

T o S cho ols ,
i T o B r idge s ,

q
A seri e s
t en ce w ith b u t o n e ca p ita ; a ,

l s

u e s ti o n s ,
W
imp lyin g in te rm e diate an sw e r s , ma y b e p u t in to o n e s e n
o f e llip ti c
ill y o u r e p eat the p r o p o sitio n s b e gin n in g wi t h a f
G o o ld B r own B u t w he n the dash can n o t w e ll b e u s e d, a s in m athema tics,
w i th b f with c f

O f l l Of1 5 ? O f7 ? O f9 G r een leaf

.

it m ay b e b e tte r to u s e cap itals ; t ho u gh s o me w r ite r s d o n o t u s e the m

hat ar e the f W
hat is a} o f 5 ?
a cto r s o f 2 0 ? o f2 1 ? o f 2 2
. W
i
.

l z vi es .

6 . o
The rst w r d o fe v ery lin e o fp o etry, w ritte n as s u ch, un

less t he lin e is vie we d as b ein g b u t a p art o fthe p re ce din g lin e .

W

Ex . N o w the s m iles ar e t hick er ,
w hat t he m ean
o n der
Fait h, he s go t the n ick e r

B ook er magaz in e l
J 0 S ame -
. . .

G o to the isle who s e gr een , b eau tiful b o rder is gir dle d b y O ce an

s

so no r o u s w hi t e w av es

W
.

hethe r writte n in the for m o f p r o se s ho u ld r e tain i ts cap itals, u sage has n o t p o s

v e r se
iti v e ly d e te r mi ne d M r G o old Bro wn s o m e tim e s r e tai ns the m, an d s o m e time s n o t ; a s ,
F o r w ho m , a las ! d o s t the n p r e p ar e T he s w e e ts that I w a s w o n t to shar e C o wp e r
. .

. .

T o S p in a n d to w e a v e, to k ni t an d to s e w, w e r e o nce a girl s e mp lo y me n t s ; b u t n o w to

d r e s s, a nd to ca tch a b ean , ar e a ll s he calls e nj o y m e n ts

Kim ball B u t m o s t o the r . .

w rite rs d o n o t r etain t he m I t is ge ne r ally b e tter , u n le s s w e wish t o s av e s p ace , o r t o p r e

.

s e n t v er s e i h the fo r m o fp r o se , t o av o id s u ch ar r an ge m e n t o fp o e tic lin es alto ge the r .

7 Eve ry wo rd, phrase, o r s e n ten ce, co mprising an e n tire saying

.

o fs o m e o the r rs o n , w he n q u o te d an d in t ro du ce d at o n ce as i t
p e

w as said b y him, o r so as to imp ly a chan ge o fs peak ers .

Ex S olo mo n said , Pride go eth b ef o r e de s tr u ct io n

R ememb e r t his

W
. .

an cie n t m axim : Kn o w t hyself He s ho u t e d Victo ry T hey s e n t b ack

This to m e he s aid
W
. .

t he r ep ly
I n de p en den ce o r deat h 1
A n d,
S ir -
.

Ev ery to ngu e s hall exclai m with hear t felt j oy, elco me ! welco me ! L a
.

S cott -

Fayet te Ever ett
C ae s ar crie d, He lp m e , C as s iu s , o r I s in k

Jes u s an

. . .

s w e re d t he m I s it n o t w ritte n in o u r law I s a id Y e r G o d B ib le T h e
y a e s -

j g
, , ,

u ry b r o u ht in a v er dict o fN o t
g u ilty M ac a/ u lay

H e a n s w e re d,
. N o

T h e .

W
.

q u e s tio n t h en w ill n a t u r ally a ris e H o w is t h e d e s i r e d im r o v e m en t to b e e f

fe c te d
f
, ,
how ar e t he the ory an d p ract ice o t he ar t to b e o b tain e e an s w er , By t he
m os t simp le m ean s ; b y the ve ry me an s which ar e s o well adap te d t o o ther s u b
 -
C A PI TA L L ETTE R S . 69

na tio n Thu s C obb e tt

W t at T he
h
o b s e rv e s ,

.

e w her e w e s a Th d G o o ld B r o wn

y e o r . .

b ef
o re u s , an d t hen co m e with a T o u ch n ot
,
eu s .

r
y to add, that in dire c t qu o tations o r
in d
q u o t e d w o r ds o r
p hr as e s t hat e r e W
cap it als .

le go et h b e fo re des tr u ct ion T hat t her e .

io n s ; b u t w hat is it ? an d ho w is it to b e
ve n t al w ays

tr an s p ire s
E A P oe T his
.
-
. . .

as an d t r em e n do u s m o men t

.

tr o d u ce d f o r illu s tra ti o n u sa ge i s u n s e ttle d Pro .

n u se s m ll le

a tt r
e s T o d e n o te the s eco n d co m
Gi b bs
.

!
d i s lo ve . .E g , n o n p o ter a i e u qe r e,
. .

at t he p ra c tic e o f m o s t m o d e r n w r i t e rs is o the r
; e ca p i ta ls w he r e v e r he q
u o te s , o u t o f the lit er a
n o t if he

q u o te s o ther w ise , o r d raw s f r o m his

H
W

i T hes e a r e calle d a cti ve o r

n so a r r s on

. .

he sp o k e m an y w o r d s Id o r c e s t e r , in hi s

. .

co v e r in g ; as ,

T he coa ts o f an o n io n
A coa t
) s se s s as a m a r k o f a u t ho r ity o r di s tin cti o n ; a s ,

f a n d me r e ly t o co
he n w o r ds o r W
m
p le te his se n
q
,

f o r m al ly u o ted , ca p ita ls a r e n u
v e r b s ; a s , s ee , sa w, se en ; wr ite,

e n o tin
g th e eit
y D .

H igh; the I n n it e O n e ; P ro v iden ce ;

t he L o r d o f S ab ao th t he S avio r ; t he
s C hr is t
; t he Ho ly S p irit ; in C hris t o ur

Ho ly G ho s t .I t u r n to T he e .

r elie f ,
an d H e av e n w ill b le ss yo u r

a na
t he A
me de n oting the
u t hor o fall
go o
o r b e lo nging to t he
D ity
d W h.

D ity it d
lly h
e

w d
e t
,
u su a
en a
o es
or
as

no
,
an d p o wer made t he m all : they are the

imilar t e r ms , ar e app li e d to t he

each c fa p ro p e r n am e ;
hiefw o r d o

or f
o llo win , e s eciall
g p y w h e n this
70 O R TH O G R A P H Y C A PI TA L
. L E TT E R S .

na mes ; an d
p hras es so u s e d, as t he t itles o f b o o ks , ass o ciati o n s, or
ot he r o bj ects are p ro
p er n o u n s in s e n s e, a n d w ritt e n acco rdin l
gy .

Ex
.Hail , L ib e rt y ! 0

H a pp in

es s ! o u r b e i n g s e n d a n d a im
T he
.

e n t r an ce in to t he gar de n o f Ho e was b t w t o e o f w h ic h w as k ept by

p y o g a es ; n
Thy n ame is Has ty P u ddin g f thu s o u r
,

R e as o n , an d t he o t he r b y Fan cy

.

s ir e s w e r e w o n t t o gr e et t hee f u m ng f
i m t h r B ar lo w T he re lay M a

r o e e s . .

d am P ar tlet , b as k in g in the s u n , b reas t high in s an d D r yden -

T his s tr u ck . .

t he O ak w it h a t ho u ght o f ad mir atio n , an d he co u ld n o t f o r b e ar as kin g t he

R e e d , ho w he came t o b e s o s ecu r e , e t c / E so
p

s Fa bles : B es t Edition T hey w en t

W
. .

T he C o mm o n s , the C e ntral
W
t o t he B u tte r y s b all an d the G ras s ho pp er s f

e as t

W
.

Par k , the B a o fB is ca o r ceste r ; t he Paci c O ce an E ver ett , in es t

min st er Hall M aca u y B ai n s B ay, Bris to l B ay, the

hite S ea, t he S e a 0 1
Ja an , t he I s le o fM an , H
u dson s S t rait , t he G u lf S tr eam, t he G u lfo f G u in ea, o n

L a e T chad
0 z;f or d P r o
.
f essor Olo e t he r eam e r
,
D
A le xan d e r t he G r e at , the
'

L ak e o f N icar na, t o L o n g an d S tat e n I s lan ds in L ong l s lan d S o u n d , o n B u n k e r

Hill to M o u n t er no n , n e ar t he C a e o f G oo d He p e , n e ar the Fi ve P oin ts , t he
p

R o cky M o u n tain s , t he Eas t R ive r I r vin g f r o m Pr o s e ct Hill
p
'
o n Breed s

to P

Hill, at M o u ltrie s P o in t , b eyo n d C haris t o wn i e ck B an cr oft ilo t s Kn o b ,
'

W
t o C o u n cil Blu f f s , Fo rt C har le s Van co u v e r s i s lan d n e ar G r e at B e ar L ak e t he

, , ,
hite S u l hu r S pr in gs , o n t he Fo u r t h, o n N e w Y e ar s D ay, t he diss e n s io n s b e

t we e n t he o r th an d t he S o u th, t he Kn o w N o t hin gs , t he R adicals , t he Frie n ds ,

t he S is t e rs o f C har ity t he U n io n L ite rar y S o cie t
z
o ft he L ak e C am b e ll s Battle o fH o he n lin de n
t he M ilk y

ay, S co tt s L ady
i t o n s P ar adis e L o s t an d P ar a

W
p
M
.
,
dis c R egain e d , t he r s t N u mb er o ft he N e w o nt h l y, D r M itchell s P o p u lar A s

.

t o n o my
r S u n d/ r y A u tho r ities S u ch S co tch o r I ris h n ames o fmo u n t ain s o r lak es
.

as B en L o mo n d , L och G le, & c , s ho u ld alw ays b e w ri tt en as t wo w o rds , an d ca i

y .
p
t alize d . A le tte r o r a w o rd u s e d as t he n ame o fit s elf ,
is n ot u s u ally cap italiz e d .

M r G o old Bro wn cap it aliz es lett ers s o u s e d, b u t n o t words : as ,

. Tee, Tees Ess ,

Eases T he p ro n o u n who .

i 1 3 I t is w o rt hy
. fn o tice, that n o t e ve ry p e rson ie d n ou n is w rit
o

te n w ith a capital b u t o nly t hose w h h h a ve th s e o fp r o p er n ame s

W ,
ic e s en .

Ex o u r t o s , ye p in es M ilton Y e e agle s laymate s o f the
y
av e
.
p , p
. .

mo u n tain s to r m Coler i dge (Y e me n o fA ltor f)

.
-
. .

T hu s lib e r ty , p art ially, ih

W
d ee d, an d tr an s ien tly , r e visit ed I t aly M aca u lay .
(l) .

i 14 o r ds ro m
derive d f ro e r n am es, ho u ld b egin with
.
p p s

ca
p ita ls .

Ex . A m er ican , A merican iz e , A merican is ms , C o lu mb ian , Fren ch, G e n o cs e ,

-

L atin iz e , G re cian , I taliciz e , I talics , (the s e t w o w o r ds are f

re qu en tly n o t cap it alize d , )

C he r o k e e , W
e s leyan , R o man , I is hman ,
as w e ll as a N o r the rn m an

r

.
e s h S co t chma
l n

W
C hris t ian s , C hris tian iz e , G allicis ms , He br ais ms , Je s u its , Fr an ciscan s Jaco b ile s , a
A
o u t he rn m an . .

i B ut w he n s u ch a w o rd has lo st its re f
15 e re n ce t o the ro e r
.
p p
n am e, an d has t ak e n its lace and a m ean in am o n t he co mm o n
p g g
w o rds cfthe la ngu age, it is n o t writte n w it h a capital .

Ex . I n acade mic halls cham agn e , chin a war e , cas hm ere s haw ls , co lo s -

s al, dagu e rreo t yp e , d amas k c he e k s , o lik e , a gu in e a, s an d wiche s , a go o d b il bo a,

g
t o galvan ize , t o he ct o r, hy me n e al, ala laco n ic, laco n icis m , p r u s s ic acid, s o lar ,
j
lu n ar, t u rk ey
mo s t s o cratically r vin g (n chr is tian , an d s imilar w o r ds , ca n
.

Wo
n o t r e ce ive n eatly a cap it al wi thi n .

16 . rds o impo rtan ce , o r w o rds p e cu

fsp e cial e mphasis or

liarly o r t echn ically app lie d, an d n o t su f cie n t ly de nit e if writ

t e n o the r wis e, s ho u ld b egin w it h cap itals .

Ex .

the C o al M eas u r es , lying n e xt ; W

T he G e n eral A s sem b ly ; t he e xcellen ce o fo u r C o n s tit u t io n o u r S tat e
illiam Pe n n wi th s ev e ral Fr ie nds t he

o r m Bill L o n do n
ar W
D e p art me n t ; t he A u dit o r o f P u b lic A cco u n ts t he R e f

Times
t he M is s o u ri C o mp ro mis e Cb ngr essio nal G l obe (S ee als o ab o v e , .
 C A P I TA L L E T TER S . 71

t he I n s titu t e 0 Holmes . T he o the r

Re ver e n d M r B u t te rs , w ho w as t o mak e the
.
. W . .

Exhib it ion Id Eve ry A merican b or n -

he U n ite d S tat e s
. .

Id
T he M e dical C o l

. .

he dis as ter s which this little b an d o fPilgr ims

C o n gr e s s o fM as s achu s e tts I el T he . .

aar te r ly T he gu es ts w e re e n te rtain e d b y

.

34 , U n i o n P lace A B os to n Jo ur nal I n a
. .

n an , I s e e t hat the s u m o fm o n ey is ca it al
p
D l
o al r s

A large b an n e r o ats o v e r B ro ad
.
t he C o n s tit u tion , an d t he e n fo r ce m en t o ft he

lib e rty in de sign atin g b y cap itals

at er

n s cie n c e, art, o r ro f
e ss io n , t han is
p
ing o fsu ch t hin gs o n ly in cide n tally .

b ir d] o fA m er ica, e t c , s ays A u du b o n
e -
be .

an d s o in t r eat in g o fe ach he cap it ali z e s t he

.he s o a s ys e m,
l r t s a s
y , T he S u n is t he ce n t r e

hr e n o lo gical s e cu lation s t hu s : H is m a

alc u lat io n an d u n e , are lar e ly d e v e lo e d
p
ll co u n t r y d
.

o an d m ay cap it iz e , in t he i r ao

i ich co n st it u te t he ir b u s in e ss I t s e e ms t o b e .

ca ital iz e w o r ds in s t e ad o fI t alicizin g t he m
p
:at l e e s
, w
e of t e n s ee t he ir p ecu liar v o cab u lary
a w ay P er hap s t he p r in t e rs , t o w ho m t his

.

Is than an y o ther , ar e t ho s e w ho hav e c hie y

to r u n to ex ce ss , an d is the n ak in t o t hat o f

;s or o the r ex r e ss io n s , w he n
, p v er
y
cat c h the
dist an ce, ar e e e ro m
f a
y
ho lly in capitals A n d in A dve rtise .

o f ca italizin is car ried t o a re at

p g g

s he d C ollectio n o fS o n gs ,
. A u e ts , T rio s
,
D
an d C o m p let e C ou r s e o fEle me n t ary I n s t r u c
e S cho o l r o o m an d t he S o cial C ir cle
-
Price .

she in terj e ctio n 0 s ho u ld alwa

y s be

:1 m de cidin g d o u b tful cas es gen erally .

)r t e rm s imp o rt in the
o fa ce rtain

le, o r m e rely to de sign ate a p articu lar

.

char act e riz e the s ame b y the ir m e an

se n o t .

ie s ign o fan in n ite C r e at or , the law o fthe

t he r t he w o rld had a cr e at o r , o r it e xis t e d b y
-
Mo u n tain B0 3 w e r e allo we d to cho o s e t heir
es s o r L o n gf
ie s

el o w , t hat is , to t he p o e t L o n g
M acau la7/
. he the r I s ho u ld wr ite ,
s s e e c he s , B u r n s s P o e m s
z
or
.

B urn s s
W
i er am t hin k in g o ft he t i tle o r s imp ly o ft he

to o k m o re p ain s w it h his Elegy , n o t elegy

W
.

l
v e ry s in ce e y , yo

r u r f r ie n d

T he o cto r . D
ho o fs 0 1170 lmes I n the p ref ace o f

. . . .

In hi f
s Pre ace , h e s ay , &c
s IJ . .
 L E T T ER S .

F a m i li a r I llu s t r a t i o n s a n d C r i t i c a l R e m a r k s A chap ter in yo u r

. -

his tor y ref e rs to y o u r lif e ; b u t a chap te r in y o u r His to r y re f e rs r athe r t o a b o o k

w ritt e n an d so n ame d b y you

W
T he n ew L u cy is n o t so o ld a b o at as t he o ld
.

L ucy, b u t t he N ew L ucy may b e an o ld b o at he n I s p e ak o fthe p r incip a l o f

.

a scho o l, I re f er t o his du ties ; b u t w he n I s p e ak o ft he P r incip al o fa scho o l, 1

'

re f e r to his t itle T he M onticello academy is a n acade my, in M o n ticello , that

.

b e ars t he n ame o fMon trose A cademy A p ers o n may b e e du cat e d at a u n iver s ity,
.

an d, w hile in V irgin ia, m ay v is it t he U n i ver s ity The p u n ctu a ti on o f a b o o k

.

re f e rs to its se n te nt ial p o ints b u t it s P un ctu a tio n 18 o n e o f t he s u b e cts o fw hich

,
j
it treats . Callaway cou n ty i s u su ally calle d Ca lla way, b u t Ka nsa s City is n o t .

u su ally calle d Kans as The Ohio r iver is as w e ll de n o te d b y t he Ohio, w hich is

.

a su f cie n t name t o c all it b y : b u t t he R ed R iver is n o t u s u ally c alle d t he R a t;

n or is t he B lu e R i dge e v er calle d t he B lu e ; f

W
o r it t ak e s t he t w o w o r ds t o mak e
'

t he n ame .
(T h is, I w as to ld in t he G lo b e Of ce at as hin gto n C it , is t he d is
y
j
t in ctio n o b se rve d there ; a n d I s ee b u t this o b ect io n to it, n a me ly, t hat t he

e M iss is s ipp i r ive r,

p h ras e s t he Ohio rive r, t h fo r in sta n ce, might b e u n de r

sto o d as me an in g, lik e t he p hras e the V irgin ia milit ia,

simp ly the riv e r b e

lo n ging to Ohio o r M is s iss ipp i A n d it con tin u e s to b e calle d H u dso n r iv e r
.

u n to this day

. I vi g
r n-
M r G o
. e . B a n cr
. f
o t w r it es, in co n s ist en tly,

in Mys tic
rive r, o n the N en s e R ive r, t he S av ann ah R ive r, w it hin the limits o ft he p rese n t
T he city ofN e w Y o rk o r N ew Y or k city is ge n e rally called

G re en e co u n ty .

N e w Yor k ; b u t Jer s ey City o r Jef f er so n C i ty n e e ds b o t h w o rds t o mak e t he

n ame . The I n di i n always says, G reat S p irit, o r u s e s b o th w o rds to den o te

G o d ; b u t w hen Po p e w ro te , T ho u gre at Fi rs t C au s e , he u s e d gr eat in its o r
din ary de scr ipt ive s e n se The Kin g ofkings s ho w s p re e min e n tly G o d s r elat io n

.

to w o rldly kings ; b u t t he A n gel ofD ea th do es n o t s ho w t he relatio n o fa n y

angel t o de ath . The D evil de no tes S a tan b u t a devil may b e s imply a b ad p e r: i

M acaulay w r ite s, T he y hav e co in ed o u t o f Mac hiavelli s C hr is t
s o n o r S p irit .

W
ian n ame a n ick n ame [N ick f D
The Te mpt er, o r t he Ev il
]
o r t he

e v il ; a ls o,

ill yo u w a k into my p arlo r ? s aid t he S p ide r to the Fly , de

P rin ciple .

n o te s t he tw o as ift he y w e re M r A a n d M r B, o r as the chiefsu b e ct

. . j
t he
c o mp o s itio n B u t JEso p s f oxes , lio ns , m ice, cr o ws , e t c

. are n o t, in all b o o ks , ho n

o re d w it h cap ita ls A Methodi st, a R ep u blica n, a M i ss u lma n, o r a R o ar er , b e

W
.
.

lo ngs to s o me r e ligio u s, p o litical, o r s o cial sect o r p ar ty

fe w Frie nds,

is v e ry dif fe re n t f ro m

W
illia m P e n n w ith a f
illiam Pe n n w it h a
ew f
.

rie n ds

T he .

Firs t an d t he S eco n d S an dsto ne, imp lie s sc ie n t 1 tic distin ctio n

P ro f L y e ll, o f
. .

Englan d, w rite s , t he Old R e d s an ds to n e , the S e co n dary s e ries ; b ec au s e ,
I s u p p o se , in t he se cap it aliz e d w o rds lie s t he te chn ical dis tin ct io n , an d n o o the r
c ap it als are n e e ded The go sp e l de no te s t l1e C hris tian do ct rin e s ; b u t t he G os
. ..

els a n d t h e R evela tio n de n o te p ar ts o fthe N e w Te stame n t T he p hras e Di
p
.

re f

v in e ass is tan ce e rs dire ctly t o G o d, b u t t he p hrase divin e b e au ty do e s n o t .

M iss o u ri is a p ar t o ft he S o u th, t ho u gh it is wes t S u ch is the u nio n o ft he .

S ta tes , that they are o f te n calle d the U nion o r the U nited S ta tes Va n D ie men s
.

L a n d is n o t the lan d b elo n ging t o Van D ie men

G r a bbe s P rair ie o n ce w as
.

S u tte r s M ill is no w a litt le t o wn , an d t he mill 1 s w ashed

Cr a bbe s p r a ir ie .

. C A P I TA L L E TTE R S .
73

the Osage w hich there is n o w n o f

at er r y .

r ; L on do n times are s o me thin g e lse

-
The .

er s h o us e is n o t e d f h Mon thly

or osp itality .

arge an d imp o rt an t r eligio u s s o cie t ie s

; an d
aite , fo r mal, an d imp o r t ant than mo n thly
7omp an y o r the C on ven tion , I mean to gu ar d
1 8 , o r t o mak e you t hin k o fa
p art icu lar o n e .

eleb rate d lit erary co n tro v ersy The I ns u r .

t e r, o n ly w hile the e x cite me n t la s te d ; b u t

are s till mat te rs o fin t e r e st, an d r e tain t heir

ne w an d s tirr ing e v ents are co n tin u ally

on w ord o r p hrase may yield itselfu p as a
when n o lo n ger n e e de d as s u ch, b e dep riv ed
mme n arse n al o fsp e e ch .

ral co lleges . I v isit e d t he Mint this morn in g,

ae cit y con tain s an A sylu m f o r the D eal;

n a s if the n ame s had

y H a ll, w as w ritt e
.he mselv es The L un atic A sylu m is a p artie
.

1 o u r S tat e, b u t the re are lu natic as y lu ms in

i lsio n o fo u r rst p ar e n ts f ro m the G arde n

to v is it t he L akes ; i e , a ce leb rat e d gr o u p

. .

is a lak e in so me f a mou s w o o ds, the

W

L ak e

co de, b u t the L ak e o fthe o o ds is s im
is w ho lly a n ame ; b u t t he

n al Er ie an d
he can al b e tw e e n L ak e Erie an d the Ohio

W
ailro ad in M is s ou ri ; b u t t he M is s ou r i R a il
e c an s e e whi te m ou nta i ns in al mo st an

te Mou n ta ins are in N e w H amp shire

y
T he .

b u t is ex t e n de d in app licat io n to the su r

locality b e s ides N i agar a F alls me an s n o t
.

r
,
in stea d o fs ayin g, S hak e sp eare , say s ,
nion is p u t f o r t he p re p e r name Vir gi n ia .

arrio rs o ft he P e n in su la , app lyin g the w o rd

0 rt u gal . The p hras e Ele gy in a C o u n tr y

n am e o f a p o e m as John may b e the p ro p er

ne t h e G o v e rn o r at t he p arty i e I saw
y . .
,

t o call G o ldsmiths D eser ted Village G old

:aliz e t he lat te r p hras e (S ee To the

n it e a n d c omp lime n tary p hrase t han To
melo n Times s ay s , H e r M a est y , the P ri n ce j
ales , an d t he o the r m e mb e rs o f t he R o y a l

s w o u ld n o t hav e b e e n t hu s ho n o re d w ith
myse lfas the a u thor t han as the A u thor , f or

; h a v alu e o n my pro du ctio n o r o n t he class .

f I w e r e p r es iden t o f t he U n ite d S t ates I ,

.mitte d dignity o fthe o f c e , sp eak o fmy s e lf

my le tt e r w ith t his addr e ss , My dear

W
"
D e ar U n cle ,

or My dear A u n t M ary,


S ir z , My De ar S ir : My de ar ife z ;

S ydn e y S mit h, e arD

My
view has , My D ear
of his Es s ay in r e f e rr in g t o a b oo k calle d

1tro du ce d C ap ta in M ar r ya tt he af t e rw ards
,

n o t a s the cap ta in O u r C lu b , Pre s ide n t

. ,

in t it le as well as in f act Book I , P ar t

.
74 O R TH O G R A P H Y C A P I TA L
. L ET TE R S .

S eco n d, Etymology , R e mark , Ob servation , N ame s o f D e ity , R u le s conce rn in g

Ex amp les a n d Qu o t atio ns , ref e r to p articu lar p arts o r he adin gs o f t he b o o k .

A n accu rate grammarian w rite s

M u rray , in his G rammar, says, ice The
,

Cr itic, a N ewsp ap er . A n A ct ofCongr ess is n ot lik e an act ofa r ap e dancer -
,

a n d o f gr e ate r imp o r tan ce A go ve rno r is n o t n e cessarily a G o vern o r ; n or a

.

su p r e me co u rt, a S u p r e me C o u r t ; n o r t he f t h s tre e t , Fif t h S tr e e t O ur C o n .

W

s titu tio n do e s n o t ref e r t o o ur he al th n or do e s

o u r S t ate
,

r efe r t o ou r co n di
tio n . e may sp e ak , ho w e ve r, in ge n e ral terms , o f the s tate s e mp ire s , an d ,

k in gdo ms o fthe e ar th; an d du k es kings , e mp ero rs , qu e en s con su ls p r es iden ts

, , , ,

j u dges, mayo rs, dire c to rs c o mmiss io n e rs, co u n cilme n , e tc , are all s u b e ct to t he

, . j
s ame r u le s in r es p e c t t o cap ital le t ters I am aw are t hat it is rathe r dan ge ro u s
.

to admit the p rin c ip le o fc ap italiz in g w o rds me re ly b e cau s e t hey ar e de ec te d in

s en s e ; b u t, t o so me e x te n t , the p rinciple mu s t b e a dmitt e d, o r I sho u ld ra the r ,

s ay, is already e s ta b lis h ed . I n d, in my r eading, t he can e b rak es o fthe sta te -

B ancr of
W

o fL ou is iana t; the u n io n o fthe S tat e s Ever ett ; u se d in L o u is i

an a an d s o me n e ighb orin g s tates

orces ter the p e o ple in his o wn state

B r y an t ;
1d .
t he S tate s o fI taly
b u t, ifthe N o r th, S o u th East, an d
o n e o ft he se is a S ta te, e sp ecially as
Macau lay
.

W
in the s e rvice o fa sin gle s tate
es t, mak e the U n ite d S ta tes , I thin k
t he s tate ofV irgin ia , f

o r in s tan ce , may

I nd also , w he n the idea is u n iv ers ally co n s ide re d,

me an ho w V1rgin ia is
or

P ulpit
u n i e d,

Man deville
.

W
H e is a me mb er o ft he bar
or ces ter ;

ho kills by the s word, shall die b y the s w o rd Bibte

W
Fo r t he Bar o r the

The S o n g is in p o e try, what t he Essay is in p rose A tlan tic Monthly ; In

an cie nt t imes, t he S t ate su pp or te d t he Oracle

Ot f o r d P rof es sor ; Thes e co n
t e mplativ e v ie w s of N atu re an d M an

Id b u t su ch capitalizing sho u ld b e in
-

W
.

d u lge d in v e ry S paringly . H av e we lif te d u p ou r ey e s to H im w ho is L o v e ,
L ight, an d Tru t h, an d B liss P r of
-
ilson .
(S e e also . M r H awt horn e s ay s .

o fan I talian s tatu e ,

H e re, lik ew ise, is s e e n a symb o l (as ap t at t his mo me n t as
it w as tw o t ho u san d y ears ago) o ft he H u man S o u l, w it h its cho ice ofI n n oce n ce
o r Ev1l clo se a t han d, in t he p re tty gu re o f a child clas p in g a do v e t o he r b o
"
so m, b u t as sau lted by a s n ak e o f S illiman w rites, h
.
(S e e also P r . T e
j
Flora o fA u str alia has u s tly b ee n re garde d the most re mark a ble in t he w o rld
The Eu rop ean an d A u s t ralian o ras s ee m to me t o b e e ss e ntially dist in ct
W

I
r o m C at harin e s tre e t L o n do n
.

Times ; illiam

n d, f urthe rmo re, f -
n e ar

s tree t, in M ulb e rry s tre et
-
I rving in C hatham s treet
G r eeley ;
-
in G ran d

at t he co rn e r o f U n ion s tr e e t a n d H an o v e r s treet
'
s tree t B ryant Ever ett ; -

John IVils on, ofBos ton ;
at a la wy er s o f

N o 2 2 S choo l S tree t ce in ,

.
,

N as sau S t re e t, N e w Y o rk A tlan tic Mo n thly The co mp ou n din g o ft he t w o

.

w ords mak es the mos t e x act t e rm ; t he u se o f tw o cap itals is mo re in acco rd

an ce w ith a n alo gy ; (s e e 1 2

haps mo st co mmo n . W b u t the las t mo de o fe x p ressio n is b eco ming p e r

hat I have sho w n and s aid in r ef e re n ce t o stre e ts, may

also b e n o tice d in re f e re n ce to s ev e ral o the r kin ds o fno t v e ry imp ortan t o b e c ts,

esp e cially w he n t he o r din ary me an in g o f t he w o rd is s t ill p ro min e n t

S S

urvey of
e .
j
W
asse d t he A n t e lo p e hills, G ray cr ee k , an d R o cky D ell cre e k U
p
.
. .

R R R ou te to the P acic (7 ) I n English n e wsp ap ers I gen erally n d s u ch

. . .

w o rds co mpo u n de d ; as, S p r ing gar dens, L eices ter p lace, Hamp den s tr eet, Fo u r th
- - -

The re se ems t o b e a te n d

s treet ; A r klo w ho use, Con n au ght p lace, Ju ne i 8 th
- -
.

j
e n cy to co n sider what gu re t he o b e c t mak e s in t he w riter s co mp os itio n , o r in

the great adairs oft he w o rld ; an d, it it is n o t a matte r ofmu ch in te re s t o r im

o r tan ce, t o u s e s mall le tte rs , o r n o t mo re cap itals t h an ar e ab s o lu t ely n ece s s ary
p
j
W
t o dist in gu ish t he o b ect f ro m o thers o ft he s ame k in d .

hen ear th, hea ven, an d hell, are sp ok e n o fas hab itation s, small le tters gen
e rally b e gin t he w o rds ; tho u gh so me wr i t e rs u rge t hat w he n t he la tt e r t w o
lac e s den ot e the a bo de s o f the b le ss e d a n d o ft he miserab le , the y are alway s
p
ro p er n ames, and shou ld b egin w ith ca pitals ; an d I n d, in my re ad n g,
p i
f igh hem o f

S l ee o n a n d d re am o f H e a v e n a w h il e F ra i l c h il d o e ar t h ! h
p ,
76 O R THO G R A P I I Y .
C A PI T A L L ET T E R S .

G EN ER A L DI R EC TI ON FOR C O R R EC TI N G Fir st, read dis tin ctly, as it is, what

is to be co rr ected co n de mn it ; ta ke a co n ven ien t er r o neo us p or tion, s ay wha t i t
sh o u ld be, a n d give the r easo n by s tatin g the p r incip le v io la ted ; a n d,
nally, r ead
the corr ected exa mp le Fo r greate r f . ulln e ss , s ay , w he n c o n v e n ie nt, that t he e r

ro n e o u s p art w it h s u ch p ro p e rt ies or su ch a m ea ning, sho u ld b e so w ith s u ch

p ro p e rtie s, s u ch a mea n in g, or f o r s u ch a p u rp o se b ecaus e, e tc .

Ex amp le s t o be C orre cte d .

FO R M U L A I n corr e ct : the w o r d
.
,
b egin n in g wit h a s mall ,
S ho u ld
b egin w it h a cap ital b ecau se (G ive t he r ece t v io late d, as p re
s e n t e d o n s o me p re ce ding p age ; an d v ary the For mu a en a v e n ation is

W
n e e de d .

C o n gress au thoriz ed gen

the s o u t he rn dis trict

W
ashin gto n to app o in t an o f
.

hen L au d w as arraign e d,
.

cer to t ak e charge o f
can an y o ne b eliev e me a
traito r, e x claimed t he as to nishe d p re late Bancr of t
. The b lo o d oftho s e w ho
-
.

hav e Falle n at co n co rd, le x ingto n, an d b u n k e r s h1ll, cries alo u d, it is time to

Thre e che e rs w e re giv e n f o r t he champ io n o ft he so u t h T he b ible
p art. .

s ay s, childre n , o b ey y ou r p aren ts A hu n dre d presb yt erian min is ters p re ached

.

e ve ry s u nday in M iddles e x T he re w as n o C hu rch t o day at middle gro ve

. In -
.

Be n ton s t hirty years yo u can nd t his S tat e me nt A ll t he se p leas are o v erru le d

W

.

ra ab le ar u me n t,
t he mo me n t a lady addu ce s he r irre f g g yo u mu s t Daniel eb .

s te r, se cre t ary o fs tate At f o rt b lack H awk

. H e K ne w ge n e ral la Fay e t te
.

an d cap tain P hipp s H e w as rs t a C aptain an d t he n a G e ne ral

.

had t he so u n din g ap p e lla tio n o f w hite t hu n de r W

This C hief
ashin to n c it , the C a ital
g y .
p
.

W
o ft he U n ite d s tat e s, is in t he dis t ric t o f C o lu mb ia

e s tmin s te r co lle ge, an d w as f

s to p thie f
He is n e w p reside n t o f
o rm erly p rin cip al of M o n tr o se aca de my

.

hile . W
e ve ry ho n e s t t o ngu e l reso un ds To t his I an s we r, n o
. The an s we r
may b e, ye s o r n o
S o u t h in W The p re side n t lives in t he w hite ho u s e
.

in t e r, b u t r e tu rn in S p ring o r S u mme r
a p e rs o n calle d f rau d, b e hin d the c o u n t e r, w ith f
The se Birds go
I saw , at the s ame t ime ,
alse s cale s, li ht w e i hts, an d
.
.

g g
s ca n ty me as u re s Fals e ho o d le t t he arms o fso p his t ry f
. all f ro m her
gras p, an d,
ho ldi n g u p the s hield o fimp u de nce w ith b ot h he r han ds, s he lter e d hers elfamo ng
t he p ass io ns id . T he rs t me lt in g o fL e ad O re in this cou n ty w as in a ru de
.

lo g f u rn ace T his is e sp ecially t r u e ofElm an d Hick ory lan d D u m sp i r o, .

sp er o w hile I b re a the, I ho p e T he qu e s tio n 18 w hich o fthe m can b e s t p ay

. .

t he p e nalty I B e i t ena cted by the legis la tur e ofOhio , that t he ta xe s etc L 1u d

.
,

ley mu rray say s, when a qu o t atio n is b ro u ght in o b liqu ely alt e r a co mma, a
C ap ital 1s u nn e cess ary ; as , so lo me n o b s er ves, That Prid e go e t h b ef o re de s tr u o

o ctavo gr amma r , P 2 84 A t len gth, the co mp re hen s io n b ill w as se nt

. .

d o w n to t he co mmo ns To t he ho n o rable t he preside n t an d t he ho u se ofco n v e n

.

t io n
. H e w as Preside n t ofthe mas sachu s e t ts his to rical so cie ty, t he Edit o r o f
a f e w v o lu me s o fits his to rical collec tio n s, an d a C o n t rib u to r to t he B o s to n daily
adve rtis er T he au thor o fthe Task w as a go o d P o et
. S o me w elsh e migran t s .

w ho w e re z ealo us c hms tian s P u t the rst lin e in ro man let te rs, an d ital ic iz e
.

t he o the r The me x ican leade r w as do n a n to nio de le p ez de san ta an n a

. S he .

is go n e to him t hat co mf o rte th as a mot her co mf orte t h The han d t hat made u s, .

is divine . H e re is t he v illage o fb eav er meado w ; also ma u ch chu n k , o r b e ar

mo u n tain, b ro ad an d S p ring mo u n tain s, b ald ridge, an d p in e hills , are he re .

T his s wamp w as calle d the s hades ofdeath, by the su e re rs o m w yo min g

'

The re dwe lt a s age calle d disciplin e .

He atte re d himse lft hat the tor ies might
b e in du ce d to mak e so me co n ce s s io n s to the disse n te rs, 0 11 co n d ition tha t t he
W hig w o u ld b e le n ie n t t o t he aco b ites
s j
M en may b e divide d, inte llect u ally,
.

in to the f o llo wing class e s : the gr eat, t he e xt rao rdin ary, the o rd in ary, t he imita

tive, t he e n erge tic, the medio cre , t he f e e b le , t he small, an d t h e du ll Mo n roe .

 Y L L A BL E S . 77

little P ee dee ; C o ok s inlet ; Pe

'

e ast in die s ; the w hite s ea ; t he

Je rs ey city ; C harle s to n C ity ; t he
A p p o llo garde n ; L afaye t te p lace ;

S olo mo n ; t he Evan gelis t M at the w .

Fire in su ran ce C o m
hirty miles lon g .

scho ols,

me n t .

advan c e .

e n ts,

to check
her p ride Milton .

o n his b u mb le b irth,

or he r o wn Gr ay

W
him f .

Y o u th o r dswor th .

s yllab le ? A di ssyllable ? A t risyllab le ? A p oly

co n sist o fo n e o r mo r e v o w els, or o f
1 one o r b o th side s by o n e o r mo r e

an , an ts d t s hr ill, b r eas ts , s hat ter e d

; o -
.
,

be
g in n in
g o fa o rd t o m o dif its
y W
to t he e n d, a s u x an d t he
p art

s u ix, is calle d the r oo t, o r r a dica l .

n -

p lan t ; act , act or ,-

act -
ice, act i vity ; gr e at ,
e-
o r m
f ation .

r s
yllab les, w e are
g u ide d c hiey b y

v er
a
y y llab le
p re cis el
s
y t ho s e letters

o ft he w o r d give s to it .

o cr as
-
tin at e , mil li n er
-

y, p re face , as tr o n
- - - -

e t u di n a ri an , m a ter n al, b as k e t , b ar b er ,

- - - - - - - - -

Hel e n , R o b ar t, E liz
-
a
b eth -
.

s
. te r s o me tim es divides the s e an d similar w o r ds , might
huh, a n d sq u i r e .

ly b e divide d acco rdin g t o their p re

ndin s, ift he y hav e an ; a n d co m
g y
in to t he ir s imple o n es .

1 e st
-

,
fu l, ful ly, sk il le ss , gr as s y,
s in - - - -
r en t.

ni t S wain , f
-
o r e m o s t, w ho s e ve r , w her - - -
e v e r,

p r o n u n ciat i n o co n ict, the divis i on

r o n u n cia tion .
p
l lec tio n ( memb ran ce), b ig a my,
re as orib e ,
- - -
- -

r .
78 O R TH O G R A P H Y S PEL L I N G
. .

A w o rd hav in g mo r e syllables than o n e, may b e divide d at

29 .

the e n d o fa lin e, b u t o n ly at the clo s e o fa syllab le S ee this p age . .

i The p art in e ither lin e sho u ld co n sist o fat le ast m o r e let te rs than o n e ,
an d b e of su ch a n atu re t hat it is n o t lik el to b e m isco n ceiv e d at the
y
r s t imp r es sio n .

S u ch w or ds as a lom ] a gain , o lio ,

- - -
r ea d
y,
-

give n ,
cu rve -
d, ca r v cd, - -

saf e r , an d r hym e r s ho u ld r at her s tan d in o n e lin e ; an d s u ch w o r ds as

-

a ccomp lice s, acco mp lic es , advantage s , s ho u ld -

e r b e divide d accomp lices , a d va n
tages .

30 mor e w o rds exp ress in g b u t o n e co n ce ptio n , o r

. Two or

habitu ally u s e d togethe r as the t e rm f o r o n e o bj e ct o r ide a, sho u ld

b e co mpo u n ded .

ElmS te amb o at , railr o ad s tarlight b eehiv e , k n ittin g n ee dle s p ellin g b ook

, ,
-

,
-
.

Te ll w hether p r im itive, der i vati ve, or co mp ou n d ; als o whether a mo nosylla ble , a d is sgl
la ble , a tr i sy llable , or a p o lysylla ble
M an , m an ho o d , man man age m en t , co n de n tial, u n in f
-
e at er , o r m e d, u n in am

m ab le , p en 1t en tiary, n e vert heles s , ho rs e man , M u s s u lman , n ighti n gale , wher e ab o u t .

From w hat deri ved

L ili es , k n iv es , gr eater , au thor ize , farthe st , s e ak s , s p eak ing, ap p lie d, w rit te n ,
p
fr o s ty, in e qu ality, u n p re p ar e d, happ ies t , p erso n i catio n , ins e n s ib le n e s s .

M en ti on the p rexes a nd the s uf fixes

U nb ou ght, u n w o r thy , imp er f e ct , ar tis t , ar tfu l, r e co n s tru ct , f
o r tify, f o r ti cat io n ,
o v er o w, b e s p at tering, f as cin atio n , dis p r op ort io n ab ly, u np r e me dit at e d .

Divi de i nto sy lla bles

A n other, lu s cio u s , v ar nis h, tick le , mu sk et , e xtrao r din ary, p o ssession , mo n k ey ,
w e s tern , p at ern al, r e f o r mat io n , r e co lle ct, r e cr e at e , im et u s , im o t en ce , g r af te r ,
p p
r af ter , char te r , chan t er , w ai ter , t raito r , colo n y , f e lo n y,
p itche r ,
lo u n ge r , n o is
y,
s o r ce r y, galle ry , ar te ry , chillin g, w illin g, k illin g, azu r e , n ation , s ir en , b ris k e t ,
ass o ciate , p r on u n ciatio n , athwar t, A riadn e , D ian a .

C orr ect the fo llo wi n g

P lan tin g, u n lo a d in g, m a k eth, s t o r in g, o r ga u i zing, e
- -
s qu ir e , s s t em
-

y ,
mig - - - - -

ht, swifte st , go v e rn , eo n s t i t u tio n , v a le t u d i n a ri an , m ar k e t, s t o r my

W
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
.

A w hit e as hed ho u s e D o u b le e n t ry b o o k k e ep in g I s aw a hu mmin g b ir d

. .

an d he ard a m ock in g b ird A w hit e o ak , a s u gar t re e , an d a s li p e ry elm

. Fiv e .

m S o me glas s ho u ses ar e ma e in
gallo n k egs a n d th r e e f
o o t e as u r es
glas s ho u s es
-
. .

S PEL L I N G .

Sp g is the art o f e xp re ssing w rds by their p r p e r let

e l li n o o
t ers . T his art mu st b e learn ed chiey f r m s e llin
p g b o ks, dictio n a o -
o
r ies, an d o bs e r v at io n in r eadin
g .

O u r lan gu age hav in g b ee n f o rme d fro m se v eral o thers , its w or ds ar e o f ten

s elle d v er y irr egu larly , an d s o metim es dif
fe r w idely fr o m t he
p ro n u n ciatio n ; s o
p
t at s car cely an y u s e fu l r u les can b e given , e xcep t a f ew f o r s p ellin g de rivat ive
w or ds

.

Dou b lin g
Wo
R ule I . .

31 llable , e n din
r ds in a s in le c o ns o n an t
o fo n e
.
y g g psre

ce ded by a s in gle v o w e l a n d w o rds o fmo re s llables , e n din i n th

y g e

sam e w ay, w it h the accen t xe d o n the last s llab le ,

y d o u ble t he -

co n so n an t b ef
o re a v o w e l in the de rivative w o rd .

I n o the r cas es, n o do u blin g t ak e s p lace .

Ex 1 . . S ad, sadder , s addes t ; reb e l, r ebelled, r ebeller , r ebelling, r ebellio n ; f

Op ,
 79

w illi

de r iv ativ es o fthe f
ollo wing w o r ds

cav il, chan n el, chis el, dishe v il,

co u n se l, c u d ge l,
q
e u al, ga m b o l, gr a v e l, gr o v el, han d s e l, ha tche l,
e l, lib e l m a r s ha l, m ar v e l, m o d el, p a n e l, p ar ce l,
,

t, Br yan t m ar
w e r e s o ta u ght i n
is aga in s t an alo gy, a n d ge n e r ally u n

b e do u b le d, to p re v e n t the lia
ay
o t he r ; as, G r avelly f r o m gr avel gr avely

nap .

are deriv e d t o t he L atin p r imitiv e,

acco rding

ish ; as , M e tal (L at m e tallu m), meta llic, meta l

.

x cel, excellen t ; ap p eal, ap p ella n t .

de I I Fin al Y . .

b y a co n so n ant an d f o llo w ed by an
y
nt o i in t he de rivat iv e w o rd .

glo rif y, glori ed, glorif yi n g, glor ifica tio n t ry,

i ly , m er r i men t p ity, p itia ble i vy, i vied .

ve s o f s ly, dr y, an d sh y as , s lyly, dr y / ly, shyn ess

o wn p r e f e r t o mak e t he s e co n fo r m w i t h the R u le .

by a v o we l ,
or o llo w e d b
f i
y , re m ains
a wo r d .

cry , cr ied , cryin y, cr ier allay , ai

s tr o y, destr oyer , destr oyi ng ; an n o y ,

l
y, s aid lay, laid ; day, da ily ; s tay, s taid
(re

. e I II Fin al E
. .

cu t, is j
r e e ct e d ore
b ef a v o wel in the de

ed , f
o r cin
g for cible griev e gr ievan ce, grievo u s
bei ng
, ,
le ,
. r attlin g b u t be, .

t r e s e rve the ro n u n ciatio n ide n

p p or

o
y
ed .

eea ble s in ge , s in gein g tr ace , tr aceable s win gs

0

mile , mileage ; b lu e , bla ey bbu is h {su ein ,

n sue , g .

vr it e con stru e, cons tr u ing.

1 d s in gein g s win ging an d swin geing.

 O R TH O G R A P H Y S P EL L I N G
.
*
.

36 o rds
do u b lin g o fi
. W .
e n din g in ie chan e
g i into y, b ef
o re i, to p reven t the

Ex .
-
Die , dying ; vie , vyin g ; tie , tyin g ; lie , lyi ng .

37 . E nal is r e tain e d ore

b ef a o o
c n s n an t in the der ivativ e
w o rd .

Ex Bas e , bas ele ss basemen t ; r u e , r u eful ;

. d en ite , de n itely, de n iteness ,
s ho e , sh oeles s p e r ver s e , p er ver sely whole , wholesome, w lesomely,
r e le as e r eleas eme n t .
,

B u t whe n n o t n ecessary t o p re s erv e the pr o n u n ciatio n o f

-
38 .

the w o rd, it is s o me tim e s r ej ect e d .

Ex D u e , du h f a dg , j u dgmen t lo dge, lodg

.
y; tr u e ,
tr u ly; aw e a w u l ls o u e

,
men t, & e ; b ecaus e t he d al ways s of
ten s the r en ders t he

W
.
g, an e u n n e ces s ar y .

R u le I V .
-
hether I ze or I se .

3 9 I fthe w o rd has
. k in dre d me aning w itho u t the a e n din
g
, or

w ith a dif
fe re n t e n din , add ize;
g if h dl, ise .

Ex A . u t hor
,
au thor ize civ il, civilize ; t heo ry, theorie s dramatis t , dr amatize;
o rgan , or gan ize . R evis e, comp r onuis e, en terp r is e, si n p r ise
.

T his R u le ha s so m e e xcep tio n s, a s cr i ticis e exer cis e, as si ze ;

think i t m ay w ell b e
, y et I
g p y , an d to s u ch a s m ay b e f
a p p li e d t o all wo r d s o fthi s cla s s s till u n se t tle d in o r tho r a h o r me d
he r e af te r S o m e highly r e sp e ct able mod e rn B r i tis h au tho r s , p er ha p s to sho w t he ir le ar nin g,
.

u s e is e in alm o s t e v er y in s ta n ce .

R u le V N o Tr eb lin oz .

The n al let ter may

40 . re m ain o r b e do u bled, b u t n ot tr eb le d,
in the de rivative w o rd .

Ex Harmles s h a rmlessly o dd, Oddl?

p o ssesss io n ;
n ot
.

; n,
fu ll, fu lly, n o t fu llly ; s ti , s ti ness ch liss , blis sf

u l ; ill, i llness
d u ll, du lln ess tall, ta llness e n d tr ecca . b u t t hes e w o r ds s ho u ld
have t he hyp he n , tr ee en , gall les s -
.

R ule
VI Compoun ds
W
. .

41 . he n s imple w o rdsf o rm co mpou nds, they ge n erally r e tain

the ir o wn le tters, es p ecially ifa hyphe n still s ep arate s t hem .

Era B ar ef oo t , hou sew ife , lady lik e , p arty s pir it , w ell

gr ou n de d, has ty p u d
- - -

j
ding, t her eab ou t s , u ry man , whereb y, whe rei n, w her e u n to , w he re f o re , w he r e with,

w her eo n B u t w here , wher ever ; w ho s e , who sever ; s heep , shep her d ; f fet

. e e t,

lo ch p as s , p as time n e wly ma de , new ma de -

.

On e I f
42 ro m ll is f r e q u en tl d ro e d ; an d t he a o stro he
.
y pp p p
in p o ss essives always, w he n the re is n o hyp he n .

Ex
Dr WA lways welcome, h
. a n dfu l, f ulll, hear tshor n , boatsma/n an d acco r din g to
,

or ces ter an d s o me o fthe b es t o fo u r o ld liv in w rit ers , w ilfu l, skilf

u l, f ul
g
h
W
.

ness , d u lness c iln ess, ins ta lmen t, in thr almen t ; b u t s ho u ld r at her b e go v e rn e d

he re b y an ogy . an d p r ef e r, as D r e b ste r d oes , skill n l, .
fu lln es s, d u ll
ness , ch illnes s , ins ta llmen t, i n thr allmen t S e e the p r e ce in g .

R u le VI I
Fin a1 F, L . , or S .

l 43 . Mo n o syllab les e n din g with f,

l, o r s,
p r e c e ded gle by a s in

v o we l do u ble the al co nso

,
n n an t A ll o ther . wo rds e nding w ith an y
o ther co o an t in the same ns n ,
w ay, do n o t .

lit Skiff o ,

, hill, s hall, b lis s , gras s ; ear , drug, n o d, mob .

 81

p u s , thu s, n il, sol, s al

r agg (sto n e) ,
in n , err ,
D odd, HMO, P i tt,
as
me It wit h an e n ding t hat

de rivativ es ; as, e knives ; mis chie f

Kn if , ,

o fa R u le ; f
a ncied f

as, Fancy, a ncy d ,

f
o r t he
p er son who; e le v e n e w
u re
f
g
-

ali e f yy, f torr ef

s twve y f ta be y ,
l
r ar e a
, y
d i
b es, lo o k p y ari d rem mbe r
s har l .

lled in t wo or mo 1 e dif
fe r e n t w a s, w ith
y

in qu ire , en
qu ire e ct1o n , e n o n con n ectio n ,
rrie t er
,
ce n t e r ,
m e tre , ; ho min y, ho mon y, ho m
ni to , mos qu ito , m u s cheto , 85 0 .

lett ers o fa wo rd mitte d,ar e s o m e times o

cha n e d an d co mb in e d w ith a n o the r

i es
g
calle d co n tr a ctio n .

7 pu t in t he p lace ofthe le tte r or le tte rs o mitte d.

tm
r t , ar t ; is u s or has ; v e , have ;
re , a r e

s, .

n , mad am;
n t , n ot ; d o n t, do n o t ; w o n t w ill no t ;

c lA n n rso u ; can t ca n n o t ;
,

t , it ; tis n t , i t is

,

gan ; p r yt he e , I p r ay thee ; co u ldd t, cou ld not ;

o er , o ver ; w hate er , wh

ev er ; n e e r e
, n ver , at
t ; b o v e , abo ve ; 1n ids t , amidst ; n eat h, ben ea th

ofthe clo ck .

n es s e ve re d b y an int erven in g wo rd . S u ch

(1 u s . O n which s ide soever

whi h
=Ou e s o e v er
e liv e lo ng d ay .

p ollin
g an d p r o nu i i
n c at o n ar e the b ett e r,
serve to distingu is h wo rds that dif
fe r in

rcise s in S p ellin g .

so w hich I hav e f o u n d s p elle d e rr o n eo u sly in the com p o siti o n s

rece i ve d , an d i n t he n e w s p a p er s an d o t he r ha s t y li ter a tu r e 0 !
ac h the stu de n t w he re the dan ge rs o fs p e llin g lu r k .

occas ion ally gi ve the R u le wher e on e app lies

dru ggist, f orcible, p o ttage, qu arrie s, ru b b e d,

ro te d b e n e te d, allo t te d, gaye ty , w itticis ms,
p ,

nast ise me n t, s te adily , s teadf ast , laz in e s s, t ill, n u

urr e d, re cu rre n ce, co n fe rr ed co n f ere n ce , p re f

.
er

ao dime n t, w higgery, f u l lle d, lo dgin g, lis tle s sly ,

a,
v ill a in ,
v ilify ,
s hi e d
pp , p a id ,
c e as e le s s,
d aily,

:e d e n i a l s y llab ic, p aralle lo ra mmical, p aralle l

, , g
o n e y e d, c hill n e ss, re ferre d, r e f e ren ce , I t aliciz e,
ole n iz e d, hack ney e d, mo vab le s, desirab le , b ap c
82 O R TH O G R A P H Y .
-
S P EL L I N G .

tize d, v alleys, wearisome, seate d, qu izze d, gallop e d, civ ilization ,

'

ru nne r, u se
ful, in te rmitten t, r e aliz e , v y in , u n s hru b b e d, s alab le , in di sp e n sab ly,
aggre gate,
g
b ellige re nt, p lau sible, privile ge, acco mp an ime n t, b u z z , hu m, re p lie d, lo nelin es s ,
p o r traye d, regret te d, ge ttin g tran sf e rable, tran sf e rre e , mess mat e , p arish s n a
, , p
p ish, millin e ry , slavish, cu rab le, tu n ab le, tamab le, w e lf a re , t he re b , w he re ve r,
y
the re af ter, p as time, so me times , s o methin g, o p p o rtu n ity, missta te , missp e ll, mis
S p e n d, ge mme d w e b b ed ha gard, sinn e r, s n o bbis h, t e rs e n e ss f rin gin , co rs e
, , g g ,

le t, f u s ible, s e dgy, s mo k y, ridgy, s w immer, dragge d, b lu is h, s tylish, glu in g,

b lu rr ed, s mu tty, he dge row, f -
e s te rin g, dis b u rse men t, p iqu an t , o b liqu ely, p ro
p elle r, p o mmel, r e mit tan ce, r e v ival, co ntrivan ce, rehe arsal, de b ata b le , co m
mu n in g, p e n n y w e ight, p e rv e rsely, alco ho liz e, ge n er alis s imo , c le rgyman, p e r
so nicatio n, thrif tily, f o r t ie t h, whet te d, de mu rre r, slu ggis h, grie v o u s, p rose lyt
is m, p aralle lis m, v an dalis m galvan iz e, magn et ize , angliciz e, k n ob by , liqu e ab le ,
.

charmer, v isito r r e alis t s u atte r b ro ad b rimme d d u lln e ss

q p itiab le, p e n niless,
-

, , , , ,

lik elihoo d, han dic raf t, me rchan dise , o rgan iz at io n, w o rship e rs, c ities, ock eys , j
diz z in ess gru f
. y, scaly, s o lely, w ho lly, dou b lin gs, hyin g, sp ied, spy glass -
.

E q u i v a le n t S o u n d s .
i In o r tho gra phy , we are mos t liab le
w here v e r a diff e re n t S ell
p to e rr
in g w o u ld ro d u ce t he same , o r n e arly the s a me, s o u n d
p .

Dif fe ren t v o w els o r dif

fe re n t v o w el co mb in at io n s f
re qu en tl
y p r o du ce
the same s o u n d .

9
0 Dif
fe ren t me s e qu iv ale n t in s o u n d
co n so n an ts ar e so m e ti .

l The sin gle an d the do u ble d co n so n an t are o ft e n e qu iv alen t in s ou n d .

S p ell the f o llow ing wor ds B r ie r,

: friar, ac to r, in stru cto r, arb ite r,
p arlor
s u rvivo r, b r e , in ven to r, cellar, e lix ir, p ro p rieto r, scholar, martyr, mo rt ar ,

re ce ive r, co n qu e ro r, re gu lat o r, grammar, b raz ie r, gras ier, b e verage, p o rridge,

selv age , dep e n de n t, de f e n dan t, t ran qu illity, gen tility, v it iat e, V
icio us, an cie n t,
tran sien t, n o x io us, mu sician, co n s cio u s, ce tace o u s, p ro vin cial, p ru de n tial, in ure d,
e ncro achin g, in cu mb e n t, e n co u n te re d, in cu lcate , in clu de, en t 1re ly , in tru de , e n

j y
o m e n t, ge m, j e t, d ress e d, dist re sse d ches t, as s e ss e d, re lin qu is h, e x tin u is h
,
,
g
b o mb asin , magaz in e, su b marin e, mandarin , chan ce llor, s halloo n, co n tro l, e n
ro ll, p atro l, ap p e llan t, me mb ran o u s, ty ran n ou s, herrin g, haras s, e mb arrass, sen se,
e d e fe n s e, lice n se, dis trict, d es crip tio n , sacri ce , criticise , co n du cive , de
p e n c ,
.

fen s iv e , in terce de, su p erse de,

e ece , gee s e, idiosy n crasy, secrecy, hyp o cr isy,
n u trit io u s, delicio u s, se n te n tio u s,
re ec tio n , co mp lex io n, chro n o lo gy, cry s t al,

chocolate , saccharin e , k itche n , martin, c ur tazn , f ragme n t, ra imen t , sep arat e,

degen e rat e, ex hilarate, de re lictio n , p re dile ction , irr e hgiou s, sacrilegio u s, re p e n t

an ce , de p e n den ce , s u ccee d, p rece de , s e ce de , proce e d, regale, p re va il, pre p are ,

imp air, des p air, co mp are, sn e ak , shr ie k, b re v ie r, v en e e r, rev e re, bu ccan e er,
n an cier, sho t e, o at, do te, n au ght, gro at, so u ght, aw k w ard, tho u gh, t hro u gh
'

t o u gh, slo u gh, co u gh, hicco u gh, miscellan e o u s, c e re mo n io u s, w e asel, w e e v i l,

e x tirp at e , f oe man y eo man , n u isan ce , s ie v e , re ce iv e, mie n , re lie ve , s e iz e , re ce ip t,
.

lien , ceiling, ge n tee l, rep e al, tearf u l, che e rf ul, s cr e e ch o wl, lu rche d, p e rched ,
-

s e ar che d, gau ge, b u s in ess go u rd, ho ard, ho rde, sword, b re w, glu e , lab o r, e rro r,
,

depo s it, co mp os it e, dac tyl, d u ctile , chlorite, f o rmu la, ano maly, p arox ysm cau s ,

a b le, v en dib le , f e asible , se izab le , b o istero u s , disas tro u s, in cu mb ran ce , p ro tu b e r

an ce, c e mete ry, ce ru lean , e there al, gran deu r, n u cleu s, o dio u s, ana ly sis, p a raly sis,
s o ot h e , s mo o th ,
b lo w z e,
c h o us e,
rh e u ma t is m,
d ip h th o n g, p u b lic ,
m o n a st ic, lo gic,

c lick targe t, b raggard, e x agge rate, re f

.
rige rate, gar ri so n, o riso n, p art 1s an , p art i

s an s hip, v 1sible , a dmiss ib le c o p y, p o ppy, radish, re ddis h

, ,
d e c la ma t o ry ,
inham
"
mato ry, p on ti, po ntical, re taliate, p alliat e , dilige n ce, in tellige n ce, b allad,
salad, b alan ce, b iliou s , b illiards, p ostillio n , v e r milio n, re b e llion, b attalio n , f allacy,

p o licy, m ill en n ial, in iqu ity , im p a n el, innu en do , c ab in, ca b b age , re co n n o iter,
84 D ER I V A TI O N or WD OR S .
P R EF I X ES
~
.

S u ffi x e s u su all
y m o dify t h e
p art o fs
p e e ch, Witho ut materially
af
fe ctin
g t he se n s e in o the r re sp e cts .

Ex . De (fro m , se
p ar at io n ), d e s tr o y, de s tro y er , de s tr u ct ice, ale s tr u ct - - -

i oe lg, de str u ct i ve n ess ,

-
de st r u ct ion , in de stru ct i/ ve, ind e s tru ct i ble, in de s tr u ct
- - - - f -

ibil ity -
.

Ther e are dif

47 fe re n t p rexes capab le o fe xpressin g the same
.

s e n se, an d the re ar e als o dif f e r e n t su f

xes capab le o fe xp ressin g the
s ame s e n s e ; b ecau s e the cho ice is t o b e de te r min e d n o t m ere l b
y y
the me an ing o fthe appe n dage, b u t als o by e u pho ny, analo gy, an d
the charact e r o ft he r o o t .

Ex G en e ro u s , w gen er o u S '
accu r ate , in accu r ate ; thr o n e , tie- thr o n e, un
kn owledge
.

thr o n e ; co n f
e ss , co nfes s io n -
ac ,
ack n o wle dgm en t .

48 . The me an in g o fa p rex is so metime s very o b vio u s, s ome

times ob scu r e, an d s o metimes it has faded altogether .

Ex o hold, tr an s p lan t , ia
Ug - - -
correct ; tr ans -
act , p er -
f
e et, u nder s tan d -

; m
co

.

p let e ,
be s tir .

I n m akin g a co mb in e d f
49 . o rm, some o fthe parts fre q u ently
u nder o a chan e f o r th e sak e o fe u ho n o r an alo T his co n sis ts
g g p y gy .

in t he change, o miss io n , o r in ser tion o fs o me le tte r o r le tters The .

initial co n so n an t o f the r o o t o f te n r e q u i res the nal le tter o fthe

re x t o b e like it
p .

Ex C on le ct, col lect ; dis f

er , differ ; in mo der ate , i nt moder ate ; co n op erate ,

- - - - -
.

co op era te ; dis -
v u lge , oli e u lge
-

; a- ar chy, ant archy

-
m u cilage o u s , mueilag i noue
- -
.

PR EFI XES .

T he p re x es in R o man le tte rs ar e L ati n ; in I talic , G re ek ; in b lack , S ax on o r n ativ e .

A ; on , in, at, to . In a e w w o rds it is me rely in ten siv e

f .

For m, sp ell, an d de n e
Be d, gro u n d, shore, cro ss sle e p , p ace, slan t, eld, side, w ak e, rise
bd b dab
,

T hu s : A bcd a e- -
e cd ; on or in b ed .

A, A B, A BS f r om s ep ar a tion
; ,
.

Ve rt (t u rn ) ; solve (loo se n) ru pt (b rok e n) , , s o rb (su ck) ; tract (draw), tain (hold) .

A n, A , A C, A ir, A G, A L, A N, A P, A R, A s, AT ; to, at .

Jo in, j u dge ; mou n t sce n d (climb ) cord cu se (charge) ; x fu sion (pou ring) ;
, , ,

gress (s te p) grav ate (heavy) ; lo t ln vial (w as hi n g) ; h ex (j oin) n ihilatc

, , ,

(n o thing) ; p ort io n preciate (price ) ; rogate (lay claim) ; su re sail (le ap) ;
, ,

t ract (draw ) tri b u te (giv e) ,

.

A A N ; witho u t, p r ivatio n
,
.

eelin g), to m (cu t) ; archy go vern me n t )

T he is t (G o d), chro matic (co lor), p athy (f ( .

A MPHI ; two, do u ble The atre , b icu s (livin g)

. .

A N A ; up , thr o ugho u t, p ar a lle l, back, aga in .

To my (cu ttin g), ly s is (s e p arat io n), lo gy (disco u rs e), gram (letter), b ap t ist .

ANN ; f or e, bef
}
ore C hamb er, date , meridian (n o o n), ce de n t (go ing)
. .

A N TI , A N T ; aga ins t, opp os ition .

e elin g , do t e given) ; arct ic,

B ilio u s fe b rile, p at hy f
.
( ) ( agon ist co n te n d
( ) .

A P O, A P ; f r om, of .

G oo (e ar t h), s t ro phe (tu rn ing), lo gy ; helio n (su n) .

 85

r,tak e ; s ide , f
o re , cau se .

acto r de e r , dictio n sayin g)

f ( ) ( .

( cu t ) , p e d (f
o o t) .

Op po site o fA N A .
)
(use) he dral (s eat), ho li c (w hole) .

t (loo k in g) , s tan ce
(stan din g) ; late (b orne),

A lp in e, A tlan tic .

ethe r, j oin tly .

c eive (take) ict (s trik e) ; ,

e x te n t, he ir,
(gathe r) ; p re ss mingle , , p ose (p lace );

opp os itio n, ans wer ing to .

ar t, e it (mak e),
p ressu re, f act, ple ad .

) t ach (t ie), o ok), mo raliz e

t ( co v e r ,
sp is e
(l .

M e te r, lo gu e ( sp ee ch , ) go n al ( a ngle
) .

i
tag, nega tio n .

;e ct, t ract, co ve r, p e rse ( scat te r ) , p leas e, in te r,

se, gres s ; f
er (b ear), f
u se ( o u r
p ) .

go), mit (send) ; p e ctoran t (b reast), p ress, p an d

)
i re at he ; cen t ric (cen tr e), s tasy (s ta n ding
) ; fuse ,
l
g) .

i nto , up o n .

re, grave (writ e) ,

to mb ; b ro ider, b lazo n , b ark,

ph (to mb ), de mic (p e o ple), lo gu e ; o de .

i n ary, vagant (goin g), mu ral (w all) .

e con tr ar y . Bid, ge t, s ak e (
s ee k
) , give, swe ar ; go

an? f
athe r, m ; w ard
n oo n, ar .

Bo rean (n ort h), critical, me ter (measu re) .

acing), su lphu ri c, erlte (t ho u ghts)

(p l .

n, the co ntr ar y .

s is te n t ; n o b le ; mo dest, mortal, patien t ; legal,

e s olu t e .

k),
eet (b e n d), w rou ght ; p lan t, p earl,
radia te (t hro w ray s)
(th r ow light
) .

i n e,
l ce de, re gn u ) m (reign ,
mix marriage ,
.

D u ce
(le ad) mis s io n (se n din g)
,
.

w ith, chan ge .

; ics , p ho r conv ey) ;

( cd (w ay ) .

ily, call, dee d, u se , sp ell, t ak e, f

ortune .

to r, o rmity, se n s e, res ide nt,

con f p aymen t .
86 D ER I VA TI O N OF WD OR S .
P R EF I X E S .

OB, 0 0, OF, OP ; in the way, to , against .

Tru de (thru st), j e ct (thro w), tain cu r, casio n (fallin g) ; f

er ; pos e, p ress .

O u t beyon d, no t within . Bid, gro w, last, live, let, sk irt, side, law, cast .

O ve r ; above, beyond, excess .

B alan ce, han g, t op , leap , sp r e ad, do, o w, lo o k, wise , load,

-
s hoo t, v alu e .

P A R A , P A R ; bes ide , again st, f r om .

Do x (O pin io n ), grap h (writin g), p hrase, s ite (foo d) ; helion, O dy (so n g) .

PE R , PEL ; thr ou gh, by .

U s e, f o rm, e nn ial y e ar), ) f (hu ndre d) ;

( ceive, sist (
stan d eet
, ,
chan ce, ce n t lu cid
( ning)
s hi .

PER I ; ar ou nd, a bou t, near .

Patet ic (walkin g), helio n , Od, p he r

y (b eari n g), cran iu m, s tyle (pillar) .

f ng), hu mo u s m m
POS T ; a ter . S cript (w riti (gro u n d), p o n e (place ), o rte
(de ath),
me ridian .

Ju dge , matur e, e n gage, disp o se, s en timen t , f

e r, su me (tak e ), v e nt (
co me ), s ide

( )
sit ,
te x t (w eav in g) .

PR ETER ; p as t, beyond . ect, mis s io n

N atu ral, imp erf .

or, f
PR O, P R OF ; f or th, for war ds, bef or e .

N ou n , oecd (go ), gres s, t eet, p e l (drive), oo k), lo gu e ; f

sp ect (l er .

R E ; again, back .

Bu ild, call, en ter, n e w, v ie w ,

pel, so n an t
( so u n din g ) ,
s train (draw), b o u n d .

R ETR O ; backwar ds C e de , v ert, s p e ct, grade (w alk )

. .

S E ; as ide, ap ar t C ede, clu de (shu t), can t (cu tting), du ce (lead), lect
. .

S EM I , D
EMI , HEM I ; h f
al .

A n n u al, circle, co lon, diameter, vo wel ; god, can n on ; sp here .

S I N E ; with
out . C ur e (care ) .

S U B, S U C , S U F, S U G , S U P , ; u nder, u n der nea th, inf

S U R, S U S, er io r S U BTER
-
.

S o il, divide, mar in e ; co r (ru n ), cu mb (li e do wn ) ; fe r, f

use ;
ge s t (b rin g) ;
plan t, p ress ; rogat e (ask) ; t ain ; f uge (y), u e n t ( o win g) .

U
S PER , S U P R A , S U B ; abov e, ov er a nd above .

C argo , crescen t (gro win g), u o u s, n atu r al ; mun dan e ; p ass , charge .

S YN , S YL , S YM ; with, together .

Thesis , t ax (p lacin g), O p s is ( ie w), ago gu e (lead) ; lab le (taking), lo gis m V

(co u n tin g) ; p ho n y (so u n d), p athy (fe elin g):

TR A N S , T R A N , TR A ; thr ou gh, acr oss, over , on the o ther side of .

A ct, plan t, gre ss , A tlan t ic, p ose, f o rm, it (go in g) ; scrib e (write), scen d
ditio n (givin g) .

TR I ; thr ee . C olore d, an gular, meter, f

oliate le af
( ), e n n ial .

El no t, nega tion , p r iva tion , un do in g .

A b le, aide d, b ar, chain, happy, t ru th, wise, ship, do, t wis t, hors e .

U n de ; bene
r a th, infer ior .

A gen t b ru sh, cu rren t, grou n d,

. rate , sell, han d, go , min e, s ign .

o rm, o ro u s
'

U NI ; one . C orn (horn), f ( o w eri g) n , paro us (p ro ducin g), v alve.

U p ; mo tion up war ds , a bove, su bver s ion .

T u rn, raise, rise , hold, lan d, hill, right , start, se t, ro o t .

V i t h agains t, rom
f ,
back . H old, draw . stan d.
 N or W OR D S S U FFI X ES
. . 87

S U FFI XES .

s class co n sist al m o st e n t ire l

y o fn ou n s,

N OU N S .

A r d, ar y, e e, e ss, in e , ist , ite, ive, ix,

A de , dom, hood, ice , ics, ion ,

age , al,
r y, shi p , t , th, u de , u r e, y .

e ithe r a p er son , a thin g, an act or a

,

h O fth

y T e p s o n w ho
e r e se .

o r simpl o n e in s o me
y
t he n ame is f o r me d .

e r is o b v io u sl
y r e late d
ly Fr o m .

t he act,
rin ci le s
p p ,

3 act o r to t he man n e r F r o m th e s ta te t h e .
, ,
.u s es it t o w h at fo llo ws f ro m it, t o w hat s u s
,

a cco m an ie s it The sam e e n din

y p g is n o t .

rin b u t ran e s w ith th rin ci le s

g , g e p p give n u h
iee pp 2 63 . .

g i ite
e u s eu
p hon ic chan ges ; an d de ne

dull, co w ( v e rb ),
S p ain , S avoy .

ate , missio n .

the to w hom ) I n dorse , p ay, p ate n t,

p ers on . as

; ate , mo rtgage, lease, less ; ab se n t, ref

uge .

l io n , he ir ; he ro , Jose p h; ad min istrator .

n at ural, n o v e l, algeb ra, dru g, du el, art, vio lin .

m, -
as t, e n co miu m .

Jaco b .

nia, Ke ntu cky, co llege , mu sic .

in hab it, c o mb at, dispu te, co n de, p ro te st, assist,

ide ; Opp o s e, p
-
onent act, -

gen t ; re ce iv e , -
cip ient .

farm,
s cho o l ; er, hu n t, mak e , p laste r, se t le,
-
t

it, ar , e dit, p ro f
-
es s, su rviv e , s p ecula te ; co n sp ire,

eer , mo u n tain, gaz e tte , p amp h le t, cha rio cas h,

-

z e ; sav e,
, io r ; law yer , sa w ; t eam, s ter , w eb ;
-
.
- -

b oil, r ea d, sp e ak .

a
n imp ly e n de arme n t o r co n te mp t
,
iki n .

) Man -

af l k et mall lo rd ling, hire, s u ck le

co ve r ; oc ;
- -
.
, , , ,

b all, bu lle t ; cat, kitten ; islan d, i s le ; is le, is let .

an, b alu s te r ; stamp, ede -

.

olmm (leaf, b o n d, p u p il, p arso n,

f
p os t, e qu ip , )
te, re qu ite ,
deny, pro p o se, re f
us e, dis miss .

r, king, duk e .
88 D E R I VA TI O N or w o nn s .
-
s u r r rxn s .

H o o d .
Child b ro ther, man, wo man , boy,
, s iste r, hardy, lively .

I ce .
S erve j ,
u s t, lath, la t tics -
.

l w Po et, harmon y, me chan ic,

o s tat is t (state) , p hys (n atu re) .

I o n C o mmu n e, precise act,

'

.
,
re ect , poss e ss, e x p an d ; an d ma ny o ther
words, in which t he e n din g s ho w s o rm
its elf in t he f o ftio n or si o n .

[ su b Fanatic ,
desp ot, critic, hero, b ap t iz e, he athe n .

M e ant Move p av e co n te n t, cas e , p u n ish acquire, agre e , ar m, battle, co r

, , ,
n
p le te , ref
resh .

N 09, n e y A cqu ain t, ance, co nco rd resist, O b serv e , co n vey ; innO

'
'

.
-
,
-
ce n t,
ence, re siden t, dilfe r,
p rec ede ; p liant , ancy, co ns tant ; desp o nd, ency, -
as ce nd
-
.

N e s s G o o d, b ad, white , b o ld, happy, b u sy , co mprehen sive

. .

S hi p Partn er, scholar, t ow n , w ork man , hard, f

. rie n d, lor d co u rt
, S ee .
-
H OO D .

T , ih C o nstrain oin rest rain ; w ar m, wi de , lo ng, stro n g

.
-
, j , .

U d e Disquiet, serv e, so litary, right, r ect

.

U re .
Please , dep art, mo ist, architect, s e ize . legislate, sign -
a tu r e, n ou rish, nu r

Y .
H o n e st mo dest
,
dis co v er, groce r , in ur e ; lu n atic, acy, p riv ate , p irate ;
, j -

s ecr e t, cy hyp o crite, s y ; p e dan t, r y, gallan t, re ve l, b igot; master ; bre w, e7 y,

- - - -

witch, mock, sh, cro ck ; n u ll, ity, de ns e, p u re, op p or tu n e , s ecu re, e last ic
W
-
.

ords e n din g in y in s ens e , de n o tin g gro u p s of

or r y, are of
te n co lle ctiv e
Obj ect s or ac ts ; as, Oran ge r y, s hru b ber g, so ldier y , so rce r y , trigo n o me t ry
- - - -
.

S o is the e n din g ing n o t u nf re qu e n tly co lle ct iv e in s e n se

; as, Be d, bedd ing ;
s ho p , s hopp in g ; bagging, carp eting, h edgin g, gu nni ng (e le me n ts o fscien ce or
scie n ce as dra wn f ro m a multit u de o facts o r e x p erimen ts ) .

A DJEC TI VES .

A I, an , ar , at e , fu ll, ic, (i c, ) ile

b le, in e, ish, ive
en , ern , . ,

n t , ou s , so me , war d, y , (ly, ar y , or y) .

D e riv ativ e ad e ct iv e s ge n er ally sign if y j

H avin g o f o r hav in g the n at u re o f m ore o r le ss ; o r t hat the o b ec t j
W
,

de scrib e d, in so m e w ay b e lo n gs o r is r e lat e d to that f ro m ho s e n ame t he

j
ad e ctiv e is fo rme d .

The s ame w ord may f re qu en tly b e u se d e ither as an ad ectiv e o r as a no u n j '

.

For m an d sp ell, makin g the r equ is ite eup hon ic cha/n ges an d den e
A L N atu re n a tio n o rigin , p are n t, o rname n t , mu sic, au tu mn ; se n ato r, i al,
-

h
, ,

m an o r, matte r, p art, co mme rce ; sp irit, u al, s e n se, ab it ; co n se qu ence , tial, i n - -

uen ce, ess en ce ; b e n e t, cia l e a fe ast, fes t

n ose , nas p p ,p p
o -

A IL A frica ,
A merica , I taly, su b u rb s .

A n C o lu mn, po le
n ,
co n s u l ;glo b e ,
u la r , circle, mus cle , title , p article
-
.

A t e R ose, glob e, af
fe ctio n , co n s ide r, co mp as sion .

B le P i iff m a transitiv e v e rb ) D ete s t a ble, cu re, eat, chan ge ,

( a ss ve r o
-
. ,
. ,

no hor t o lerate , u tte r, v al u e , f

,
ashio n ; corru p t, ible, resis t, -
se n s e , des troy, des tru ct ,
accede, access , pe rceiv e , p er cep t divide, divis

E n .
(Ofwhat su b stance made ) .

B ee ch ,
hemp , silk, gold, woo d .

E rn .
N or th , s o u th, e ast, west .

F u O
( pp l
os e.d t o L ES S ) M in d, p e ace , hOp e , b rim -
. , care, w as te, che er,

o th la sin , w ak e , law , mo urn , tru th

y u , p y ,
.

10 . ,
A n gel hero, poet, sp here, lyre ; vertex, ia , drop sy ; sy mpathy, etic - -
,

p atho s,
theo ry ; b aro me te r, -
elr ic, diame ter ; e mb le m, a tic, p roble m, syst em, -
 or w o r ms s u r mxrzs . 89

ro mance, iic -
p harise e,
-
s aic tragedy,

mer can i p u er (b oy) .

tal, -
line .

w olf
; s n ap
,
scare , skii S p ain, I relan d .

ab u s e , pro gre ss , re tain, r eien h, atte n d ;

p ro du ce , p r oduct dis o in, disj u nct j
e x p el, p u lsive, r epe l
-
. .

an i, p lease, b u oy, triu mp h, lu x ury ;

-

r, mou n tain ; b ile,

-
ao as, co n te mp t ;

S ee 4 8 11 .

mu d, clo u d, w e alth gre as e , ,

he ave n , man, time ; r es idu e, ar y, -

co n tradict, -
or y, co nciliate, declare , sa tisf
y.
armiger ous, glo b ose, sp he roid, A r ab es qu e, s ta

VER B S .

en ) f
y, isha iz e, ise .

lly s ign if
.
y
n
par t the thin g qu ality to , o r t o ex e rci se
or

o f an act o r s tat e co n sis tin

g o fso m e co m

etw e en j
the su b ect o fthe v e r b an d the thin g .

ga is iie eup hon ie changes ; an d de ne

a
, po p ulou s lu xu ry, f
ab ric, f
,
ac ility, sp o il, 8p 0 li

v acan t, circu lar .

re d, s o t, mo ist, le ss, sw eet, b right, stren gth, has te,

f
; ht .

mple, glory, class, sign cle ar, clar i right, ,

r ecii

h plc, exemp li , f
. ru it, f
r acti ; p rop he t, esy -
.

fa min e , lan gu id , .

ly sign if
y to m a ke, to ap p ly, to a ct the p ar t of
) .

rga n b o tan
, y, t y ra nt melo dy, f
,
a m i
liar, characte r
,

ro u
g h Clo th, b reath, wreath, b ath, p rice ,
. a d
half
, t
hie
act, co n ict ,
ab sen t, f
re qu e n t
,
reb e l.

mak e that which man kin d gen e rally

u se of

tu al act o r s tat e ; s o me activ e re latio n t o )Ho e .

,

mmer, smo k e, garde n, f arm w e e d, p lan t, COOP, ,

d inst ru me n tal t hin gs gen erally .

 P A R TS OF S P EE C H .

A DVER BS .

L y , war d or w ar ds, wi se or way s .

Form, sp ell, a n d def

in e
L y ; like, manner , quality Bit ter, s tran ge, b right, plain , f
. ain t, e rce,
-
s wif
t,
l u l, stu diou s, mere, scarce , in, o ne , on , s iral, f
ayf e rl ss inf
allible
p p a e .
,

V a r d , w a rds ; dir ection Back, in , o u t, u p, do wn , ho me, heav e n ,

east, lee, win d .

V i s e , w a y s ; ma nner , wag L en gth, cross, o ther, s ide, e dge ; straight .

P e op le s o m et imes co m mit e rro rs in de riving wo r ds as , Main ta i i an ce, p r even t '

ati ve, p r op osial, f o r mai n ten a n ce,

p r e ven / ave, p r op osa l
t ,
r o m main tai n ,
f p r even t,

W r i te down all the wor ds you can thi n k o fas being derived fr om s o nar.

P A R TS OF S P EEC H .

N early all that w e shall say ro m t his p ag e to

f p age 258 , b elo n g s to Ety mo lo gy an d S y n tax .

Ther e ar e n in e P A R TS o fS P E E C H N o u ns, P r o n o u n s, A r ticles,

A dj ectives, Ver bs, A dver bs, P r ep ositio n s, C o nj u n ctio n s, an d I n ter
ectio n s
j .

T o t his list; s ome gr ammarian s w o u ld add the P ar ticip les , s e p arat ing them
fro m the Verb s ; an d s o me w o u ld r e e ct f j
ro m it t he A rt icle s clas s in
g t he m w it h
j
,
the A d e ct iv es B u t p ar ticip les s e e m to hav e n o b e tter claim t o b e in g r an k e d a
.

s e p ar at e p ar t o fs p ee c h t han in n it iv e s hav e ; an d t he t wo art icle s , co n s id e r in g

t hat t hey can n o t b e always co n st r u e d lik e ad e ctiv e s , that t hey ar e u s e d at leas t j
as mu ch as all t he ad ectiv e s , t hat t he j ar e liab le to as man y e rro rs , t hat t hey
ar e r e c o gn ize d in o t he r lan gu ages , an t hat t he m er ely aid n ou n s s omewhat
in the directio n o fthe ir dis tin ctio n in t o p r o p er an co mmon , ar e w o r thy o f b ein g
made a se ar ate class L an gu age , as w e s hall see , is a m os t in gen io u s in str u me nt ;

.

w o n d e rf u y ada t e d t o t he my riad min de d hu man r ace , an d e n ab ling t he m t o l ay

-

g
ho ld o ft he w or d an d man a e it in te lle ctu ally in e v ery co n ceivab le w ay T he .

ab o ve class i cat io n o f w o rds , ho w e v er , e xhau s ts it , an d all its cap ab ilitie s T he .

su bs ta n tives a n d t he ver bs are t he chie fclas s e s , an d n e xt t o the m ar e t he a dj ect ives

T he s e f o u r classe s hav e t o s o me e xt e n t w hat are calle d i n lec
an d t he a dver bs .
, , f
tio ns t hat is , t hey are s o me time s chan ge d in f o r m t o e xp r e ss a m o di cat io n in t he

ide a . I nf lectio ns ab o un d mo st ab o u t t he co r e o r most an cien t art o f a lan gu age .

I n t he co urs e o ftime , they are o f te n dr o p p e d , o r detach t hem s e v e s , t heir m ean in g

b ein g as s u me d b y n ew an d s mall w o rds ; so t hat t he lan gu age b eco mes colloca ti ve
r at her than i nf lected S u ch is t he cas e with o u r lan gu age I t is pr o p e rly t he o f
. ce .

o fG ram mar t o tr e at o f t he classes o fw o r ds , an d o ft hei r p ro p er ti e s w hich r o d u co

in lectio ns b u t, as t he p r o p ertie s o fwo r ds m u st als o b e regar de d in the col o cat io n
f
o fw o r ds , w e u s u ally tr eat o f all t ho s e p ro p ert ie s n e cess ary t o b e r egarde d in t he
s tr u ct u r e o fs e n t e n ces w hether t hey cau s e an e n t ire chan ge , a s light chan ge , 0
,
e v e n n o chan e at all 1 11 t he f o rm o ft he w o r d I n e C t ion s , e s p ecially an cie nt o n es ,
g .

co ns is t s o meti me s o f a vowel ch ange in t he w o r d ; as , mo u se, m ice

; cling, clu n g .

s o metimes o fa dif er en t en din

g as , f or , forces ca: oxe n great, gr eater : s o me times
u l wri te, may wr i te, did wr ite

W
o fso meth in g p r exe d as , beau tifu l, mo r e bea u tif
o rds hav e s o met im es b e en d iv ide d in to su bstan tives, a ttr ibu tives an d p ar ticles

D r Beck e r div ide s all w o r ds into n otion al wor ds, an d for m wo r ds

.
z
I he f or me r de -
.
r
.

n o te o u r n o t io ns , co ncep tio n s , o r rat he r so me w hat in de e n de n t ide as ; an d v ir t u ally

t ak e u p t he gro ss o ft he w o r ld They ar e t he nou n s, t e p r in cip al ver bs , an d m o s t
.

o ft he ad j ecti ves an d adver bs T h e latter r athe r d e n o te t he ligat u re s , s u b s tit u t e s ,

an d app e n dages ,
.

the relatio n s o f o u r co n cep t io n s or n o t io n al ide as , t he v ariou s -

t u r n s an d w in din gs o ft ho u ght, an d giv e t o lan gu age it s ade qu at e

-
e xib ility an d
f orce T hey are ar ticles , p r ep os itio ns , co nj u n ctio n s , p r on o u ns , i n terj ectio n s, au xilia r y
.

ver bs , an d s o me a dj ectives an d adver bs B rie y, t he f .

o r m er co mp ris e co n ce tio n
p
w ords , t hin g w o r d s , qu al ity wo r ds , an d actio n wo rds an d t he latte r, s u b s ti t u te s
- - - -

an d an xiliary wo r ds in gen e ral .

 92 n o u ns A ND m em o irs n o un s
W
.

53 . hen a c o mmo n n ou n de n o te s an obj e ct in the se n s e or

a
p r o pe r n o u n, it b eco mes a p r op er n ou n .
7
Ex .
The
P ark ; the C o mm on s t he B lu e R idge ; N iagar a Falls M ammoth
C av e .

A n d Hop e e n chan tin g s mile d T he s e w o r ds ar e v ie w e d as m er ely de
.

j
n o t in g p ar t ic u lar o b ects r at he r t han as char acte riz ing t he m b y t he o r din ar
y m ean
ings o ft he w ords .

5 4 A c o m m o n n u n is a gen e ric n ame

. o .

Ex M an , b oy, e n gin eer , hu n t er, w o man , ho rs e , f

. o xe s , hill, o ak , whit e -
o ak ,
ap p le , s t eamb o at , an ge r, happ i n e s s , r e as on , s u n , m o on , e ar th, w in t er .

Co mmon no u ns have me an in g,
mit o fde n itio n They distin gu ish dif
an d ad .

f ro m o n e an o t her , by ref
e re n t k in ds or so r ts f ere n ce to t he ir n atu re A co mmo n .

n o u n is app lie d to mo re o bj e cts t han o n e o n acco u n t o fs o methin g in w hich t he

y
r e s e mb le, an d fro m w hich t he same n ame is giv en to t he m all Tho s e n o u n s in .

a dictio n ary w hich are de ne d, are co mmo n n o u ns Of t hese, o u r lan gu age is .

said to hav e b ou t

W
a
55 he n a p ro p er n o u n ass u mes a m e an in g, o r implies o ther
.

o bj e cts havmg the s ame n ame, rat he r t han similar o bj ects having
diff e re n t n ames, it b e co m e s a co mmon n o u n

Ex He is n eit e 9 S olomon n o r a S amson

.

o fS o u th A m er ica

h r

. B oliv ar w as the
N 0 A lexa nd er o r Caesa/r e ver did s o
. r

as
S o me m u t e
.

.
W
o u s M ilto n he re m ay es t

A lp o n A lp s g e at d if

E
r s r . cu lties ] aris e .

chu s etts has p ro du ce d he r D emo sth en es s aw t he R u ss ians , an d als o . a Tu r k

an d s e v e ral P er s ia ns , at the A s t o r H o u s e .

I t is so me times v e ry cu lt to determine whether a give n n o u n is p re p e r o r

dif
co mmon . The same w ord is so me times a p rop er, an d so metimes a co mmo n,
noun .

Ex P r o S u n day p r eced e s M o nd ay
W

. er B f ollo w s A I is a p r o
. .

nou n

T e p lan ets ar e ll[ er cu r
/ Ven/us , Ear th, 85 0
C omm o n : e hav e

W
. i .

r e ac hin g o n e v er y S u n da h e b is f ollo we d b y an a A n I o r
y a y o u
p T he s u n s hin es u o n the ear th
. . .

he n a w o rd is u se d t o n am e its elf
.
,
u n iv e r
s ally co n s ide r e d, G o old Br o w n calls it a co mmon n o u n , s imilar to s u ch w o r ds
as wat er an d v ir t u e den o t in g t he o b e ct s u n iv ers ally j b u t w hen a le tter is u s e d t o
n am e its elf ,
h e c alls it a r
p p o e r n o u n T h e d is t in .ctio n is v er y n ic e ,
p erhap s to o
m u ch s o .

A p r o p er n o u n can n ot , as s u ch b e e xte n ded in its ap plication to any o ther

j
s imilar o b e ct s : it is des n ative an d exclu sive B u t a co mmo n n o u n is descr i t i ve
'

j
.

an d i n clus ive ; t hat is , w e n w e hav e on ce n ame d an o b e ct b y it , w e a re r e a y t o

giv e t he s ame n ame t o an o the r s imilar o e ct as so o n as it ap p ears t o u s ; as ,

Ju it er has f o ur m oons
y
A ccor din t o r M ills gt he f g
o rmer den otes ; t he lat
t er , p o ld n am es t h
.

j
.

conn otes

T he o r din ary ho u seh
. at de n o te t he o b e ct s w hic h
e r m a e tl d il m k e t he w o rl d a re co n s ider e d commo n n o u n s , e v en
p n n y a n n e cess ar a
j
,
w hen t he w o r d can d en o t e u t o n e o b ect, o r t he thi n g u n iv e rs all as , T he s u n ,
y
t he e ar t h, t he m oo n , t he s tar s , t he an e ls ; t ime , s p ace , s p rin g, i n ter ,
g r as s , v ir W
t u e , b e au ty , m an S u ch p lu rals as
. lp s A lle ha n ies, A n des , Or k n eys , d e n o tin g
,
co n tigu o u s p ar ts rat her than s imilar in di vid u a s , ar e u n d o u b te dly r o er n o u n s ,
an alo go u s t o t he co mmon n o u n s ash es s cis sor s , assets, m in u tiae uc t er ms as
t he Comanches t he Alohawles the Ow l
.

s t he B el ia n s , t he S p a n iar ds , t he M

can s , t he Jews t h e I s r aelites t h

,

e Jannaw i es , t he amelu lces , the t wo A da/ mecs , t he

'

Mar shalls o fV irgin ia, t he M

uses, t he S ir en s , t he S ibgls , t h e G r aces , t he N aia ds , ar e
co n side r ed r o er n o un s b m m m r ian s
; d c m m o o u n s b y o t he rs ,
p
r a a an o n n
p y s o e g
w ho ar gu e t at when e ver a r o p er n o u n is s o u s e d as t o imp ly mo r e o b e cts t han
p j
o n e havin g t he s ame n am e i t b eco mes co mmon .
,

56 . A co den o tin g, in the

lle c t iv e n o un is a n o un sin
g u lar

o rm, mo r e than o n e o bj e ct o fthe sam e kin d

f
Ex A ssemb ly, s war m
. amily
o ck , cro w d, p air , f
a hu n dr e d head .
AN D m em o irs n o uns . 93

gular n u mb er, that de n o te s a colle ction o f

s in

an e ral characte r b u t dif

f rin in the ir
,
e g p ar tien
i v e n o un .

tchin e r n ery, b aggage , clothi n g.

y,
de n o t es a q u ality, an actio n , o r a mo de

n , an d the s e n o u n s ar e s o t er med b ecau s e the y ar e

j
u t iv e o b ect s or t hi ngs in t he wo rld, bu t t he n ame s
n d has d r aw n f r o m t he m, o r co n ce iv e d co n ce r n in

3 m child ho o d, in o u r acqu ain t an ce w it h t he w o rl

rn e an t b y time, s ace, lif e, death , h p , v ir t u e, w is
p e e
over n men t, oo dness , yo u th, h ine ss , bea u t ,

f
, g
z
>eace a
pp
h eat, whitenes s , so tnes s , h a r dn ess , br i gh tn ess da r
e, existence, h eight, dep th, r o wth, cus to m,
my, i n dolence, gr a n ar , r eligion , k no wledge,
eco no
ashio n , f
p o ver ty, des tiny, ambitio n , p o wer T he s e an d s u ch .

u n s r eadil into co n cr et e n o u n s
y p ass
.

'
P r ide, P over ty, an d Fas hion , o n ce
Concr ete, in clu ding t he s u bs tan ce w ith its

de n o t es so me kin d o fm atter or s ub

s to n e , whe at, o ur, me tal, gold, cab b age .

hav e a u n iv e r s al, in div is ible ap

3 . S o me w rite rs co n s ide r
o r me r
f s e nse .

ling f
r o m go o se hill ro m
o cie f
,

te a chi ngs o f g ra mmaria n s ge n

m o re p hilo so p hica l .

j
t o b ec ts, o r ob ects j havin g attrib u tes ; as,

as, G o odness, p ower , wisdo m, co lo r , f

ra

f
t heo llo w ing class e s : p r op er , a bs tract, ma te
~

ity o r o n e n e ss , an d co mmo n in clu din g collective,

o fa n o b e ct o r a is n o t app licab le
j gro u p, as to

ally co n s idere d as, Tru th,

u n ive rsally co n side red as ,

94 N OU N s AND P no n o u ns .
P R O N 0 U N S .

A ver bal n ou n is
p ar ticip le a or an in n it ive use d as a n o u n . The ab s tract
nou n s in clu de t he v er bal n o u n s .

A co mmon n ou n is s u ch a na me give n t o o ne o r more obj ects, as is ap p licab le

to any o t hers like t hem .

Collective n ou ns de n o te gr oup s o f si milar j

o b ec ts, as o ther n o u ns den ote
s ingle o b ect s j . T he co mmo n nouns in clu de the colle cti ve n o u n s .

T he co m mo n n o u ns co me ne a rt o t he o the r cla s s e s i n s u ch e xp r e ss io n s a s, T he lio n is

"
c o u r ageo u s ; T he oak is an e mb le m o fs tr e n gt h

A bs tract o r ma ter ial n o u n s de n o tin g o b e ct s p ersonied,

j a n d co mmo n n o un s
dep r ived o f con no tation , gen e rally b e co me p rop er .
0

P r op er , a bs tr act, mater ial, o r ver bal n o u n s, w he n mo di ed, b e co me comm on .

T he mo dicatio n at o nce s u gges ts p lurality ofo b e ct s

.
The mo di cat ion may b e j .

ef f ecte d b y p lu raliz in g the n o u n , or b

y u sing an article , adj e ctive, adve rb , ad
j u n ct, o r o the r mo dif y ing G XPTG S S I O I I .

Ex .

T he r e w er e M acp he r so n s a n d M a cdo n ald s
T he hau lin g o f the s to n e s an d .

"
o the r m a te r ials, w a s a he av y e xp e n s e , T he ho no r s o f the s o cie ty " T o thin k al w ay s .

" "
co r r e ctly, is a gr e a t a cco mp lis hm e n t T he H u d s o n , t he P y r e n e e s ,
. & o - T he r iv e r H u d .
s

so n, o r t he H u d so n r iv e r , & c o r t hey m ay b e d ee m e d e x ce p tio n s

. .

P ron o u n s .

6l . A p ro n o u n is a w o r d that su
pp lie s the
p lace o fa n o u n.

Ex . The f
at her an d his s o n c u ltiv ate d arm wh
t he f ichthey had p u r chas ed .

T he r e ar e thr e e gr e at clas s e s o f n a m e s in all ; p r o no u ns , c om/men nou n s , an d p r op er

n ou n s . T he p r on o u n s ar e the f e we s t i n n u mb e r , o n ly ab o u t s ix ty s ix, an d t he m o s t co m -

p re he n siv e i n a p plicatio n the co mm on n o u n s ar e t he n e x t gr e a te r in n u mb e r an d l e s s co m

r ehe n si v e in ap p lica tio n ; an d the p rop er n ou ns a r e the mo s t n u m e r o u s an d le as t c o m r e
p c ns iv e I t s ee ms n o t im p r o b ab le that p r o no u n s we r e the r st na mes , b e in g t he s imp le s t
.
p

wo r d s f o r d e n o t in g, u n d e r all ci r c u ms t an ces , w ha te v e r w a s a b o u t t he p e r so n s co nv e rs i ng ;
an d tha t the y we r e a f ter war d s a do p te d al mo s t w ho lly as s u b s tit u te s f T he ir n a t u r e

o r n ou ns
q
.

a n d v e r y i r r e gu l ar d e cle ns io n i n d ica te g r ea t an ti u ity , an d so m e tim e s p r o n o u n s e s p e cia lly

the p e rs o nal p ro n o u n s o ft he rs t a n d s e con d p e r s o n s , t he n e u t e r p r o n o u n it, a n d the r e la ti v e

-

p r o no u n w ha t ar e e v e n y e t s o u s e d a s to r e f e r , n o t s o m u ch to t he n a m e s o f o bj ects , a s to
t he o bj ec ts them s e lv e s .

To av o id tir e so m e
p an d dis agre eab le re etiti n o . o fn u n s, o p ro

n o u n s ar e u s ed t o r e r es e n t e r s o ns o r thi n gs alread m e n t io n e d,
p p y
in q u ire d af
t e r, o r easily r eco gn iz e d by t he m .

Ex A le xan der t old Elizab eth t hat E ab

liz e t h m ig ht w r it e E liz ab e t h s n ame

W
W
.

in Elizab et h s b o o k i th A le xan de r s t o ld Eliza be t h t hat s h

e
might w rite her n ame in her b o o k wi th his p en ho was it ft
He is a n e .

s cho lar .

62 . The an te ce dent o f a
p r o nou n is the b s ta ntiv e in su

f
r e e r e n ce t o w hich the p r n o u n o is u s e d. I t u su ally p re cede s the
p ro n ou n , b u t so m etimes f
o llo ws it .

Ex John
. his in st ru cto r
o b eys .

Her e John is the an te cede n t o fhis .

C an s t o rie d u r n o r an imated b u s t
B ack t o u s mans io n call t he e et ing br eath G r ag -
.

63 The an tecede n t may b e a dif

fer e n t ro n o u n , a p hr as e , or a
.
p
o
W
c lau se, as w e ll as a n u n

W
.

Ex . He
is w e ll, u n dervalu e s he alth
HO ho THA T is s tri ct ly ho n es t, .

w o u ld flatte r ?
I
w is he d to r etu r n , b u t rr w as imp o ss ib le

I t i s t he n o v e lty
r
.

an d delicacy o fthe de s ign TH A T m ak es the p ict u r e s o b e au tif u l I i s dan ger

.

o u s to wake a s leep in g lio n He sold his f a rm , an d n o w he r egre ts rr .
96 N o uN s ANn P R ON O UN S .
P R O N O U N S .

I do k n o w w hat it w as
n ot L o ! the re it comes l .
S ha7ceep ear e s Hamlet
.

Ho w go es it wit h on ? I t is n o t w e ll w it h me to day
C o me an d tr ip i t
'

as yo u go I t is e I t is I It w as y o u I t w as the I t is idle
y
. . . . .

n e s s t hat le ads t o vice

I t is n o w w ell k n o wn t hat t he e art h 1 8 r ou n d
. It .

is me an to t ak e adv antage o fan o ther s dis tr e s s T he f o llo w in r e m ar k t ells the .

tr u th in man y in stan ces I t deno te s the s tate or co n ditio n oft ings

.

7 0 The comp ou n d p e r s on al pr on ou ns ar e u se d t o de n o te p erson s

.

thin gs as e mp ha tically dis tingu ishe d f

r o m o t he rs
~

or .

Ex .

I w ill 0 m
yo u m
ys elf I ay s t ay .

s p ok e with t he man hims lf
e .

I o n ce f
elt a litt e in clin e t o m arry her myself .

W

He re ditary b o n ds m en ! k n o w ye n o t ,

ho w o u ld b e f re e , thems el
/oes m u s t s tr ik e the b lo w l 0amp bell .

7 1 The s e p r o n o u n s are f
. u rt he r us e d w h
,
e n that w hich is de n o te d b
y
j
the su b e ct o fthe v e r b, is als o t hat o n w hich the act o r s ta te t e rmin at e s
Ex T he y dr e w thems elves u p b y ro pes S he s aw her selfin the glass
. . .

it
He kille d hims elf
S aid I to myself I am mys elfagain
. .
,

l 72 A . re la t i v e p r on o u n mak e s its clau s e de pe n dent on an

o the r clau s e , o r o n a p r e ce din g w o rd .

Ex .


the m an wh
T he r e is o m yo u s aw N ob o dy k n o ws who in v en te d .
I
the lette rs hav e what yo u n e e d
I c an n o t t e ll wh t
a ails him
S p irit I

. . .

tha t b r eat hes t t hr o u gh my latt ice t ho u , & e

B r yan t Here , who m yo u s aw,

,

. .

for in s tan ce , c an n o t s tan d b y its e lf an d mak e s e n s e .

,

i 7 3 T he . r elative
p ro n ou n he ad o f its
s tan ds at or n e ar the
clau s e , an d the clau se o rms t he o f
its elfge n e rally p e rf ce o fan ad
j ectiv e o r o fa s u b stan tiv e

.

Ex T he b o y who stu d ies , wi ll le ar n =T he s tu diou s b o

. w ill le arn k n ow
. I
who he is (Kn o w w hat ?)
. will do what I p r o mis e d t o I I will do the thin g
-

I p ro mis e d to do .

T he r elat iv e p ro no u n s are who, which

9
,
w ha t th
,
a t, an d a s , with
the i r de clin e d f
o r ms an d the ir co m o u n ds S ee p 8

W
p . . .

i 74

. ho is a
pp lie d t o p e r so n s
,
an d to o the r o b e cts j w hen re
g ar de d
as p e rs o n s .

Ex T he M A N wh o f w ill b e co me A n d A V A R I OE , wh
e els t r u ly n ob le o so .


.
,
m r o m the

s old h i s elf t o he ll S ri ser N ow a f ain t t ick w as hear d b elo w f

. .
,
PE N D U L U M , who t hu s s p o e Ja n e Taylor . .

D
e ar M adam , I ra u o th a M agp ie o n e d ay ,
K Y py
q
T o a M ON E , w o l ap p e n e d t o co me in her w ay

W

S ar gen t s Sp eaker

. .

75hich is applie d t o things , o r t o w hat w e r egar d so , t o b r u te an i

.

mals, t o gr o u ps o fp e rso n s de n o te d by co lle ct ive n o u n s w he n all t he in di

v idu als o ft he c o lle c tio n are v ie we d t o get her as o n e thi n g ; an d f
r e u e n tl
q y
to childre n .

E
T he which
The B D whi h which
T he The A
W
x R OS E IR c EL E P H NT
Y h
.

OR L D which T he A R M
which
He w as t e so u whichan i at
l m e d t he p art y.

A
.

T he N TI ON S which e n co mp as s t he Me dit erran e an

C O N R ES S , which is a b o dy
. G

W
o f w ise men
The o a n which we m et
. .

76 h is u se d in co n n e ctio n w ith s o me w o rd de n o t in g the o b e ct

. ic
h j
ref j
e rr e d to , o r w hen the o b e ct is p rese n t, o r has b ee n ali e ady m e n t io n e d

o r b ro u ght to min d .

Ex .T he MIS FOR TU N ES whichcr ushed him
I can n o t t ell which is which . .

I do n ot kn o w wh i chyo u mean
.
 NO U NS .
P R O N O U N S . 97

an d s o me times t o o the r o b ects j w he n

"
en d. Ther e is in my carr iage what has lif
e,

the j
o b e cts sp o k e n pr es e n te d O fmay b e re

things an d w hich I t r e p res e n t s t he m b o th,

.

u sa e the w o r d thing o r things u n ders to o d

g ,

e to w ho w hich w he n b o th p e r so n s
or
n e arl
y alw ay s w he n t he r e lativ e clau se
u er lativ e de gre e af t r wh s ome v er
p ,
e o, , y,
qu e n tly af t e r t he pe rso n al p ro n o u n s, o r
rin
g t o it ; an d ge n e rally w he r e w ho o r
w o u ld n o t so u n d so w e ll .

n o u n o r r elativ e clau s e is r es tr ictive, w hen

ich it r ef er s de n o te o n l s u ch o bj e cts as are
y
c lau s e : in the r es tr ictiv e se n s e, it m o dies

adds an ide a .

got ten , are s eldo m e n o ye d j

O f cou rs e n ot all

W
.

the FL O ER S , which f ad e an d d ie N ot r e s trict iv e . .

co u ld t u r n as ide f r o m the P A TH wh ich d u ty p oin te d

u s t b e con s cio u s O f e v e ry M OTI ON th a t aris es in t he

hu e e s se n t ially p er vade s T he rs t r e lativ e is r e
.

T hey e n acted s c hu L A ws a s we r e n ee d e d C at ch .

r min e whether that

f b e u s e d w ith e u al
q
- its elf o r s o limite d b o t he
b e p r ef
p r op rie ty
r d e n i
s ho u ld
e r re d to wh

t e w o r ds ,
o or
he n the an t e
s u ch
. W
y y
lativ e clau se can n o t v ary its m e an in g, who o r which
crab le ; w he n t he an tece den t is an i n den it e t er m ,
l m o dif ying w o r ds as a, so me, (mg, e very, & c , tha t .

aes s ary t o m ak e t he me ani n g s u i ci e n tly de ni t e , o r

ar e m ean t .

s which a r e v e ry p r o tab le ,
might s u gge st that all sp e en

ia sp ecu la ti o n s tha t

H e is a m an w ho chea t s e v e ry
q
.

an , t ha t ra s ca li ty is the e ss e n tial u a li ty o fa m an o r o f a

I t is the tho u ght o r s en tim en t whi c h lie s u n d e r the .

a m er i t
"
. H er e n o chan ge co u ld b e m ad e w itho u t inj u r in g
I he r e u se d , (tho u gh b o th r e s tr ic tiv e , ) w e ll s ho w t he s u b
;lau s e
,
an d t he r e s tr i c tiv e char a cte r o ft he las t cla u s e . I
1, whom
"
I
hav e s e n t w ith a m o s t tr u s ty an d f a i t hfu l se r v

an d f av o r T his s e n te n c e is n o t s o cl e ar as i t m ight b e
.

d ese rv e s , the r e f e r e nce w o u ld hav e b e e n cle ar ly t o

"
te rv e s , to s e r v an t.

18 an j
ad ectiv e or as a co n u n ctio n
j ; so that yo u

y w he n who or which can b e pu t f

or it witho u t

it he k n ow s ou r f a he
t r

T he ab le st
. man t hat

The s ame o rs e t hat [which] I r od e .
98 N ouN s AND PR O N OU N s .
P R O N O U N s .

A s is gen erally
82 . a relativ e
p ro n o u n
,
w hen it is u se d a f
te r su ch
,
man y, or sa me .

Ex H e p u rs u e d s u ch a cou rs e as r u in e d him
. He deceiv e d as m a
ny .

as
tr u s te d him
T he dau ght er has t he same in clinatio n s as t he mo the r
.

.

A b o ttom, is p er hap s a co nj u n ctio n ; b u t sin ce a r elativ e m u s t t hen b e alw ay s s u p

s , at

p lie d to c o mp le t e t he s e n s e O fthe f o llo wi n g clau s e , it m ay a s well b e p a r s e d as a r e la tiv e .

b o rn e gr a mmar ian s m ain tain that i t i s n ev e r a r ela tiv e , o the r s , tha t i t is alwa y s a r e la tiv e
af t e r su c h, man y, O r sa me T he t r u th li es p e r hap s b e t w e en the t w o e x tr e me s
. A s is u s e d .

i n t w o dif fe r e n t s e n se s
s en t o n ly sim i l ar o bj ec ts
.

W
I t ma y r e call t he iden tica l o bj e cts m en tio n e d b e f o r e , o r i t may p r e 3
he n , b y s u p p ly in g the n eces s ar y w o r d s , t he m e ani n g w o u ld b e
.

chan ge d, as s ho u ld ce r tainly b e p a rs e d a s a r e la tiv e I

b o u ght, a t the au ctio n , s u ch mu le s

.

"
a s w e re so ld as m an y mu le s as w e r e s o ld : I b o u ght the m u le s that w e r e s o ld all the
m u le s tha t w e r e s o l d ; b u t, I
b o u ght , a t the a u ctio n , s u ch m u le s as the m u le s w er e that

w e r e so ld as man y m u le s as the m u le s e r e t hat w e r e s o ld , W"
s u gge s t s r a the r tha t the re
w e r e t w o d is ti n ct p ar ce ls o fm u le s, o r tha t I b o u ght o the r m u le s tha n tho s e w hich w e r e so ld
a t t he au ctio n O b se rv e a ls o , t ha t, ab o v e , so m e o the r r e la tiv e can b e s u b s tit u te d f
. o r as , e s

p e c ia lly y b c h a n i
g g n t h e p r e ce di n g su c h o r a s m an y in t o th e,
th e se , o r al l S o ,

H e to o k as .

"
m a ny a s he co u ld ge t : H e to o k a ll tha t he co u ld ge t H e to o k s u ch ap p le s as p leas ed
.

" "
hmi . S he p la y ed s u ch t u n e s as we r e calle d f or H e w a s the f a ther o f a ll s u ch as
.

W
" "
p la y o n the ha r p a n d o rgan A s m an y a s cam e , wer e b ap ti z e d
.

I w ill co m e a t s u ch an .

ho u r as I ca n s p a r e B u t whe n I s a y , I b o u ght s u ch m u le s as y o u hav e f

. o r s ale e
d o n o t w a n t s u c h m e n a s he is a s sho u ld p e r hap s b e co n s ide r e d a co nj u n cti o n I n the las t .

e xa mp le , i fp a r se d as a r ela tiv e , i t ca n n o t a gr e e , a s a p r e dicate n o m in ativ e , with ahc : w e can -

H e is su ch m e n T he r e b e s o m e

no t s ay , L o ck e , ho w e v e r , ha s the f o ll o win g se n te n ce :

W
.

m en w ho m y o u w o u ld r athe r hav e y o u r son t o b e , w i th v e hu n d r e d p o u n d s a y ea r , t ha n

s me o t he r w i t h v e t o u sa n d p o u n d s
o h
hom is he r e u s e d v e m u ch lik e as in the p r ev i
o u s e xa mp le T his latter se n s e O f as is als o an alo go u s to that 0
.

. than in s u ch se nt e n ces a s ,
I hav e m or e m o n e y than y o u hav e H e w a n te d mor e than he go t
I n the s e s en te n ce s, .

than s ho u ld n e v er b e p ar se d a s a r e la t iv e , f o r it n ev e r e x p r e ss e s , w he n s o u s e d, the i de n ti ty
so me time s d e n o t e d b y a s M o s t t ea cher s , to av o id d ii cu lt dis tinc tio n s, d eem it b e s t t o p ar s e
.

a s , co n s tr u ed af ter s u ch, m an y, o r s am e, alway s as a r e la tive p ro n o u n .

The comp oun d r elative p ro n o u n s ar e p re f

83 . e rre d t o t he simple

o n e s, w he n the s p eake r m e an s t o in dicate mo r e f o r cibly that he re f e rs t o

j
an o b e ct co n side r e d a s
g e n e ral o r u n de te rmin e d S ometimes they are .

alm ost e u iv ale n t t o the s im le

W
r o no uns
q p p .

hoever that] de sp is es the lo wly, k n o ws n o t t he ck le n e s s

[
Ex an y p e rs o n

W
.

o f e s p is e s t he lo wly, e tc T ak e whichever [an y o n e t hat y o u
.

lik e .

I ll do
whatever [an y o r e ve ry thin g that ] is right

ho s t e my .

p u rs e, s teals trash .

These p ron o u n s are p ars ed lik e the corr espon di n g s imple p ro n o u n s ; b u t, as

t he y n e v er re f e r t o a de n it e o r p art icu lar o bj e ct , t hey hav e r are ly o r n ev er an

e x r es s ed an t ece de n t T he in de n ite ever o r s oever p ar tly re p r es e n ts t he an t e

j
.

o r t he in de nit e ad e ctiv e which m u s t p r e

cc en t b y b ein g a s o rt o f s u b s tit u t e f
c e de t h e an t ece den t ; hen ce when the an te ce de n t is e xp r e ss e d o r s u p p lie d , t he
ever or s oever m u s t ge n erally b e dr op p e d ; as ,
n o t e x e ct t he ir fav or
=
A n g p er son who car es n ot f
hoever car e s n o t f
-
or o t he rs , sho u ld
or o the rs , s ho u ld n ot e x ect
W
their ave r Ever fro m den o tin g time in de nit ely, was n at u rally e xten ds to
.

lace an d time, an d t he n ce O fco u rs e t o ob j ects

p .

3 84 A n i nt e r r n g a t i v e o ou n is u sed to ask qu estio n

W W
r n a
p
W
.
.

Ex . ho came w ith yo u i
hat do you wan t i hich is you rs

i The inte rrogat ive pro n o u n s ar e who, which, wha t, an d the ir

o rms
declin e d f .

Each ofthem
m ay b e applie d t o an y p e rso n o r thi n g what
s o e v e r ; e xcep t who , w hich is applicab le to p e rs o n s o n ly
W
.

i 85 o r the n ame o r s o me o the r app ellatio n ;

ho in qu ire s f
.
an d
1 00 no u ns A ND PR O N O U N S P R O N U N S
. O .

90 One o f . e rs to mank in d in de n ite l

te n re f y, o r to a class o fo b ects j
alre ady b r o u ght to min d, o r o b vio u s f
r o m the mo d f in
y g w o rd o r w o rds i .

91 E a ch o ther an d o ne a n o ther are o f

. te n calle d r ecip r oca l p r on ou n s .

They hav e a r e e x iv e s e n se , an d r e pre sen t the re lation b e tw e e n an y tw o

o ft he o b e cts as b ein
gj t ha t b etw e e n an
y a n d ever
y o th e r t w o o f th e e n ~

tire ser ie s .

S o me gr ammar ian s , b y su p plyin g w o r ds , ars e e ach o fthe f o r ego in g t er ms as

t wo w o r ds , t he rs t o n e in a p o s itio n w it h t 1 6 w ho le c u p , an d t he o t her as an
j
o b ect ive
; a ,s

T he t wo gir lo ve each [o n e lo ve s t he
7 ther
Bu t
b ad b oys t hr e w s to n es at o n e an o ther , may m ean , each o ne at the other s, as w ell as ,

The f
b
eachon e a t th e other o ne T he G r e e k lan gu age expr e s s e s one an o ther b y o n e w o rd ,
.

an d t he G e rman als o b
y o n e i ns ep ar able w or d t hat is p re cis ely an alogo u s t o o ur
p hr as e .

W
H
ie zw ei Flammen si che rgr ei f
a f
r en tcn e in cw a der s i e le
en ,
n

ie
S chi ller
W
n
p . .

H er e ein an der b e p ars ed s ep arately ; f

co u ld n o t or ei n in a n der w o u ld b e a s ole cis m .

T he re are s e v e ral o ther w o r ds , o ft he p r o n o min al o r d e n itive adj ectiv es , w hich

ar e als o f re qu e n tly p ars e d as p ro n o u n s , e s p e cially when t he r ef
er di s t rib u t iv el or

y
em phat ically to w hat has b e e n alre ady in tro d u ce d T ey e d s ome t o t he

.

w oo ds , an d some t o t he r v er i
T he h ad t w o ho r se s ea ch
P e ace , o r de r,
j
. .

an d u s tice , w e re a ll de s t ro ye d I li e n either
. I t w ill b e b es t t o co n side r
.

s u ch w o r ds r onou n s , w he n t hey can n o t b e s o w e ll dis p ose d o f in an y o ther w ay

p
b u t t hey ar e f re qu e n tly ar s e d as r ono u ns o r ad ver bs w he n t hey might as w e
p p
o r b e tt er b e p ars e d as a dj ectives .

T he last gro u p o f p r o n o u n s which w e hav e con s ider e d, do n o t f all within an

y
o n e o fo u r t hr ee gre at clas s e s o fp r o n o u n s I f d ee med n eces s ary , t hey m ay b e
.

calle d r ecip r oca l, i n de n ite, d is tribu tive, o r denwn s t/r a ti ve p ro n o u n s , accor din
g to
t he ir s en s e .

i 92 I n the p lace o fa p ro n o u n , w e m ay f re q u e n tl ut ou n
.
y p a n

w ith the s ame p ro n o u n , o r w ith a w o rd o ft he s ame class o r n atu re,

o re the n o u n
ace d as a n adj e ct iv e b e f

W WW
p l .

S how m e what it is = =
W

Ex . ho is he
hat p er son is he ? S ho w m e -

what thing it is hich o f the ho rs e s will y o u t ak e

. hich hor s e will o n
tak e ?
I
w ill ride o n e ho r s e to d rive t he o ther s i e , t he o ther hor ses I he . . .

s u r es o f v ice are m o me n t ary ; th ose o f v ir t u e ,

p lea p eas u r es o f
l
v ice ar e m o m en tary ; th e p leas u r es o fv irt u e , eve r las t in g .

93 . The p ro n o u n is s o metim es o mitte d .

Ex H e av en [tha t] has b r o u ght me t o the s tate [which]

y
. ou s ee .

is t he man [whom] I s aw

[ T ho u ] T hy s elfs halt see t he act

T her e . .

A n an t e cede n t m ay b e s u p plie d, w he n it is n ee ded f

94 . o r the

s ak e o f o t he r w o rds , o r e ve n w hen it c an b e e asily su li d d

pp e ,
a n

w itho u t pro du cin g harshn ess .

Ex G iv e it t o w ho e ver [an y one tha t] n ee ds it or G iv e it t o [a ny ]
g li
yer so n
L et s u ch [p er sons ] as he ar , t ak e h
.

who (e v e r) ne e ds it
. e ed

[He] . o ve s

to f
an cy, n e v er can b e r ich .

P r op e r t i e s .

{ N o uns a nd PR ON OUN S hav e g e n d e r s , p e r so n s, n u m

b e r s, an d c a s e s .

PR ON O U N S
i 95 . a
g ree with their an te cede n ts, in gender , p er son,
an d n u mber .
 PR ON O U N S G EN D ER S
. . 1 01

o rd is its m e an in g in g re ar d to s ex .

the mascu lin e, the femin in e, the co m

e, k in ds in r e fe r en ce to s ea: an d then ce , the sens e

.

8 i n r e g ard t o se x .

den o tes males .

u tor , dog, he , hims elf .

g e n der de n o tes f
e males .

r, girl, hen , goo s e , he r oin e, s ea mstr es s , she, hers elf .

g e n de r de n o tes e ithe r m ales or f

e males,

cat, in s e cts , I , yo u , the y , who .

or de n o tes ne ither males n or emale s

f .

b eau ty , b o dy, s ize , m an ho o d, s ou l, it, what .

to t hin gs , an d t o qu alities o r o ther at trib u t es .

a do es n ot imply common sex, b ut is the charact er

llC h de n o te livin g b e in gs, w it ho u t s ho w in g in the m
1 ale s are me ant, b ein
g e qu ally app licab le to b oth .

> me time s ascert ain e d f ro m so me o ther wo rd in the

is sho u ld b e p arse d acco rdingly .

mother w er e in go o d health .

H ere child is m as cu

comm o n
" w o u ld p ar s e s u ch
gen der , an d p a r en ts an d w o r ds as
o f t he ma s c u li n e o r f emi n in e g e n der ,
"
e mi n in e g e n de r ,

d f
t he f e mi n in e g en de r ,

acco r di n g t o the s e n s e s ee n o v a lid . I
er , p ro v i de d gen de r an d s ea: b e n o t , as t he y f r e qu e n t ly a r e co n
miu g : gen de r is a. p r o p e r t y b elon gin g to w o r ds o n ly ; an d sex ,

li cable to males o nly, o r t o f em ale s o n l ,

pp
a
y
le n ot e b o th This u s u ally o ccu rs w he n the
.

ofs e e ch, an d whe n the sex is n o t imp o r

p
m ascu lin e te rm is ge n e r ally p re f
e r re d .

gre e n p a s t u r es
; i e , h
,

or s es an d . a/r es t o o .
. T he m

vho le w o rld

. eir s ar e o ftHe n dis a pp o in t e d. I

an d . T he p oets o fEn glan d Bu t in co nn ection .

ap p rop riate ter m w ill harmon iz e in s e nse ; as , T he

Sap p ho .

li mais are r egarde d as male o r f

e male, n o t

their gen eral charact er f

ro m hav m
g m as

ies
. .

fo e b oldly T he for made his e s cap e
.
T he .

T he dove s mo o ths her f e at her s

T he timi d ha r e .

T he
e r y bee min ds h er o wn b u s in es s A ddiso n . .

ad t hr o w s o u t o fher n e s t all t he r em ain s o ft he co rn

ad t he s e b ee s an d an t s ap p ear e d to A d dis o n as u n
but
he w o u ld p r o b ab ly hav e u s e d it an d its
almo s t r a tion al qu aliti es made t h e ado tio n o ft he
p
:an t .
1 02 n ouns AND m on o uns e ann n ns .

S o , in an ima te o bj ects are so me time s r egarded b y the

1 02 .

im agin atio n as living b ein gs, an d hav e the n a su itab le sex as crib e d
t o the m T he o bj e cts, in su ch cases, ar e s aid t o b e p er so n i ed, that
.

is, e n do we d with p er son a l q u alit ie s ; an d t he n o u ns de n o t in g s u ch

obj ects, may b e pars ed as m as cu lin e o r fe min in e by p er son ifica tio n .

Ex T he su n r o s e an d lle d the earth w it h his glo ry

. T he moo n to ok her

s tati o n s t ill highe r , an d lo o k e d b r ighte r t han b e f

.

o re T he boa t has lo s t her .

r u dder T he r e lay t he city b ef
. o e u s , in al
r l h b e au ty
er B e hold t he rlfor n .

in amb e r clo u ds ar is e ; s ee , with her ro s y han ds she ain ts t he s k ie s L ee

.

T hen A n ger r u s he d his eye s o n r e Collins S ee is Ode on the P a s io ns

. .
s
.

1 03 . A in the plu ral f

co llective n o u n , whe n
o rm , o r whe n u s ed

it re pr es e n ts the co lle ctio n as an aggr egat e o r a w ho le, is o ft he

n e u te r en de r ; w he n u s e d o ther w is e, its e n de r co rre s o n ds w ith the
g g p
s ex o fthe in dividu als co m o s in t h e co lle ctio n
p g .

Ex . S ix fam ilies set tle d o n this r iv er .

Ev ery generatio n has its p e cu liar

ities .

T he a u d ien ce w e r e m u ch p le as e d .

1 04S o me w o rds may vary mu ch in gen der,

. acco rdin g to the v ery dif
fer

e n t mean in gs w hich they hav e .

Ex A anne at b all
g I s aw n ogame in my hu n t

A b r illian t gen ius

. .

He has gen i u s The . sa me man that wo m an tha t per s o n tha t a p p e th t

l a

.

The English language has three metho ds o f dis tingu ishing

the t wo s exes.

1 05 . a. B y difer en t wor ds .

G an der ,
G e n tleman ,
Har t,
Ho rs e ,
H u sb an d,
King,
L ad
L o r d,
M ale ,
M an ,
M as ter ,
M as ter ,
Mr , .

M ilter ,
M on k ,
M o n s ieur ,
M o n sieu r ,

1 06 . b . B g defer en ce o
f ter min a tion .

Mo st w o rds o fthis class ar e

pp
a e llati n s o o fo f
ce, o ccu patio n, o r

r an k , an d the f
e min in e
ge n e rall
y e n ds in ess o r tr izv .

Ex A bb ot t, ab b e s s
.
-
A dd ass : Baron , heir , ho s t , p r ies t, co u nt , poet , pe er,
.

r cp he t , t u t o r , mayo r , p rio r , s hep her d , s u lt an

* *
d e aco n , ian t , d au p hi n p ri n ce ,
face R u les f o r S p ellin g, ) o gr e , p at ro n , go d, (s ee h
V
u le s f
mit , ar che r, is co u n t , au t ho r , can o n , di vin er , do cto r* , t ailo r
or p e llin c it ,
eb r ew ,
e w , he
Jes u it
r g .

r egen t, s oldier , w arrio r Chan ge TER or T OR in to m es s , an

. DE R in to D ES S R
A cto r, do cto r, arb iter , b en ef acto r , au dit o r, en chan te r , e le ct or , i n s tr u ct o r , chan t er ,
s o n gs t er , co n d u ct or , e mb as s ado r , hu n t e r, mis t e r , r o t e c t o r , t r aito r , co mman d er ,
p
d m d d d * m i d l d

e an e r e t r act o r v ict o r s u it or ir ecto r r

p p e n e t o r s e a s t e r o at er e i~

W
, , , , , , , ,

I' or d s mark e d with a s tar , hav e also s o m e o the r f emale

o r m t o d e n o te the f .
 1 04 N OU N S A ND P R ON O U N S P ER S ON S
. .

kn own b y so me o ther w o rd in the s e n ten ce I n the third p erson sin gular, how .

e v e r, the dif
fe re n t s e x es ar e d is tin u ishe d b
g y p erso n al p ro n ou n s adap t e d in gen
der t o each S ee p 1 1 . . .

T he p ro n o u n it, u su ally regarde d n eu ter o nly, is,

113 . su sp e ct, also o f
the common ge n de r, w hen it s ta nds f o r n o u n s o fthis gen d an d so metimes

w he n it de n o t es o b e cts slightly p e rson i e d j .

Ex
T he tiger b ro k e its c hain
.

T he child has s in ge d i ts f r o ck
.

The .

mo us e r an b ack w he n it s aw me S leep n e ve r v isits s o rr o w ; w he n it does , it is

.

a co mf o rt er b haleesp ea r e
. .

i I n de e d, it se e ms that the thre e p ro nou n s he, she, an d it, may so me

1 14 .

t imes ref j
e r to o b e cts w ithou t S pe c ial re gard t o s e x ; h e b e in g p ref
err ed fo r w hat
is large, b old, o r p re emin en t ; s he, f o r w hat is e e min ate o r dep e n de n t ; an d i t,

fo r w hat is s mall, u n imp o rt ant , o r imp e rf e ctly k n o w n I think I hav e no t ice d .

t his p rincip le o fte n , es p ecially in o ur mo de ofsp eak in g o f lab o rin g animals an d

o f p ets .

Ex T he el han t w rithe d his lithe pro b o s cis T he s wan wit h her b eau ti
e
p
. .

fu l cu r vin g n e ck T he seat ir d with i ts wild s cre am

. Her yo u ng the p ar .

I n t his las t s e n te n ce , t he o t her wo rds mak e t he f e minin e

tr idge le d B r an t .
-
.

p ro no u n p re fe r ab e .

P er so n s.

The p e r s o n o fa wo rd sho w s w hethe r it f

r e ers to the s
p e ak er,

the o bj ect sp o k e n t o , o r the o bj e ct spo k e n o f .

3 Ther e are thre e p ers o ns ; the r s t, the seco nd, an d t he thir d .

T he w o r d P E R S O N S is b o rro w e d fro m stag e p layin g , an d mean t o rigin ally mas ks ,

-
cha r acter s,
a cto r s , o r sp ea ke r s o n the s tag e ; an d t he m e is der i v e d i t s s e n s e as u se d i n g r amm ar .

115 The fi r s t p e rso n de n o t es the s p eak e r

W
. .

Ex .
I illiam Jon es he re ce rtif y , that,

&c . I who co mman d you , a m the

gen e r al . M an y e vils b ese t a s mo r ta ls
.

l 1 1 6 T he

se c o n d p ers o n re
p rese n ts an o b e ct as s j p o ken to .

Ex Hen ry, s hu t the do or

Fr iends , R oman s , co u n tr y men ! len d m e you r

W
. .

e ars

. O thou A lm i h
g y G o , who d ids t cr e a e t hi wo n d o u s wo d
t d t s r r l
Fo r bid .

it Ju s tice
0 L iber ty w hat crimes are co mmitt e d in thy n ame l
. Mad R olan d . .

hen in an imate o bj e cts are ad dr e s se d, they are o fco u rs e p ers o n ie d .

117 The t h i r d p ers o n o bj ect o k f

W
r es e n ts an as s en
re
p p o .

T he city is in a bo wl o fmown ta/ins
I hav e r e ad

Ex ebs ter s r e ly t o
. .
p
Hayn e .

I
am t he man wh om yo u w is h to s e e . To fail is disgrace f ul

.

T he n amin g o fthe d if
, fer e n t p er so n s as sho wn ab ov e , f
an ce w i th t he na tu r al o r d e r o ff u ll dis co u r s e a s,

M o rr i son , that Ti m o thy F lin t is the le gal o wner o fthis farm

ir st, secon d, an d thir d, is in a c co r d
I Ja m es Be n n ett ce r tif
"
y t o you , i lli a m
I t is als o o b v io u s, t ha t w e .
W
W
ca n r ef e r , i n sp eaki n g, o n ly t o o u r s elv e s, to s o m et hi ng sp o k e n to, o r t o s o m ethin g sp o k e n o f .

2 118
hen a n o un co mes af
. ter a v e rb t o e xplain the n o min a
t ive , it is o ft he t hird p erso n, t ho u gh the n o minative m ay b e o fthe
rst o r the se co n d p e rso n
W
.

E
t h t t h t w ill t
Y o u are the p er son
f
x s o o
I am sher i g p
p
. e are e r on s a u r y u .

w an t e d . ft he co u n ty e ar e s tr a n er s her e
g Y o u ar e
. .

her oes .

Per so n r ather dis a p ears f r o m t he wo r ds sh einf, str anger s, an d h er oes , as her e

p
/

u se d w itho u t an art ic e S her i fo r in s tan ce, do es n o t se e m t o den ot e t he s p eak er

.

as s u ch, n or a p e rs on sp ok en o as s u ch, b u t is simp ly descrip tiv e so mewhat lik e

an ad e ctive j .
 s . 1 05

n sp ea kin
g ofo n e or
of p a art o fthe p erso n s
in the third p e rs on .

on e o fyo u k n o ws his

s o metimes e legantly u sed f

b r the rst

3 w illin t o lis t en t o the u s t co m laints o fhis su b

g p j
&c .b a re ly, my mo t her do e s n o t m e an to m ar r y me

S u rely, mo ther, yo u do n o t , 8250 .

o
the rst p e rs n p lu r al, we, ou r , o u r s , e tc .
,

in clu des o the rs with hims e lf; an d s o me

p e rs o ns as u tte rin
g t he sa m e thin g

n, M ary , an d
W I m u st le ar n o u r le s s o n s . W

e, the
ofthe U S going to t he mo u n tains

. . e ar e . R ocky

us o fthe s eco n d p e r so n p lu ral, yo u , yo u r , etc , .

or mo r e p e rs o ns addr ess ed, o r o n e o n ly with

I ap p e al Y ou boy s m ay go an d lay Y ou ,
to you .

.

t hr e w r o ck s t hr ou gh t he w in do ws ou m echan ics .

re u ir e d to w o r k o nl
q y te n ho u rs p er day .

p er haps, that we an d yo u , as w ell as they,

nkin d e n e rall
g y .

t ho s e w ho lo v e u s Y ou m a as w ell s eek hon ey

'

e .

S hak es eare r e s e n ts to yo u t e u n iv er s al world
T
.

hey s ay t hat fr e e go ve rn me n ts w ill

ill b e e le cte

all p ar ts o ft he w o rld .

1 r e e rs f to t wo mo r e s u bs tan t ive s t ak e n
or

e nt
p e rs o n s , e rs t he rst p e rs o n t o t he
it p re f
l to t he thir d .

e lo s t
w ou r hors es .

Jam s an d Y O U have lo st your

a w ord s ho ws whether the w o rd r e e rs f to

than one .

mb ers ; the singu lar an d the p lu r a l .

Ia r n u mb e r de n o te s bu t o n e .

g rain o we r, 1 , he , o n e , an , this , that .

l nu mb er de n o tes mo re than o n e.

ain s , mice, o wers , we , they, o n es , the s e , t hos e .

1 06 NO UN S

AND P R bN O U N S .

N U M B ER S .

1 2 6 T wo o r m . o re sin
g ulars o
c n n e cte d m e rely by an t , ar e

e q u i vale n t to a
p lu ral .

Ex . John , James , an d Thomas , ar e boys ar e s tu dyin g.

127 . T wo or mo r e j
o b ects vie w e d one by o n e , or se
p arate l
y,
hav e wo rds f
r e e rr in
g t o t he m in the sin
g u lar n u mb e r .

Ex . Ev e ry H EA R T b est knows its o wn s o rr o ws .

N e it her M A R Y n or MA R
has st u died h

T HA er lesson .

128 A po s s ess io n o r attribu te r elatin g i n co mmo n to

. se ve ra l
obj ect s, sho u ld
ge n erall
y b e e x re ss e d b
p y a s in u lar w o rd
g .

I t was do n e f L e t the m b e con t en t wit h their

Ex . o r o u r s ake, n o t s akes
j
.

s ame re n t u dgme n ts

lo t, n o t lots Y o u an d I have t he os e, b u t diife
.
p rp
u .

129 . A p r o p er n o u n , when p lu ralize d, de n o te s a r ace o r f

amil ,
y
or tw o or mo r e o bj e cts as having the same n ame o r charact er .

Ex . T he D ixo n s an d he Bo l o
t t n s

.

T he tw elve C aes ars .

Her Mario n s ,
S u mp te rs , R u tle dges , an d Pin k n eys .

1 3 0 A b str act . or mate rial n o u n s , as su ch, are n e ver

p lu ral, ex

f
e w that ha v e n o sin u lar fo rm
'

cept a g .

Ex Pride , amb itio n

.
,
ho p e, mo tio n , du ratio n , b u s in es s ; gold. co p pe r , meat ,
ha s traw , s p e cie , b u tte r , ci der , b e er , mo las s e s , i vy, r e , sn o w, m u d , w ater, ax,
srl d u st ; as he s , o ats .

131 . S o metimes they ar e

p lu raliz e d t o den o te m or e kin ds
than o ne .

Ex is eases , f
D
'

. ev ers , . v ices , airs , win es , t eas , cotto n s , s ilk s , satin s , taxes .

1 32 . S o metimes they de n o t e two o r m o r e obj e cts havin g the

q u ality o r s u bstan ce , o r els e s o me thin g as co mp osed o fp arts .

Ex C u rio s ities , slat e s , s tr aw s , t imb e r s , p r o cee dings , lib erties , ri hts

. A ll g .

the s is t ers ar e bea u ties

T he hei hts o fA b aham , at Q u e b ec
lidy mar bles

g
r . . .

I had o nly a f ew copp er s lef t I hear d t he wa ter s r oar d o wn t he catar act
. .

1 33 . S o me n ou ns that de n o t e obj e cts co n sistin

g ftw o
p ar ts,
o or

co n ceived to c o ns ist o fman y p arts or in dividu als, are alw ays p lu ral .

Ex Ton gs , s cis s or s , lu ngs , e mb er s , ashe s , in ce r s , b reeches , t r o u s e rs , dr aw

.

e rs ho s e , b o w e ls , e n trails , in t e s tin es , b illia s , calen ds , id es , n on es , ann als ,

ar ch iv es , clo t he s , goggle s , sn u f e rs , s t air s , he ad q u ar t er s , p o et ics , r iche s , v ict u als ,
f -

as se ts , t eens , m at in s , v es p e rs , he morr ho ids , hys t e r ics , dr ege , b itt e r s , lin gs ,

r e mai ns , o b se u ies , n u tials , ch0 ps , c , f ab o g m es ,

s p at te r da he ,
s s s t at is t i s o lk s r i
q p ,
an t i o d es , m ammalia, gr allee, as s er es , s p o r ades , r egalia, p ar ap hern alia v et che s ,

cat t e , hu s tin gs , b elle s let tre s ( el g

Exce p t , ho we ver , the clas s ,
-
u r n itu r e, f
iewelr y, hosier y, etc , which ar e s ingu lar . .

1 34 . S o me times w o rd may b e u sed in the s ingu lar n u mb e r to de n o te

s u ch a
a p art , or to j
de n o te the o b ect as an individu al, o r t o deno te the en tire colle cti on
as o n e t hin g .

T he le f
Ex
. t lu ng w as di seas e d . A s tair ; a b ellows ; t he an n al a v alu

able s tatistic .

1 35 S o me have the me f
o rm f
o r e ithe r mb er
'

. nouns sa nu .

Ex D eer ,
. s he ep , sw in e
, gro u s e , s erie s , s p e cie s
,
su
p er cies , cor ps ,
ap p aratu s ,
means .

A co llect ive
1 36 . n ou n is plu ral, e ve n when sin
gu lar o rm
in f
et
y p lu ral in ide a .

Ex . The A merican p eop le are j ealou s an d w atchf

ul o ftheir liberties .
1 08 N OU N S AN D PR ON O U N S N U M BER S
. .

144 . W
he n 3 alo ne an n e xe d, co u ld n o t b e e asily pro no u n ced ;
a n d when the s in u lar e n ds in z, o , u , o r
g y , p r e c e de d e ach by a
co n s o n an t, the lural is fo rmed b addin
p y g es .

W
Ex C hu r ch, chu r ches ; b en ch, benches ; b lu sh, blu shes m iss , misses
. atlas ,
a tla ses
; is thmu s , is thm us es ; t o p az, top azes ; t ax, taxes al k ali, alkal ies rabb i,
r abbies halo , haloes ; n egro , n egr oes ; gn u , gnu es s to ry, s tor ies ; the in n eba
ao es t he M i sso u r i es
- -

Pr o p e r
145 . n o u n s, fo r e i n n o u ns,
g an d u nu s u al n ou s n ,
ar e
chan e d as little
g as
p o ss ib le , an d hen ce o fte n ass u me 8 o ly
n .

Ex .

Hen ry, Hen rys T u lly , Tallys M ary , Mar ys C ice ro , Cicer os
'

S cip io ,
3 N er o , N er os T he t wo M is s l o o ts
f
T eo calli (M e xican t e mp le ) tea
j h
. .

is ;
m a o r do mo ,
maj or domos
P r es co tt -
T he n o v e l i s f u ll o fo s
-
bys

o r eign t in ge , we still n d
. .

whys , alsos , an d noes R e view A n d, o win g to t heir f

. .

in go o d u s e , ca n to s , gr ottos , j u n tos , mementos , octaves, p o r tico s , qu a/r to s , solos , tyros ,

zer os , in s te ad o fca/n toes f r o m ca n to r o ttoes f ro m gr otto , j wn to es f
ro m
, g j u n to, et c , .

which ar e als o co ming in to u s e .

B u t w he n w o r ds o ft he s e clas s es ar e s o fam iliarl k no w n as to b e e as ily re co g

n iz e d in almo s t an fo r m, t hey ar e o f
t en p lu raliz e d ik e o r din ary n o u n s as E ar
y , ?
r ies , Hen r ies , M ari es, P to lemies, N er oes , wh /ies noes
, .

146 . The f
o llo w in
g n ou ns cha n
g e the ir e n din g into ves :

Be ef beeves ; calf ca lves elf elves ; half h alves ; k n ife kn ives ; leaf leav es
h h
W:
, , , ,
life , lives ; lo af loaves ; s e lf selves ; s he af s ea ves ; s he lf s elves ; t hie f th ieves ,
a he av ier w or df
,
wolf
,
w ife , wi ves ,
w ol ves ha rf h as s o me tim e
. s w h a r ves or ro
n u n c iat ion S tef has s taves , w he n n o t co mp o u n de d ; b u t it s ho u ld always
. ve
stafs , t o dis tingu is h its p lu ral fr o m sla ves , the p lu ral o fs tave .

147 . o
Fo r fr min g t he p lu ral o f s me w rds, n o gen eral o o r u le

c an be giv e n , a n d t he
y a re t he r e f r e s aid t o b e ir r egu la r o .

W
M an ,

C hild ,
o m an ,
me n
w o me n
.

c hildr e n .
.
Foo t, f eet O x, o xen
. C ow, cow s
G oo se , ge es e M o u s e , m ice Co w has also kin e
T o o th, t ee th L o u s e , lice t he o ld o r p o e tic plural He ,
.

. .
.

.
.

.
ou .
ey.

T he w o rds e n din g in ma n , that are n o t co mpo u n ds o fma n , ar e r egu lar an d tak e

; as , G er man , G er mans ; talis man , ta li smans ; M u s s u lman , M ussu lma n
s
8 .

S o m e n o u n s hav e b o th a
148 . re
g u lar an d an irr egu lar plu
r al, b u t with a diff e re n c e in m ean in g .

Bro ther , br other s (o fthe s ame f amily), br ethr en o fthe s am e s o ciety) .

D ie , dies (st amp s f o r co in in g), d ice (sma l ou b e s f o r gamin g) .

sh (qu ant1 ty, or the sp eci es )

o

Fis h, f ishes (in divid u als ), .

G e n iu s , gen i u ses (me n o fge n iu s ), em i s p l ri ts )

.

g ( .
0

)
I n de x, i n dexes (tab les o fco n t e n t s ), i n dices (alge b r ai c s i gn s .

P e n n y, p en n ies ie ce s o fmo ney), e ce

( w
h o m u ch i n v a u e )

dh
p n .

Pea, p eas (in div i als t w o o r more ), p ease (1 11 di s ti n cti on f ro m o t her v e etab les )
g .

149 . Mo s t mpo u n d w o rds are plu r aliz ed, by makin g plu ral
co

o n ly that p art o fthe w o r d w hich is de s crib e d b

y t he r e st .

Ex . M ou se -
tr a b r o thers in law , s is ters in law, b illets do u x,
s, o x cart s ,
- - - - - -

co u rt s mar tial, aids c e cam p , c u p f

-
ul s , s p o o n f
- -
u ls co ac hf
u ls , w ago n lo ads com -
.

s ge ne ral e rs t p ar t o f a co mp o u n d

man de rs in chief ,
c e s t u is
-

qu e t r u s t I t i ly t h .

wo rd, t hat is de s crip t ive , o r is u s ed in t he s e n s e o fa p re x

W
.

i 150 . hen the co mpo u nd wo rd is a o reign te rm

f or o ther
 1 09

p is
ar t not ver
y ob vio u s , the
d like a si mple one .

au to -
da f
es ,
-
co n g -
d lir es , lo u is d o rs ,
- -

hab e as -
co rp u s es , s cir e f
acias es-

,
ack a j -

m e p r ecede d by a
na

termin atio n t o e ithe r,

W
the D r s Edmo n ds o n the

Mi
.

an d
illis T he . sses
t o the M iss

b u t t hose
att e r
-
I b Fro m D u ches s e s
S wift
. .

B u tler . M ay the re
lVatts
.

t itle is M rs , . or is p r e ce de d by a n u me
va
y p lu raliz e d
s .

The t wo M r B ar lows T he tw o Mi s s S cotts
I r vi/ng
. .

T h t o b eau t ifu l Mi s s C la r ice

.e w
T he
j
.

b ears m o r e re s e mb lan ce t o an ad ectiv e t han t o a

j
it o fthe ad ectiv es in s u ch
p hr as e s as ,

The s tin gy
old mis er s

.

is alwa
y s
p lu raliz e d, whe n it f
r e e rs to two
) arat e rs o n s
p e .

is , an d Jo hn s o n
M isses M ary an d Julia Har riso n .

iames in v o lvin g t itles , there has b e en n o t a litt le o fdi

rin e S o me always p lu ralize t he title ; o t hers , t he
.

p u ralize b o th T he p r e v ailing c u s to m is , I b e lieve ,

l .

he t e r m which t he s p e ak er m e an s t o u s e as e xp lana
er .I t wo u ld b e an e legan t d is tin ctio n , an d 1 11 t he
ts , silks , w in es , & c , t o
p lu r alize t he t itle o n ly , w he n
.

an d t he n ame on ly , w he n t he p e rs o n s b e lo n g t o dif
me , t o s ay
the Ma

-
s ses B r ow n w he n t he ladies a re

a w he n t he B u t as t his d is t in ctio n w o u ld
y are n ot .

in addres s in g p er so n s w ho s e f amily re latio n s he d o es

.e v er b e adop te d T o p er s o n s w is hin g a p lain an d
.

ways p lu r alize the t itle o n ly, w he n it is M ister , M es,

nu me r al
; as

T he M essr s M or to n T he M isses
.

Dr e Bolto n .

T his m o de o fp lu r alizi ng s u ch
.

ly p r ev ail in t his co u n try an d I r at her t hin k it has

a law o fo u r lan gu age to v ar y p ro p e r n am es as lit tle ,

nes can n o t w e ll b e p lu r aliz e d ; m an y p r o p e r n am s

e
e lu r al fo r m , yet ar e s in gu lar in e ach, an d me an di t
ice , ) lainly d e n o te s t wo men ; b u t D r Mott s
d
. .

ln d er s to o as d e n o ting b u t o n e m an B e s ide s , w e .

issr s Jo hn an d T ho mas
The lif
.

essr s B a
r n
. c h
har to n

Jame s an d
W
u b u t o n ce u s e d in s p e ak in g o f s e v e r al p e rs o ns tak en
T he Messrs
i lli am W .

d t he stro n ge s t argu m en t in co nclu s io n , w o u ld s ay

I
ren ts w h ic h I h a v e s e e n a t leas t thir t y o r f o r t y of
 o r ms N U M B s as
'

1 10 n A ND P R oN O U N s . .

min en t s choo ls con du cte d l y an asso ciation o f ladies o r gen tle men o f the s ame
'

e
W i
,

n ame , b eg n
i i th

T he isses
or ,

The Mes s r s will re co m .

m en ce , & c .

Ou r lan gu age has man y w o rds ado p te d f ro m o the r la n g uage s The se .

r e tain t h m h h h n the lan u a e s

u su all
y e s a e p lu r al in o u r s t a t t e
y ave i g g
fro m
-

W
hich t hey w e re take n S o m e , ho w ev er, take t he En glish p lu ral
.
.

o n ly ; s o me , the f o re i n o n l an d s o m e it h N ce r t ain r u le can

g y; ,
e er o .

b e giv e n f or f
o rmin g su ch
p lu rals b u t t he f
,
o llo wing m a
y b e o f s o me

assu r
a n ce

155 . The t e rminatio n us is chan

ged to i ; a m o r on , to a ; is,
to es o r ides a, to 62 o r a ta an d x o r ex, t o s ee or ices ,
T ho s e n o u n s o ft he fo llo w in g lis t , which hav e b e co m e s o far n at u ralize d as to hav e also a r e gu
lar p lu r a l lik e t hat o fthe n ati ve s , i n addi tio n to their o r igin al p lu ra l, ar e dis tin g u ishe d b y I t alic s .

A S ar co p h gu s , a A man u en s is ,
Ca lm
H ip p o p o tam u s A n alys is , O liw,
a

U M , o n to A A n tit hesis , C ieaf

/ r ix
,
A n imade wlu m , Bas is , He liw,

A r ea n u m ,

C ris is , Matri s ,
A u to ma to n , D iaeresis , R adir ,
Gl iter ion ,
'
Ellips is , Qu incu nx, C au dex .

C o r rigen d u m , Emp has is ,

D atu m , Oas is , P halancr,
D es ider a mm,
Bo r e ali L ar yn x,
Ef u viu m , T hes is , B eau ,
E he m e r o n , P has is ,
W
Cher a b,
/

neo vmiu m P rax is , S ap lz,

,
Er ratu m
,
Fas cis , S ta men ,

G mn a s i u m ,

D i e sis ,

Tegm en ,
g
H ba r i um,
'
M e tamor p ho s is ,
L egu men ,
lif di a m,
/
e S yn o p s is , B an dit,
M em or a n

dmn , P ar en the s is , V ir tu o

so,
Mromen u m, Hyp o th es is ,
'
'
Oicer o ne,
P he n o me n o n , S y n the s is ,

L it ter at e u r
.

S cho liu m,

M tr op olis

. G
e n u s,
S p e cu lu m , I s to I D ES M o n sieu r ,
h
C rys alis ,

M adame ,
M en
str u u m, Ephemeris , Mr .

S p ect ru m, C an tharis ,

V cu bism,
i m /
Ep ide rmis ,
Tr ap e zi/ u m,

A p his ,

P a r h e

lio n , A p s is ,
A p he lio n ,

I r is ,
P e r ihe lio n P r oboseis .

I s to ES X to e ns
A xis , A pp endix,

I b elie v e the t e n den cy is , to giv e the p ref e re n ce to the English plu ral in

amiliar langu age ; t o the f

f ore ign , in te chn ical o r s cie n tic lan gu age .

156 . L e tt e rs, gu re s, an d o the r cha ract ers, ar e

p lu raliz ed b
y

addin g s

W
.

Ex .
T he in t he rs t line
a s an d

n s

By 5 s an d 7 s hat m e an .

.

tho s e 3 s an d 61 s ? T he apo stro p he is u s e d to p re v en t amb igu ity ; thu s , . C r oss f

y o u r i s an d do t y o u r i s ,

is n o t t he s am e as C r o ss y o ur ts an d do t you r is 5s .

might mean 5 s hillings or ve times 8 .

 1 12

N ouN s AND PR ON O UN S .
-
C A S ES .

161 PV ha t, in clo s e
. co n n e cti n o w ith a
p lu ral, is s o metimes
used in t he p lu ral n u m be r
W
.

Ex . e w er e n o w at the mer cy o fwha t A R E C L L E D gu erillas A .

-
I havels in
'

Mexico . m
I u st n o w t u rn t o t he f
au lts , o r wha t A P P EA R s u ch t o m e .
-
B yr on .

Other w as f ormerly so me time s u se d f

or o thers.
A n other m an other hen ce, s in gu lar .

N on e (
no o ne -

) is sin gu lar or l
p u ral, an d it is gen e rally u se d f
or no an d a
n ou n .

F o r mo r e in r egar d to the N u mb er s o fP r o n ou n s , se e p age 8 . S ee also pp 1 7 8 9

.
-
,

C a se s .
The c a se s are the i
r e lat o n s o fs u bstantive s t o the o the r wo rds ,

o fa s e n t e n ce .

T he re ar e thr e e cas e s ; the no min a tive, the p o ssessive, an d the

j
o b ecti ve .

S o m e gram mar ian s giv e an o the r ca s e , the i n dep en den t, o r a bso lu te b u t the r e se em s
-
.

to b e n o m o r e p r o p r ie ty in d is ti n gu is hin g this cas e f r o m t he n om i na tive, than the r e w o u ld b e

in d iv idin g the d if fer e n tly gov er n e d o bj e ctiv e ca s e s i n to two o r t hr e e clas s e s .

1 62 . The n o m i n a t i v e case is the cas e o fa su bstan tive t o

whi ch a p re dicate dire ct l
y r ef
e rs .

Ex T he moo n S H I N ES b eau tifully the gar den John an d James

W
u on
p ARE
Y G Y
. .

PL A IN b u t y an d I A R E S T D I N G T h m d e er A s H A G D
D
W
,
o u U e u r r N E ear . .

AR E t e r eco llectio n s o fy o u t h
h
T he su m o f v e t ho u s an d do llars A s PA I D

W
.
.

T he n o min ativ e can always b e f o u n d b y as k in g a qu e s tio n wit h wh o o r wh at b ef

or e

the v erb The riv er is deep
. hat is de ep ? T he r i ver . .

The n o m i n a t i v e cas e is the cas e

1 63 . o fa su b stan tiv e that
is u s e d in dep en de n tly o r ab s o lu t ely, o r w ho s e cas e dep e n ds on no

o ther w o r d .

Ex I . n d e
p d J hn , yo en
u m y go f
a or s om e w at er
en tly
o Y ou may .

r e cit e , M ar Mr P r es iden t, it is n at u r al for m an to in du lge in t he illu s io n s o f

.

Ho p e ise , f ello w men I o u r co u n tr y e t r e main s Y o w e rs t hat clu s t er

y e
-
.

b y e te rn al f
A n d Harry s f lesh i t f
He that hat h e ars to he ar,

r os ts e ll aw ay .

W
.

le t him he ar
O A bsalom A b s alo m my s on , my s on 1
.

u ta tion re u
tatio n l oh, hav e lo s t it !I
A n d t hen s he die d , p o o r thin g I
e b s t er s

U n ab rid e d

Ca lif
or n ia w hat can you s ay abo u t it
. His bed an d

he n e ve r ad an y I

W
T he is le s o fG re e ce 1 the is les o fG ree ce 1
here b u rnin g S ap p ho lo ve d an d s u n g
B yr on . .

T he s t u dent can ob s er v e, t hat t he I talicize d w o r ds n e ither go v ern o ther w or ds

n or ar e t hey go v ern e d b y o t he r w or ds S u ch s u b s t an t iv es ge n erally o ccu r in ad.

dres se s o r in e xclamatio n s o r, r at her , t hey are u s e d t o d ir e ct t he at ten tio n o fs o me

o n e addr es s e d, t o w hat t he s p eak er s ays , o r els e t o d r aw at t e n tio n t o w hat t he
w o rd d en o t e s S ome tim es , as in t he las t e x amp le ab o v e , t hey imp ly t hat t he
j
.

s oak er s f ee lin s are s o e n k in dle d b y t he co n t e mp latio n o ft he o b ect , t hat t he

0 0 d o faccu mu at ed f e clin b u rsts f o r th at o n ce , an d w itho u t an ef fo rt o n his p art .

I n the sen t e n ce ,
Fidd e s tick s w ho car e s f
or w hat he t hin k s i d dle s ticks -

j
is s imp ly an int e r e ct io n , b ecau s e it is u s e d as t he mer e in de x o fa s u dden e mo
tio n , an d is n o t u tte re d to draw at ten t io n t o t he m u sical imple me n ts t he ms e lv e s .

A bs o In e ly :
t
S ha me b eing lo s t, all v ir t u e is lo st I b ein g s ick , t he b u si

.

o llo wmg

n ess w as m e le ct e d F lash f .as h, w e had b u t t li tle hpo e T he .

wor k b ein g o n e , w e w en t t o t he r iver t o t he w ork w as don e, & c .

= =

His b e in g afor eign er , w as t he cau e s o f hi s def eat He w as def e at ed b e cau se he -

N 0 o n e w as aw are o fhis b ein g a r un awa/g b

was a f o reign er .
/ e tte r ,
N o on e

w as aw ar e t hat he w as a r un aw ay
To b e co me a sp endthmft, is easy . A p er
s on m ay e as i b eco me a s p e n dthrif t To b e a re s p e ctab le p reacher o r doctor , is
.
 1 13

e r us e d as the su b ect j of

ob ey yo u r p ar en ts . Ba
ve ; a n d obey wit h ye, or yo u , u n de rs to o d .

re cas e de n o te s an o b e ct j t o w hich so me

ve case m ay de n o te the o rigin ato r, o r t he rst

a p ar tial o w n e r , o r a t e mp o ra ry o w n e r, o r an

le j
o b e ct co mp ris in g the t hin g p o s se ss e d as a
e may de n o te a m ate rial o b e ct, a qu ality, an j
Ferr y my hor s e ; my f

er s

ather ; m y co u n tr y ;

oys b o o ts f m y he ad ; my s u f

or sale he re fe rin s
g
.

ras te r u nni n g s le ep in g

N at u r e s s

He . .

t le me n t, calle d Ke mp er s f
.

ar m

master s
.

A m b it io n s ris e may b e v irt u e s f

all The lily s

.

Jo hn s head i a ge l

l . s r .

case o f e v e ry n oun n ot e ndin

g in t he

a n n e xin s.
y g

b o o ks ; B u n yan s Pilgrim s Pro gr e s s ; f

i ildr en s

or
l a co n tr act io n o ft he o ld p o s s es s iv e s ign , es o r is ;

l widdo wes hab ite 0ha u cer . .

ing in 3 , o nly the ap o stro phe is adde d ;

u lar n u mb er, e n din g in t he s o u n d f s,

o s
;
b e ap o stro phe o n ly .

Mechan ics Ban k

Ch P r esco tt ar les s

'

ad air s

. . .

M r Bro o k s s integr ity

E Ever ett
Kin

W

. . . .

B ro o k e s

s t r an s lat io n I d
M o rris an . .

T he title o fPhilli s e dictio n ary J E

or -

ou or d P r ofessor : n lan d S o me o fE s chy

. . .

. .

en 1 t his ma n n e r lai

r

s R h e to ric.

e mo s . D
ile s s o ck e t into N o k e s s

Hu d ibr as
D en n is s

W
. .

lu n ar i B u r ns .

A do n is s d e at h

. Mr s B r ow n . .
s

n R 0 hite I n t he C o u nt e s s s s p e e ch

. . .
. .

lu llions
S an ders S er ie s o f R eade rs
.

S and er s . .

Fo r Jesu s
nce

Fo r goo dn e s s sak e,
s ak e ,

:e t io ns t han f air illu s tr atio n s o fa ge n er al p rin cip le

p
.

is i v e 8 may b e o mitte d , w he n e ach o ft he las t t wo

b egin s wi th an s s o un d, an d t he n e xt w or d als o b e
-

i gu st u s s p e e ch

.
114 NO UN S A ND P R ON O U N S C A S ES
. .

I n p o e try, w hen the s in gu lar e n ds in a hissin g sou n d, the s may b e u sed or

o mit ted to s u it the p o e t s co n ve n ie n ce ; b u t in p rose, I t hink it sho u ld ge n

orally b e u se d w her e it is o mitte d I f n o t t oo many hissin g so u n ds co me to

'

g e t h e r,
an d if t h e p o ss e ss iv e 8 w o u ld n ot b e to o f ar re mo ve d fro m an acce n te d

syllab le , it sho uld do u tb le ss b e us e d ; an d in o the r cas e s, ofis p ro b ab ly alw ays

re f eo ple do n o t he sitat e t o wr ite , The ho rse s hee ls ;

p e ra b le P. T he yo u n g

father A n d, ifs o u n d is to de te r min e t he u se o r the o mis s io n o ft he s

p r in ce s .
.

I can n ot s ee w hy many o ther w o rds are le ss e nt itle d to t he 3 t han s u ch w o r ds

Fe w f

as the se . u ll p oss e ss iv e s w o u ld b e harshe r o r heav ier than s u ch p lu ral

w ords as glas ses, car cas ses , a tlas es , du chess es , actr es ses, &c , w hich n o b o dy he s i .

W
t at e s to u s e w he n ne e de d
att s w o rks

s ho u ld b e

W
and

att s w ork s
at ts

an d

W
B e sides, t he s is o f
w o rk s


.

te n n eeded to make the sens e clear

atts s w o rk s

W
are in te lligible o n ly t o t he e ye , an d
I can n ot co n cu r with D r .
.

B u llio ns, in the p rop rie ty o f o mitting t he s in written lan guage, b u t re taining it
in s p ok en L e t lan gu age b e w ritte n as it is sp ok en ; at leas t, le t u s n o t in tro
.

duce an y more an o malie s in t his re sp ect .

A hars h p os s es s iv e ma o f

te n b e av o ide d b y con v ertin it in to an ad ect iv e , or
g j
b y u s in g fo A f. o x s t ai

A fox t ail B u n k e r Hill i s n o w m o re co mmo n ly
-

Ban k er s H ll a d l
L cas P ace is u ite as int elligible as

u s e d t han i n u L
" q u
cas s Place

Has tings t r ial o r

Has tin gs s
t rial o f H as tin gs .

S o cr ate s s lif

e an d li f
e an d de t h fS o cr ate s ;
a o Jo hn s b ro the r s

w if T he s is te r o fJo hn s b ro t he r s w if A su mme r s day

e s - e B ut
is .

n o t n e ces s ar ily e qu iv ale n t t o A s u mmer day n o r do es

ofalways imply p o ss es
j
W
s io n ; as ,

A s p ri n g ofcle ar water To hav e s o me i dea oft he s u b e ct
.

1 67 hen t wo o r m o r e co n s ecu tiv e w o rds , tak e n to gether, ar e

.

u se d to de n o t e b u t o n e p o ss ess o r, o r w hen t he same o bj e ct b e lo n gs

t o s e ve ral in co mm o n , the p o s s essive sign is u su ally a n n exe d b u t

o n ce, an d immediat e ly b ef o re the n ame o fthe o bj e ct o ss e ss e d, b u t
p
n o t alwa s t o t he w o rd in t he p o sse ssiv e cas e
y
W
.

Ex illiam H Harris o n s
ele ct io n

Her M aj es t Q u e en Victo r ia s

H
. en ry

men t T he Bis ho p o fL an d a s r e s ide n ce all s , t he b ak er


go v er n At

Here cap tain is in t he oss e s

.

The cap t ain o ft he Fu lto n s wif e d ie d ye s te r d ay

?
W
.

j
W f
h
s iv e c as e, g o v e r n e d b y w i e an d F u lto n in t e o b e ct iv e c as e , go ve r n e d b y o T he
D u k e of e llin gto n s ac ie v em en t s

He r e D u ke of ellingto n s m ay b e ar s e d
.

p
as o n e n o u n ,
s o al s o m ay B ish op o L a n d a

s ,
a n d m o s t s u c h e xp r e s s io n s B ar .

to n , Hu tchin s o n , an d S po ts woo d s s to re He re B ar to n , H u tchinson , an d Sp o ts

.

woo d s, ar e e ach in t he p os e s

s s iv e c as e , g
o v e r n e d b y tor e
s B arto n s , H u t c hin

.

=
B art o n s s tore , H u t chin s on s st ore , an d S p o ts wo o d s

s o n s , an d S o t s w o o d s s t o r e

-

ar ton s an d H u tch inson s ar e go vern e d by stor e u n de rs t oo d

s to r e o r, .

T he v ar io u s sor ts o fter ms or p hras e s that may d e n o t e p o s ses s o rs , an d t he b e s t

m o de s o fe xp re s s in g the s en s e o f t he pos se ss i v e cas e w her ev er dii culties p r esen t
.

the ms elve s , m ay b e b rie y n oti ce d as f

o llo ws
-

o fs s lla bles
'

with the

Mon osylla bles sound

e n din g diss
y
, ,
s o

r are ly w or ds o fmor e sylla bles, -

o
f rarely
,
o r e ls e 3
,
w he n the las t
o rme d is f ro m the
ar f rimar
syllab le thu s f not to o p y o r the s e co n dary

W W
acce n t .

Edwar ds of

Ex S ar k s s

asli i no to n ; s e st I n dies The lan ding
p
.

W
C or n w allis ; Eu p hr at e s
ban k s .

C o mp o u n d n ames, sign to thelast w o rd

Edw ard Ev ere tt s

o r ks . .

C p
o m lex n a mes o r s in gle t e r ms w ith s in
gle a d u n cts ,

s ign to t he j
last w o rd, o r u se of; w it h ad u n cts o r co mp o u n d a d u n cts of
,

j j
W
.

Ex . D
The u k e o f ellin gto n s re s iden ce

T he R ep or t o fthe S ecret ar y o f

e o fa m e mb er o fC o g e ss ; A n A ct o fthe L egis lat ur e o f

t he N avy T he wif n r

the S t ate o fN e w Y or k

.

A p p osition , the t w o te rms u se d lik e o n e n ame , sign at the en d prin

 116 n ouns AND P ao n o u n s r c a s n s

171 . A f
ew ver b s may have t wo dif fer e n t j
o b ects at o n ce ,
ro
p
o
A

vi de d they v e rn t he m as w ell s e ar at e l
can
g p y .

Ex . H e as k e d m e a ask e d me
an d

He ask e d a qu es -J

ti o n but He av e me qu es ti o n ,

i s n o t e qu i v alen t to He gave m
an d

H
g
a e e

W

gave a qu es ti on .

gov ern in g t wo o bj ects is made p as sive , e ither o bj ect, b u t n o t

hen a v e rb

b oth, may b e made t he n o min ativ e The o t he r o b ect re mains in t he o b e ct ive . j j

cas e ; b u t as a p as siv e v erb can n o t gove rn an o b e ct, t he o the r o b e ct, ifit de j j
n o te s t he p e rso n , is go ve rn e d b y a p rep ositio n e x p res s e d o r u n de rs to o d ; an d if
it den o te s t he thin g, it may b e r e f e rre d to R u le 6 th .

Ex .
M y mo the r
t au ght m e I w as t au ght arithmetic b y my ar ith m e ic
t

m ot he r, or , A rit hme tic w as tau ght (to ) me b y m y mo ther Obser ve the difer ence .

Jame s s t c him a blow ;

r u k 4 4
Jame wro t e hi m a letter ;
s 5 4
James calle d him4

his fr ien dt
1 72 . is the case o f a s u b stan tive u sed
The o b j e c tiv e cas e

witho u t a go ve rn in g w o rd, an d limitin g o r mo dif i

y gn lik e an ad

v e rb o r adj u n ct s o m e o ther w o rd .

Ex Id C ar e n ot ho w m u ch ?
o n o t car e a s tr a w T he w all w as 1 2 00

W
.

f 40 f h H h h h I t was richly w or t h a
'

eet lo n a n d eet o w lo n g ? o w i ?
2or
o rt h ho w m u c e w en t h ome

h ither ?
T he s lipp er e d an

l
. .

m
talo o , a wor ld
n t o o w i d e S h a h H o w u c h t oo
. w i d e~
? He is hea d a n d hee s in
.

d eb t T o w hat e xte n t ? l k
S he w a s [ i e ] a qu ee n
l k N o w he t r i s a lady
p
. .

an d n ow h e t
s ru ts a lor d
P e

H e w o r e h is . c o at c l
.o ak f a s
.hio n

How ? .

He is n othin g t o o go o d f r
o s ue c o n du ct

I w as tau ght gr amwnar
T au ght
W
. .

as t o hat ? S o me tim es a s u b s tan tiv e m ay b e r e f e rr e d t o the f o re go in g p rin ci le ,

p
or arse d a t o n c e as an ad v e r b S o m e gramm arian s p r ef e r t o co n sid er s u ch ex~
p .

p re s s ion s e llip t ical, an d t o su p ply a p r ep ositio n , w hich can gen erally b e d o n e w it h

o u t s tr ain in g t he m att er v er y f ar .

173 T he re ar e ex re ss io ns,
p ho w e v er, ob i
v o u sl
y e lli
p t ical .

-=
Ex D r R u s h, N o 34 0, P
. .
,
P hi ade p hia, P en n
l l . earl
To D r R u s h, S tr e et . .

P l
a t N o 3 4 0, on P e a r l S tr e e t i n hi a de lp hia i n P en n s lv an ia Jan l s t ,

. .
.
, ,

On the rs t d a of Jan u a y , i n t e y e a 1 860
r h r A m e l A h, w hat has hap .

or els e it m ay b e co n sider e d sim l

en e d to m e i o, lif e mis e r ab le ! y a L atin
p p
is m, u s e d b y Milt o n f or t he n o min ativ e ab s olu te .

S m e C a se
a .

A su b sta ntive that do e s n o t b rin g an o ther p e rs o n o r t hing

"
3 I 74
.

into the s e n t en ce, an d is u s e d m e rely fo r e x lan atio n , e m has is, o r

p p
de scriptio n, m u st b e in the s a me ca se as t he o n e de n o ting t he p erso n
or thin g .

W C OMP A N Y
EX h s b h
v illain o u s
t in of m
com a
I
r J
in osep h
p g a een e r u e
f
.
,
.

alter a j u s tice o the p e ace , ce r ti fy, & e C o m e s , the con qu er or o fM ex ico , .

w as a r ave ma n

I, a ls o I, am an A .mer ica n

T h e E m er o r N ap oleo n s

.

T his b ook is Jo hn s , m y classmate

grav e I t was e wi ll go ou r .

W
.

ech h
T y o wn e d h im I in g H i u r se w s w l h,
t h i wo d b nd

p
o es . e c r c s a ea s r a o. .

ill sn e ak s a sor ir en er , an e xce ed in g hna ce T he o n e s u b s tan tiv e may b e calle d .

t he p in cip al ter m an d t he o t he r , t he exp la na tor y ter m

r
.

t 1 75 . q
Fr e u en tly, t he e xplan at o ry t e rm is p re dicate d o r ass u me d
o ft he o the r, b m ean s o fs o me n e u t e r, in t ran s itive , o r ass ive v e rb
y p .

The e xp lan ato ry t erm is then u su ally calle d a p r edica te su bs ta n tive -

.

The v e rb , ifan y o the r than be, sho ws ho w the t itle o r char acte r
istic is ac u ire d o r made k no wn q .

Ex . T he w orld is b u t a s ta e an d all the m en an d w o men [are ] m e rely p lay

,
cr s .

My f
rien d w as ap p o in t e j u dge

To m s tr u ts a soldier
The s oldie rs . .
 n o un s AND PR O N O UN S .
-
C A S ES . 117

s e n t a p et itio n r e qu e s ting him to b ec om e t he ir leader a p etitio n f o r him to b eco m e

t he ir leade r

S u ch a re d icate s u b s tan tive af te r v er b s n o t n it e , is i n t he n omi
p
-
.

W
n ati ve eas e w hene ve r t er e is n o p re ce din g o bj ect t o co n t ro l it s cas e .

i 176 .
he d t o the o the r t e rm by m e an s o fa v erb,
he n n o t att ac

the e xplan ato ry t e rm is said t o b e in ap p osition , an d is calle d the

s itiv e

W
o
a
p p .

EX . or a to r an d s tates ma n , w as r elate d to E BS T ER the lexi

f
s ta tesma n

cograp her A t S mit h s , t he boo kseller
.

. A r th, or r it h
. A s a
,

W
he had gre at ab ility .

P re dicatio n an d ap p os ition are f u n dame n t ally the s ame he n t he e x plan a .

t o ry ter m is pr e dicate d, it s e e ms to b e rs t made k n o w n t hat s u ch a n attrib u te

b elo n gs to t he p ers o n o r t hin g Af ter war ds w e u s e ap p os itio n ; o r w he n t he
.

att rib u te is alre ady w e ll k n o w n o r e as ily p e r ce ive d, an d w e w is h to asse rt s o me

t hin g e ls e T hu s,.

M r Jo ne s w as a s addle r, b u t n o w he is a mer chant
.

Af ter .

w ards we may s ay,

M r Jo n e s t he m erchan t, is a b ank ru p t
. .

A pp o sitio n f
re q u e nt ly e n ab le s u s to distingu ish dif fe r e n t p er
s o ns o fthe sa me name, b y m e a n s o fthe ir p ro f
e ss io n , o cc u at io n , o r
p
characte r .

177 S o metim es t wo o bj ects f

. o llo w certain v e rb s : the o n e
mp ly
si de n o tin g t he pe rso n o r t hin0e 7 a n d the o the r, as af fe cted "

by t he act .

Ex . T hey nam e d her Mar y . T hey ele cte d him Ma/yor .

T hat the latte r s u b s tan tiv e is r athe r i n ap p o s itio n w ith t he f o r m e r than go v e rn e d b y the
"
v e rb , s e e m s e v id e n t to m e f o m
r t he fo l l o w i n g c o ns id e r a ti o n T h ey n a m e d her M ar y
M ak e her the n o mi nativ e , an d M ar y at o n ce b e co me s a n o m in a tiv e t o o , s o as to a gr e e w ith
it ; a s ,
S he was n am e d Mar y
"
B u t, H e t a u ght m e gram m ar
.
"
M ak e m e the n o mi na
tiv e , an d gr a mmar t l re m
"
s il a in h
s in t e o bj e c ti ve cas e ; a s ,

I wa s t a u h r m
g t g a ma r .

178 . The e xpla n at o ry ter m som etimes p r e cede s the o ther , or

the v e rb

W
.

W
Ex
0hild o fthe
. S u n , r ef u lge n t S u mmer co me s ho is he ?
A man .


he w as t o all t he co u n try d ear ho is his fr ie n d ? T his las t is an amb igu o u s
.

e xp r e ss ion I ff r i en d is t he e xp lan at o ry t e r m , t he s e n t e n ce m ean s , I s an y o n e

W
.

frie n dly t o him ? has he an y f r ie n d s at all ?

I f u ho is e xp lan ato ry, the me an ing
is , hat s o rt ofman is hi s f r ie n d

E 1 7 9 I t is n o t always n e cessary that the e xplan ato ry term sho u ld

.

a ree with the o the r in an t h i n e lse t han cas e

g y g .

Ex
Ou r liber ti es, o u r gr e ate s t blessing, w e shall n ot giv e u p s o e as ily
. .

His meat was lo cus ts an d w ild hon ey

Eyes was I to the b lin d, an d feet t o the .

1ame .

1 8 0 T he w ho le is
. metim e s again m e ntio n e d b y a distrib u tiv e
so

wo rd, o r b y w o r ds de n o tin g the p arts ; a n d s o metim es t he s e p ar at e

ers o n s o r t h in s are su mm e d u i n o n e em hatic w o rd de n o tin
p g p p g
t he w ho le .

FA L
TH Y b
E o r e eac h a b an n er

m
T he w o r s p leasu r e an d ain
. T he .

T ime, ab o r , m o

t w o lo ve each [lo ve s t he ] o the r (S e e Pr o n o u n s p .
,
.

a ll

w e re lo s t . O r els e R u le 7 th m ay b e ap p lie d t o tim e, la bor , an d mon ey,
R u le 1 s t t o all .

B u t t ho s e that sleep , an d thin k n ot o ft he ir s in s ,
Pin ch TH EM, cow s, le gs , bac/cs , sho u lder s , s ides , an d shin s S hakesp ea r e . .

T o this he ad, als o su ch e xp r e ssio n s as T he s tars dis ap p e ar e d o ne b y o n e ,
The y p e ris he d man b y m an , m ay s o me time s b e m o r e p r o p erly r ef

e rr e d S ee .

A dv e rb , p 2 08 . .
 1 18 NO UN S A ND P R ON O UN 8 .
C A BE S .

181 . T he
p rin ci al
p or the e xplan at ry o term may b e an
y o rdi
nar
y n ou n, a v e r b al n o u n , a
p ro n o u n, a
p hras e, o r a cla u se .

Ex 0 M u s ic, s pher e
de s cen de d maid "I t w as my r id e t gover n u stly j
Lp
.

W
. .

P r omis in g is n o t a / ing
I t is an ad mitte d tr u th, tha t u n es ty is the bes t
y
.

o licy ho is The p hr ase n o t a t a ll , is an i dio m O u r do om is ,
}

pEar thto ear th, an d du st to d/ ast

. .

r es olved to ay as I yo , a r es olu tion whicn

p
I hav e e v er k e pt .

l T he e xplan ato ry t e r m is s o metim es cu t o f ff ro m the o ther

1 82 .

by a o v e r n in wo rd, an d m a t he n b e dif
fe r e n t in cas e
g g y .

Ex In t he M O N T H o fS e tem ber Y o n de r is t he city o fS t L ou is
p
-
. . . .

w as s en t wit h u s f
or a gu ide .

I hu r t mys elf .

1 83 The e xplan at o ry t e r m is e sse n tiall

y j
an ad e ctiv e e le m en t .

Ex . He w as her o
Ev ery he art w as
a = He was her oic
Ev e ry he ar t .

e y alle d h m p a h iotio

w as oyf ul h ey calle d him a p a tr iot h
j T T c i S lug
'
. .

gish11] yo u th, he , slu gga r d in yo u th, he , & c .

C a ses o f P r o n o u n s.

F o r the D e cle n sio n o fP r o n o u n s , se e p 8 . .

O u r s, y o u r s, her s , an d their s, s ho u ld alw ays, an d min e a n d thin e

sh o u ld ge n e rally, b e co nside red e u ivalen t to t he o ther p o ss essive q
ro n o u n a n d t he nam e o ft he o bj e ct o ss es s e d, an d t hen be d
p p p ars e

a c co rdin l
gy .

Ex He
his apple , y o u at e yo u r s o u r ap } le j an d I at e m in e my a
i
ate
de : ii
.

p ie] Y ou r s is no t go v e rn e d b y a n o u n u n r s t o o d fo i t he n o u n co u ld n o b e p t

.

af ter it ; b u t it is e qu ivale n t to yo u r an d a n o u n .

In f amiliar lan gu age , t he s e w or ds ar e s o m et ime s u s e d in a e cu liar idio mat ic

w ay : t hu s , T hi s lawo y f o u r s ,

may ea , T
m n

h is law o fyo u r aw s b ut,
T his

he ad o fyo u rs , T hat f at her o fyo u r s , T hi s o o r s elf o fm in e , ar e n o t e qui

v ale n t t o h
T his e ad o f y o ur h ea ds ,

T h is f
a t e o fyo u
r r fat he s ,
r

T his o o r h
s elfo fm P er hap s w e m ay , in p ars in g tr e at s u ch p hr as e s thu s his
y s e lve s .

,
he ad o fyou r s = T his eh a d o f y ur p o es ion
o ss s o r in s o m e o ther s imilar w a
y .

1 84 . o re
B ef v o wel s o u n ds or the asp irat e h, min e a nd thin e ar e

so er re d, in t he
metim es p r e f mn st y le, t o
so le my an d thy .

Ex . Blo t out all m in e in iq u it ie s Bible T hin e altar
. . . PVhittier .

o mpou
d p e rs o n al p ro n o u n s ar e u s e d o n ly in the n o mi
'

l 1 8 5 The . c n

n at i v e and t he o bj e ctiv e case ; an d f o r b o th the

y h av e t he s am e f o rm .

3 1 8 6 To e xpr e ss e mphatic distin ctio n in the po s se ssive

. c as e, we
u s e the w o r d o wn in s te ad o fsel
f o r selves .

Ex . L et e v e ry m an atte n d t o his o wn b u s in es s , an d e v ery w o m an go s s ip

ab o ut her own f a u lt s

S e ls h m en always tak e car e o f t he m s e lve s , an d th
. ei r

o wn p ro p erty .

f

. I n the j
o b e ct iv e c ase, the simp le p r o n o u n is so me t ime s u se d f
or

t he co mp o u n d, es
p e c iall y in p o e try .

Ex I thit her w e n t , an d laid m

. e do w n o n t he gr ee n b an k .
Milton

.

me do wn a p en i e o u r t o s p e n d
s v h
G oldsmith .
-
.

I t is w or thy o fn o t ice , t hat the co m p o u n d p r on ou n s o ft he rs t an d s e co n d .

ers n s tak e t he p ossessi ve s im le p r o n o u n ; an d t ho s e o ft he t hir d p ers on , the

p o p

W
o bj ective .

ho an d which ar e declin ed, an d have the sa o rm in b o th

me f
nu mb e rs .
120 n ou ns A ND PR ON O U N S E X E R C I S E S
. .

L e gen dr e s G e o me try The lite rati o fEu ro p e ar e f

. amo u s f o r p r of
o u n d eru
ditio n M e x ico lies b etw e e n the P acic Oce an an d t he G u lfo fM e x ico
.
5
.

The little co mp an y the n saile d to the A z o r es

I ha v e u st he ar d a le ctu re . j
o n the u se f ul R o me f r o m he r t h
. r o n e o fb e au t
y ru le d t he w o rld The .

l 2
r i
c o u ds disp e s n g, w e r e n e w e d o u r o u r n e
y S co tlan d ! ther e is magic in
?
j .

t he so u n d .

e r, my s o n
P re f the t o ils o fH e r cu le s
, ,
To dallian ce , b an qu e ts, an d ign o ble e as e .

Wh
3

I w ill

n ev er f
o rs ak e y o u
y s p ref e r o u r du ty to o u r
. e s o u ld alw a
3

p le asu r e H e is n o t
. co n te n t w ith hi sit u atio n
s

I se ate d m y s e lfn e x t ? to .

t he w in do w . J
o sep h b o u ght the b o o k f o r himse lf
5
M a n ! k n o w thy

.

s e lf9
f : all w is do m ce n tr e s ther e The I n dian s o f
4
te n p ain t the mse lv e s . .

The p ar ty r ep ose d the ms e lve s o n the shady la wn .

4 .

J o hn Jame s k
W
The p o o r w ido w lo s t he r h3
t e io n ly so n
r
9 9
. an d n ow
le sso n s N e ithe r J o hn n o r J am e s k n o w s his 9 3 lesso n
. he re co n de n ce .

has be e n de s tr o y e d, it seldo m r e viv e s The de e r w av e d its b r an chy he ad . .

I t is w icke d to s co f f at r eligio n
7
o r o w e rs
I t is to o e arly f I t hap p e n e d
. .

o n a lo v e l
y s u mme r s day I t w e n t har d w ith him

I t r ain s . S he is . .

h n dso me , an d she kn o w s it
a 9
M y he ar t b e ats y e t, b u t he r sb I ca n
n ot f e el l
5
. A n tecedent Exp r es sed .

The m an w ho
n e gle cts his

b usin ess, w ill so on b e w itho u t b u si
1 r

n ess . That m an is e n slav e d w ho can n o t go v ern himself H o w b e au tif ul .

a re o n de r w illo w s w h i h o v e rshado w the little r iv e r ! S arahhas plu cke d

y ,
c
the p r e t ties t r ose tha t 9t 1
blo o me d in the garden The t rav eler de scrib e d .

v e ry accu rat e ly s u ch thin s as he r e me mb e r e d

g S he has alre ady as man y .

t r o u b e s s she can b e ar
l a The s iste r has t he same tr ait s o f charac te r as
.

he r b r o thers .

6 . A n teceden t n o t E xp ressed.

M an y b le ssin gs has
hu m ble A ssis t s u ch as n e e d thy assistan ce
.
d
fro m t h
the w o rld de r iv e d
o s e w ho se o r igi n w as

ho has n o t V i r tu e , is
8
. W
W
n o t t ru ly w is e I saw w ho m I w an te d t o se e I lo v e w ho e v e r lo v e s
8 1
. .

me . ho e v e r v io la te s this r u le, shall p ay a n e

8
Vho mso e v e r yo u
V e
.

s e n d, I w ill che e rf u ll
y in stru ct .

7
"
I re memb e r w hat w as w hat ev e r is in stru ctiv e
said . Fo p sHe re ads
8
.

W
ar e m o r e at te n tive t o w hat is sho w y, than min df u l o fw hat is n e ce ssar

W
El 8
y .

W hate v e r p u r i e s the he art, also f

o r ti es it
hats o e v e r he do e th, shall p r o sp e r
hatev e r he f o u n d, he t o o k

hat ev e r mo n ey I had, I s p e n t
8
. W . .

C o n scie n ce w ak e s the b itter memo ry o f w hat he w as, w hat he is, an d

7 1

w hat mu st b e

W W
.

8
H an n ib al
ho rs t cro ss e d the A lp s hat c on stitu te s a S tat e ?
W
1
.

W W
My co u n t ry m e n , o h w hat a f hat m e an s this mar tial

all w as the re !
10

? h i h l ou ? D u kno w h aid so ? l k now

W
1
ar ra
y c b e o n s to
g y o y o 0
w o s

W
"
n o t w ho s aid so ho can te ll w ho m he m e an t ? hat is it that 9 a 4
e 1
.

u w an t ? I e v e r he ar d w hat it w as t h at b r o u ht h im h h at

W W
e
o n e re
y g .

co u n t ry is b e tte r than o u rs
b N o n e 1
hich man w as hu rt ? hat 10
.

man b u t e n ters, dies Take w hiche v e r ho rs e y ou like

8
.

3
On whichso e v er .

side w e cas t o u r ey es, w e s aw no th i n g b u t ruin s .
 n ou n s AND P ao no uns .
n xna crs ns . 12 1

9 .

"
w ho ev er tho u ar t, re me mb er this I b elie ve n o o the r
1
G entle r e ade r .

au tho r w hate v e r w o u ld advan ce t he s ame do ctrin es I t e ll y o u w hat , .

my so n, tho se f rie n ds o f o u rs hav e f My so n , w hat ev e r the

W
4
o rgo tt e n u s .

W
w o rld may s ay , adhe r e to w hat is right hate v e r y o u u n dertake , do it
s
.

w ell . ho mso e v e r he n ds, him he w ill s en d .

10 .

S he to ok the go o d o n e s, an d le d the o the r s a e ar e p erf ectly

g od
o .
.

Mankin d slay o n e a o t e r n cru e w

W
n h i l a r s They de e me d e ach o the r
.

"
o r acle s o flaw Pity f ro m y o u is de ar e r than that f
. ro m an o th er ho .

is ther e to mo u rn fo r L o gan ? N o t o ne .

W
11 .

John son the do cto r is b ro ther o fJ ohn son the law y e r

"
a
"
ait f or
"
.

me at B arn u m s, the b arb e r S hak e sp e are liv e d in Qu e e n Eliz ab e ths

.

W W
"
r e ign . The M iss es L e w is are amiable y o u n g la dies M essrs L u cas an d
1
. .

S imo n ds are b an k e rs in S t L o uis

l
A h!
. arw ick ,
. ar w ick w e r t tho u
,
as w e are . The S p an ish ge n eral p r esen te d the y o u n g p r in ce to the m as
"
the ir f u tu re s o v er e ign , an d as the tru e he ir t o t he P e ru v ian scep tr e My .

"
w if e , the sw e e t s o o the r o fmy car e s, f e ll a victim t o de s pair The in f e rior .

"
animals are divide d in to v e clas se s ; qu adru p e ds , f o w ls, s hes r e tile s
, p ,
an d in se cts Ch
. i ce r, s oldie r, f rie n d, an d f o e , w e re allg sh v e le d in to a o .

co mmo n grav e I t w as I , y o u r f
. r ie n d that
,
h
b e came his p ro te cto r He .

led the tr0 0p s himself S he is mo de s t an d v irtu o u s ; [an d mo desty an d

.

v irt u e are ] qu alitie s e v e r t o b e e s te e m e d .

12 .

"
A n d all o u r kn o w le dge is o u rselv e s to k n o w To b e go o d is t o b e

.

"
happ y, is a tru th n e v e r t o b e f o r go tte n b y tho se c o mme n cin g t h e ou r j
ne o fl ife F ar o ther sce n e w as Thras e me n e n o w T his lif
e is the s rin
y .
p g .

time o fe te rn ity, the tim e t o s o w

"
the s e e ds o fw o e o r the se e ds o fb lis s

W
.

"
S he w alks [has b eco me] a qu ee n Qu e en o f o w e rs the fair lily b lo o ms
. .

" "
N o w , w hat is yo u r t ex t ? I s ee y o u w hat y o u ar e ho m do y o u tak e .

him t o b e ? H e made u s w iser made u s walk w

m a de u s scho lars "
.

A n elm, say s the p o e t H o lme s, is a f or e s t w av in g o n a sin gle t re e S u ch a .

"
o n e as I w as, th i s p ictu re p re sen ts D e ath is the w age s o fsin
. That .

L o u is X I V w as craf ty, do e s n o t mak e him a gre at r u le r .

S ee the blin d b e ggar dan ce , the cr ipp le sin g,

The so t a he r o , lu n atic a king P op e

4 "
. .

13 .

Frie n ds , R o man s , co u n try men ! len d me yo u r e ars S hakesp ea r e

" i " "

W
.

Y o u n g ladie s, p u t n o t y o u r t ru st in mon ey, b u t p u t y o u r mo n ey in

tr u st . 0 . Ho lmes. .

H is p rais e, ye J w in ds, that f ro m f ou r qu ar t e r s b lo w ,

Bre athe s o f t o r lo u d ; an d w av e y o u r t o p s, y e pin e s M ilto n .

My f rien ds do the
, y n o w an d t h e n s e nd

A w ish o r a tho u ght af t er m e C o wp er . .

m h m h h re ek l H a lleck

! G G
'

To ar s t e
y co e ! t e r e e k ! t e .

C o me back ! co me b ack I he crie d in grief

,

A cr o ss this sto r my w at e r ;
A n d I ll f o r giv e y o u r H ighlan d chie f

My dau ghte r ! o h, my dau ghte r !

Camp bell .
1 22 n o un s ann PR o n o u n s .

s x aa c rs n s .

14 .

The su n havin g ris e n , w e b e gan o u r o u rn e y j .

B o n ap ar te b e in g b an ishe d, p e ace w as res to re d to Eu r o p e .

"
Fo rth he w alke d, t he S p irit le adin g an d his dee p tho u ghts
2 -

" " " "

H e b ein g a b oy , the I n dians S p ar e d him H e , b ein g a b oy , w as . n ot

kille d .

W
H e r w he el at r e st, the matr o n thrills n o m or e
ith tre asu re d tale s, an d legen dary lo r e R oger s .

To b e a gre at his to rian , is e asie r than to b e a gr e at p o e t .

Hi s b e in g a f o r e ign er sho u ld n ot in du ce us t o u n derra te him .

,

15 .

The sailors , in w an derin g o v e r the islan d, f o u n d se v er al tr e e s b e ar in g

delicio u s f ru it I f o r go t to t e ll

[ ]
t o
. him t he s to ry B o y s lik e t o play .

I w as ab o u t to e x p r e ss my o p inio n , w he n he sp o ke to su gge st t o m e to
12

r e main s ile n t I can n o t p e rmi t him t o go H e tau ght u s arithme tic ,

. .

r e adin g , an d w r itin g

H e tau ght u s to cipher, to r e ad, an d to w r ite
. .

W
H e w as t au ght to w alk o n t he ro p e

The ho rse I b o u ght, is v e y e ar s .

o ld e w e re t au ght ar ithm e tic, r e adin g, an d w rit in Th e p r o t is

.
g .

The A tlan tic Oce an is thr ee tho u san d mile s

hardly w o rth the tro u b le .

w ide .

mi s
limits the m e an in g, n o t o f G eom e tr y,

b u t o f L egen dr e s G eom et l
m
'
L

(a ) oo s
=
W
. .

( ) H er s

b. he r hea r t (e )

A s i s the o bj e ct o f ha ve , u n d e r st o o d : when t he go v e r ning
. .

" " "

wo r d i e xp e e ,
s r s s d as s ho u ld b e that (d ) S u ch

: 8u ch p er son s.
(e ) . ha t he wa , s . .

i s a s u b s ta n tiv e clau s e , o f the n e u te r gen d e r , thir d p e r s o n , sin gu lar n u mb e r, a n d i n t he o h

j e ctiv e cas e b e i n g the o bj e ct o ft he
p r e p o s it io n of a cco r di n g to R u le N o w p ar s e e a ch V
q
.

w o r d as b e f o r e (f) A fte r.

wha t,

. s u p p ly I thi n k, o r s o m e thi n g e u i v al en t (g ) A ll, . .

a s he r e u s e d , i s u s u a lly p ar s e d a s a
p r o n o u n ; b u t it m ay p er hap s b e a s w ell co n s id e r e d an
" "
a j e ct v e
d i (h h
T a t p r o p e r ly r e fe r s to I t a s i ts an te ce d en t (12) N o t R u le V I I , fo r e ach
q
. . .

s u b s e u e n t t e r m i s m ean t to b e mo r e c om r ehen siv e (j R u le V I I m ay b e ap p lie d t o e ithe r

p . .

w o r d ; b u t s o me gr am mar ia n s thi n k , b e t te r t o ye, a s b e in g t he s tr e n gt he n in g w o r d A .

n o u n i s n e v e r t he s u bj ect o f a n i mp e r a tiv e v erb an d a p r o n o u n i s t he s u bj ect , o n ly w he n i t

c o m e s im me diate ly afte r t he v e r b an d i s j o in e d t o i t (L) R u le VI I is s o m etime s n o t i na p .

p licab le , an d may b e p r e f err e d .

Ex amp le s t o b e C orr e cte d .

A ll the liab ilitie s t o e rror in r e gard to n ou ns an d p ron o u n s, may b e r e du ce d

to the fo llo w in g he ads

U s u rp a tion by the ad ver b 2 G en der s 3 P er son s 4 N u m

I . 1 . . . . . . .

ber s 5 N o min a tive ca se

. . 6 P ossessive case 7 Obj ective case . . . . .

8 S a me ca se
. 9 P ositio n in r ega r d to ca se. . .

II .
f1 p . C ho ice A gr ee men t o o
f p r o n o u n s w i t
r on ou n sh . 2 .

an teceden ts , in en der , p er s on , an d n u mber 3 P ositio n of p r o

g . .

n o u n in r ega r d to a n teceden t 4 P r on ou n in a dequ a te to r ep r esen t . .

a n teceden t 5 I n elegan t in ser tio n ofp r o n ou n

. . 6 I n eley an t o mis . .

n ou n im r o er l
s ion o
fp r on o u n 7 R ela tiv e p r o .
p p y u s ed . in i ts con

u n ctiv e cap a ci ty o n ly
j .

N o u n s an d P r m m m ms .

U su rp a tzon by the A dver b

'

1
W
. .

e sho u ld avo id the in ele gan t u s e ofadverb s in t he place o fn o u n s o r

ro no u n s
p .
1 24 n ouns AND m e s o u n a Ex n s cxs ns .

is 8 ro d de ep T he t e ams ter hau le d f

. o u r cord o fw o o d, an d thre e to n o fhay
,
in n in e ho u r S t L ou is is se v e n mile lo ng and t w o mile w ide
. .
Fiv e qu in t il .

lio n, six qu adrillio n , se v e n trillio n, eight b illio n , n i n e millio n , t wo tho u s an d, t hr e e

hu n dre d an d f o rty v e F ive b illio n s six millio n s t w e n ty v e t ho u san ds t w o
-
.
-

hu n dre d an d thre e Fo r t his do g he p aid v e p ou n d a n d t e n shillin g

.
S he .

gat he re d a f e w han df u l o f o w e rs
The co rp s e o ft he Mex icans w ere le f t to the
T he w o rk e mbraces e ve ry min u tiae all the min u tia o f
.

w o lfan d the v u lt u re .

t he scie n ce I f six app les co s t t hre e p e n ce, t w o ap p les will co st o n e p e n ce

.
.

T he p rairie he n s w e re so ld b y s co re and do z e n
-
I b o u ght t wo p airs o fsock s . .

T he S w ed e are a p atrio tic p e o p le, as w ell as t he S w iss The who le e e t co n

shzp s
.

s ist s o f t w e lve sail Of his o x e n s, he had u st so ld s ix o r s e v e n

.

. j
he ads He u se d his in u e n ce as a mean f
.
o r de s troy in g the p arty I n the .

e arly s e ttle me n t o fM iss o u i b e ave r an d w ater f o w l w e r e a b u n dan t ab o u t t he

r
-

rive rs an d cre e k s H e n e ver to ok t wo sho t at a de er

. A b ag o fsho ts will last .

us a

fou n d
W y ear
e n o w ca
.

me to
whe re b u f falo , tu rk eys, e lk , an d b ear, w ere to b e
a re gion

S e v e ral c himn ies w ere blo wn do w n b y t he las t s to rm

. The v er min s .

w e re so n u merou s t hat w e cou ld r aise n o f o wl A s w e e merge d f ro m the .

w o o ds, w e s aw t hre e de er s stan d in g o n a s mall e min en ce in the p rairie The s e .

are de s ide rata s n o t f o u n d e v e ry day I w ill tak e n o more o fhis n o stra, b e t he .

c o n s e qu e nces w hat t he
y may Of the se p lan ts, there are se ve ral ge n u s es . .

T he garden o fEde n co n tain e d all k in d o ff ru i t The he athe n ar e t ho s e p e ople .

w ho w o rship ido ls He is a chemist, an d has many app aratu ses in his o f

. ce .

-
mu ch app ar a tus o r, m an y kin ds ofap p ar a tu s The M u ss u lme n are M a

W
ho metan s, b u t the G e rman s a re n o t The ay s an d n ay s w e re the n tak e n

. .

W
H o w many Gs in n in e 8 3 ?
W
Y o u r 23 an d ys are n o t w e ll s hap e d ( rite o u t .

in w o rds I 7 1 an d No f amilys s tan d higher t han the in thro p s,

'
eb

The f of

st er e, an d Ev er e tt s , N ew En glan d
o wls w e re s o ld at n in e p e n n ie s a .

p iece . By ro n w as o n e o fthe gre ates t p oe tic gen ii that e v e r liv e d The shea ts .

w e re carrie d a way b y thief s The ca rgo s co n s ist e d chie y o f calicos mango s,

. .

T wo f The an ge lic Pe r i s T wo o f his aid de camp s

an d p o tat o s o lio es
. . .
- -

w e re k ille d H is b ro the r ia la ws w ere e du ca te d at the same u n iversity

.
- -
The .

de sert e rs w e re t rie d b y co u r t mart ials -

.

T he Do cto rs S te v e n s o n s an d the Misse s A rn o lds se em to b e on v e ry go o d

t e rms The t w o M isses C he ev e rs, the Misses B o lt o n s, t he M e ss rs Hay s, an d
. .

the Mrs Talb ot s, w e re all at t he p art y

. The se co n d, third, an d f th s to ry, .

w e re lle d w ith go o ds The Old an d the N e w T e s t ame nt s t he Old an d N e w

.

T e s t amen t, in o n e large v o lu me, calle d t he B ib le Y o u may learn the n inth

a n d te n th p a ethe n in th an d t he t e n t h p age s, an d re v ie w t he rs t o r s e co n d
.

g
p ga e s T .h e E n g lish , F r e n ch,
a n d G e r ma n n a t io n the E nglis h ,
t he Fr e n ch,
a n d the G erman n a tio n s, are the mo s t e n lighte n e d N o u ns have the n o min a .

t iv e, the po ss es siv e , an d t he o b ectiv e case s ; t he s in gu lar an d t he p lu ral n u m j

b ers ; the mascu lin e, f
o n d, an d t hird p erso n
e min in e , co mmo n , an d n e u t e r ge n de r ; an d the rs t, se c

B u shn ell s, H alsall s , and

.

o o dw ard s st o re s o ccu
p y the W
B us hnell s s tor e, Ha ls all s, &c H o an d I w e re n e it he r

ne x t t hre e b u ildin gs

. .

W
T he s e rmo n p ro duced a de e p imp re ss ion on t he he arts
o fu s any gre at t alk e rs .

o f e v e ry he arer e shall giv e b u t a s ho r t P re f

. ace
(The re w as b u t o n e .

au tho r ) I t w as f
. o r o u r s ak e s t hat Je s u s die d u p o n t he cro ss Ve ry f e w per .

s o n s are co n te nt e d w ith t heir lo ts They w e re t ra in e d t o get her in the ir child .

ho o ds The me mb e rs will regard their rep u tatio n s, an d n o t deman d e x o rb itan t

o u r time
.

w age s I t is n o t wo rt h o u r w hile s, to stu dy s ten ograp hy

. Let .

u s driv e o n, an d ge t o u r su pp ers at t he ne x t hou se The directors did litt le o n

W
.

t he ir par ts, to relie ve the b an k e s hall advocat e t hese me as u re s, no t in the .

n ames o fo ur co n s titue n ts, b u t o n o u r o wn re sp o nsib ilitie s A ll the se trees

.

e n d he ir ap roo ts de ep in to t he gro u n d h e tap roo t

s t t z
-
.
 n o uns AND m e m o irs n x n s c rs n s . 1 25

5 . N o min a tive Case .

W

A n ou n o r a m u s t b e i n the n o min a tive
1 on o u n case,
p
1 he n
W j
it is t he su b e ct o fa n ite v e rb
. .

2 he n it is u se d ab s o lu tely o r in de p e n de n tly
. .

a j
The o b ect o fthe activ e v e rb , an d n o t o fthe p rep ositio n,
.
sho u ld be
made the su b e ct o fthe p ass iv e v e rbj .

7 . Obj ective C a se .

W
A no u n o r a p m u s t b e in t h
ro n o u n e o bj ective cas e ,

1
2
.

. W he n
hen
j
it is the o b e ct o fa v e rb
j
it is the o b ect o fa p re p o s itio n
.

8 . S a me Ca se .

A n ou n or a pr o n o u n u se d to e x plain o r iden tif

y an othe r,
in t he sa me cas e .

H im me w e n t to the s ame chu rch

an d The m that se ek wis do m, will n d .

it
. Y o u an d him are oft he sa me age G e n t le re ade r, let y o u and I , in lik e .

man n e r w alk in t he p aths o fv irtu e

,
T he m ar e n o t w o rth hav in g L e t the r e
. .

b e n o n e b u t t he e an d I The w hole n e e d n o t a p hysician , b u t the m t hat are

.

s ic k . H e can no t w rite as w ell as me I so rro we d as the m that hav e n o .

he p e . H e is t alle r t han me, b u t I am as tall as he r I do n o t thin k s u ch .

e rs o n s as him co mp e te n t t o j u dge Y o u did f u lly as w e ll as m e I t is n ot

p . .

t f
or s u ch as u s to
W s it w ith the ru le rsb ett e r o f the lan d Y ou can nd no
.

man than him e are a s go o d arithme tician s as the m, b u t t he y are b e tter

.

gra mmarian s than u s Fe w p e rso n s w o uld do as mu ch f

. o r him as he an d me

hav e do n e This is a s mall matte r b e t w e e n y o u an d I

. A ll, s av e I , w e re at .

re s t an d e n oy me n t j
T here w as n o o n e in t he ro o m e x cep t s he
. H e r p rice .

is p aid, an d s he is so ld lik e tho u T he L e e s w er e dis tin guis he d o f cers in t he

.

R e vo lu t io n S u ch a man, in the s ight o fan gels, is mo re illu st riou s than all the
.

H e an d they w e k n o w,

A lex an der s, Caesar s, an d Bo n aparte s, t hat e v e r liv ed

.

b u t w ho art t ho u ? Estee min g the irselves w is e, t hey b ecame f oo ls L e t each .

o n e he lp his se lf He said so hisse lf

. .

I fp e o p le will p u t theirs elve s int o dan ger, they sho u ld b e w illin g to b ear the
co n se qu e n ces
have I k n o wn
d id she marry ?
.

. W
S he that is idle an d mischie vo u s, rep rov e sharply
ho shou ld I me et the o the r day b u t my old f rie n d !

Tell me, in s adn e ss, w ho m is s he yo u lo ve S hakesp ear e

Y e o n ly
ho
.

.
W .

W W
To p oo r w e , thine e n mity is mo st cap ital S hakesp ear e s Cor io lanus H im I

. .

W
N o t me ; it w asn t me
W
acc u se , has e n te re d ho sp ilt t his ink ho

. .

W
can wo rk t his s u m Me ho ro de in the b u ggy . H im an d her ho -

b ro k e t his p itche r N o t her ; it w as me

.

To whom, &0 ho did you se n d f

. W or
ho is t hat b oy sp e ak in g to ?
ho did yo u b uy it o f? They who W
.

much is give n to , w ill have mu ch to an sw er f

f
t
e ns e, t ho u s h o u lds t co rr e ct

o ms o e ve r w ill go
; n o t I , w h o a m in
or

W
n o ce n t
H e w ho co mmitte d t he o f
ho s
ho m do y o u thin k st an ds head in o u r class ?
.
hall w e sen d
T hat
.

. W
is t he b o y w ho m w e thin k de se r ve s t he p riz e I sho u ld lik e t o as sis t a y o u n g .

man w ho I t hink to b e so w o rthy o f assistan ce C an n o t a ge n tleman t ak e .

in to his b u ggy to r ide w ith him, w ho soe ve r he p leases ? N ev er tie y ou rselfto

a ny o n e b e f o re k n o w in g w ho m the
, p ers o n is yo u are cho os in g Bu t , rst, .

I mu s t s ho w w ho I mean b y the admin istratio n Ben ton H e of fere d his

W
.

dau ght er in marriage t o ho mso ever might su bdu e t he p lace I r ving This -
.

e x cite d the cu riosity o fthe R e corder as to w ho m t he co n se u e n t ial dark ey m ight

q
b e Mo R ep u bli can L et t he p eo p le ele ct w hom they thin k is b e st qu alie d
W
to le ad the m ho mso e v er is b es t qu alied to le ad the mw ho so ev er they
. . .
126 n o uns A nn P s on o u ns .
s x nn o i sn s .

k n o w to b e b es t qu alie d t o le ad the m H e s u p p orte d tho se who m he tho u ght .

w er e ofhis p ar ty w ho he tho u ght tru e to his p arty H e att ack e d the e n emy , .

w ho m he saw w e re cro s s in g the riv er w ho he saw cro ssin g the rive r .

H e w as o f ere d the co n tr o l o fthe e n tire scho o l

W
I w as o f
fe re d a s e at f . He .

w as lef t a large e st ate b y his u ncle e w e r e sho w n a s w e e t po t at o that .

-

w eighe d 2 5 p o u n ds I w as s ho w n in to the p arlo r A ll b l ) L e t him

.
( o w a e .

b e s ho w n t he me t ho d w e hav e adop te d I hav e b e e n p ro mis e d a b e tter s it u a .

ti o n in the S ou t h Y o u w e re p aid a high co mplimen t b y the yo u n g lady

. .

P u pils e x p elle d fro m o ther co lle ge s, will n o t b e allo we d admit tan ce he re By .

su ch a co u rs e o fp ro ce e din g, I a m r e f
has a right to e x p e ct . W
u se d that p ro t e ct io n w hic h e v e r

e w e re allo w e d t he u s e o f a large
p a s tu r e
y
n

T hes e docu me n ts w e re had re co u rs e to in t he co u rs e o fthe deb at e

e
c

a
it
r
ize n

the

mansio n . .

H im lo sin g the w ay, w e w ere o b lige d to re main in the w o o ds t ill mo r n in g .

M e b e in g ab s e nt, t he yo u ng f o lks live d high The ir r ef u s in g to co mp ly , I w it h .

dre w . Oh! hap p y u s, s u rr o u n de d b y s o man y b le ssin gs A n d me, w hat .

shall I do ? H im who had le d the m to b attle b ein g k ille d, the y imme diate ly

W
re tre ate d T he w ho le f amily b e lie ve d in sp iritu al r ap p in s, u s e x ce p t e d H er
.
g .

b ein g the o n ly dau ghter, n o e x p en se had b e e n s pare d in her e du cation ho se .

r a t o p s h all t re mb le, H im de s ce n din g T he ble atin g s he e p w ith my co m

g y .

W
la i t s a g r ee t he m p arche d w ith he at, an d me in ame d b y the e I m e an
p n ; .

N o ah e b s te r, he w ho w ro t e the dict io n ary The man has j u s t arriv e d, him .

W
w ho m w e e x p ecte d ye ste rday B elie v ing the man t o b e a do cto r, o r he who had
.

cure d the o thers w e app lie d t o him f , o r ass istan ce e wi ll go at e n ce , him .

an d me A n d do yo u t hu s sp e ak to me, I w ho hav e so of
. te n b efrie n de d y o u

These ar e the v olu n te e rs f ro m T e x as t he m w ho f o u ght s o b rav ely in M e x ico, .

C hr is t, an d him cru cie d, is the co r n er st o n e o f o u r Faith L e t t he p u p ils -

.

b e di vide d in to sev e ral clas s es ; e sp ecially t hey w ho re ad, they w ho stu dy gram
mar, an d t hey w ho s tu dy arit hmetic esp ecia lt
y thos e I dre ad t his man , -

becaus e he is the one who

.

b e in g he that has s o o f t e n in u re d me j To Jo hn
.

(O m
career
it th
.
ey ) h . W
an d Jame s, they who had m issp en t t he ir t ime at scho o l, the ir f
o m b ein g de ad, t here w as n o o n e t o che ck him in h
I w o u ld say so , w e re it he or any o ther p erso n
athe r le f

ho msoev er
t n o t hin g
is
fwhat
w ild
W .
.

soev er

W
.

I t w as n ot me ; it w as t hem o r her I s it me y ou me an ? it him, o r. as

me, t hat yo u calle d ? I fI w ere him, I w o u ld se n d f I fit w e re

o r the do cto r .

me, I w oul d act dif fe re n tly "

I w as the e I s ou ght . I k n e w it w as him it .

W Bu t w ho m s ay y e that I am ?
to b e he . I t is him whom yo u said it w as
ho did y ou t ak e us t o b e S he is t he p e rs o n w ho I u n dersto o d it to ha v e
b ee n that L : He is a man w ho I a m f
Wm
ar f ro m c o n side rin g hap y
p I
-
. .

w ou ld n ot b e the man ho he n o w is I t w as n o t me, that said so I car e . .

n o t, le t him b e w ho m he may
w ho m .

u s, t hat made the n oise

W N o mat ter wh
hat y o u saw w as b u t a p ictu re ofhim, and not him
I kne w it to b e they .
e re t he v an qu is he d b e, n o r
.

I t w as n o t
I t is the m an d the ir p os te r .
.

ity w ho are to b e the s u f fe r ers H e did no t p ro ve to b e the man w ho m

.

he w as reco mme n ded t o b e I ts b e in g me s ho u ld make no dif

. fe re n ce in

y o u r d e ter m in at io n
(Better : That it is I ,
. There was no dou b t Qfits
b ein g him .

6 . P o ssessive C ase .

1 . The re lation o fp oss e s s io n or p ro

p e rt
y sho u ld be e xp re ss e d in the
most ap pr op ri ate mann er, accor din
g to c u s to m a nd e u phony .

2 The p ossessiv e sign s ho u ld be u se d bu t o n ce , to e x pre ss o n e

pos
.

sessi o n w hatey e r n u mb er o fwo rds de n o te the p o sse sso r

,
.
128 n o u ns AN D r no n o n n s .
n xa s e i s ns .

e arn so methin g, withou t him lo sin g to o mu ch time f

ro m his st u die s .
4 mthou t

losing

9
. P o sition in r egar d to Ca se .

N ou n s an d r o n ou n s sho u ld be so co n stru e d with o the r w or ds, as

p
n ot t o le av e the case u n ce r tain o r ambi gu o u s

W
.

The settler here the sav age slew ( h ich sle w the o ther ?) d. o n ot lov e I
him b e tt er t han you A n d t hu s the s o n the f
. e rv e t sire addre ss e d A n d all the .

air a so le mn stilln e s s ho lds Our hu n t ers cau gh the oran g o u tan gs the mselves
.
-
.

H e su f e re d hims e lf t o b e tray his f

f r ie n d Po etry has a measu re as w ell as .

mu sic Fo rres t plays these p ie ce s b e tter than all o the rs

. S he act e d her p art .

b ette r than an y o ther o n e I w ou ld rather give her to the e than an o ther

. .

P r o n o u n s.

1 . Choice o
f P r on o u n s .

I n the u se o fp ro n o u n s, gre at care sho u ld b e tak en to s ele ct the most

ro r iate
a
p p p .

a I n the s electio n o fp ro n o u n s, w e ar e gov ern e d by the sen se, rathe r

.

than by the n o u n s w hich they ar e to r ep r e s e n t .

b I t is in ele gan t t o u se p ro n o u n s o fdif

. fe re n t k in ds f o r the s am e o b ect, j
an d in the same co n n e ctio n w he n w e n atu r all x e ct u n ifo rmit
, y e p y .

I gav e all w hat I had I s en t ev e ry thin g w hat you orde re d

. I am the .

b oy w hat is n o t af raid t o go T he re is t he s ame man w ho m w e s aw a w hile

.

ago . The re is t he same w ago n o f apples which w as at the mark e t I n he r .

W
loo ks, s he is t he s ame as s he always w as T he same o bj e cts w hich ple ase d the
.

b oy, will n ot alw ay s please t he man The obj ects which, 850 . e p r e p are d u s .

to die
W
o u rselves G iv e that w hich yo u can s pare t o the po o r w hat
- -
. .

you e sp e ak t hat w e do k n o w I am that I am I am happy in the

. .

frien d w hich I hav e lo n p ro v e d T ho s e w hich ar e rich sh ould ass is t t he p o or

g ,
.

a n d he lp le s s The he ro ic s ou ls w hich def

. e n de d the A l amo S he w as a co n .

S p icu o u s o w er, w hich he ha d s e n s ibility t o lo v e, amb it io n to atte mp t, an d sk ill

t o w in My dogs n o w came u p o n t he t rack s o fthe lio n, w ho had cau ght

.

an d e aten the man du rin g t he n i ht

g
k n e w the way mu ch b e t ter t han I k n e w it
li k e b est ?
S o I g av e t he re in s to my ho rse , w ho
.

ho o f thos e ladie s do yo u . W
Mos es w as the meek est man who m w e re ad o fin the Old Tes tamen t Hu .

m ility is o n e oft he mo st amiab le virtu es w hich w e can p o ssess H e w as the .

rs t man w ho came T his is the most f. ert ile p art o f the S tat e w hich w e hav e

as y e t se e n Marcy w as p erhaps the ab les t s ecre tary who e v er w as in t his de

.

p art me n t .

t he r elativ e clau s e n o t b ein g res trictiv e )

w o u ld s u b mit t o su ch t re atme nt
ho w ho has the f
W W
H e s o ld his b est ho rse, w hich had b e e n giv e n to him (Pro p e r ;
ee lin gs o fa man ,
.

ho is she w ho co mes clo the d in a ro b e o f

.

light gre e n ? By t his s p e cu latio n he lo st all w hich he had p ro mis e d t o his

dau ghte r A ll w ho e ve r k n e w him, s p o k e w ell o fhim
. A mos t u n grate f ul .

re t urn f o r all w hich I hav e do n e f o r him Ofall the co n gregatio n s w ho m I .

e v e r sa w, this was ce rtain l

y the large st The v ery n ight as s u its a melancho ly
.

t emp era me n t H e w as de vo u re d b y the very do gs which he had re are d

. They .

are s u ch p e rs o ns that I do no t lik e to as s o ciat e w ith The se are t he same su ms .

as w e had b ef o re H e is lik e a b e ast o fp re y w ho de stroys w ithou t pity

. In .

a s tre et in C in cinn at i is a p arro t w ho has b e e n tau ht to r e eat a lin e o fa s o n g

g p
whic h ma ny o fyo u have heard The mo nk ey which had b e en ap p o in te d as
.
 n o un s AND P R ON O U N S E X ER C I S E S
. . 129

the o rator o n the o ccas io n, the n address ed the as sembly There w as a litt le .

d o g w hose n ame w as Fido, an d w ho was v ery f on d o fhis master do g na med .

F ido , that Y arico so o n b e came a ge n eral f av orite, w ho n ev e r f aile d to re

c e iv e t he c ru mb s f ro m the b e akf
g as t tab le T h
W
e little a n t, w hich had a p lou ti
-
.

f ul sto re, thu s sp ok e to the little cricke t : e an ts n e ve r b o rro w, w e an ts

W
n e v e r len d .

it h the re tu rn o fsp rin g came f ou r mart in s, w ho w ere e v ide n tly the s ame

w hich had b e en b re d u nd er those e aves the p re v io us y e ar T he w itn e sse s an d .

W
d o c u me nts which w e w an ted , v e b e e n o b tain e d The p as s en gers an d steame r
.

w hic h w e saw yes te rday, are o w b u rie d in t he o ce an as it t he win d, o r .

y o u , w ho shu t the do o r ? T he lan d o n the e as t s ide o fthe rive r, w as claime d

b y the chie f s an d t rib es who in hab it e d the lan d o n the o the r s ide Ev en the .

c o rp s es w ho w e re f o u n d, co u ld n o t b e r e co gn iz e d The charact er w ho m he
.

r e pre s e n te d, was b y mu ch the b est in the p lay This lu b b erly b o y w e us ually

.

c all Fals ta f f; w
ho is b u t an o ther n ame f or f at an d f un I t is I , who will go with
.

That man is w is est

W
yo u . k e e ps his o wn secre ts I t is t his alo n e, w hich
.

has in du ced me t o acce p t the o f ce as it y o u , o r he , w ho made s o mu ch

.

I s it I , o r he, w ho m y o u w an t t o se e ?
W
n o ise ? I t w as t he f ran k n e ss an d
n o b le n es s o fh is dis pos itio n, w hich I admire d o u ld any man w ho care s f
. or
himself ,
acce p t s u ch a s itu at io n L et us n o t min gle in e v ery dissip ation , n or
j
e n o y e ve r
y e x ci t e m en t, w hic h w e can

.

H e is a man w ho is v e ry we althy lha l is

. o r, He is a ver y wealth y m an .

S he is a w o man w ho is n e ver co n te n te d T he mis f .o r t u n e s o fa man w ho w o u ld

n o t lis ten t o his w if e . I hate p ers o n s who n e ver do a ge n e ro u s actio n N o u ns .

o ft he co mmon
g e n der d e j
n o te o b e ct s w hich are males o r f e male s P eo p le w ho .

a re alw ays de n o u n cin g o thers, ar e o f te n n o b e t ter the ms e lv e s P rin ciple s .

w hich have b ee n lo n g e s tab lis he d, are n o t e as ily e radicated The t r ib es who m .

w e hav e de scrib e d, in hab it e d t he Mis sis sippi Valley T he n atio n s w ho have

.

g o o d go ve rnmen ts, are hap py j

I o in e d a large cro w d w ho w as mo v ing to
.

w ar ds t he capit ol . H e was a memb e r o f the legislatu re w ho p as s e d t his b ill .

H e in stru cte d an d f e d the cr o w ds w ho su rrou n de d him

w as ap po in te d t o e x amin e t he s tu de n ts, w as hardly c omp ete n t to do so
t ho u he lp me driv e these ho rses t o t he p astu re ?
T he committ e e w hich

i ll yo u , 85 0 W
.

Do y o u b e
ilt
.
. W
c aref ul t hat all t h y ac tio n s b e ho n e st an d ho n orab le D o lhou or, th
. a t a ll yo ur
ac tions T ho u sho u ldst n e v e r f o rs ak e t he f rie n d w ho has e v er b ee n f ait hf ul

Ere you remark an o ther s f a u lt , b id t hy o w n co n scie n ce loo k wit hin

t o y ou . .

Y o u hav e mine , b u t I hav e t hin e 0 T ho u , w ho hast p re ser v ed u s , an d that

.

w ilt co n t in u e to p re se rve u s . T he re is the s ame b o at t hat came las t ev e n in g,

a n d w hich will go aw ay aga in this m o rn in g .

T he p oor man who can re ad, an d that p o ssess es a t as te f o r re adin g, can n d

e n ter tain me n t at ho me . T he man who came w ith u s, an d t hat is dresse d in
b lack, is t he p reacher . I s it p oss ib le t hat he sho u ld k n o w w hat he is , an d b e
t hat he is ? Bu t w hat w e s a w last, an d which p le as e d u s most, w as the char
a cte r o f the o ld miser in the f arce I t is su ch a metho d as has n eve r b e e n
.

t ho u ght o fb e f o re, an d w hich, w e b e liev e , will b e gen e rally a do p te d They are

.

s u ch app le s as o urs, o r w hich o u b o u h t or s u ch as y o u Policy k e e p s

y g
c o in in g tru t h in her min t s s u c h t ru th as it c an t o le r at e
.

; an d e very die e x ce p t
its o wn , s he b r eak s , a n d cas ts aw ay L earn ing has its in f
. an cy, w hen it is lu x u

j
r ian t an d u v e n ile
; and lastly his o ld age , w he n it w ax e th dry an d e x hau s t .

B aco n . I s re pu table, n at io n al, an d p res en t u se, w hich, f o r b re v it s s ak e, I s hall

y

s im l
p y de n o minate go o d u se, alw ays u n if o rm in he r decision s ? On e do e s n o t
lik e to hav e o n e s s e lfdisp araged by tho se who k n o w o n e n o t

A p er so n . .

hu nself kno w him no t .

130 n ou ns A nn P n o n o u ns . n xnn c rs n s

2 . A gr eemen t fP r on ou n s
o w ith A n teceden ts .

P ron o u n s mu st agre e w ith their an te ce de n ts, in gen de r, p e I S o n , and

n u mb e r

a . W
hen the p ro n o u n can n o t strictly o r f
in ge n der, it p re fe rs t he mas cu lin e
ully r ep resen t its an te ce den t
.

b The p e rs o n a n d n u mb e r o f the an te ce den t t o a pr o n o u n , ar e al

.

w ay s w hat they w ou ld b e if the an te ce de n t w ere t he s u b ect o f a j

n ite v erb . 1

Ev ery p e rs on shou ld try to imp ro ve the ir min d an d heart Each o fo u r .

p ar ty carr ie d a kn apsack w ith them, f or t he ir p riv at e co n v e n ie n ce N ot o ne .

o ft he b o ys s ho u ld co me w itho u t t he ir b o ok s M an y a man lo o k s b ack o n t he

.

days o fthe ir yo u th, w ith me lan cho ly r egr et A p e rs on w ho is res o lu t e, e n er

.

ge tic, an d w at chf u l, will b e ap t to s u ccee d in t he ir u n der tak ings

A n o rato r s .

t o n gu e s ho u ld b e agre e a ble t o t he e ars o ft he ir he arers I do n o t thin k an y .

W
o n e s ho u ld in cu r cen su r e f o r b e in g t e n de r o ft he ir re p u tat io n I fw e de p riv e .

an an imal o fin s tin ct, he w ill n o lo n ger b e a b le t o tak e care o fhims e lf he n .

a b ird is cau ght in a t rap, the y o f c o u rse t ry t o ge t o u t S carcely an y p e rso n .

is so stu pid as no t to k n o w w he n they are made s port o f I fan y me mb er o ft he .

co n gre gat io n w ishes to co n ne ct t he mse lv e s wi th t o t his chu rch, they w ill p le as e

[ ]
[to ] co me fo rw ard, while the b rethren sing Tak e up t he ashes an d p u t it in t o . .

t he large t u b b e hin d t he k itche n I f y o u hav e any vic t u als le f

. t, w e w ill he lp
y o u to e at it . H is p u lse did n o t b eat so f as t as t hey sho u ld b e at G ra in s o f .

san d the y might b e , t ho s e ho ar de d mo me n ts, b u t it was go lde n s an d I lik e .

t ho s e molasses, f o r th e y ar e almo st as go o d as ho n e y .

I hav e so w e d all my o ats , an d it is gro w in g n ely Ou r lan gu age is n o t .

le ss re n e d than t ho se o fI taly, F rance, o r S p ain T he r e lay the p arap hern alia .

j
W
o fher to ile t, u st as she had le f t it
here t he e ai ly b lu e b ird su n g it s lay
e male, u s ually s in gs )
The s imiae can s ta n d e re ct o n its hin d f
.

The male amo n g b irds , an d n o t the

.

(
e et .

f The heron b u ilt i ts n e st amo ng t he r e e ds

. The pe a .

cock is f o n d o fdis p lay in g its go rgeo u s p lu mage T he he n lo ok ed v ery dis co u .

s o late, w he n it sa w its w ho le b ro o d r u s h in to the p o n d T he Ear th i s my

Jo hn s tu dies ; John de n o tes
.

mo ther, an d I w ill re clin e u p on its b oso m .

the age n t o r de e r, an d he is t he ref o re in t he n o min ative case Hor s es is oft he .

p lu ral n u mb er, b ecau s e t hey den ote mo re t han o n e To p ers e cu te a t ru ly .

r e ligiou s de n o minat io n , w ill o n ly mak e the m o u rish the b etter

The p eo p le .

can n o t b e lo n g de ce iv e d b y its de mago gu e s an d s els h p olitician s The mo b .

so o n disp erse d, a f te r the ir leaders w ere capt u red Egyp t w as glad at t he ir de .

p artu re , f o r they w e re af raid o ft he m The rst ob ect o ft he multit u de w as, t o

. j
o rgan iz e itse lfin to a bo dy The S o cie ty w ill ho ld t he ir me etin gs in the highe s t
.

ro o m 0 1 the b u ildin g Each tribe i s go v e i n ed b y a chief who m t hey hav e

.

cho s e i i .
(P e1 hap s allo wab le ) .

The go v e i n me nt w ill hav e cau s e to chan ge the ir o rders T he cab in e t .

s e e me d to b e divide d in its s e nt ime n t s The C it blll e l} w as distin gu is he d f

. or t he ir
w is e an d v igo ro us measu res The co rp s o ft e ache rs s hou ld ha ve it s d u tie s
.

ro e rl d is tri b u t d d d T he b o ar d o fdire cto rs f o r it s o w n e mo l~

p p y e an arr an g e .
,

u men t, lo cate d the ro ad t hro u h t his p art o fthe cou n t ry The b o ard o f
g .

direct o rs sho u ld hav e t he ir o wers de n e d and limit e d b y a chart er T he

p
.

regime n t w as mu ch r e du ce d i n their nu mb er T he co u rt, in t heir w is do m , de

.

cide d o the rwis e S en d t he mu lt it u de aw ay, t hat it may go an d b u y its e lf

.

f oo d. The ar my, b e ing ab an do n ed b y its c hie f , p

u rs u ed me an while t heir m1

s e rab le march .
( L e t t he co n s t ru ct io n b e e it her s in gu lar t ho u ghou t, o r p lural

t hro u gho u t, b u t no t b o th) The p arty, tho u gh disgrace d b y t he s e ls hn ess an d

.

co rru p tio n o fits leaders, made n e v e rthe less a v ig0 1 o u s an d s u cce s s f u l sti u ggle to

re gain t he ir f o rme r ascen de n cy T he A lmighty cu t o f

. f t he f amily o f Eli t he
 13 2 n ouns A N D P R ON O U N S E X ER C I S E S
. .

to b e e levate d, a pau se w ill b e p rop er A man has n o right to j u dge an othe r, .

who is a p arty co n ce rn ed I am t he ailor w ho hav e co me to tak e yo u

. The j .

jaile r am I , w ho will gu ard y ou s af e ly L y sias p ro mise d his f athe r, t hat he .

wo u ld n ev e r f
liev e d me
the cau se of it
o rsak e his f

W rie n ds Tho u art a f rie n d in de e d, w ho has t o f

.

e a dmire t he b eau ty o f the rain b o w , an d ar e le d to co n s ider

.

Jo hn t old Jame s that his ho rse had r u n away

.
t e n re

The lo rd .

can n o t r e f u s e to ad mit the he ir o fhis te n an t u p o n his death n or can he r e mo v e

his prese n t te nant so lon g as he liv e s

.

The law is in o p erat iv e, w hich is no t right an d tha t it is so, is no t r ight . .

S o me men are t oo igno ran t t o b e hu mb le , w ithou t w hich t he r e can b e n o de cil

ity
and witho u t hu mili ty A n old man , b e n t w ith y ears, w as langu idly

.

diggin g, o r at te mp tin g it to dig A b ird is t hat w hichhas f e athe rs ah

by the
. . .

an imal that Every se at is to b e o cc u p ie d by the o n e b ef o re it .

p er so n A co m p o u n d s e n t e n ce is o n e co m p o s e d o ft w o o r m o r e o the rs is .

a s en tence
as a f
This ru le is n o t s trictly tru e , an d a f
e w examp le s will s h

calle d mu r de r .
ow
the deed is ca lled mwr der
he n a man k ill s an o t he r f.

The s ervan t too k aw ay the ho rse,

W
e w e x amp le s w ill sho w it

ro m malice, it is

.
.

w hich w as u n ne cessary The accen t is laid u p on t he last syllab le o fa w o rd,

.

w hich is f av o rab le to the melo dy The man b ro u ght the who le p ack age, w hich
.

was more than w e e x p ecte d T he p ris o n ers reb elle d again s t the regu latio n s o f
.

the e stab lishme n t, o f w hich we shall p resen tly giv e a n ac co un t The re is .

amo n g all p eop le a b elie fo fimmor tality, aris in g f ro m t he n a t u ral de s ire o f liv

in 0g ) an d s tren gthe n ed by u n if o rm traditio n, which has c e rtain ly s o me in u e n ce

o n p ractice .

5 I n elegan t I n s er tio n
f P
W
. o r on o u n .

hen a p r o n ou n can a dd n o thin g t o the s en s e , it sho u ld not be

n e e dless ly in ser te d t o u s u rp the p la ce o fa b e t ter w o rd .

H en r y Ho lmes his b o ok T hese lo ts, if they had b e e n sold s o o n er, they

.

w ou ld have b ro u ght mo re mo n ey If these lo ts had been , 85 0 Jo hn he w en t, . .

James he w e n t, an d M ary s he w e n t ; b u t t he re st they all s taid at ho me T wo .

n ou n s, w
he n t hey co me t o gethe r, an d s ign if y the s ame thin g, they mu st b e p u t
in t he same case T he L atin an d the G r e e k, tho u gh they are mu ch n egle cte d,
.

y e t co mp e te nt j
u dges k n o w that ou r lan gu age can hardly b e p e rf e ctly u n de r

s to o d withou t t he m The riv e r ris in g v e ry r ap idly, it o v e r o w e d its b an ks

. .

These wild horse s having b een o nce cap tu r e d, t hey w er e so o n tame d

lik e t o hav e it n o w, w hat I had t he n (Omit
I w o u ld
hatsoe ve r y o u le arn . W .

W
p er fec tly, y o u w ill n e ve r f
o rget it I t is n o t to the p o in t, w hat he said . hat
W j
.

W
o un d, she t o ok it w ith he r
s o ev er she f ho e ve r thi n k s so, he u dge s e rro n s
seen him
.

o u sly . ho m, whe n she had see n, she inv ite d him t o din n e r . .

invited to dinner I t is in dispu tab ly tr u e, his ass ertion , t hou gh it s e ems e r

.

ro u co u s His ass er tion is, &c

.
I t is mar v elo u s w hat trick s u gglers so me times
. j
p l ay .
to o bser ve wha t E v ery thin g w hat soev e r he cou ld s p are , he gav e

a wa
y (O m
. it ever y thing .

6 . I n elegan t Omission f P r on o u n
o .

1 . The e miss io n o fthe r elative ad u n ct, o r o j fthe r e lative in the no mi

n ativ e case , is gen e rally in e legan t .

2 Par ts that are t o b e co n tras te d, e mphatically distin gu ishe d, o r

.

k ep t distin ct in tho u ght, mu st u s u ally b e e x pre sse d w ith f

ulln e ss .

3 The e miss io n o ft he n o min ative is in ele gan t, u nless the v e rb is in

.

the imp e rative m o o d, o r in the s ame co n n e ctio n w ith an o the r n it e v e rb .

H e is n ot n o w in the con ditio n he w as Y o n de r is the p lace 1 s aw it . .

e w remark s as t o the manne r it s ho uld b e do n e , mus t su dice

A f The mo ney .
 n o uns AND P no n o u n s .
Exnncrs ns . 1 33

has n ot b e en u se d f
o r the p u rp o se it w as T he re is Miss L iddy, ap p ro p riate d .

can dan ce a j ig, raise p as te , w r ite a go o d le t te r, k e ep an acco u n t , giv e a r eas o n

a ble an s w e r, an d do as s he is bid He w as a man had n o in u e n ce . hose . W
W
o w n e xa mp le s tre n gthe ns all his law s, an d is himse lfthe gre at su blime he draw s
ill martial ames f
o r e ver re t h
an d wilt thou n ever
y min d, an d n e v e r, n e v e r b e to he ave n r e
The re is n o t a man her e, w o u ld n ot do the
.

s ign e d ?
sa me thin g T here is n o man k n o w s b e tter ho w to mak e mo n e y
.

t he man s at n e x t t o y ou I t w as t his j n du ce d me t o se n d f
t he re s o b as e t hat w o u ld b e a b o n dman ?
.

that he
or yo u
I t w as
ho is
The w o rd de pe n ds o n
.
.

W
w hat p r ec e des an d f o llo w s T he re are who can n o t b ear to se e the ir f
. rie n ds

s u rp ass the m I fthe re are an y have b ee n o mitte d, t hey mu st say so

. .

T he y w e re rich o n ce, b u t are po o r n o w H e is a man o fco rr u p t prin cip les, .

b u t has gre at tale n ts This is a s tyle o fd ress t o w hich I am p art ial ; b u t is n o t

.

n ow f as hio nable I ap p ro v e yo u r p lan s o f

. ar a s re lat e s to o u r f rie n d T he .

ar ran ge me n t is v e ry go o d ; at le as t, so f a r as re late s to my co n v e n ie n ce I ft he .

p rivile ge s to which he w as e n t itle d, an d had b e e n s o lo ng e n o y in g, s ho u ld n o w, j

85 0 . A ll t he yo u n g tre e s w hich I p lan te d last y ear, an d w e re gro wi n g n ely,
hav e b e en destroy e d b y rabb its A n y o ft hese p ris on ers k n o wing t he f
. acts o f

W
t he case , an d w ill giv e his t e s t imon y in f u ll t o t he cou r t, s hall b e
p ardo n e d b y
t he S tat e hy do y e t hat w hic h is n o t lawf ul to do o n t he S a b b at h days ?

-
.

~whichit is no t T he s ho w b re ad, w hich is n o t lawf -

u l t o e at b u t f or the

p rie s t s o n ly Fro m t he se p r o ce e dings may b e readily infrre d, ho w s u ch me n

.
e

be co me rich (Pe rhap s allo wa b le )

m
. .

N e ithe r my p o verty no r ambitio n co u ld in du ce me to accep t s u ch an e ce .

no r my This p ar t o f C ali f o rn ia is the lo v e liest co u n t ry in t he w o rld,

w he the r w e regar d its climate o r so il H e w as r e late d to s o me o f the rs t

.

fa milie s o ft he S tate , b o th b y his f athe rs an d mo ther s s ide

G o d p u nishe s t he .

v ice s o fp aren ts in t he ms e lve s o r childre n The f u t u re s ho u ld e x ci t e n o t o n ly

.

o u r ho p e s, b u t f ears t oo D r Jon es an d w if . e o ccu py t he f

. ro n t ro o m His .

o w n an d f athe r s f

ar m w e re ad ac e n t t o e ach o t he r j
M y ina bility to get e m .

p loyme nt, an d des titu t e co n ditio n, p re sse d heav ily u p on my f e elin gs My du ty, .

my in ter es t, an d in clin atio ns , all u rge me t o the u n de rtak in g T his is a p o si .

t io n I co n de mn, an d mu st b e b e tter e s ta blishe d to gain t he f ait h o f an y o n e .

T he mail came this morn ing, an d w ill le av e again t his e ven in g (A llo w ab le
; .

ormal w ord, f

a ls o leave, w hich b egins to b e ge nerally u se d, as a less f o r dep ar t
) .

D e ar S ir,
H av e rece iv e d yo u r man u script b u t n o t had time to e x amin e it ; , will
do so in a e w day s, an d may have it p u b lis he d ifgo o d
f Y o u rs, &c . .

7 . P r o n ou n I mp r op er ly U s ed as a Co n n ective .

A r elativ e
p ro n o u n s ho u ld n e v e r be u s e d as a m ere co n n e cti ve .

Thes e e vils w ere cau se d b y C atilin e , w ho , if he had b e en p u n ishe d, the re

p u b lic w o u ld n ot hav e b e en e x p ose d to s o gr e at dange rs the p u nishmen t of .
-

who m wo u ld have p r even ted the r ep ublic f r o m bein g exp os ed to da nger s so gr ea t .

T he re is n o do u b t b u t w hat he is mis tak e n that T here ar e f e w t hin gs

tha t
.

s o dif cu lt b u t what t hey may b e o v erco me b y p e rs ev eranc e an d z eal .

t hey ma y no t T here w as n o p ro t, tho u gh e ve r so s mall, in any t hin g, b ut

w hat he too k the p ain s t o o b tain it H e live d in t he same ho u s e t hat we n o w
live in which T he b o at will le ave at t he sa me time that the cars do w ill
.

. .

leave with the car s T he p ass ive v e rb w ill alw ays b e o fthe same mo o d, ten se,
.

p e rs o n, an d n u mb er, that the v erb to be is, b ef o r e it is in co rp o rat e d w ith t he

p ar
t iciple . S ir A le x an de r arr ive d a t C harle sto n, ab o u t the time t hat G o v e rn o r

W
A t t he same t ime that me n are giving t heir
B u rrin gto n re ache d Ede n to n .

o r de rs, G o d is also
giv in g his hile men, th e He has n e v er p r eache d, that
. .

hav e he ard o f I have n ever hear d, 81 0 H e has n e ver go n e to se e her, that

i
. .

k n o w of .
 N OUN S AND P R ON O U N S J O BS E R VA TI O N E} .

OB S ER VA T I ON S .

T he O b s e r v atio n s s ho u l d alway s be r e a d o v er ca r ef
u lly b y the st u de n t, in co nn ec t on i

W
wi th the p r e ce din g Ex er cis e s .

1 her e may b e u s e d in p lace o fwhich an d a p rep o s itio n , w hen ) lace is t he

d
.

pr e do minan t id e a

T he rav e wher e [in w hich o u r he re w as b u rie
.

T he an cie n t ho u s e wher e w as b o rn 0
wher e he w as k ille d, w o u ld b e les s elegan t t han t o say,
olmes B u t t o s ay, . T he
T he b attle i n which he
. W . .
.

was k ille d I n p o et r an d in t he f amiliar st yle , gr e at er in d u l e n ce is e n e rally
.
g g
allo we d ; an d w o r ds 0 t ime o r cau s e are s o m e time s u s e d in co n n e ct io n wit h a i l
'

v e r b s e xaot l co rre s p o n din g in s e n s e S u ch co mp o u n ds as her eof

.
, th
. ereof,
wher eqf ,
ther ewith, w er ewith, ar e n o t s o co mmon as t he y w er e f or mer ly .

2 .Te rm s o fm as cu lin e t e r min at io n s , o r te r ms that hav e b ee n f o r me d to d e n o t e

m ales , an d t hat ar e u s u ally ap p lie d so , may o ccas io n ally b e ap p lie d als o t o f e male s ,
w he n t here ar e n o p e cu liar t e rms f o r t hes e , o r w he n w e w is h t o in clu d e t he f male s e

w it h t he m ales , an d d o n o t S pe ak o ft he m e s p e cially in r egar d t o s e x I t w o u ld b e .

co rr e ct t o s ay , S he is a b e tte r far mer an d man ager , an d p en ma n t ha n he r hu s

S he is my accu ser , alt ho u gh o ur lan gu age has t he u n co mmo n
W

b an d w as A ls o ,
.

T he p o ets o f A me rica may in clu de t he p o ete s s e s

w o r d accu ser ess . he n I .

s ay , S he is t he b e s t p oetess ,
I co m par e he r w it h f e male p o e ts o n ly ; b u t w he n I

I co m are he r w it h b o t h m ale an d f e male p o et s

s ay , S he i t he b e s t p oet
s . To .

b r u t e an im als an d e v e n t o s p irit u a b ein gs w e s o met ime s ap p ly it o r i ts , w he n w e

s p e ak o ft he m as thin s , o r w he n t he s e x is u n imp o r tan t o r n o t o b v io u s Eve r }r
g
.

cr ea tu r e lo v e s i ts lik e

H er e n eit he r his n o r her wo u ld e xp r e s s t he s e n s e s o w ell
. .

L o 1 t he r e it [a gho s t] co m es l
S ha7cesp ear e
'
-
1 .

T he re is a p e cu liar n at u r e o r dis p o sitio n that b elo ngs to e ach s e x an d o n the

an alogy o fthis we as crib e lif e an d s e x to ab s t r act qu alitie s or t o in an imate o b e cts , j
w hich, in r e ality , hav e n o s e x Eve n it an d its ar e so metim e s u s e d in s light p er
.

s o n i catio n s , in a s en s e an alogo u s t o t hat w hich t hey hav e w hen a p lie d t o an im als

p .

o r o ther livin g o b ects j

I n acco r dan ce wit h the f
. ore go in g p rin ciple s , w e s o me t imes
:

s p eak o fa m an n is h w o ma n as o fa m an , an d o fan e f fe min at e m an as o f a w o man

an d o f a har e f
,
o r in s tan ce, i n t he f e mini n e gen de r of a f o x, in t he m as cu
lin e ; & c .

W W
T he f

b o ws
r
he n

o llo w in

.

ar t o
e xam les m ay s er ve as f
r itain ou t his iro n

c a r

I n t he m o na r ch T ho u ght s do m n io n s
i
u r ther il lu s tr at io n s o f t he s u b e ct
Peace r e ars her o liv e f

o r i n du s t r io u s
.

R emo r s e, t hat t o r t ure s w it h .

j

'

W Or if Vir tu e f
W

his s co rp io n las h . e e b le w e r e , He av e n it s e lfw o u ld s t o o t o her .

ro m i t s s e at h

hy p e e s y o u r co w ard swor d halfa aid f fr h hile en geance .

in t he lu ri air lif ts her r e d ar m, e x p o s e d an d b are Oo llin T his las t s e n te n ce s
. .

is allo wab le , as allu din g to t he Fu r ies .

I n p er s o n icatio ns , w e ar e s o met imes aided in as crib in e; the p ro pe r s e x b y r e

f er e n ce t o t he ge n de r o ft he cor re s o n din g t e r ms i n t he C las s ic lan gu a e s
p B ut g .

t his is n o t alway s a s af e r u le T he p rin ciple s m e n t io n e d ab o v e , s ho u ld als o b e

.

t ak en in to co n s ider at io n T he s e x t o b e as c rib e d i n p er so n icat io n , is s o m e ti m e s

.

a m at te r o fgre at n ice ty, an d m u s t b e d et er min e d f r o m t he p ecu liar glo w o r s e n t i

m e n tal co lo r o ft he w rit e rs con cep tio n s .

3 Fo r a e rs o n t o s p e ak o fhims elfb e f or e s p e ak in g o fo t hers , is m u ch t he s a me

q
.

as if he s ho he lp hims e lfr st at t ab le , an d t he n w ait u p o n o t he rs I n s ta n ce s , .

ho w e v e r , m ay o ccu r, in which it w o u ld b e p r op e r , o r e ve n p olit e , t o m e n t io n him

s e lf rs t ; as w he n t he ar ti e s d iff
e r m u ch in ran k , o r w he n t he as se r tio n imp lies
p
s o m e t hin g b u rde n s o me o r n ot d es ir ab le .

T o add re s s o t he rs an d s p e ak o ft he m an d o u rs elv e s in the t hird ers o n , u s u

p
a lly im p lie s gr e at e r r es e r v e co u rte s y, an d p olite n e s s ; as in car ds o t in v it at i o n ,
,
an d t he lik e : b u t w he r e n o s u c h r e s e rv e o r co u rt es y can h e m e an t , as in b u s in e s s
le tters b e t w e e n f a miliar ac u ain tances t he s ty le o fw r it in i n t he t hir d p e rs o n m ay
q , g
rat he r t en d to s u gge s t co n t em p t .

Ju s t here m ay as w e ll b e s aid a f e w w o r ds ab o u t title s S ir , ap p lie d t o .

s trange rs , a n d als o w he n u s e d af te r s u c h w o rd s as yes , no , w ell, why, 0 ,

ra t he r r es ectf ul b u t w he n it is ap p lie d t o f rie n ds o r f am iliars , it m ay s e e m t o di s
p
o w n t he l l l e ll dS hlp o r f amiliar it y , an d t o re u e s t t he p e rs o n t o k e e p at a p r o p e r o r
q

u l dist an ce : it is a t t o b e in t he S ll lt o ft he yo u ng lady s r m ark t o he r

r e s p ect f

e

p
lo ng wo oing an d n ally r e ected lover ,
-
j
I n o w n o thing ab o i t yo u, S i r i Mi s ter , .
.
 136 N O UN S AND P R ON OU N s .
0 B s s a v a r ro n s .

se n s e is o b v io u s , an d he nce t he e xp r es s io n s ar e a llo wab le ; b ut Pr es co tt s an d

B an cro f t s

Hi sto r ies is n o t n e cess arily e u iv ale n t t o P r e s co tt s His t o ry an d

B an cro ft s
H is t o ry , an d is har dly alle w a is Pr e s co tt an d B ancro f t s H isto

.

h h m
'

r ie s is as o d r as e as T e O d an d N e w T e s
l t e n ts , an d is p er hap s
g o a p a

allo w ab le .

I n imitatio n o f an i di o m in the C las s ic lan gu age s , w e s o m e times p r e f er t he

p lu ral t o t he s in u lar in o rd e r to
g , giv e t he e x p r ess io n t he gre at e s t co mp r ehe n s iv e
n ess p o ss ib le , a n d he n ce gr e at e r fo r ce ; as , He ga n d e
i e h r a eetio ns ,

i e , her . .

w hole he art S o metime s t her e is als o a v ariatio n i n s e n s e

. he n it w as as k e d .

w he ther a w ealt hy lawye r had acqu ir e d his r iche s b y his p r a ctice , t he re was a te r~
r ib le s atir e in t he an s we r : Y e s , by his p r actices G P Ma r sh

-
. . . .

T he p lu ral, in so me in s tan ces , gu ar ds u s again s t amb igu ity t hu s , T he o u t

o u r i n g o ft he he ar t,

m ay s u gge s t e it her the act o f c u r in g o r t he thin g p o u r e d,
p
l u t o u tp o u r in gs is ap t t o s u gge s t the thin gs p o ur s an d n o thin g e lse .

S u ch e xp re s s io n s as A t e n foot ole , A tw en ty cen t p ie ce , & c , ar e p ro p er

d
- -
.

b u t a hyp he n s ho u ld al ways b e u s e t o co n n ect t he p ar ts T he n o u n , in s u ch e x

j
.

p r e ssio n s , b e ing u se d as an ad e ctive lo s e s t he p r op e rt ie s o fa n o u n I ft he s e s in .

u lars s ho u ld b e p lu ral, t he n i t w o u ld n o t s ee m u n r e as o n ab le t o r e u ir e h e to b e
g a n o r th e m in t he f o llo win g e xamp le
T hey b r o u ght he go at s
q
.

T he s in gu lar is u s u ally p r e f err e d in f o r min g co mp o u n ds , b ut s o m etimes t he

atch mak e r

p lu ral ; as , A w a m ak er o f watch es ), a h
-
or se s tealer ;

b t,
u -
A -

sales man , a dr a ugh

-
ts m an , a sa vin gs b an k
-
.

S ince w e s ay two thir ds, thr eefo u r th -

s, f ou r f th s , & c , it is mo r e in acco r dan ce .

with an alogy, an d als o b es t , t o r e ad s u ch f r actio n s as

f f: 3 2 j i ve twen ty rs ts , -

seo en th ir ty secon ds -

( U n h yp h en e d . s o ar e lar ge o r din als as , O ne h u n dr ed an d

twen ty
A s t o t he mo de o fe x r es s in g cert ain n u m er al t er ms , e s ecially iflo n g an d co m
0
os it t h r e is n o t a litt e d iv e r s ity o f p r ac tice F i v e t wu sa n d s e v en hu n dr e d
p s ,
e .

Fi f ty n in e m illio ns t hr ee hu n dr e d an d t e n

an d t w o Davies - -
Id Fiv e .

. . .

m illio n R B R ep or t Fiv e m illio n s lb T he s e n s e o fn o u n s an d t hat o f
.
-

j
. . . . .

ad e ctiv es m eet , in s u ch t er ms , lik e t he co lo rs o fthe rain b o w it is almo s t imp o s s i

b le to t e ll w here o n e e n ds o r t he o t her b egin s T he f o r m o f t he t e r m m u s t e v i .

d en tly d e p e n d o n w hether t he n u mb e r is co n ce iv e d a dj ectivelz o r s u bs ta n tively, that

is , w he t he r in r e f ere n ce to a n o u n , o r ab str actly E ighty t ou sa n d, t wo hun dr ed .

an d o n e R ag Fo u r hu n dr eds , t h r ee t ns , an d ve u n it s
e Id Fo r t t w o
/ y
-

. . . .

m illion s t w o tho usa n d an d ve G r een leaf Ten s o f T ho u san ds o f Trilli o n s .

. .

I d T o d ecide t he m att er b rie y, I w o u ld s ay , L e t t he wo r ds b e s in gu lar in

.

for m, w he n t he who le is co n ceiv e d as o n e n u me ral, o r has n o in t er m e diat e co m

m as o r p o in t s ; b u t le t t he m b e p lu rab in f o r m, w he n t he n u mb er is b r o ken in t o

ar ts , an d t he hr as e has co mmas o r oi n ts
Five hu n dr e d an d t hir ty s ix m il .
-

io n t hr ee hu n r e d an d f o rt s eve n t u san d n in e hu n dr e d an d s e v e n ty t wo
- -
.

R obin son s M athematics o t ty s e v en qu a dr illions , s ixt y n in e billio ns , f o u r hu n

- -

dr e d an d s ix ty ve tho us an ds, t wo hu n dr e d an d s ev e n [u n its ]

.

-
D aoi es T he .

j
.

n u m b er o fhis s u b ects m u s t have b ee n ab o u t ve millio n t wo hu n d red th

o us a n d .

Macau lay T o e n slave ve mill/io ns o fEnglis hmen I d T he Jo p u lat io n

d
W
. . .

o fC hin a in 1 7 4 3 w as f t e en milli on s twen ty n in e thou san d e i ht hu n dr e an d f -

ty
ve .

ils on s Tr eat is e on P u nctu a tio n

C us to m, in t he n itcd S t ates , p er hap s
.

f f m m il li b ut n ot d ow i l ly i o n d n mb e T h
p r e e r s s r o o n s u p, n
; e s
p e c a n r u u rs e .

C roton A qu edu ct co s t n in e m illions

Hi s ho u s e co s t him v e thou san d . .

T he p lu r al o fw or ds that are s po k en o fme re ly as wo r ds , is so metimes wr itte n

Y o u r co mp o s itio n has t o o m an y an d s , t her e tor e s , an d


w it h t he ap os tro he

as ,
u t all s u ch w o r ds ar e b et te r e xp r e s s e d b y p lu r aliz in t he m r egu

w he re f

ore s .

larly, an d I taliciz in g t he m ; as , Y o u r co m o s it io n has t o o man a n s , ther ef or es ,

an d wh er ef o r es

H e r e t h e m. e a n in g is s u c i e n tl o b v io u s a t if t h e r egu lar .

l u ral s ho u ld r e n der t he w or d o r it s meanin g liab e t o b e m istak en , the n I s e e n o

p
d f r n o t u s in t he a o s tro he , o r an y o ther m ean s , t o avo id the dif
g o o r e as o n o g p
u ll o fw hat ?

Pe rhap s bye or by s w o u ld

c u lty . The e xtract is fu ll o f bies .

hav e b e e n mo re in telligib le
T he p o em s i f u ll o f ies an d cr ies ,
.

is p e rhap s n o t

W
The p o e m is fu ll ofy s an d cry s

s o o b v io u s in s e n se as , .

or ds e n din g in i o r 0 p reced e d b y a co n so n an t , if t hey ar e n ativ e ,

er le ctly

nat u r alize d, o r w e ll k n o wn , always tak e es to e xp re s s the p lu r al ; as , o , woes ,

 NO UN S AND PR ON O U N S O B S ER V A TI O N S
. . 1 37

here , her oes alkali, alha bies b u t ifthe w o r ds ar e f o re ign r ather than En glis h, goo d

w rite rs hav e , i n man y i ns t an ces , adde d 8 o n ly , t o f o r m t he p lu ral ; as , T e o call i ,

teocallis mu f ti, m uf tis s t ilett o , s tiletto s T his m o de o fplu raliz in g has t hi s ad
g
.

v an ta e : T he w o rd n o t b ein
2 n e r ally k n o w n b x m s im ly s , t he r ead e r
p
g
e
gg e , y a n n

at o n ce s ee s w hat the s in u lar 1 9 Y et I t hin k the r e g u lar p u r al i s alw ays p r e f er

W
.

ab le , w he n t he re is n o lia ilit y o fm is t ak in g t he s in gu lar f o r m, o r w he n t he w o rd

is s o f ar n at u r alize d as t o hav e alre ad f o u n d it s w ay in t o o u r d ictio n ar ie s e .

A m erican s do n o t b egru d ge an e to m u tiosa ye t clip m us u itos b u t t he En ghs h

ar e m or e cons ist e n t, an d tre at mu la tto es an
g
mosqu itoes alik e , n ot e v e n r egar d
in g toes .

5 7 A s there is s o metimes an ellip s is o f t he n ite v e rb , it is n e ces s ary to

W
.

b e ar in mi n d w hat v erb is o mit ted, in o rde r t o d e te r min e r e adily w hat the cas e

W

s ho u ld b e He is wis er t han I [am]
.

S he is as go o d as he [ is]
. ho will .

=
go ? I [will go] ho was it ? N o t I I i was n ot I
. - .

6 T he s e n s e o fthe p o s s e s s iv e cas e is u s u ally e xp r e sse d e it he r b y givin g a cer

.

t ain f o rm t o t he w o r d d e n o ti n g t he
p o s s es s or , o r b u s in g ofan d t he o b ective cas e j .

T he s e t w o f or ms s ho u ld b e in t er chan e d in s u c a w ay as t o r e lie v e e ach o t he r ,

g
an d av o id t he in ade qu acy an d in e legan ce o f e it he r I s ho u ld alway s e n dea v o r t o
.

u s e in p r o s e , s w it h s in gu lar p o s se s sive n o u n s , or e ls e of

T ho u h, .T he de f e at

o f er xes ar my w as t he do w n f
" har dly b e im

all, o fP er sia, fo r in s tan ce , co u l
ro v e d
p .

A n o u n o r pr on o u n , b ef or e a p art icip le , may b e p u t in t he p o s s ess iv e cas e , w hen

the sen s e re qu i r es it , an d a b ett e r e xpr es s io n can n o t b e r e adily f o u nd S u ch a .

h r as e is s o m et imes a v er v e n ie n t o n e ifn o t t he m o s t a r o r iate t hat can b e

p y co n pp p

W
,
u se d to co n v ey t he s en s e M u ch de p e n ds o n w hich w o r d con v eys t he ide a u p er
p
W
.

m o s t ih t he s e ak er s m in d hat d o yo u t hin k o f my P L A N T I N G co rn ?

s it

.

ar mer as w e ll as I hat do on
p per
r o on b ein
ga f ,
w o u ld yo u plan t ?
t hin k o t hers p la n tin g co r n A m I n o t o u t o fm y p ro p er li n e o fb u s in ess ? hat
s or t o f f ar me r do I , o r wo u ld I , m ak e ? I w e ll r e m e mb e r P eyton R an do lp hs I H

FO R M I N G me o f t he cr o s s in g o f o u r m e ss e n e rs

J B u t w hat av e it
g
e er so n -

B T
. .

mos t in te es t, w as i ts EI N G in so me w a C ON N EC ED with t he p ir ate s hip

r

r vin g . .

T he r e is n o do u b t o fmy S E EI N G him B u t s u c h u n co
. u t h o s s e s s ive s as ,

One
r a/ mmar

o fthe m s f

A ) lace s

allin
g int o a di tch w as an acciden t
b e ing at a d is tan ce Ib

I n s t e ad o fthe min d s b e in m ade t o go t hr o u g w ith
.

h
t his t e diou s p ro ce ss I h sho u ld b e av o ide d : s ay,
. hat o n e o ft he m f el l

T he dist an ce o f a p lace I n st ead o fm aki ng t he m in d go t hr o u gh
Fin ally, t he p o ss es s iv e s ign s ho u ld b e u s e d w her e v e r t he r e is a n o u n e x r e ss e d
o r u n ders t o o d de n o ting t he t hin p o ss e s s e d ; an d a phras e e xplan at o ry o ft i s p o s
ses s o r , s ho u ld n e ve r b e
p lac e d e tw e en t h e ip os s e ss in a n d t h e g o v er n in g n o u n .

S e n s e cu st o m , an d e u p ho n y, s ho u ld b e car e f u ll co n s u te d
y
They p rais e d t he far me r s , as t hey calle d him e xcelle n t u n derstan ding,
.

W
rais e d t he e xcelle n t u n der s t an d

s ho u ld b e , T he y in g o f t he f ar mer , as t he y

calle d him

T he o r d s da

t he d ay o fthe L o r d s o metimes

. is S u n d a b ut
mean s t he Ju dgme nt D ay ;
W n e ss o f him

p i c t u r e 0 as h in g t o n is a li k e b ut

A p ict u r e of as hin gto n s

is o n e o ft he p ictu re s b elo n gin to him g
L ee s an d

.

L ee s an d Al e n s

A lle n s s to r e an d A lle n s s tor e

;

l
L ee s -

s to r e s an d A lle n s s to r e s
is amb igu o u s as it may s ign if

; L e e a n d A ell n

s s to es ,
r y
j
e ithe r o in t o r s ep ar ate
p o se s io n s
s s A t Hals all s , t he b o
.

o k s e ll e s , an d s t at io n
r

er s ,

may su gges t t hre e dif f er e n t p laces
; b u t,
A t Hals all s , the b o o k s elle r and

s t atio n e r ,can s u ge s t b u t o n e lace .
g p
P oe ts w rit e
S hir az w alls , P elide s wrath

A j ax s e v e n fold shield ,
-

D
o u g as s co
l
an d,
mm
P rov ide n ce s s way ,

The lan ce s cras h,

T he b es s

s t r e et s .

9 T he n o min ativ e mo s t f
. re qu e n tly r ece des its v erb ; an d the o b e ctiv e m o s t j
fre u en tl
q y follo w s t he o v e rn in
g w or d o t h s ho u ld b e so p lace d as to av o id am
.

b i u i ty, an d p ro mo t e e egen ce an d f o r ce I lo v e him as w e ll as you , m ay me an

.

n e I lo ve hi m as w ell as I lov e yo u ,
I lo ve him as w ell as yo u lo v e
i1m }
; o r,
.

P r o n o u n s.

The u s e o fyou f o r thou is s aid t o hav e o r igin ate d in this , t hat it w as

cu s t o m an d ho n or f
an or
p e rs o n s o fr an k an d res p ectab ility t o have
ab o u t t hem , an d to b e addr es s e d accor din ly
g .

1 . T ho u , thy , thin e, thee, thyself e an d yo u ,

, y , you r , yo u r s , & c .
,
s ho u ld n ever bs l
1 38 NO UN S AND PR ON O U N S .
OB S ER V A TI O N S .

iii ter min rrle d, o r u s e d p r o wn is cu o u sly in t he s am e s e n te n ce T he s ame r emark ap .

p lie s t o th e d if fer e n t r e lat iv es B u t w he n o n e re lativ e cla u s e is s u b o r d in ate t o ah

.

o t he r , t he r e lat ive s m ay di f f er

T ho u m u s t t ak e car e o fthy self,
.

Y o u m u st
t ak e car e o fyo u rs elf T hey w o rs hip t he G re at S p ir it, who has cre ate d t he m,
.

who p r e s e rv e s t he m, an d t o who m t hey xp ect t o go af e te r d e at h

B ut , T he re ar e
g
.

me n that hav e n o t hin , who are happie r t han he
j
.

T he p r e do m in an t s e n s e o fwho t o s u gge s t p er sons o r o ther ob e cts v ie we d as

hav ing t he r ea son , sy mp athy, an d in divid u a lity o f hu man b e in gs ; o f which, b r u te
j
W
an ima ls , o r t hin gs , o r o t he r o b e ct s v ie ws 1 as thin s
he the r it is to b e p re f e r re d t o wh o o r which
g T hat is u s u ally r es tri ctiv e
.

m ay s o metimes b e d e ter min e d b y

.

W
,
s o me p re c e d in g w o r d t hat xe s t he ap p licat io n o ft he an t e ce de n t , b u t m o r e f rs

qu e n tly b y t he s e n s e . ho an d which are ge n e ric ; tha t is s p e cic t o an d .

which m ay so meti me s s u gges t t he e n t ire clas s o fo b ect s ; that p e r hap s n e v e r do es ,

'

b u t o n ly t he art de s crib e d b y its o w n clau s e d o n o t lik e m e n wh o d o m ean

p
.

little actio n s , may im ply t hat all m e n do m e an li ttle act io n s b u t , I do n o t lik e

m e n tha t do mea n litt le actio n s , e xpr e ss e s t he in t e n de d m ean in g

I t o o k t he .

p ige o n s which w e r e w hit e ,

He is lik e a b e as t o f p rey which d e stro ys wit ho u t

p ity,

He is a m an who is r ic h, ar e n o t e qu iv ale n t t o I t o ok the p igeo n s that
wer e w hite ,
He i ik e a b e t o fp ey t hat d e s t roys w itho u t p ity ,
s l a s r

He is a man
t hat is r ic h,

b e t te r He is a rich m an I n ge n eral, tha t is pr e f er able w hen it i s

e t her wh
.

d o u b tf ul w h o o r wh ich s ho u ld b e u s e d ; als o , w he n t he i n t e n tio n is , t o s ho w

t hat a p re ce d in g w o r d is r e s t r icte d t o so me thin g p art icu lar , o r to so m e t hin g v ie we d
in a p art icu lar light .

e u p ho ny m ay s o me tim e s e xc lu d e t he r e lat iv e th
u s e d af te r s ame, d e p e n ds o f
j
B u t w he n t he ad e c tiv e o r t he c o n u n ctio n that s tan ds n e ar,
at W j
he ther as o r tha t s ho u ld b e
.

te n o n w het her t he ve rb o ft he latte r clau s e is o m it t e d

o r ex p r e s s e d . Y o u rs is t he s am e as m in e Y o u hav e t he s ame that I hav e
.

T he doctr in e o ft he r elativ e tha t, in r e f e re n ce t o wh o an d which a s t au ght in o u r

,

gr ammar s , s e e ms t o r e s t o n a r at he r s an dy f o u n dat io n , ifw e ap e al t o t he p ract ice

o t o u r b e s t w rit e r s
'

. I hav e me t W
i t h w e ll r e ad
p e o p le

p
w ho co n te n d t hat who
s ho u ld a lwa s b e u s e d in s p eak in g o f ers o n s A n d L o r d M acau lay , a r e m ar k ab ly
y p .

accu r at e w r i te , r n e a y
r l a lw a y s u s e s i t s o r e a r d le s g
s o f g amma
r r

A s t r an ge

W
, .

n es tic h w as rais e l b y the v e y n e r P s n so N wh

r a o o u ht t o hav e r ais e d it
g M i ca u
g
.

y
f
. T h e H I G H ES T C H UR C H M EN wh o s till r em ain e d w er e o ct or i lli D
am Be v e rid e

A r chde aco n o fC o lche s te r, w ho m any ye ars lat e r b ecame b is ho o fS t A s ap h .

an d D
o ct o r Jo hn S co t t, t he sa n s wh

o had p r ay e d b y t he d eat b e d o fJe f i r ey s

ll N o M A N that e v e r live d w as , &c Id -

T he Bis ho o f S alis b u ry, s aid

B
. .
.

T illo ts o n , is o n e o ft he eer an d w on sr r a ra xns that I k n o w

Id T he u ser -

. .

w o n ns which he s p o k e, &c Id
. T e s
n
. a n s a a crrrs s which had,
r o &c Id .
-
.

T he r e lativ e which w as f o r me rly app lie d t o p er s o n s as w e ll as t o t hin s

g .

k n o w t hat ye s e e k J s u , w e s h ic h w as c c i e d
r u B ible
. .

Vt ther w as f o r mer ly u s e d as an in t e rr ogat iv e p ro n o u n , in re f e rr in g t o o n e o f

t w o ; b u t , in t his s e n s e , which o r whiche ver s u pp lie s its p lace n o w an d it is

lo
p y
t wain =
e d c h l
W
hich o ft he t wo
j
. W
v as a co n u n ctio n t hat u s u ally co rre s p o n ds t o o r
hether he w ill o n n o t
h eth er o ft he . W ,

j
.

W

A v e ry t actical r u le in regar d t o p e rs o n i cat o n is t he f i o llo win g Ob ects
r e p r e s e n ts as p ers o n s , tak e p ro n o u n s d e n o t in g p e r s o n s
. he n a p r o n o u n r e
.

f e rs t o a gu r at iv e an te ce d en t , gre at car e s ho u ld b e t ak en t o as cer tain w he the r

t he lite r al or t he gu rat iv e s e n s e p r ev ails , an d t o se le ct t he p ro n o u n accor d in gly .

He was the S O U L which an imat e d t he p ar ty B rav e s o u ns who d ie d f

. or

lib e rty
ord w o r t h s ay ,s o f a H ig h l a n d b e a u t y,

S he w as a co ns p icu o u s
W
. s

o m he had s e n s ib ility t o lo v e , am bitio n t o att e m p t an d s kill t o w in

FL O ER , wh .

S e veral ep igrams w e r e w rit te n o n the d o u ble f J

M acau lay w rit e s , ace d A N U S [t he ~

n ame o f a s t at u e, ap plie d t o a man ] wh o, havin g go t a

p rof e ss o r s h ip b y lo o k in g

o n e way, he e d to get a b is ho p ric b y lo o k in g an o t he r

.

2 A col e et iv e no u n , w he n u s e d t o de n o t e a gro u p o f p ers o n s o r o ther b ein gs

.

as o n e w ho l e , is o f t he n e u t e r ge n de r, an d s ingu lar n u mb e r S u ch n o u n s ar e .

r rly rep r e sen te d b y t he p r o n o u n s a p p l ic a b le t o t hi ngs ; as , T h e M O B which
p p o e

assaile d the p alace , s oo n lo s t i ts le ad er .

O ur lan gu age is d ef e ctive in n o t hav in g, in t he t hir d p e r s o n , a s in gu lar p ro

n ou n f o r t he co mmo n gen der T his o f t e n l e ads to an imp ro p er u s e o f t he l u r al
.
p
s th th ir 85 0 E m ember o fthe chu r c hs ho u ld hav e th ei r o wn
p r o n o u n ey ,
e . as .
,
ve r
y
s u chcas es , w e mus t u s e e i t he r t he S i ngu lar mascu lin e p ro n o u n f o r b o th

p e w s .I n
s e xes , o r b o t h t he mas c u lin e an d t he f e min i n e, o r t he n e u t e r , (if w e ar e s p e ak i n g

o fs mall a n imals , ) o r w e m u s t p l u ralize t he a n te ce de n t E ve ry ser van t k n e w his

.
 A R TI C L ES .

5 . T he p ro n o u n may s om etimes b e elegan tly u s e d with the n o u n w hen w e

wis h r s t to dr aw t he atten t io n e mp hatically to the ob j e ct its elf an d t en to s a y
Po rt e r , w he re is she n o w !
,

u l M ar

s om et hin o fit Be au t if
. M y b an k s
t hey ar e u rn i e d w it h b e e s
s h rry s

es
. h it f e ll aw ay
his p hras e olo gy . T
is m o r e allo w ab le in p o et ry o r imp ass io n e d disco u rs e t han in an y o ther k in d

.

C o mp o u n d r e lativ e s s u ggest b y m e an s o ft he ir t e r min atio n an in de n it e o r u ni

s
a , W
v ers al an t ece de n t , an d he n ce they ar e n ot u s u ally acco m an ie d b y an an t e ce den t ;
h v
o e er li v e s t e m e r

t l l
p a e y , wil b e ap t o
t iv e s o me times s u f cie n t ly s u gge s ts the an te ce de n t ; as ,
t li v l
e o g n
p

Ev en the s imp le r ela
ho s te als my p u rs e ,
.

W
t
s e al s t a
r s h
A r e lativ e p r o n o u n , in t he obj e ct iv e cas e m ay s o m e tim e s b e ele
.
,

gan tly o mitte d ; as ,

T
her e is t he man I w an t t o see ,
f o r,

her e is t he man T
wh o m I w an t t o e
s e

ha e b
.v r o uIg h t a b a s k e t t o c arr y i i
t n

here is . T
n o thin g t o j u dge by

Bu t t o o mit t he p rep o s it io n an d t he r elativ e , is in elegant
.

o r imp ro p er ; as ,

I n t h e c o n d it io n I w a s t h e n ,
b e tt e r ,
I n t he co n ditio n i n
which I w as t he n
T he r elativ e that is f r e u e n tly u s e d im r o erl q w itho u t a
p p
h
W
.
,

g o ve r n in g w or d as a m e re c o n n ectiv e A t t he s ame t im e t hat t e m e at w as

W
.
,
r o as tin g, t he b r e ad w as b ak in g ;

b e tt er , hile t he m e at w as r o as tin &c .

ha t o r bu t what s ho u ld n o t b e u s e d in t he place o ftha t I co u ld n o t e liev e .

b u t w hat [o t her wis e than that] yo u had b een s ick I have n o do u b t b u t w hat

h ] o u will s u cc e e d
[ t a t y .

S o m e gr am m arian s con dem n s u ch u s e o fthe p er so n al pr on o u n s as is s ho w n in

t he f o llo win g s en t en ce :

Fa ts taf I t [sack ] asce n ds me i n to t he b rain d rie s me
.

t her e all the f o olis h an d d u ll, an d cru dy v ap o rs w hich en v ir on it , m ak e s it ap pre

q
he n s iv e , u ick , an d in v en tive , fu ll o f ni mb le e an d dele ctab le s hap e s

.

S hak eap ear e B u t I thi n k su ch sent en ce s s ho u ldn o t e dis t u r b e d T he u s age w as

. .

go o d in its tim e , an d t he p ro n o u n im p art s a e cu liar e ar n estn es s an d q u ain tn e s s ,

x
t hat co u ld n o t b e e p r es se d so w ell b y an y ot er mean s

W
.

m
6 . P o e t s s o m e t im e s o it t h e n o m in a t i v e re la ti v e ; a s , I t w as a t all yo u n oys .

t er man liv ed b y the r ve s ide i r 0 -
Holmes ; an d in cert ain k in ds 0 s en
. .

t en oe s , t he n o min ative r on o u n is u s u all o mit te d af t er bu t o r than ; as , he r e is T

n o t a child b u t k n o w s t e w ay ,

Y o u av e b r o u ght mo r e than is n e e de d
.

I t is n o t n eces s ary t o r ep e at the s u bj ect b e f o re t he s eco n d o ft wo co n n ect e d

v er b s t hat d if fer in m o o d o r t e n s e , o r im ly con tras t , u n les s the p art s are u n u s u ally
lon g, o r t he co n tr as t is m ark e d an d e mp atic M an y o ft he m wer e o fgo o d f ami

.

lies , an d ha d held co mmis s io n s in t he civ il w ar he ir p a was f T

ar higher t han t hat
.

o ft he m o s t f av o re d r egime n t o fo u r time , an d wou ld in t at ag e h ave been th o u ght a

r e sp ectab le p o vi ion
r s for t e s o n o fa co u n
h t r g e n t lem n a

M acau lay S o large
.
-
.

x x
W
a s u m was e e n d e d , b u t e p e n de d in v ain I d
p . .

e so met i m es n d has ty le t ters , e s p e cially f r o m b u s ines s m e n , wr itte n w it h

o u t p er s o n al p r o n o u n s in t he n o minat iv e cas e , w he r ev e r t he s e can b e in f e rr e d f ro m

the co n t e t x . T
his s t le is co n d e m n e d b y all gramm arian s , an d t her e f or e s ho u ld

b e av oide d Y et in av o r of it m ay b e u r ge d 1 S o me f
. o r eign lan gu a e s u s u ally
.
g
o mit t he n o min at iv e p r o n o u n s f r om the ir v e rb s ; 2 . T
ir e s o m e r e p e titi o n an d an
e go tis tical air ar e s o m ew hat av o id ed, w it ho u t le av i ng t he s e n s e o b s c u r e ; 3 G o o d .

au t ho rs s o me t im e s u s e t his s tyle, o r what is e qu iv ale n t t o it , w hen their d is co u r s e

is f r agm en tary , an d des ign e d t o ap p e ar has t y , o r f u ll o fs p rightlin es s an d v iv acit y .

Ex T
e n der e ye d b lo n de -
L on g r in gle ts C ame o p in L o ck et Bracelet

W
. . . . . .

A lbu m R eads Byr o n ,

. T
u p p er , an d S ylv an u s C o bb , j un io r , w hile her m o t her

mak e s the p u ddin gs S ag e
/ , Y es
. w h en y o u t e ll h er a n y t h i n g 0 H o lm es . . . .

6 . A R TI C L ES .

A n a r t i c l e is a w o rd place d b ef
1 93 . o re a su b stan t ve i to
sho w ho w it is a
pp l i e d
ElmH o r ses the ho r s e , a hors e , the hors e s A goo d o n e . the o thers .

, F ro m lib erty e ach n ob ler s cie n ce s p r u n g,

A B aco n b righten e d, an d a S p en ser s u ng .
S avage .

A rt i cle lite r ally mean s j o in t The G r e e k s w ho g a v e t he n am e , f re q u e n tly u s e d n o u n s wi th o n

I
.

" a uo u r
a ticle o h id w m h
w h h m l t ht
j
r n e ac s e u s t a s e ig t s a y, s a t a t S T E A M B OA T t a t c a e as n i g :
thus u s ed , is n o t nu ll e the p ar t o f a lim b b e t we e n t wo j oi nt s
 A RTI C LE S . 14 1

O nly two wo rds in o u r lan gu age ar e calle d ar t cles : i T H E, the

den ite arti cle ; an d A o r A N , the inden i te .

i 1 94 . T he p i o n ts ou t a
p i
ar t cu lar o b ect j or class ,
or a
p ar

t icu lar o ti o n o fa class

one or p r .

Ex T he man the m e n ; t he lar ge w ago n . h

T e s n a
u n d th e m oo n

The .

.
,

fo wls o fthe air an d t he s he s o f t he se a . T he lio n is n o b le than t he hye u a
r .

T he s tates man s ho u ld b e ho n o re d, as w e ll as t he s o ldie r

T he D e lawares an d
.

t he C her o k ees ar e n di an s almo s t civili e d

I z . T he p o o r an d the rich, the w is e
an d t he ign o r an t .

I t so me ti mes p r e ce des a pro per n o u n, t o r e n der it s u f

1 95 .

cie n tly de ni te ; o r els e it p o i n ts o u t a c e rt ai n o bj e ct as alre ady

k n o w n o r he ard o f ,
o r as
p re e m i n e n tly d i st i n
gu i she d .

Elm
Missou r i an d Ohio me an S tate s ; b u t the M issou r i an d the Ohio m e an
F u lto n w en t u p t e r iv e r this m o rn n g
W T
h
T he u rk w as dr eam
r iv er s . T he i .

ing o fthe ho u r . The ge n e ro u s L af ayett e an d t he n o b le as hin gto n .

2 1 96

. The may r e lat e to e i ther a s ngu lar i or a
p lu r al w o r d .

Ex .
The riv er ,
the r iv ers ; t he f
ou r m en , the f
o u r th m an the o n e, the o ther s .

i 1 97 . A or a n s ho ws that no
p i
art cu lar o n e o fa class is me an t .

Ex .
A man , a b ir d , w ago n ,
a an o wl, a plu m ; mall ieta r e
a s

H e w as a .

mer chan t t hat ther e ar e ot hers o ft he sa me k in

an d als o that t he r e

I t s u gge s ts
.

are o t he r k in ds o fo bj e ct s .

1 98 . S o me ti mes the p re do mi n an t i dea is a n y, s o me ti me s o n e.

Ex .
A man m ay lose all his p ro p e rty in a - A ny m an may lo s e all his
p r op er ty in on e ye ar .

i 1 99 A . or an can be u se d to
p o nti ou t o ne o nl
y
, or o ne

a
gg g re at e . S o meti me s m o r e ar e s o ke n
p o f
,
b u t the
y ar e st i ll co n

side r e d one by o n e .

Ex A n ot A p ens A n idler ; a large o r an e ; a do en ap ples z

g
en . a
ew d I z
.

o r t he m arb les a

w e alt hy p e o p e a f im es gav e f im e a do en
. e
l
W

p aid f o r t he m u e s a hu n dre d dollars a he ad .

hen is li mite d b y other w o r d s , the in de n it e art icle s he e t s n o t the

a n ou n

'

n ou n alo n e , b u t t he n o u n t hu s lim it e d A y o u n g m an , A m an o f n e s en s e , .

d o n ot m ean n o p articu lar man b u t , n o p ar ticu lar yo u n g man , n o p articu lar mam

A an d an ar e b o th calle d the in den ite ib e cau s e they

art cle ,

ar e bu tlate r an d an e arli e r f
a o r m o ft he s am e wo rd, have the same
m ean i n g, an d di ffe r in u s e o n ly .

i 2 00 B ef o re wo rds b e i n n i n w i th a v o we l s o u n d, an sho u ld
g g
b e u se d B efo re a , e, i, o , a n o t e q u i v ale nt to y a , y art i cu late d

W
.

i th a co n s o n an t af ter it, s i le n t h, an d h f ai n tl
y so u n de d w he n

the n ext syllable has the chi e facce n t .

BIL
A n ar m; a n e ar o f co r n idle b o y ; an or an ge an an hou r ;

; an ; u rn ;
an he ro ic de ed .

B efo re w o r ds b e i n n i n
2 01 w i th a c o n so n an t s o u n d, a sho u ld
g .
g
be u s e d U lo n g, ea , w, o in on e, a nd y
. i
art cu lat e d w thi a v o we l

afte r it, hav e e ach a co n so n an t s o u n d .

I lx
j . A b r other , a cu p , a u n io n ; a e ulo gy a ye arling ; a w o rd ; a o ne -
horse
carri age .
1 42
.
A RTI C LE S .
EXER C I S E S
~
.

2 02 . whe n w e r ef
N0 e r c hi e f
art cle i is
ly to t he n atu re o f u se d

the o bj e ct, to the class ge n e r ally, o r to o nly a p art i n de n i te ly also

w he n the s u b stan ti ve is s u f
ci e n tly de n i t e i tse lf,
o r is r en de r e d so

by o the r wo rds .

Ex
M?3at is de are r than br ead G o ld is heavier than s ilver H e took

WT
. .

w ate r , an d chan e d it in to win e Pea ches are b e tter t han ap les
Vi r tu e an d
g p . .

v ice ar e

o r kin g is b et t e r t han s tea lin g o r s ta r v i n Ma n is e n
'

te 9 g
W J
W
. .

d o we d i t r eason he re are shes wit h w in gs o hn , G e orge

7 6 t hat .

.
,

t ee ; t his t re e
r r
e ve y t re e ; so m e
'
tr e es ; a l l t re es ; Po s t O fce
or ds t hat
h
.

b re at he
T ey we re t he m ean s b y which
. n o t , th e wh ich .

G ENE A R L I LL R
U S T A TI O N F
ro m t he b egin n in g o ft he w or ld , an u n in t e rr u t e d
p
x
.

s er ies o fp r e diction s had an no u n ce d an d p r e p ar e d t he lo n g e p e cte d co min g o f -

the M e s s iah, w ho , i n co mp lian ce w ith t he gr o s s ap p r e he n s io n s o ft he ew s , had J

been m o r e f re qu e n tl r e p r es e n t e d u n der t he char act e r o fa k in g an d co n q u er o r , t han
un der t hat o fa p r o p e t , a mar tyr , o r the s on o fG o d G ibbon s R ome

W
-
. .

i i
A rt cles, b e n g u s e d to aid n o u n s, ar e sa d t o b elo n g to the m he n i .

i
the art cle stan ds o nly b e f o re th e rst o f t w o o r m o r e co n n e cte d n o u n s,

i t b e lo n s t o the m
g j o i
n tly , if t hey de n o te b u t o n e p e rs o n o r th n , o r
g i
i
mo re v e w e d as o n e ; ifn o t, it b elo n gs to t he rs t n o u n, an d is u n de rsto o d
bef o re the o the rs

W
.

Ex
I . s aw eb s ter , the gr eat s t ate s m an an d o r at or .

O f b o ok s I
. am a
b o r ro w er an d len der .
A m an an d ho rs e p as s e d b y t he ho u s e and lo t

.

A
man , A w o man, an d A chi d w ere dro wn e d
l
.

T ne is so me time s an adverb ; a, a p r ep ositio n ; an d an a con u n ctio n j .

Ex .
-

Th e s tr o n g e r , the b ett e r . T o go a [at] hu n ting .

F L A An
S TA FF I

.

hav e n ot t u n es m ade o n yo u all, an d s u n g t o ty t u nes , may

f a cu p o f s ack b e

my p o is on . 5 hahesp ear e .

E X E R C I S E S

Examples t o b e A n alyze d an d Parse d .

P ar s e the ar ticles

The m o u se
cat cau ght a A cro w e w o v er the v alley The o x e n
. .

are graz i n g o n t h e me a do w T e li o n ro ams in A f

h ri ca The li o n ki lle d

. .

his k e ep e r T he
b
G ascon ade is e x ce e di ngly cle ar an d b e au ti f
. ul The .

Hi ghlan d M ary le ave s S t L ou i s to day The an ci e nts did n o t kno w the .

-
.

u se o fthe co m A
b au ti f
ul w hi te ho u se le am e d f ro m t h e su mmi t
p a ss e g .

o fthe adjace n t hill A f r e e p e o p le s ho uld b e j e alo u s o ft he i r li b e r ti e s

. .

I have b o u g t h do z e n chi ck en s The lamb s w e re s o ld f o r a do llar a

W
1
a .

head .The b ri ght s tars w i tho u t n u mb e r ado rn the sky e s en d e x .

o r ts t o the S an dw i ch I slan ds
p .

)
"
(a den ite, it r e fer s to li on as den o ti n g a p ar ticu lar k in d o fa nim als ; an d b elo n gs

to

li on , &0 (b ) den ite, it r e f e rs to G asco n a de a s d e n o tin g a p ar ticu la r r iv e r ; an d

. .

"
b elo n gs in i t, & c (e ) i n def i n i te , i t d o e s n o t r e f
e r to beau tifu l whi te ho u s e a s d e n o tin g
R X
. .

"
a p ar t icul a r o n e o ft he k in d ; an d b elo n gs to hou se, a cco r d in g to u le (d) in . .

"
de n ite, n o p ar ticu la r

d o z e n chick e n s ar e m e an t ; & c (e) de n i te , the r e f e r e n ce i s . .

"
to s ta rs as d en o tin g a p a r t i cu lar class o fthi ngs .
1 44 A RTI C LE S .
EXER C I S E S .

W
wo men who
o men
o r,
w ho
omen that, W
n ev er tak e b eco me in valids
an y

Pe rson s who hav e b e e n ins tru cte d in col

T he
e xe rcis e, n ec essarily .

le ges , ar e said to ha ve a co lle giate e du catio n T he w o rk is des ign e d f o r the .

u s e o fp e rso n s w ho may thin k it me rits a p lace in t he ir lib rarie s N 0 acco u n t .

is giv e n o f s u ch an e v e n t b y his to rian s w ho liv e d at t hat time

trave lin g in t he las t ce n tu ry w e re f
so me time s co mmit e rro rs
ar in f

o hn S imo n ds
e rio r t o ou rs

t f J
Mo de s o f
ises t an d b e s t men . W .

[a bo at lef
. o r N e w Orlean s y es te r

d ay . he y f T
o r b id w e arin g o frin gs an d j e we ls u v ert s in n e rs w ithou t s he d .

ding o fb lo o d . G
re a t b e n e t may b e deriv e d f
ro m re adin g o fgo o d b oo k s A .

n eglect in g o f ou r o w n af fairs, an d a me ddlin g w it h t hos e o fo thers, are t he

so u rce s o f many tro u b les The ndian s are de sce n dan ts o f t he ab o rigin e s o f
. I
this co u n t ry A p ro n o u n is a p art o fsp ee ch u se d as a su b s titu t e f
. o r a n ou n .

W
A v iole t is an e mb le m o f mo de sty A lio n is b o ld, a cat is t re ache ro u s, an d a
.

do g is f aithf ul S o me time s o n e article is imp ro p e rly u se d f

b reak s a b u tter y u p o n a w he el
t u rin g T
he re is als o ref
.
.

o r an o t her

heel he re me an s a p e cu liar en gine f

ere n ce t o o the r k in ds o fp u n ishme n t )
ho
o r t or

I have a right
W .
.

u n iversal a bst ract w as me an t )

to do it (T h e

W
. .

3 . hen the I n de n ite A r ticle sho u ld be U sed .

The in de n ite art cle 18 u se d i

To sho w that n o p ar t cu lar o n e is m e an t mply n g tha i
t the re ar e o r m ay i i
b e o the rs i
I ts v ar o u s mean n gs ran bge thr o u gh t he s u b s t tu tes o n e, an y, i i
rase th
.

a ll each ev er

W d t h h is , a n d n o t a n y thin g el
an e se
, , y, p .

b
.

a lmos t n on e
W
he n a is u se d b ef o re few o r little the m e an n

o re f
he n n o ar t cle is u s e d b ef
,

i
ew o r little th
,
e
g
m
is, so me a t leas t

e an n g is, n on e, o r
i
i
.

The p ro igate man is seldo m o r n e ve r f o u n d to b e the goo d hu sb an d, the

g oo d f
a the r,
o r t he b en e ce n t n e igh b o r I n Hollan d, gre at p ar t o fthe lan d has .

b ee n re scu e d f ro m the sea H e r e ce iv e d o nly t he f o u r th p art o fthe e stat e

. The .

in te re st is the t e nth p ar t o ft he su m A p ron o u n is t he w o rd u s e d f or a n o u n . .

A lib rarian is the p e rso n w ho has charge o f a lib rary A v o id the too f re qu e n t .

re p et ition o f the s ame w o r d S o me times the adj e ctiv e b eco mes a su b stan t iv e,
.

an d has an o the r adj ectiv e j o in e d t o it A n art icu lat e so u n d 1s the s o u n d o fthe .

hu man vo ice , f o rme d b y t he o rgan s o f s p e ech C o n tras t mak e s each o fthe .

co n tras te d o bj ec ts app e ar in t he s tron ge r light To t he bu sin ess o f o the rs . I

gi ve b u t a little at ten tio n A little re spe ct shou ld b e p aid to tho s e w ho de s e rve
.

n on e A re n o t my days a f
. ew A f e w me n o fhis age e nj o y s o go o d he al th .

S 0 b old a b r e ach o fcon du ct ca lled f o r little se ve rity in p u nishing t he o f fe n de r

W
.

4 . hether A or AN s hou ld be U sed .

1 A sho u ld b e u se d b ef
. o re conson an t so u n ds .

2 A n sho u ld b e u s e d b ef
. o re v o wel so u n ds .

a . i i
A w o r d b e g n n n g w ith the co n so n an t so u n d o f w o r o f y, is to b e
i i
tre ate d as ifb e g n n n g w th a co nso n an t ; as, On e, u n io n , eu logy i .

i i
b A w o r d b e g n n n g w th h so u n de d, an d hav n g t he acce n t o n the
. i i
s e co n d syllab le , is u s u ally t re ate d as ifb e g n n n g w th a v o w e l ; as, H er o ic, i i i
hyen a, hia tu s, her editar y .

H e had in teres t in the matter

a I t w as a hu mb le an d d utiful p e t it io n t o .

the thro n e A r gu s is said t o have had an hu n dre d e ye s

. An Af rican o r an .

Eu ro p ean A n here tic ; a here t ical O p inio n

. A harangu e A hye n a A hia . . .

tu s. A harmo n io us o w o fw ords I s it an i o r an a t A n his to ry ; a hist o .

rical acco u n t ; a historian A hero ic p o e m A hyp erb ole . A hyp othe sis . .
 A R TI C LE S .
E X ER C I S E S . 145

x
A n he agon ; a he ago n al gure here w as n o t x . T an hu man b emg on the p lace .

u l y o u n g man
A n ho p e f A n u n ity o f in terest . . I w ould n ot mak e s u ch an
u se ofit I t w as n o t su ch an o n e as
. w an ted I .

I mp r op er U se f
o A or A N befo r e P lu r a ls .

i i
The n de n te ar t cle sho u ld n e ve r b e so u se d i as to a
pp e ar to hav e a

p lu ral s
gn cat o n i i
I ,
i
n s e r t w o rds o m t w o r ds o r
,
. i chan ge the te rm .

A win din g st airs led u s to the S e n ate C hamb e r A ight of ,

St e s aw he r . I
a p a ir of
.

trim he r nails w ith a scis so rs T he n e t o bj ect w as , t o p ro v ide

. x
a he ad qu ar te rs
-
The f ar m w as a lo n g w ay s f
. ro m t o w n The right w in g en .

camp e d b e hin d a s mall w o o ds saw a s n u f f e rs ly ing o n the man te l .

p iece I -

x
.

T his idi om is a re main s o fthe S a o n dialect L e t u s mak e a little me mo ran da .

o fit. A f e w mile s f ro m the riv e r is a large s w amp, o r at s The p ro b le m .

can n ot b e s olv e d f ro m s u ch a data A lon g min u t iae o f de tail made t he s to ry .

v e ry t e di o u s A b o u t a t wo days af
. ter wards the le gat e s re tu rne d t o C aesar
J
.

T he child w as n o t a thre e w e ek s o ld, w hen it die d The e ws w e re p e rmitte d .

a
W
t o re tu rn to their co u n try, af t e r a s e v e n ty ye ars o f cap t iv ity at B aby lo n .

cap tivity ofseven ty y ear s A n e ight ye ars w ar was t he co n s e u e n ce

ith q

.

s u ch a S p irit an d in trigu e s w as t he war carr ie d o n a nd s uch in tr i ues

g .

The co t tage w as f rin ge d b y a v e ry han ds o me e av es A mo t he r an d children

an d her childr en
.

w e re cap t u re d b y the n dian s I A n eat ho u s e an d gar

.

de ns w ere t hu s sold f o r a tri e My f

ri e n d b ou ht a ho u s e an d lo ts in the
g .

s u b u rb s o fS t

ou is . L .

R emark A llowable N e v er did a s et o f r ascals tr av e l fu rt her t o n d a gal

lo zos I r vi g
n T h e d r au g h t
. o f air p e r f
o r m e d t he f u n ct io n o f a bello ws Dr
I
. . .

r v in g als o has t he p hr as e

R ober ts on a to n gs S e e N u mb er s , p 1 06

W
. . . .

W
6 . hen the A r tic e l shou ld n o t be R ep ea ted .

7 hen the A r ticle sho u ld be R ep ea ted

W
. .

1 . ii
he n the rep e t t o n o fthe art cle w o u ld su ggest m or e obj e cts than i
2 . W
ar e m ean t the art cle sho u ld b e o m tte d
,
i
i i
hen the o m ss on o f t he ar t cle w o u ld n o t s u gge st all the obj e cts
mean t, the art cle sho u ld b e re p e ate d i
i
i
.
.

i
3 The ar t cle is elegan tly omitted t o sho w that the o bj e cts ar e j o n e d, o r
. i
co mp r e hen de d in o n e v e w i .

i
4 The ar t cle is elegan tly ins er ted to sho w that the o bj e cts ar e sep arate,
.

i i
5 . W
d st n ct, o r O pp o s te ; o r that they ar e v e w e d s oi
i
he n the art cle r elates t o a se r e s o fte rms, it sho u ld pr e ce de the i
i .

i
w hole s er e s, o r e lse e ach te r m o fthe s e r e s i .

T he f ors ak e n may n d an o ther an d a b e tter f rie n d My f rie n d w as marr ie d .

t o a s en sib le an d an a miab le w oman The matter de s erves an impartial, a .

c are f u l, an d a tho ro u gh in v estigat io n Eve re tt, t he scholar, t he s tate s man , an d .

the crate r, sho u ld b e in v ite d The w hite a nd b lack in hab itan ts amou n t t o
.

se v eral t ho u s an ds

to n tin e n ts
A ho t an d cold sp rin g issu ed f
T he s ick an d w o u n de d w ere le f
The Eas te rn an d
.
t at this p lace
.

e stern C o n tin e n t
ro m t he s a me mo u n ta in

The Eastern an d the

W
e stern

The r st an d the last p ay

.

.
W .

me n ts are t he t w o in disp u te G ive the p o s s es siv e an d the ob j ect ive cases o f

whothe p oss e ss iv e an d o bj ectiv e cas e o f who
.

The Old an d N e w e st a me n t . T .

The Old an d the N e w e stame n ts T

M a cau lay 1 8 n o t s o go o d a p o e t as an his .

to rian . H e is n o t s o go o d a state sman as a s oldier S he is n o t s o go o d a. .

coo k as a w as he r wo man am a b e t te r arithmet ician t h . I

an a gr ammarian .

The gu re is a glob e, a ball, o r a s p he re I s this a v, a, or u ? A P hilo s op h .

146 A R TI C LE S EXE R C I S E S
. .

I
ical n qu iry in to the Origin of o u r deas o n the S u b lime an d Beau t if I
ul The .

L
W
atin in t o du ce d b e t w e e n t he C o n qu e s t an d r e ign o f e nry the Eighth H

r
( 00n .

qu est re f e rs t o illiam the C on u ero r, n o t to e n ry ) q
I n my last le ct u re H . I
tre a te d o f t he c o n cise an d dif f u s e , t he n e rv ou s an d f e eb le man n er T he b lack .

an d r e d s o il w ill pr o du ce t he b e s t cro ps o k in ds o fs o il w e re m e an t )
(T w A . .

ho rse an d a b u ggy w e n t u p t o the ho u se ere , at dif fe ren t t ime s the p are n t s . H ,

had b u rie d a so n an d dau ght e r H e u n ders tan ds n e ithe r the L a tin o r

. ree k G
langu ages n either th e L a tin lan guage n or the G r eek ar ts co mp are d, co n
.

(P .

t rast e d, o r dis tin c tly n o tice d, sho uld b e e pr es s e d w ith e u al f u lln e ss ) The x q .

p oor as w e ll as rich t he hi h a n d lo w the w se an d i n o ran t w o u ld b e b e n e

, g , g ,
i
te d b y su ch a la w Bo t h t he ho u se an d b arn w ere co n s u me d b y re
. He .

has dis tin gu is he d himselfb o th as a t e ache r an d s cholar N either the p o o r no r .

r ich a re co mp le t el Y o u mu st sho o t a b e ar e ithe r thro u gh t he he art

y hap py
o r thr ou gh the br ain
.

o r b rain . L et u s make a distin ction b et w e en t he lo ss

.

x
an d e p e n se he re is little dif
. f T
e r en ce b e t we en a cat amo u nt an d le o p ard cat -
.

I t is n o t dif cu lt t o dis tin gu is h t he de mago gu e f r o m s tate s man N o t the use, .

b u t ab u s e, o fw o rldl y t hin gs, is sin f

an d die

f
.

rien ds, n o t e n e mie s , o f t he

ul

n st itu t io n
T he yo u n g, as w e ll as old, may s ick e n
I t w as n o t the lo ss, b u t dishon or, that gr iev e d him
I
w o u ld rather p lu ck a lily than
.

e are the
. I
. W
ro s e. 1 w o u ld rat her he ar the w hipp o o rwill than k atydid The o n e o r othe r .

W
o ft he tw o . T
he re is n o t a t re e in t he y ar d, n o r o w er in the gar de n The .

hu m o fb e e s, an d so n gs o fb irds , f e ll s w e e t ly u p o n my e ar as t he man n e d, .
an d da mage
p aid I The o ak , as h, map le , e lm, an d the hick o ry, are t he p rin

e ip e l t re es o f this S tate S u ch a la w w o ul d b e inj u rio u s t o t he f

. ar mer, me
c ha n ic, an d the me rchan t C o me is an irre gular tran sit iv e v e rb
. fo u n d in t he
in dicativ e moo d, t he p rese n t t en se, t hird p erso n, an d s ingu lar n u mb er .

R emar k A v o id s u ch an arr an ge m e n t o f t erms as w ill m ak e the art icle r e lat e

t o so me t o w hich yo u do n o t m e an t o a l
pp y it E X A M E

w a s t hi n kin
g o ft he . PL I
s olar s ys te m t ime an d S ace i e , t he s olar s ys t e m, t he s olar t im e , an d t he s o
, p
I
. .

lar s p ace u t t he au tho r me an t to say

.

w as t hin king o ftim e , s p ace , an d t he .

s olar s s t em

y .

M isc ellan eou s Examples .

Ih av e du ll sort o fa headache all day

had a The e n n e s see , the M is8 1 s . T
s ipp i, an d the M is s ou ri, are all t he n ame s de riv e d f ro m the n dian lan gu ages I .

The v iolat io n o fthis r me n e v er f ails to dis please a r eader A o r an is s ometime s .

W
u s e d to co n v ey an ide a of u n ity By adding 3 to dove, w e mak e it a p lu ral. .

he n a w hole is p u t f o r the p art, o r t he p ar t f o r a who le ; a ge n u s f o r t he sp e

c ies, o r t he sp e cies f or age n u s ; a sin gu lar f o r a plu ral , o r a p lural f o r a s in gu

lar, the gu r e is calle d a s yn ecdoche S u rely there is lit tle s atis f actio n in t he.

hav ing ca u s e d an o the r s ru in S he con trib u t e d a thou sand dollars t o b u ild

.

in g o f a co lle ge e di ce
The v irtu es like his are n o t e as ily acqu ire d : s u ch
.

q u alities ho n o r t he n at u re o f a man b o u ght a vest patte rn an d trimmings, . I -

fo r ve do llars

mis s Bur ke
in t he p lace o fa le tte r le f
.
.

t ou t
W T
his cau se d an u n iv ersal co n stern atio n t hro u gho u t t he colo
e s to p p e d at a ho t e l o n B ro adway A p os tro phe
T he day an d n ight su ccee d e ach o the r
.
is us e d
A ll
.

t he chie f p ries ts an d e lde rs t ook co u ns el again st e su s, to p u t him to deat h J .

Y ou may me asu re t he t ime by a w atch, clo ck, o r dial B e w are of dru nk e n . .

n e s s : it imp airs u n ders tan ding, w as te s an estate, de s tro ys a re p u t at io n , co nsu me s

t he b o dy, an d re n de rs the man o f the b right e st p ar ts t he co mmo n j e st o f t he

me an e st clo wn ru e c harit
y is. n o t t heT m e te or w hic h o ccasio n ally glares, b u t

t he lu min ary w hich in its o rde rly an d regu lar co u rs e , disp en se s b e n ign ant in
,

u en ce .P urity has its s eat in the he ar t, b u t e te n ds its in f lu e n ce o ver so x

mu ch o f the o u twar d co n du ct, as to f o rm the gre at an d mate rial p ar t o f a
character .
 1 48 A R T I C LE S .
O B S ERV A T I O N S .

11D en ite, as b ein g alo n e ,

. k n o wn to b e s oor all , an d T he e arth is s o me

.

w hat at at the p o le s
T he . r s t an d th e las t

.

1 2 D e nite, as b ein g m ad e s o b y s o m e ac co mp an yin g de s cr ip tiv e w o rds The

W
.

L
.

"
B U E E Y ED d a ms e l
-
. he win ds o r A UT U M N
T he ma n H O rs ar mo u r

.
.

1 I n den ite, as rs t in tr o du cin g an o bj e ct o fa k n o w n class , o r as imp ly in that

.
g
t her e ar e o r m ay b e o t he r o bj e cts o f t he s am e k in d
A n o ld manu s cr ip t , fo u n d
H
.

in R o m e , has , & c
He is a s addle r A
. o m er

I n t hi s s e n s e , t he n o u n
x
. .

may he e v e n t o s o me e t en t m ade de n ite b y o t her w o r ds .

2 I n den ite, as b ein g u s e d in t he s en s e o fa ny, each, o r every

.

A co nj u n ct io n .

co n n e cts w o r ds

. A do llar a p air

x
.

3 I n de n ite, t o e clu de the amb igu o u s s en s e which the w o u ld giv e

.

S he r e .

c e iv e d a t hird o ft he e s t at e T he t hir d m ig ht s u gge s t a p ar t icu lar t hir d
.

A .

lib rar ian is a p e rs o n w ho has char ge o f a lib rary T he p ers o n m ight s u es t

gg
is t he s u b e ct
.

t hat n o min ativ e
'

er s o n .

1 m itted, b ecau s e t e m in d d o es n ot in divid u ali e t he o bj ect , o r co n ceiv e it z

w ith d e n ite li mits Or thogr ap hy tr e ats o f t he f
.

o r ms o f letter s an d w or ds .

T he o ak is a s p ecies o ftr ee .

2 Omitted, b ecau se , b y f q
re u e n t n ot ice o ft he o b j e ct the w o r d has ac u ir e d al q
W
.

W
,
m os t t he de nit en ess o f a p ro pe r n ame, o r b ecau se it is m er e ly d e s crip t iv e .

he e is fa ther ?
r

A t table
ith bo dy an d so u l .

O n foot G o . .

t o bed .

Bo s t o n Commo n
.

3 Om itted, b ecau s e if u s e d it might imp ly t o o m u ch imp o rt an ce or e mp has is

.
.

N o t ice
A N o tice m ight s u gge s t, N o w lo o k her e f

o r t his is a n o tic e t hat is

.
.

a n o t ice .

4 Omitted, b ecau s e it m i ht ive a w ro n g im p r e ssio n H e was the n sher if

g g
. . .

U s e es sen ce o fp e pp e rm n i t S he is heir t o a
. lit t le fo tu n e
r

.

5 Om itted, f o r t he s ak e o fp oe ti c m e as u r e T he w hy is p lain as way t o .

p a r i s h c h u r ch . S }az h e sp ear e .

A lways co n s ide r car efu lly, in the u s e o fw or ds , w hat the s e n se r e u ir e s A q .

is im ro p er ; b e ca u s e o n e t re e is n o t a clas s , n o r is a
W

i
p ne is a s p ec e o i s f a t r e e ,

w ho le clas s a art o fo ne tre e T in e is a sp ecies of tr ee B e ar o r ces t e r t o
p
p . .

t he de at h b ha/c I
mp ro p e r , b e cau s e n o p ar ticu lar k in d o f de at h was m ean t
to death to his dea th A halfe agle , an d halfan e agle , ar e n o t n e ce s s arily
W
. .
.

q
e u iv ale n t hat is t r u e o f all, is u s u ally tr u e o f e ach: he n ce we can s ay , A
W
.

u l t han a rich m an

i s e m an m ay b e mo e u s e f r A go o d p u p il n e v e r dis o b e ys his
in s tr u ct o r o r, The w is e m an m ay b e m o r e u s e f

u l t han the r ich man The
o d ii e v e r dis o b eys his in s t r u c t o r

he r e ar e s o m e t hin s that ma T b
d
g o a n g
)
p . e co n
c e ive e i t he r in t he ro s s o r as in d ivid u als an d he n ce t he ar ticle m ay e e ithe r
o mit t e d o r u s e d t f e ll w i t h l o u d n o is e
; I t f e ll w it h l
a o u d n o is e

s ee a I
I
. .

f ar m .

Fir s t o b s er van ce ; u s t e n o u gh k no wle dge o fit t o t ell what it is

s e e th e .

f ar m . P re v io u s k n o wle ge C ae s ar , a C aes ar ;
.

r o m lib e r t
y e ach n o b le r F
s cie n ce s p r u n g, a B aco n b r i ght e n e d, an d a S p e n e s r s u ng

M e an ing as s u me d ,
x D ar s t t ho u , t he n , to he ard t he lio n in his de n , the D o u
.

a p licat io n e t e n de d

g a s ih h i s h a l l

S c o tt
h T
e s e are t he s acr e d f e elin gs o f t h he ar t
y 0 L yttle
I
.
,
t o , the f
n rie n d T homson am s u r p ris e d t hat he s ho u ld hav e t r e at e d co ld l a
. .
y
m an s o mu ch the ge n tle man
P re emin e n ce . The is s o metime s an e legant s u bs t i .

t u te f o r t he p o s s es s iv e p ro n o u n He to o k m e b y the han d
my han d Y ou -

. .

m ay always k n o w t he t re e b y the

fr u it its fur i t
hey had n ev er b o we d the . T
k n e e t o a tyr an t .

T he re ar e f e w mis t ak es in his co m p o sitio n ah most n on e he re ar e a f ew -

. T
mis ta ke s in his co mp o s itio n
some ma n y -
her e are n ot a f -
T
e w m is t a k e s in his

.

co mp o it o n

s i ver m an y S , 0 S h e h a s li tt le v a n it S he h as a tittie v ani y ; t

.

S he has n ot a ittle v an ity

A n o u n lim it ed y t he in de n i te ar ticle , m ay
.

of te n b e made p lu ral in t he s ame s e n s e, b y o m it tin g t he ar ticle : as , He w as

a r ep resen ta tive f ro m S t L o u is
hey w e e r p r es n tives f
r e e ta T ro m S t L o u is

. . .

E eg ce e
l i es ,
He p aid n eithe r the p ri n cip al n or the int er e s t b o t h t he
d
a n r n r

p r in ci al an
n ot e in te r es t
t h e in te r e s t th e p rin cip al as w e ll as th
rin ci al an d in t e r e s t

e i n t e r es tth
e u s u ally s ay ,
c ; accor dingly , it is b e t te r t o s ay ,

W
e p rin cip al, b u t
T o o go o d a man ,
.

To o n i ce a w o m a n ,

To o large an ap p e , .

Too f q
re u en t a r e et it io n
p ,

t ha n ,

A t o o n i ce w o man ,

A t o o fre u e n t r ep q
" He is a b ett er p o et t han p ain ter

He is n o t s o go o d a ai n t e r He
e tit n.i o .

x
.

n t in g, he e c e ls p o e ts

b i t t h t I i h e black an d
is a e t p
t e r a n e r a n a o e n p a

. .

w hite call tf b e b lack an d t he w hi t e calf t w H e w r o te f

r on6 ca z . o or a .

light and a s tro ng wago n t wo He wro e f t or a . li h

g t an d s tro n w
g a n g o

one .
 A D JE C TI VE S . 149

han ds om e , a sen sib le , an d an acco mp lis he d w om an mar r ied

He marr ie d a
m w o ma A f ar mer ,

thr ee S ay a han dso m e , s e n s ib le an d a c c o p li s h e d n .

lawyer , an dp olitician , a ddr e s s e d t he as s e mb ly

,

I
.

o n e p er son s aw t he e dit o r
o r the sak e o f
.

t he r in t e r , an d t he p r o p rie to r o fthe p ap er thr ee p er s on s Bu t , f -
.

e mp as is , an d w he n t he m ean in can n o t b e m is co n cei v e d, t he art icle is s o m e

tim e s re p e ate d ; as ,

T
her e s at t e w is e , the e lo u e n t , an d the p atrio tic C hat ham
q .

W may n o t b e e u iv alen t t o G ive m e the fo u r t h q

G iv e m e the f o u r t h an d t he las t ,
an d las t

e can n ot s ay , T he d e n it e an d the in de n ite ar ticles ,
n o r,

.

T he de n ite an d in d e nite ar ticle b u t w e mu s t s ay, T he de n ite an d the ih

d e n it e ar t icle ,
T he de n ite an d in d e n it e a r t icle s
,

o r ,

T he de n ite article an d
t i e in de n it e


T he las t is gen erally t he b e s t m o d e o fe p re s s ion
. The o m is s io n x .

o ft he ar ticle s o m e t im e s im p hc s a u n i ty in t he o b j e cts o r in t he v ie w tak e n ; t he

r e p e titio n o fit , s e arat i n o

T he s o u l a d b od y
n

Ve w e d as o n e
i.

T he s o u l . .

an d t he b o dy ie we d s ep ar at e ly an d d is tin ct ly The day , t he ho u r , an d the
hav e u s t s old a ho u s e an d lo t a hors e
.

I
.

mi n u te , w e re sp e ci e d
Emp has is
'

I
. .

av e j u s t s o ld a ho u s e an d a lo t

an d bu ggy O n e b elon ge d t o t he o t her
. .

a ho r s e an d a b u gg O n e did n o t b e o n g o t he o he
l t t r H e is a p o e t an d a .

m at he m aticia n
Q u ali cat io n s s e ldo m f
o u n d in t he s am e p er s o n

H e is a
na law ye r an d p o lit ician
. .

p yh s ic ia n an d s u r ge o Q u ali cat io n s u s u all fo u n d in

W
.

t he s am e ers o u

A s in gu lar and p lu r al an t ece de n t r e u ir e a p lu r a v e r b
. q .

ells squ ir e, in t he p lu r al n u mb e r , s ho w s t he se n s e ; b u t t he art icle s ho u ld

.

r athe r hav e b e e n re p eat e d

he r e ar e t hr ee er s o n s the Trs t s e co n d , an d
'

here are th
.

t hir d
Mr B ro w n co en ds t hat t s s o u d e ,
n t h i h l
r e e p e rs on s T
I
. .

the rs t , the s eco n d, an d th e t hir d t hin k he is hyp e r critical in r eg ar d to s u ch
x
.

e pr e s s io n s Q u a n ta S ho u ld t he in de n ite article b e r ep eat e d b ef

. or e e ach o n e o f
a s e r ie s o fs u b s t an tiv e s , m e r e ly b e cau s e a dif f e r en t f or m o ft he ar ticle is r e u ir e d ? q
M r M u rray t hin k s it s ho u ld ; t he o t he r gramm ar ian s t re at the dif cu lty wit h char
I
.

act e ris t ic e v as io n s ho u ld n o t hes it at e t o o mit the art icle t o av o id a clu ms ier

x I
.

r s io n h o l d r at h er s a A re p o s it io n s ho w s t he r e latio n o f a n o u n ,
e
p e s s u .
y , p
adj e ct iv e , v er b , o r ad v e r b , t o a n ob j e cti v e , t han , A p r e p o s itio n s ho w s t he r ela
t io n o fa n o u n , an adj ectiv e , a v e rb , o r a n ad ve rb , t o an o bj e ctiv e S o me o f t he

.

b e s t au tho r s f
" A
av o r t he f o r m

er m o de o fe p e s s io n
r S u ch e p re s s io n s a s

A his to x . x
r ian , har mo n ic s cale , hav e o ccas io n ally b een co u n te n an ce d b y t he b e s t write r s
an d crit ics ; an d it w o u ld s eem t hat e u p ho n s o m etimes allo w s t he a w hen t he
rs t s yllab le is clo s e d b y a co n s on an t s o u n or w he n t he h is hear d with con
s id e rab le d is tin ctn es s .

7 . A D JEC TI VES .

2 03 . An a d j e c t iv e is a wo rd u se d to q u ali fy or li mi t the
me an i n g o fa su b stan ti v e .

Ex
A mello w ap le ; a bean tifal w o m an ;
. brillian t s tar ; ve car riages ; a
der m o u n tain s ; br ass u tto n s ; hoary hea ded men ; a lar ge, r ed, an d j u ic ap -
e;

e ye s br ight, blu e, an d a ection ate
He is in d u str io us a d fr ug l
n a

o si . . ht
t he p oo r is mean
.

O u r lan gu age has ab ou t j

ad e ctiv e s ; an d they giv e t o it n ot a lit tle of

W
its b e au ty , e nergy, an d p rec is io n .

2 04 or ds f
ro m o t he r arts o fsp e e ch are re q u e ntl
f u s e d as
.
p y
j
ad e ct ve s i .

Ex .
A gold r in a mahogan y t ab le ; s tate ; Calif
r e v en u e or nia old ; sh e

p oli ti cian s wou ld s cho lar

p ar s ing e x e r cis es ; r ollin g r air ies ; t e j ar of
;
h
; a e -

WW

f
fu t u re ; t he a bo ve r e m ark s ; a ar ewell addre s s T he lig t n in gs as he d e er

.

m t lion D te ( T he r o s e o ok s
a n .

T he . e st is as tr u ly A me r ican , as

g en u in ely Jo nathan , as an y o t her p ar t o fo u r co u n tr y . is e .

i 2 05 . A dj e ct i v es m ay b e di v i ded i nt o t wo ch e i fclass es ; descr ip

tw e an d de n i tive .

l 2 06 . A d e sc r ip t i v e j
ad e ct v e i de s r b e s ci or q u al i e s .

Bin G o o d, w hite , s q u are . o r es t w as b athe d in golden light.

T he gr ee n f
15 0 A DJE C TI VE S .

2 07 . A d e fi n i t i v e j
ad ect v e i me r ely li mi ts or mo di es .

Ex . Th e r e ar e man y w e althy f
ar mer s in this co u nt ry .

r

. i i i
A dj e ct v e s m ay b e d v de d als o n to s e v e r al s malle r clas se s : n ame ly, i
comm o n ; p ar ticip ia l; co mp o u n d ; n u mer a l,
co m p r s n
g ca r din a l,
o r din a l
,
ii
an d m u ltip lica tive ; an d p r o n o min a l, co mp r s n g distr ibu tive, demo n s tr a tiv e, ii
n ite
a n d in de .

l 2 08 A , c ommon adj ect ve i is an

y i
o r d n ary e p i th t e o fthe lan gu age ;
as, G o o d, up p er .

2 09 A .
p p
r o e r j
ad e ct v e i is an
j
ad e ct v e i de r i ve d ro m
f a
p ro
p e r
n ou n
; ,
as A mer ica n , E nglis h, N ew ton ian .

c
2 1 0 A p ar ti ip ial adj ective i s a p ar t c ple ascr b n g the act o r
. ii i i
stat e t o its s u bj e ct as a q u al ty ; as,

Twin kling s tars

i .

I n the p hr as e his d v in g d ay , dying is a m er e adj e ctive an d it is p lain , f

or
in s tan ce , t hat u nep itap hed
w it ho u t e p it a h,

an d u n hor ed
s
de p riv e d o f
ho rs e A p a r ticip ia adj ectiv e is d er iv e d d ir e ct ly fro m
'

di e r r adic ally i n s e n s e .

a v er b . is n e ar ly always p lace d b ef
o r e its n oun , an d ge n er ally e xp
re s s es a
p er
m an e n t or hab it u al act o r s tat e .

2 1 1 A omp oun d adj e ct

. c i ve is a co mp o u n d w o rd u se d as an ad e c t v e
j i ;
as,

Thick w a r bled so n gs

.

3 2 12 A
{
. nu me r al j
a d e ct ve i e Xp r esses n u mb er de n i tely ; as
,
Two,
seco n d, twofo ld .

The car din a l n u merals

ho w many, as on e, two ; the or din al, w hich t ell

o n e, as rs t, s econd , an d t he mu ltip lica tive ho w man y f o ld, as s ingle, do u ble, ,

twof o ld A lo n g o r co mpo sit e nu meral is p arse d as o ne w o rd

. .

The p ron omin al adj e ct v e s are a class o fde f

2 13 . in t v e adj ect ve s i ii i
i i
o fw h ch s o me are o ccas o n ally u s e d as p r on o u n s ; a s, T ha t, this, o th er .

i The dis tr ibu tive p oin t o u t obj ec ts as t ak e n s ep arately ; as, Each, every ,
either , ne ither , m an y a .

l de n ite, p oin t o u t o bj ects de nitely

The demons tr ative, or as , This , yo nder .

l The in den ite p o in t ou t o bj ects in de nitely as, A ny, s om e .

D e gr e e s o fC o m p a r is o n .

S i n ce the
q u ali ty m ay exi t in di ffer ent obj e cts a d in
sa me s n

di f
fer e t de ree
g adj ect i v e
n are m o di e d t o e x
p e hi s,
g he o r lo w e s r ss r r

degr e es o r t he hi ghest o r the lo w e t degre e s o ft he q li ty He

,
s ,
ua . n ce

adj ect i ve ha e w hat ar e calle d the deg ee

s
f vcomp i so r s o ar n .

Ex . L ime i s white milk is whiter ; b u t s n ow is t he whi test o fall .

A dj e ct i v es hav e thre e degrees o f c o mp ari s o n ; the p ositive, t he

co mp ar a tive, an d t h e s up er la tive .

2 1 4 a The p o s i t i v e degree as cr i b e s the q u ali ty s i mply

. . .

Ex . A yo u n g orchar d ; a arm
large f .

T he elds lo ok green an d fr esh .

r

. 215 . b It. as cr ibe
fthe q u ali ty, w i tho u t r e f
s an e
er q u al degree o

e n ce to lo we r o r hi her de re es o ft he same q u a li t
g g y .

Ex h
S e i s good as he
s
. a

A w oman as modes t as s he is bea u tifu l . .

2 2 1 6 a T he c o

. . m
p a r a t i v e degr e e ascri b e s the q u ali ty in a
 152 A DJE C TI VE S .

222 . A li ttle o fthe q u ali ty may be e x ress ed

p by add n i g ish
to the p o s t ii v e, or by p laci ng b ef
o r e it suc h wo rds as r a ther , s ome
wha t, &0 .

Ex Black , blackish;
. saltis h yellowish; somewhat dis agreeab le ; rather you n g .

2 23 . A hi gh degre e o fthe q u ali ty, w i tho u t i mplyi ng di r ect

c o mpa ri s o n
,
is ex presse d by ver y, exceedingly, a mos t, &c .

Ex .
V ery r es ectf
p ul ; e x cee di n gly p olite ; a mo s t distin gu is he d s o ldier .

How a d j e c tiv e s are c o m pared .

224 . To e xpre s i s f
n er o r i i ty ,
we u se less an d lea s t .

Ex .

Po s .
good , co mp . less goo d, s u p er] . leas t goo d ; impo rtan t , less imp or tan t,

225 . To xpr ess su peri o r i ty the c o mpa i

e ,
r so n o rm e d b
is f y a ddi n
g
er an d es t to the p i ti e osr b
y p laci n
v
g mo e a,
o r n d m os t b e f
o r e it .

Ex Pos lar ge co mp
. .
,
. la er , en erl . lar ges t ; rich, h
r ic er , h
r ic es t ; che e rfu l,
mor e cheerfu l most cheerful R f
W
, . ee u es o r S p ellin g .

l hich o fthes e me tho ds shou ld b e u se d, de p en ds chie y on the so u n d o f

the w o rd, o r on the n u mb e r o fits syllable s .

A dj e cti v e s o fo n e syllab le are co mpare d b y addi ng er f

226 . or

t he co m parati v e, an d es t f o r the s u e r lati v e

p .

Ex D e ep , deep er , deep es t W
. i s e wis er wis es t
, , ; s ad, sadder , saddes t dry, dr ier ,
; ;

227 A dj ecti v e s o fthre e o r mo r e syllables mu st alw ays b e co m

.

p ar e d b
y m o r e an d mo s t .

Pix Be au tif u l, mor e beau tif

u l mos t beau tiful ,
.

0
A dj ect ives o ft wo syllab les f o llo w so me o fthe m o n e metho d, an d so me the

l 228 . A dj e cti ve s f tw o syllables e n di n g in y , o r in le af

o ter a
co n so n an t, o r acce n t e d o n t he s e co n d sylla ble, are gen e rally co m

ar e d b er an d es t
p y .

Ex H app y, happ ier , hap p iest ; f

. e eb le , feebler , f eebles t p olite , p o liter , p olites t .

2 2 9 S o me o ther adj ectiv e s o ft wo syllab les ar e s o me ti m es co m

.

are d ih li k e man n e r ; e s eci all i f t he e n d in a vo we l o r a liq u i d

p p y y
so u n d .

Ex N
arr ow , n ar r ower , n ar r o wes t han ds o e. an dso m h mer , han dsomes t ;
B lair
.

der , ten der er ten der est

The et ap ho r is t he conwnon est m gu re .

s
Philo s o p he rs
.

to ri c
.

ar e b ut a s ober er s o r t o f madme n . I rv in g .

2 30S o me wo rds are

. e xp re ss e d in the su
p erlat v e i degre e, by
an n e xi n g mo s t to t he m .

Ex .
-
F or e mo s t , ut mo s t, inmo s t , in n er mos t, hin dmos t, n ether most .

To eXpr e ss s u pe ri o ri ty,
231 . an
y j
ad ect ve i may so m et i mes be
c o mpared by mor e and mos t .

Ex A fo o t mor e li h
g t, a s t e more tru e,
S cott
.

N e er f ro m the heat h das hed the dew

o wer . .
 A D JE C TI VE S . 153

l 2 32 .

a r e p ro p e rly co mp ar e d b o
W
he n tw o o r mo re adj ect ves co me to ge the r, o fw h ch s o me
r an d es t, an d o th rs b m or e a n d m ost the
i i
y e y ,

s malle r ar e ge n e rally place d rs t, an d all are co mp are d as o n e , b y m or e

a nd mos t .

Ex T he mor e n ice an d elegan t ar ts

. .
Johnson .

H o m er
s imagin atio n was
ar the most r ichan d cop io us

by f op e . .

Mor e, most, less, an d leas t, w he n u s e d to co m p ar e o ther words , s ho u ld be

ar s e d s e ar at ely an d as adv er b s
p p ,
.

The adj ect v e s w ho se co mp ar so n i i can n o t b e le arn e d by me ans o fa

ge n e ral r u le , are sa d t o b e ir r egu la r i .

Ex . G oo d, better , best ; b ad, wor se, wor s t . S ee p 1 1 . .

N u mber .

S ome j i
ad ect v es e xpr e ss n u mb er .

Ex . T hi s, ew ; m an y
thes e ; that , tho se ; f .

On e, r s t, s econ d, e tc ; ea ch, every, e ither , n either ; this , tha t, a no ther ;

.

m u ch, a ll (the w ho le), w ho le (all the), de n o te b u t o n e o bj e ct o r o n e ag -

gregate .

Ex . T he r st M AN .

T h fi
e r s t TEN M EN .

Ever y ca nn on s lo v es frs lik e .

N either C OMB A TA N T r eco v er ed fro m ms wo u n ds .

r

The. nu me rals ab o v e o n e, (
as tw o, thr ee, an d these, thos e, a ll

(nu mb e r), f ew, sev er a l, man y, di ver s, s u n dr y

,
re f
er to mo re o bj ects than on e .

A dj ect i v es i mplyi n g nu mb e r, mu st agre e in t hi s re spect

233 .

w i th the s u b stanti ves to w hi ch t he y r e late .

Ex
Fou r feet n o t , F f
ou r o o t
Tha t m a n f
o t r e e s

r
o ,

T rees o f .

Those KI N D
, .
,

t hat KI N D n ot , o ftrees .

P ro n o m in a l a n d o t he r d e fi n i t i v e a d ge e t i v e s .

A ll tak es in the w ho le n u mb er sp ok e n o f } o r the e n tire o bj e ct o r clas s A ll .

A ll the years o fman s lif

m en I fall t he year w ere p layin g ho lidays

. e . .

He is the b est o fthem all .

A n y s tro ngly de n o t es an in de nite o bj e ct

I t den ot e s it as O p po sed t o a .

p ar ticu la r o n e o r to n o n e

h . T
e re is litt le ho n o r in w hat a n y bo dy can do

.

H av e y ou an y f o r eigner s in y o u r co u n t ?
y

B o t h me an s the two I t is u s u ally e mp hat ic, imply in g n o t o n ly the o ne, bu t

.

Bo th horse s are lame a ther an d mo th

the o ther a lso .

H is f er are bo th dead . .

Ce r t a i n in de n ite l


y de scrib es what the s p e ak e r mo re de n itely k no w s

A .

c er ta in man p lan te d a vin eyar d I w ill n o t v o t e fo r a cer tain can didate

.

D i ve r s=s ever al or ma ny
.

dizf er en t D ivers p hilo so phe rs hold that the

.

lip s are p art an d p arcel o ft he mind S hah E ver so ma ny dieren t p hiloso

. .

p her s . e tc .

E a ch me an s b oth I t implie s tw o o r mo re
o r all co n s idere d s e p arat ely . .

Each o n e o fthe t win s has a hors e
Each p u pil mu st u se his o wn b o o k s . .

E i t he r me an s o n e o r the o ther o ft wo, b u t n o t b o th S o met ime s it de .

n o te s t he t wo in t he se n s e o feach, b u t w ith gre ate r d ist in ctn ess I w ill s ell .

either o n e o fm h
y tw o o s e s
r

E ither ro ad le ads to to w n
O n either s ide

. .

they f o u n d imp as sab le b arr ie rs I rving hat is, ift hey turn e d to o n e s ide ,
. . T
they f o u n d the m there ; an d ift hey t u rn e d to the o the r s ide the y also f ound
,
t he m the re .

Either is s o metime s applie d to more than t wo , b u t w ith v ery qu es tion ab le p ro

p r ic t y E i.ther or ne ithe r a
, pp lie d t o an y n u mb er gr e at e r t han o n e o ftwo o bj e ct s
15 4 A D JE c r I v E s .

IS a mer e s olecism an d o n e o f late in tro du ct io n E zr r iso ns English L a n yaaye "

The p ron omin aladj e ctiv e s e ither an d n either , in s t ri ct p r o p rie ty o fs n t ax r e la t e

.
.

y ,
to t w o o n ly ; w he n mo re ar e r e f er re d t o , an y a n d no n e , o r a n y o ne a n d em o n e

W
,
s ho u ld b e u s e d in s t e ad o f t he m G oold B r o wn T he f o llo w in ro m
g s e n t e n ce f
. .

G e o P M ars h, ho w ev e r, co u ld har dly b e im p ro ve d :

. . D ryde n, Po p e , an d o r ds
wo r th hav e n o t scr u p le d t o lay a p ro f an e han d u p o n C hau ce r a m i ht ier
, g ge n i u s

W

.han either .

x m m
W
E ls e w h at
e is a scer ta i
clu de s
n e d,
f
ro s o ethin g in de n ite

hat els e 1
.

ho else have see n him ?

A ny on e els e .

E v e r y me an s all co n sidere d se parate ly I t imp lies s e v e ral or many Ever y .

z
.

app le in t he b as ke t is fro e n Pick u p ever y o ne . .

F e w deno tes a co mp aratively s mall n u mb e r

Few shall p a rt w her e man
y .

me et .

F o r me r S e e This an d Tha t
. .

L a t te r S e e This an d Tha t
. .

M a n y de n o te s a co mp arativ ely large nu mb e r .

M a n y a me an s man y co nsidere d s ep arately I t diff ers f ro m ever

y, o n ly in .

n ot de no t in g all M a ny a is to many, as ever y is to all

.

M any a man has .

b ee n ru in e d b y inte mp eran ce .

M u c h de no te s a co mp arativ ely large qu antity

Mach mo n ey . .

N e i t he r me an s no t the o ne n or the o ther I t is O pp o se d t o each de n o t in g

er in t his s e n se ; so me t ime s to bo th

t w o , o r t o eith Each o fy o u rs is go od, b u t .

neither Ofmin e is S hall I t ak e bo th, o ne, o r n either
.

N 0 me an s n ot any, o r no t a, o r it den ies o f all s e p arat ely S o metime s it de .

n ie s a ce rt ain charact er o f an Obj ect N o man k n o w s his de s tiny

S he is

. .

no f rie n d Ofmin e Eve n S u n day shin es n o S ab b ath day t o me
. Pop e -
. .

O n e may b e ap plied in de nitely to any p e rs o n o r o the r O bj e ct .

O n e co rresp on ds to a no ther , w he n t he me an ing is no t that there are b u t two

one o r th e one, t o the o th er o f t w o On e= = either oftwo ; the one= . = a p a r tic ular
one oftwo

First came one dau ghter, an d t he n a nother
. T hey marche d on e .

af ter an o ther
He w en t f . ro m one e tre me to th e o ther One s o me times de x .

n o te s a p ers o n as n o t w ell k no wn , o r as o f n o t mu ch imp o rt an ce e n ce it is . H

so me time s v e ry co n te mp tu o u s

O ne P e te r S im m o n s w a s the def e n dant

A n

. .

attack u o n m e b y on e R e id B en ton
p . .

O t he r o r a n o t he r de n ote s s o me thin g dif

e ls e, yet o f the s ame class o r n ame

f e re n t o r dis tin ct f ro m s o me thing
it h allu s io n to so methin g k no w n o r
"
.

Take the othe r

W
me n t io n e d, it de no te s s o methin g e lse A n o ther o v e r o w

.

.

T hey are me an t fo r u s t hey can b e meant fo r n o o ther P Hen r y . . .

y ou
O w n implie s p osse ssio n w ith emphas is o r dis tin ct io n
r o w n b oo k

O u r o wn

S a m e mean s no t a nother o r not dif

e b ster
.

er en t
W M y o wn
.

I t de n o t e s the ide n t ical o bj e ct o r .

. .

a s imilar o bj e ct

I t is t h e s a m e.
b o a t t ha t w e sa w an hou r ago
This
chu rch is b u ilt o fthe sa me s to n es as t he o the r .

S e v e r a l de n ote s mo re than two a nd f e w er than ma n y

S ever al b oy s . .

S o m e den o te s on e o r a in de n it ely I t is O pp o s e d t o a ll, a p ar ticu

p or tio n .

me o ft he ro b b ers w ere cau ght

W
S o me o n e said s o

lar one, o the who le
r So . . .

S o me o fhis mo n ey w as sto le n

hen t w o in de n ite p or tion s are s p o k en o f
.
o r are con tras t e d, s ome is o f ten ap plie d to o n e , an d o thers t o the o t he r ; w he n
more t han t wo are S p o k en o f ,
s om e is ge n e r ally u se d thro u gho u t S o me times .

o ther s is u se d to co ntin u e the s e n te n ce afte r the rs t some

S ome o f t he me n .

w e re w itho u t co ats, an d o ther s w itho u t s ho es S ome o f the p u p ils are in do .

le n t, some are mischie vo u s, an d s ome ar e stu p id .

E mmar ar e c o m m o n ly calle d solems m s fr o m S alt the n am e o fa G re ci an co l

rr o r s o fgr a .
O

,
O

T he bar bar is m is a n o f fe nce agains t

( my n o te d f o r the m is u s e o f t he i r m o t he r to ngu e
f
-

.
,
"
e ty mo l o gy , t he s o le cism agai n s t s y n tax, an d t he i mp rop ri ety aga in s t le x ico gra p hy .

C a mp bell s R he tor i c

.
15 6 A DJE C TI VE S .

i
2 3 7 A n adj e ct ve is so m e t mes u se d w tho u t a su b s tan t v e , to co m~
. i i i
pie te the se n se o fa p re ce d n g p ar t c ple o r n ni t v e i
The adj e ct v e re ii i i . i
lates in se n s e to the o bj e ct su gge ste d by a p r e v o u s po ssess v e ; o r else it i i
i
r e lat e s n de ni te l
y t o so m e b e n
g, o r t o all b e n s w hats o e v e r
g i i .

Ex To B E goo d is T o B E h
.
y

h e T
s e ar e t he co n s e u e n c es o fB EI N G to o
. q
fo d
n o fg o ry
l
His B EI N G r ic was the cau s e o fhis r u in
.

he r e is n ot hin . T
1o s t b y B EI N G car ef ul

. q
T he p hr as e is e u iv ale n t t o a n o u n , o r to an adj e ctiv e an
no un : als o , a n o u n t hat wi ll r e s e r v e t he se n s e can ge n er ally b e s u pp lie d
p , .

G ood n ess is hap iness

p

T
he se ar e t he co u s e u e n ee s o ft o o m u c hfon d ness f
. or
l
g yor . His r i ches w e re t he cau s e o fhis r u in
T o b e a good p er so n is , t o b e .

a h ap p y p er son , o r ,

T o b e goo d p op le, is , t o b e hap
e cop le

Thes e are
p i i;
.

q
t he co n s e u e n ce s o fb e in g a na tion t o o f on d o fglo r y

i b ein g a r ich you n g .

ma n , w as t he cau s e o fhis r u in

T
her e is n othin g lost b y b ein g a car ef ul
p er son

.

b y b e g car ef
in ul
p er son s

.

l
A w o r d t hat is u su all
y j
an ad e ct v e , i
has so me t me s the s en se o r mo i
di catio n s o fa no u n or a p ro n ou n
,
an d ma
y t he n be
p a rs e d acco r d n l
gy i .

W
Ex B u rk e w r o te o n the beau tif
u l an d the su blime O e r the v as t ab

. .

t

M ilto n
e cr o sse d the m ight deep
I n t he dead o f
p
ru . . .

o mp an io n o fthe dea d

Camp bell C ildr e n are af
. r aid t o 0 in to t he dar k
. .

I p r e f r r een t o red

T he p as t, at le as t , is s e c u r e
ebs t er

he s e T
g
e

W
. . .

r imit ives

d i tives B e w e e n t he n o l s p ace an d t he hu t
b l

p av e n o er va t e. a .

he re cither s f all d e t er mi n e s b o th t he ir f Eve ry on e m u s t hav e hear d

ate s .

o ft he tra ical f at fE m m tt
I r vin g
g e o e -
. .

S u ch a w o r d, w he n u se d as a n o u n, e p r e sse s the qu al ty b y a ge n x i
e ral re fe r e n ce to so me o r all o b e cts
j p o sse ss n i
g ;t o r it se ts f
o rth s o me i
p t i
cu lar o b ect o r clas s as charact e r z e d b
j it i
W
ar
y .

he n an adv erb is j o in e d t o s u ch a w o r d, the w or d m u s t b e p ar s ed as an ad

v e , b elo n gin g t o su ch a s u b s t an t iv e u n de r s t o o d as w ill m ak e s e n s e n am e ly ,
j e ct i
thing, thin gs , p er son s, p eop le, p lace, s tyle, o n e, o nes , & c as , The tr u ly wise ar e .

n o t av ar icio u s [ Ho w m u ch a e yo u go t ?
h v

N ea r l all w er e cap t ur e d A
n e in s t an ce o fthe tr u ly s u blime, b ette r ,

o ftru e eu

S o , in d e e d , s ho u ld e v ery s u ch w o r d b e p ars e d, w he n t he w o rd d en o tin g the

e r s o n o r thin g ref er re d t o , is o b vio u sly u n de rst o o d , o r can b e s u p lie d w itho u t
p
I nj u
sma ller
r in o

t he se n se ; as ,

Oft he app les he to ok t he lar ger [o n es an d lef
h T
d
t t he f
[ on e s] u rn to t. e lef [
t h a n o r s ide ] I t is ge n e r ally b et t e r t o
p ars e .

t he adj e ctive as a s u b s t an tiv e , o n ly whe n it has s o f ar u s u r p e d t he charact er o fo n e

x
t hat t he e p r e ssio n with t he m os t s u itab le w o r d s u p lie d , w o u ld n ot e actly con x
v ey t he s ame s e n s e , o r e ls e w o u ld b e t e dio u s an d c u m s y M an y grammarian s , .

tho u gh p e r hap s n e e dle ssly , p ar s e as p r o n o u n s mos t o f t he d e n it i ve adj e ctiv es

ab o v e d e s crib e d , w hen t he m o di e d s u b s t an t iv e is o mitt e d S u ch p ars in g is o h .

j e ct io n ab le , fu r ther mo r e, in as mu ch as the w or ds gen erally may b e , an d fre qu en tly

W
ar e , m o di e d b y adv er b s .

he n an adj ective is u s e d s u b s tan tiv ely, it is s ometime s dif cu lt to tell whether

it s ho u ld b e p ars e d as a n o u n o r as a p r o n o u n his will d ep en d o n w het her t he . T
w o r d is de s crip tiv e o f a clas s , lik e a co mmon n o u n , o r is m er ely d es ign ativ e
el n gin g t o the class calle d f o rm wo r ds , an d app licab le t o o bj e ct s t h at d if f
l
er in
q
-

in l
f
l A n ad ective so j metimes b eco me s withou t a change o ff or m
an adv erb , .

Ex . I
lik e it bes t G o , get y o u t o m lady s chamb er ; an d t ell her t hat

P
.

ifs he A I N T an in ch thick e t t o this favo r s he co me at las t S ha7cesp eare

, y
. .
 A DJE C TI VE S .
E X ER C I S E S .

E X E R O I S E S
Example s t o b e A n alyzed an d Par se d .

1 .

dark clou d came o v er the c ty

*A The su mme r b r e e z e s blo w so f t i .
a

an d co o l

The an n u al, au tu m nal, de so latin g re s hav e almo st des tr o y e d
.
b

i
ths w ell t mb e re d co u n try -
i H o rs e s are as valu ab le as mu les [are]
.

.

H o me r w as a g r e a t e rd
p o et th an V r g l H e r e th e v alle s ar e m o re
y i i .

b eau tif ul, a n d th e mo u n ta n s [ar e] le ss

13
r u gge d
10
an d mo re f i
e r t le The n i ,

c o mes an e e l va t ed r o ll n
gp r a r e c o u n tr
y T he s wie e t e s t
o w e r s f ii
ri n e d
g .
the little st re a m The r ve r is h ghe s t in Ju n e . i
The ce dars h ghes t o n t he i . i
i
m o u n ta n , are the smalle st [ce dars] The las t blo w w as mo re f a tal The . .

fo re mo st ho r se is su p er o r t o the r e s t i .

pUp 13
s r n i gs the lark, shr i ll o i -
v ce d an d lou d, t he m es s e n ger o f m o rn "
.

H e tre ate d p o o r an d r ch a e
To b e 1
i li k .
p o o r is mo re h
g o n o r a ble
h
than to
i
b e d sho n o rab ly r ch [is ho n o rable] i .

The b e au tif ulI e lds an d fo re s ts n o w in v e w , w e r e v e r

y e te n siv e i x 7
an d go v e r n e d

b y so me P e r u v an pr n ce o r p r n ce ss P r es co tt i i i . .

On t he grassy b an k sto o d a tall w av ng ash, so u n d to the v ery to p i .

H o w b ri lli an t m i rthf ul the li ght o fhe r e e

W
1
an d y ,

L i ke a s tar glan ci n g o u t f
"
ro m t h

e b lu e o ft he sky l hittier
lo 12
.

Ther e b ri ghte r su n s di sp en se se r e n er li ght,

W
A n d m i lder mo o n s i mp aradi se the n i ght M on tgomer y
here s mi li n g spr i n g its e arli e s t v i si t p ai d,
1 4

A n d p arti ng su mme r s li n ge r i n g b lo o ms delay e d

l
G o lds mith

.
.

8 .

The re are tw o 1 p e ar tree s in the se co n d ro w A n y man can carry the

W
-
.

i
w ho le l mb w th all its ap ple s i
o u ld an
y man def en d n de l t
y by . i i
s u ch o r an
y o th e r ar u me n ts ?
g N o m an is p e rf e c tly n dep en de n t o fall
"
i
o th e rs
a
The re is a ho rs e f
. o r e ach man M any a n e n te lle ct is bu r e d . i i
in p o ve r ty
that

W
N e the r c ou rse is p ro p er
. i
Thi s cha r is n e ar e r t o me than
ho e lse came ? O n e sto ry is go o d u n t l an o ther is to ld
.
10
S lv e r
.

i
i
. i
an d
g o ld hav e I n o n e h T h e s e r e so lu t o n s r e as se r t e d th e s
. o le r ght of i i
i
the co lo n es to t ax the mselv es in all case s w hatso eve r

.

I t m ay b e w ell w he n ti me it, f o r the p u p il to d e sc e n d, i n p ar sing, acco r d in g

allo w s

.

t o o u r clas s i ca tio n o f a dj ec tiv es : thu s , ad] ect w e des cr ip ti ve o r de n i ti ve

p r op er , co m p ou nd, p r on o mi nal , & c ; di s tri bu ti ve, dem o n stra ti ve, & c i t m ay a lso b e w e ll
W
. .

t o s ay , in p a r s in g so me d e s cr ip tiv e a dj ectiv e s ,
it can n o t b e co m p ar e d i t h p r o p r ie t
y;
"
a n d b elo ngs , e tc

.

(a )

S u m m e r
"
i s a n a dj e c tiv e, a w do r de n i tive e tc b
( ) D s la ting
e o
"
is a n
a dj ec ti ve, a w o r d
.
, . .

p ar ticip i a l, it is a p a r ticip le a s cr ib i n g a n d b e lo n gs, e tc (e ) . .

in t he p osi tive d egr ee , i t a s cr ib e s an e q u al d e gr ee o ft he q u ality ; an d b e lo n gs, e tc .

(d ) c o mp ar a ti v e d e gr e e , i t a s c r ib e s the
.
q u ali ty in a highe r d e g r e e to o n e o bj e ct a s co m
p ar e d w ith a n o the r ; an d b e lo n gs , e tc (e ) i n the su p er la ti ve d e gr e e , i t a scr ib e s t he

. .

q u a lity , e tc (S ee d e n itio n s o ft he s u p e rlativ e d e gre e ) (f ) au d b elo n gs to p eop le u n

R X
. . .

d er s to o d, acco r di n g t o u le (g ) an d b elo n gs to p er s on o r p er son s u n d e r s to o d, a r

R X
.

N
.

co r din g to u le Or sa g, an d i s he r e u s e d wi t ho u t a s u b s ta n ti v e , acco r d in g to o te
X R X
. .

" "
h
( ) a n d i t b e lo ng s t o the p hra s e To be p oo r ,

ac co r d in g to u le (i ) an d
R X
. . . .

b e lo n gs to elds an d fo r es ts , " a cco rdin g to u le

(j ) T wo i s an a dj ective d e n i . .

n u mer a l
ti e e "
car di nal a n d b elo ngs , e t c (le ) N n e i s he r e p e r hap s p a r s e d
o .

W
.

b e s t as an a dj e ctiv e b elo n gi n g t o " "

i
s lver an d go ld, n o twiths tan din g i t ca n n o t b e p la ce d
n e xt t o the m
e shall hav e non e EN D
.
"
B acon I t is n o t e s s en tial tha t a n a dj ectiv e
.
-
.

mu st alway s b e cap ab le o fs ta n ding n e x t to i ts su b s tan tiv e .

15 8 A DJE CTI VE S EXER C I S E S . .

Examp le s t o b e C orr e ct e d .

A ll the liab ilitie s to e rro r in r egard to j

ad ec tiv e s, may b e re du ced t o the
f
o llo win g he ads

1 . Cho ice . 2 . N u mber . 3 . C o mp a r ison . 4 . P o s itio n .

1 . C ho ice .

1 . i
I n the u se o fadj ect v e s, care sho u ld b e tak en to sele ct the mo s t a
p
p ro r e te f
p i
o r the m e an n g n ten de d i i .

2 A dv erb s sho u ld n o t b e u n n e ce ssar ly u s e d as adje ct ve s

. i i .

3 Them sho u ld n o t b e u se d f o r th os e

W
. .

T hem b oys are v ery idle hat do yo u ask f o r the m a pples ?

. L et s o me
o fthe m b oy s s it o n the m o ther b e n che s I hav e thre e ho rse s, an d y o u may: .

ride e it he r o f the m N e it her o f my do en ra o rs is w o rth a ce n t

. Fu rt he r z z .

in fo rma tio n may b e o b tain ed f ro m e it her o ft he

[e ight
] p ro fe s so rs N e it he r o f .
v

t he [s ix ] hats is large e n o u gh f or m N o n e o f t he t w o p le ase s m e

y he ad . ..

A ny o n e o f t he t wo ro ads w ill t ak e yo u to to w n all p in e s gre w o n e ithe r . T

s ide o ft he riv e r Each o ne o fthe t ho u s an d soldie rs re ce iv e d a gu in e a
. Y ou .

may tak e e er a o n e or n e e r a o n e, j u st as y o u p lease

hat v e ry p o in t w hic h . T
w e are n o w discu ssing, w as lat ely de cide d in K e nt u ck y hes e v e ry men w ith . T
w ho m y o u trav ele d yes te rday, are n o w in j ail he re s ee ms to b e lit tle glo ry T

. ,

in do in g what e very b o dy can do a ny bo dy M e mory an d f o re cast j us t

retu r ns en gage ; this p o int in g b ack to y o u th, t hat o n t i age P op e

.

The .

w hole scho ol w ere at play ; s o me at marb le s, o thers at b all, t he s e at racin g,

tho se at j u mping the ro p e, an d s o me f e w at mu mb le p eg (U se some, an d lastly .
'

s ay, and a f ew a t mu m ble S u ch cap ers are u n b e ttin g a man o fhis

age .
u nsu itable to S u e h v erb s as ass u me ed, are regu lar S u ch p erso n s .
,

as are u n p ro v ide d, w ill p leas e t o ap p ly at the o f ce A ll p ersons tha t ar e, 85 0 . .

T here are le ss t han f

teen b an k s in the city o fN e w Y o rk t hat s u s pe n de d
n ot
'

to day
- I
hav e cau ght le ss sh than yo u A p ro p e r f ract io n is le s s t han o n e,

b e cau s e it e pr esses le s s p arts t han it t ak es to mak e a u n it D P Co lbu r n

. .

x . . .

The su mmit o f t he hill w as co v e re d w ith s tinted t ree s (S ay s tu n ted, for .

s tin te d is u su ally re stricte d t o eatin g an d drin k in g )

o u r w ho le p lans had b ee n disco v ere d The whole tends

I t all ten ds to s ho w, that
tha t all o ur , &c
. e
.

. . . W
s tan d the las t, an d, if w e f all, t he lat e s t e
p er im e n t o f s elfgo ver n me n t x
H is -
.

n o w w if e is a co u sin o fhis f o rme r w if e The then min ist er w as u n u su ally .

W
Ou r b u llets glan ce d harmlessly f ro m t he alligato r s b ack Op e n the

talen t e d . .

do o r w idely e we re all s it tin g

.

The shu tte rs w e re p ain t e d gre en lv

T
u ie tly an d co mf

e ar rive d s af
V elv e t feels s mo o thly
ely, af t er all o u r misf
. W
q
o r tab ly ro u n d t he re

o rtu n e s
ro m care
.

his ro se b lo o ms mo st f a irly . I live f re ely f .

J o hn re ads to o lo u dly, an d ame s r e ads to o lo wl

y J (I e ,
o hn is t oo lo u d, . . . J
whe n J
ames is too lo w in vo ice, w hen Y et of ten t o u ching w ill w e ar
g o ld fq
r.e u en t I t is t h e o f
te n d o in g o f a t h in g ,
t h at m ak e s it a hab it .

H e mak es seldo m men tio n o f his relative s He s eldo m men tions, &c M o tio n
. .

u p w ards is mo re agre e a ble t han mo tio n do w n w ards Up war d motio n, &c He . .

made a so o n an d pros p e ro us v o y age Y o u j u mp to o highly w hen yo u dan ce

a mer e r u mor W
. .

T he n e ws o fmy marr iage is a r u mo r merely hen a n o u n . .

s tan ds in de p e n den tly or ab s o lu te ly o ft he r e s t o fthe s e n te n ce , it is in t he n o mi

~

n at iv e case The relativ e s ho u ld b e p lace d as n early as p o ss ib le to its an te

W
.

ce d ent A regu larly an d w ell co n st ru cte d s en te nce -

The symp to ms are t w o :
A pp les are mo re p le n t y than p eaches N
. .

fo ld in wards an d o u twards . ebs ter . .

,
1 60 A ns s c r i v s s .
-
E x e n c rs s s .

Th s e were the le as t h pp iest

o a days of my life The w orst may b eco me
mo e w o rs e till w r e
.

r The s o s . mo s t hin dmost man was cap tu re d b y tlm

I
.

n dian s . H e was the mos t u n lu ckie st o f the s p ecu la t o rs . The le ss er qu an

t ity I re mo v e to the o ther side o f the e qu at io n . T his w as the mo s t u n w is es t

t hin g yo u have do n e
co u ld S he always dresse d in the mo st co stlie s t and n es t

.

s ilks
H e s he d at the mo s t q uiet an d dee pe st p lace the deep es t . a nd mo s t
r, the mos t deep an d qu iet p lace
.

q u iet p lace ; o .

0A w or d that u su ally has an ab solu te me an n g, sho u ld n ev e r b e u se d

.
i
i
in a lim ted s en se, u n le ss the langu age do e s n o t af
fo r d a be t te r e p r ess o n
x i
f i
o r the n te n de d me an n g i .

H is p erfo rman ce w as the most p e rf ect o f all bes t . These art i cial
ow e rs are the mo st p e rf e c t I e v e r saw (P e rhap s allo wab le ) V irtu e co n f
ers
up reme
. .

su pre me st dign ity o n man , an d sho u ld b e his chie f es t de s ire . s

chi fdes ir e
e A m ore re ctan gu lar
.
gure w o u ld ho ld mo re . A r ectangu la r

o r, A gu re mo r e w o u ld rat he r hav e a s u ar er b o x
near ly r ecta ngu lar ,
I &c . q .

The r o un dest p ebb le s are f o u n d o n the e tre mes t p art o f t he san d b ar The x -
.

heath p each is mo re p ref

-
erab le t han the n dia n p each T he r ep o rt w as n o t so I -

u n iv e rs ally sp re ad as w as su pp o se d no t so gener ally or widely The mos t

.

u n iv e rsal c u sto ms are ap t t o last lo n ge s t H e has a mo s t s p o tle ss rep u tat io n

. .

C o tt on an d su gar are mos t p rin cip ally rais ed in the S o u the rn S tat e s mos tly

.

r ais ed o r, p r incip a lly r ais ed H e r in so len ce is mo s t in su f

fe rab le a lmos t .

ins uf erable A ristides w as the le as t u nj u st o ft he A the n ians

. A n gelin a is .

the le as t imp e rf e ct o fher s e x I t rus t t he p eo p le are mo re u n co rru p t e d t ha n

.

their le aders less corrup ted

. I ho p e the y w ill b e mo re u n dece iv ab le in
fu tu re The side ofa hill is mo re in eligible f
. o r a ho us e, t han t he s u mmit .

d l ,
. The s u p erlat v e i mu st b e ,
w he n thr e e or m o re ar e co m are d
u se d
p ;
an d the co mp arat ve i is u sually r e quir e d, w he n b u t tw o are co mp ar e d .

T he oldest o f the t w o b oys w as se n t to college The yo u nges t o f the t w o . .

W
s is te rs is t he han dso mest He is the stou ter o f all the b oy s in o u r s cho o l
.

hich is the large st n u mb e r, the min u e n d o r t he su b t ra hen d ?

livelies t ho rse o fthe p air
S e lim is the
.

The lat ter o n e o fthe three had f

. o rgo tte n his bo o k s .

W W
The ho u se has b u t t wo sto rie s, an d t he u pp e r mo s t r o o ms are n ot y e t nishe d

.

o men are t he w e ak est se x hich can ru n the f aste st, you r horse o r min e
.

H is w if e is t he b es t man a er
g ; theref o re le t he r ru le him Of the t wo L a tin .

po ets, V irgil and o race , t he H

rst is the mo st cele b rate d
A t ro chee has the .

fo rme r s llable acce n te d an d t he latter u n acce n te d

y , .

.
g p i
2 The su p erlat ve de r ee r e rese n ts the des cr b e d o b e cts as b e n
j g a i i
p ar t o fthe o the rs .

p i g ,
i
3 A ll co mpar son s w tho u t the s u e rlat v e de re e do n o t s tr ctl re
y p i i
r e s e n t th
j
e ob e cts de n o te d b
y o n e te rm, as b e n g a p art o fthose de n o te d i
by the o the r .

a The w o r d o ther , an d
.
s i mil ar t erms, i mply t w o d sti i n ct
p arts
,
an d but
o ne kin d o r
ge n e ral class .

WW
W
Th t bo y is the b rightest o fall his class mates
a
C hin a has the greate s t .

W
o r any n atio n o n e arth S lo mon was w ise r t han an f h
! o
y o t .
e an
cre n t k ings aco b lo ve d
.
J
o se p h mo re than all his children J
e b s te r s .

p o u'llg DOOk 8 t he mo s t
,

o p u lar o f an y Y o u th is the mo st
3 p y et p u b lishe d
'

W
.

i m o r ta n t T
p p e rio d o fany in lif hat gro ve is the shadies t an d coolest p lace

e
o i an y o therso f all o the rs
.

O f any e b ster is o n e o f the

gre ate s t orato rs .

o r any co u n try may well be r anked am ong the gr eates t or ator s o an y co un tr y

f
-
.
.

Ou r grammar less o ns are the hardest o fan we have his is a b etter f u rn is hgd T
y .
-
 A DJE C TI VES .
-
O B S ERVA TI O N S . 161

m m than in the hou se

an y his 1 8 t he b e st f . T
u rn ished ro om o f any in t he -

hou se . T
he re is n o thin g so go o d f or a sp rain as co ld w ate r n o th ing .

else H e was les s p artial than any hist o rian t hat e v er w ro te any other .

I t is a b e tter tre atise o n this su bj e ct t han an y that e v er was writte n (The .

t reatis e co u ld n o t b e b e t te r t han itse lf) N o n e o fo u r maga in e s is so in teres t. z

ing to me as

arp er s H
N o o ther on e of , &c N atu ral sce n ery p leas e s me the
. .

b e s t o fan y t hin g else N o thin g p leases me so mu ch as natu ral scene ry

. In .

n o case is man s o ap t to act u nj us t ly, as w he re his lo v e o r ha tre d in ter f e re s

o re the o o d M

W
.

N oah an d his f amily o u tlive d all t he pe op le w ho live d b e f

ebster h
( y e d
. id n o t T
o u tliv e the ms e lv e s ) hat tre e o ve rt op s all the trees . T
In t he f o re st .

A dam, the goo dlie st o fmen s in ce b orn ,

H is so n s ; t he f
a ir e st o f her dau ghte rs, Ev e Milton .

4 . P o sition .

1 . i
A dj e ct ves sho u ld b e place d w he re the y w ll sho w cle arly what i
w o r d or w o r ds they are to qu al f y o r l mi t T he s i
e n se is the b e st gu de i . i .

a .S u ch an arran ge me n t o fw o r ds sho u ld b e av o de d, as w ll mak e the i i

'

j i
ad ect v e m o dif an
y y o t he r than its p ro p e r w o r d .

i
6 Of a se r e s o f co or d n ate a dj e ct v e s t hat may b e d f
. i
fere n tly co m i i
a re d it is ll m l n t to l th s h rte r o n e s b e f
o r e the
p , ge n
_
e ra
y o re e e ga
p a ce e o

lo n ge r .

R emark A
with it s adj ective may b e limite d o r u ali e d b y an other
n oun q
adj e ct iv e , an d t he s e again b y an o t he r, an d s o o n I n s u ch cas e s , t he adj e ctiv e s .

q
de n o tin g t he m o r e cas u al u alitie s , u s u ally r e ce d e t he o t he r s
A n old m an '

A s t o u t v en er ab le go o d o ld
.

A goo d o ld m an
A v e n e r ab le go o d 0 1 m an

man
T w o s t o u t ven erab le go o d o ld me n


The rst two s to u t v e n er ab le
go d o ld m e n
o .

The con gregatio n will p leas e to s in g the t hree rst an d the tw o last stan as z
o f t he hymn The f ou r rs t b e n ches ar e re s e rv e d f
.
or p u p ils ; the o thers are
fo r v is ito rs The thre e last mails b rou ght me n o le tte r
. hav e j u st b ou ght I
a p air ofn ew glo ves
.

a n e w pair o fglo v e s . his is an e ce lle n t tract o f . T x

lan d . The heads o ft he ho rse s w e re all ado rn e d w ith rib b o n s H e is a v e ry .

yo u n g tall man A ll w er e dro wn e d e ce p t the capt ain and o ther t hre e o i

. x
cers . I fI b e s erve d su ch ano the r t rick, I ll hav e my b a

r in s t ak e n o u t S hale .

In a f e w mo re y e ars , n o t e v en an n dian b u rial mou nd will b e lef I t u n t ou che d .

T he dre s s had a ro w o f silk f an cy gre e n b u t t o n s, an d s tr in gs o f s atin p in k rib

b on . H e is o n e o ft he most in u en tial an d r ic hes t me n in t he city he re is . T
n o t a mor e f e rt ile , fa ire r, an d mo re deli htf u l v alley w e s t o f t he Mis sissip p i
g .

T he e agle s o are d ab o v e t he mo u n tain high H e is the app are n t he ir t o t he .

cro w n The co n v e nt is su rro u n de d b y a f tee n f e et high an d a t hr e e f e et t hick

.

w all . a wall een A large re ward an d p ardo n w ill b e o f fe re d to the

inf o rmer Par do n and a lar ge r ewar d, &c

. .

OB S ER VA T I ON S .

A ll who le ar e s o me t im es mis ap lie d, o n e f

an d o r the other ; an d less is f re u en tly q
m is u s ed f or fe wer

T he w ho le w o r . t he w o rld : b u t t he p lu r al p hras e s

A ll the ap p le s ,
T he w ho le app le s , ar e n o t e u iv ale n t ; a ll b e ing o p p o s e d t o

q
a p art o ft he n u mb e r , an d wh o le t o a p art o f e ach o b j ect T he b e ar r ece iv e d n o .

"
n ot f

le s s t han s ix b alls S ay,
no f ew e r ,

. or, e we r L ess is ap t to s u gge s t .

o r mor e p er

q u a /nu tty, w hile e wer can e u g e s t n u m b e r o n ly S u ch p hras e s as o ne .

o n e p erson , or mor e th

s on s ,

w hich u r ray s aid 5 o u ld b e
an o ne are n o w co n .
o
 A DJE C T I V F 9
O BS E R V A T I O N S
1 62 .
.

s ide re d allowab le .

Every v illage or a rris o n
g has on e or mo r e s cap e -

goats o ft his

km I r vin
lidu ch t a h t e n o w ZW co n s id e r e r r o n e o u s E n l is h ,
i s m e r ely o ld En lis h t hat w as
g
o nc e i n fa s h io n an d i n
g
o o d r e p u t e O f t h is i n d are s u c h f o r m s as b ea u ti f u le
c , I
.

h u lles t hu s b an d that

d h k no w
.

o w eru le , s t v i r t u o u s es t B e n e i c t i s n o t t e u n cp fg .

p .

S hakesp ear e .

j
0

M o s t a d e c t i v e s m a y b e t a k e n e i t h er i n a n ab s o lu e or i n a r elati v e s e n s e
t I n .

the f o rmer t hey su gges t t hat t he o bj ect has t he u ali t y i n f q

u ll, o r , 1 11 w hat 1 8 u s u

ally co nsider e d t he f u ll s t at e in t he latt e r, that i t m e r ely has ofthe qu ali ty T he .

latte r se n s e m u s t o f t e n b e in f e rr e d f ro m ce rt ain u s e s o f t he co mp ar at iv e o r t he

s u p erlative degre e ; an d w hen t he s e de r es s ar e n o t u s e d , it is u s u ally e p r e s s e d x

b y t he en din g i sh, or b y mean s o fs u ch imi ti n g t e r ms as so mewhat, a li ttle, p ar tly,
as as , & c

My wor st ho rs e is better t han yo u r bes t t ho u gh n ei the r o n e i s r eally
b
I
W I
.

oo d
f eel s o me w hat better to day, t ho u gh a m y n o m ean s well

S a n der
g
-
.

t han the saddest n ight B yr o n . ho can s t the w is es t w iser mak e , an d b ab e s

.

as wis e as t hey Cowp er The p o o r m an t hat lo v e s C hris t , is r icher than t he

. .

r ich est m an t hat hat e s hi m B u y

n a n

. I t is almo st as thin as t he thi n n est a
.

e r 0 h amb e r s A n d i n the lowes t de e p a lower deep , s till thr e at en in g t o e
p
x
. .

v o u r me , o en s w ide

M ilto n .
-
. F
ro m thes e e am p les , w hic h are all co rre ct , w e
_

may in f er t at t he co mp arativ e m ay so m e time s b e e s t imate d f r o m t he s u p erlat i v e

o r t he c o m arat ive an d t hat t hes e degre e s may o ccas io n al ly b e co n s ide re d e u al q

g
,

t o o r e v en elo w the p os itive , as w ell as ab o v e it .

1 T he comp ar a tive may b e e s timated f

. ro m t he p osit iv e t ak en in t he f ull o r ah

s olu te s e n s e ; as , G ir ar d is r ich, b ut A s to r is s till r icher T he p ip e rs lo u d an d .

lou der b le w, t he dan cers qu ick an d u iclcer ew B wr n 9 2 I t m ay imp ly a p o s . . .

itive tak en in a r elativ e , o r n ot in t e f u ll, s en se ; as , I fy o u hav e b u t v e d o l~
lar s , yo u a e r icher t a
r h n am

I
A fu ller e p a a o . l n t i n

x
A less thoro u ghin ve s t i
A mor e p erf ect s ys te m ect sys tem 3 S o m e ti mes it is

gatio n A less p erf . .

e s t imate d fo m r t h e co m pa ar t iv e o r t h e s u pe a r l t iv e ; as , M y k it e ro s e higher , higher ,
higher an d higher , u n til it w as highest, an d f ar h igher t han t he highes t o fall t he
o t he r k 4 T he c o mp arative m ay b e e st imat e d f ro m t he p o s it iv e o fs o me o the r

it es . .

q u ality o r s t ate ; as , He is mor e in telligent than r ich

hey ar e better clothed t han . T
5 S o me tim e s it s ee ms to b e e s t imat e d f r o m t he co m ar at ive o ft he O pp o s ite

fed . .
p
q li
u a ty : as ,



z
T he w ealthier citi en s w er e dis p o s e d t o m ak e p eace , b u t t he p o or er
w ere n o t T he higher clas s e s are en e rally w ell e d u cate d, b u t t he lo wer ar e
.
g
n ot .

6 S ometime s it imp lies t hat t he i n cr eas e or decr e as e o fo n e u ality r o ce e ds
.

p
q
o r mly w it h t hat o fan o t her ; as ,

u n if T he older t he win e , t he better it is The .

soo n er , t he better .

1 S up er la tio e e s t imat e d f
. rom the p os itive ab s olu te
; a s ,

T he br avest o fthe
br ave
2 S n er lat iv e e s timate d f
. . ro m the p o s it iv e tak en in a r elat iv e o r limite d
s e ns e ; as , e cr eek w as t o o s hallo w f or d ipp in g w it h a b u ck et , e v en w he r e it

w as 03 est 3 S u p e rlat iv e e stimat ed f r om t he co m ar ativ e o r t he s u p erlat ive ;
p
. .

as , he r ip est o f t he r i er p che s w ere de licio u s

e a T he nest o ft he n est
p
I
.

ho rs es t o ok t he s wee p s t ak es ( t hin k t hat t he las t t wo se n t en ces are p r O p e r )

. .

T he s u e rlative degre e s e e ms n o t alw ays t o im ly an in t e rven ing co m Earativ e ,

p p
b u t s o meti mes to b e e s timat e d dir e ctly fro m t he p o s itiv e o ft he s ame u a it

as , l
T he last ye ars o fhis ractice w er e m ore lu crative t han t he r st h i h
e g es t .

013 8 3 6 3 ar e ge n e rall r ic
y an d hau ht
g y [b u t t he lowes t classe s ar e po o r an d hu m
b le ] He s o ld t he la rges t a ple s , an d m ad e t he o thers in to cider I n f act, t his
p
.
.

d e gree s e e ms to b e allo wab le i n s p e ak in o ft wo w hen t he des i n is n o t s o m u ch

g , g
to s ho w t hat o n e i s s u p erior t o the o the r as t o s u
, gges t t hat t he re is n o n e ab o v e it
o r b e yo n d i t t hat is s u er io r t o it
p ; in o the r w o rd s , w he n w e do n ot lo o k b ack t o
t he i n f e r i o r o b e cts b u t r athe r lo o k f
j , o r s u p e r io r o bj e cts an d n d n o n e

T he .

f u r th e st ho u s e o n t he
p en i n s u a is m
l y r es iden ce ,

co u ld b e s a id i f t he r e w e re b u t
t wo ho u s es o n t he p e n i n s u la
A n iamb u s has t he ir s t s yllab le u n acce n te d, an d
t he las t ac e nt d
Thi s r e f
.

f n g m o re
c
e e rs t o t he n ear es t o b e ct
; t h t t s m e t h i
His ant ago n is t made t he a blest s e ech j i e
.
a o o
d is t an t
.

p ; ,
,
he ar d n o n e t hat w as . . I
b e tte r, S o me t i me s , als o , t he co mp ar at iv e t e n ds t o s u es t r o o r tio n
gg p p
x
.

I t 18 w o rt hy o fn o t i ce , t hat m an y u alities o r at trib ute s e is t in m o re de re es o r q g

111 m u ch great er vari e ty , than t he d e re e s o fco m aris o n can e
g p p r e ss O t h
,
e r m o d es x
x
.

o fe p re ss i o n are t e re f
h or e o f ten u s ed to s ho w de re e s o r v ar ie t ie s o ft he u ality, q
an d f re u e n tly q i th n e e f

fect W g
A li ght g re e n da r lc gre e n
.
-
e mer ald gre e n - - -

l P i n k r e d, cr imson r ed, sr r on r e d s tr a wber r y re d blu eishr e d

'

p e a
g r e c n c o o r .

g , ,
 VE R B S .

h em b ef o re t he lu rals as , The rs t thre e , T he las t f our

f
n-1 t u ir e s
g
E 3
a 632 22 1 3
1
t hr e e rs t ,

T he f u r S o T h e r s t s ix m e n ,

T h e l ast .

t wo m e n ,

T h e la s t t e n r o w s e v e n if th e re s h o u ld n o t b e e n o u gh f or t wi ce the
,

n u mb er o r f or

A last s ix,

A rs t t w o , A rs t t en B u t u s age , o r t he .

f
.

hi m m t im e s a llo w a d i ffe r e n t a rran ge m en t f o r in s ta n ce it

s t at e o t n 5 ay s o e
,
w o u ld cert ain y b e correct t o s ay,

T he f o u r rs t t r ee s o ft he f o u r r ows

If he . T
rs t s ix Fr enchk in gs , s ho u ld s u gge s t the ide a Ofel x k i n gs r ulin at o n ce , I w o u ld
'

The s ix r st Fren c h kin gs b u t , i ft hi s p hras e s o u ld e pr e s s t he

W x

rat her s ay ,
m e anin g n o b et te r t han the o the r , I w o u ld p r e f e r t he o t her e u s u ally s ay , .

Fo r t he n e t v e ear s x
T he las t t w o o u t o ft h ee , r

T he b e s t s ix o u t o f
e lev e n ; an d n o t ,

o r t e ve n e t
y e ars ,

h T he t wo last , & c x
Bu t w e s ay, .

W h

T he two hin dmos t w he els f o r o n e i s as f ar b ack a s t e o the r T he t w o f o re .

mos t hors es , is als o corre ct

e w o u ld har dly s ay, . T he laz ies t tw o b o ys , bu t,
The two laziest b oys f o r the f o r me r p hr as e wo u ld s u gges t t hat t he y are in s o me

W ay u n it ed as a p air , w hich is n ot o u r m eanin g

.

In f avor o

T he r s t t wo t hr e e ve , T he last f ou r s ix, & c , m ay b e .

u rge d 1 A n alogy : w e alway say, s i n s p e a k i n g o f l ar g e n u m b e r s

T he rs t

.
,

tw e n ty las t t w en ty, & c ; n o t, T he t w e n ty r s t t hirty las t ; w e als o s ay ,
x
.

2 A u thor ity : gr am marian s , an d go o d wr it ers ge n e r ally, giv e

The n e t ve
x
. .

this f or m t he p r e f er e n ce A gain st : T he e p re s sio n s m ay s u ge s t t hat t he e n tire

.

n u mb er is div ide d in t o at le as t t wo s u ch r o u s , w hich may e n e it he r t r u e no r

o i b le as, T h e rs t f o u r acts o f t h e p ay

(T h e w h o l e p la y h av i n g b u t p
ve
p s s .

acts ) . n f i
a vor o f

T he t w o rs t ,

T h e las t fo u r ,

& c ,
m a y b e u r e d 1 hat . g . T
t hey av o id t he gro u p in g ; 2 hat m an y goo d w rite rs n o t u n f. T re qu en tly u s e t he m .

A gainst T
hat t he p hras eology is ap t to s u gge s t , t hat t he re can b e mo re rs ts o r
las ts than o n e w hen t his is n ot s trictly tr u e I n s ho r t , all o the r thin gs be in g e qu al, .

I s ho u ld p re f er t he r st f or m giv e n ab o v e ; b u t, ifthe latte r w o u ld e x r e s s my

g
m ean in b et te r , I s ho uld n o t hes itat e to u s e it T he G er m an lan gu age , b elie v e , . F
f av o rs t he lat te r for m .

A d ectiv es m ay either p r ecede or f

j ollo w the s u b s tan tives , b u t the ir p o s itio n has
s o metimes a great in u e n ce on t he e n e r gy o ft he s e n t e n ce ; as ,

Excellen t as the
r esen t v ers io n o fthe Bi b le is s till w e b elie ve & c
G r ea t is D ian a o ft he Ep he
p

, .
,

s ian s .
B gri h t a s h e d h
t e clo u ds , an d le n d t he t hu n der rolle d
Y ou n g s he .

was , an d r ick, an d bea u tif ul

S u blime o n r adiant s p he r es he t ro d
. I t w as a .

clear mor n in , b t d b lmy

S o that o u r w ho le co mp an y, yo u ng an d o ld ,
g a n a .

r otten an d so u n d, d n o t amo u n t to mor e t han f m

'

ty e n T he s catte r e d clo u d s
m W
.

tu u lt uou s r o v e T he in te r min ab le s k y s u blimer s wells
. G o o dn e s s ln .

f
l n t te

.

o e u m o
t ter ble
a

S h e w as a w oman h . ea r tles s , ta len ted, an d a mbi
(l m ous m

tw us o licy an d p r o m t in act ion his whole lif e w as a b rillian t
i
/
.

p p ,
care er .0 s erve that the ad ectiv e , p r ece de d b y the an d n ot f j ollo w e d b y a
n o u n , some times de n o te s The
p erso n s , an d s o metime s the ab str act qu ality ; as ,
hu mor ous may p lease u s more t han t he witty his m ay m e an T he hu m o r o u s . T
man , or hu mor o u s p eop le in gen eral, may le as e & c o r I u m or may p le as e I
W p , .
,
u s b e tte r t han
it .

A n ad e ctiv e immediately p r e ce din two or m or e n o u ns in the s ame co n s tr u c

j
tio is u s u ally u n ders to o d as
g
lif h m l h
His lu n che o n w as a
n t l
u a
q y i n g e a ; e n ce
h
s un l b is cuit an d chees e , was erha s me an t f
p p o r,
,
His lu n cheon was che es e an d
a s mall b i s cu i t .

8 . VER B S .

f
i 2 38 . A ve rb is a w o rd u s ed to a f
r m so mething o f a
su b jt ec .

l 2 39 The v er b is the p art o fsp e e ch w ho se ch iefu se is , t o ma e the k

pre di cate s o fpre p o s o n s m k
.
.

A lm o st e v ery v er b de n o te s so me in d o f ac .

t io n o r s tate A n d a r ma tto n s w ith rammar ian s m e an all in ds o f

,
.

g ,
k
ass e r tio n s also co mman ds an d u e s tio n s
; q .

Exp
the ro s e
-

.
h T e hors e r an
S o do m an d
u the s t re e t .
o mo rr ah wer e des tr o ed b
y

re f

T he thu n der r olls S we et blo oms
ro m he av en

l

.

'

y roy
was , b u t is more
.

no Fairie s a r e b eing s o ft he f
an c

T he clo u ds p ar tin g ,
y
.
.
 v an e s cu sse s . 65

W

t e moon s
h ho ne t h ro u
g h S o m e a
. r e bor n to cr ew ) I s aw he r we
epi n g

He . .

did n ot or der t he ca age to be sen t away

r r i I s a id , G o an d he we.nt ho .

wou l n o hav
d t e r es is ted ,
i f he h a d been h
t u s attacked f

T he e ss e ntial o r chie f characteris t ic o fthe v e rb is , to p r edie a te, o r to say s o me

.

t hin g o fs omethin g ; an d hen ce t he G er man s call it t he say wor d -

.

f2 4 0
i
The v e rb be, then, w hen u se d af
. rmativ ely, to b in d to ge ther a su bj ect
a n d an at trib u te, mu st b e t he p u r es t an d grea tes t o r f un dam en ta l v e rb I fI .

eless ; b u t t he mo

s ay, G od lo v e, The w o rld b e au tif u l, t he w o rds are lif
me nt is is in serte d, it in dicate s at o n ce the p res en ce o fan o b serving an d ratio nal
b e in g, an imates the lif e less p arts, an d a t ho u ght, j u dgment o r
,
TH,
is b o rn l TRU
G o d is lo v e

The wo rld is b e au tiful
.

.

'
3 T he v e rb be, whe n u sed to b in d t o gether the
241 . su b e c j t an d

its att ribu t e in t o a pro p o sit io n , is calle d t he cop u la .

A s we can n o t w ell co n ce iv e an ab s tract r elatio n b et wee n t wo ob e cts w itho u t

'

a dding to it so me thin g e ls e b elo n gia to the m, o r f o r min a co m av id e a, mo s t l

v erb s co m r is e t he s en s e o f t he ve r b
p e, an d s o me th b
i ng a di tion a t hat is , s o me

W
k in d o faction o r s tate .

hen a v erb is actu ally u se d to e p ress af x

rmatio n, it is called a nite v erb ;
b u t t here are t wo f o r ms o f the v e rb w hich do n o t e p re ss af rmatio n s, an d are x
calle d the p ar ticip le an d t he inn itive Fo r w e may also co nceiv e an act o r st at e
.

ab stractly, o r e lse w itho u t p r e dicat in g it A n d it is chie y b y mean s o f t hese

.
t wo f o r ms, o r p arts, t hat t he v er b p as ses o u t int o o the r p art s o fsp ee ch; tha t is ,
x
n o t o n ly r e tains, t o s o me e ten t, the natu re o fa v e rb , b u t a ls o p articip ates th at

o fan adj e ctive , an adv e rb , or a n o u n .

The p a r t i c i p le is ge n e rally an in ect ed f

2 42 .
o r m o f the

ver b, co n st ru e d lik e an adj e ct iv e, an d e xpr essing n o af

rmatio n .

Ex . I saw the o ak w n rrn with s n o w I s aw t he

o ak r iven by a t hu n der
b olt .

The gras s is R EE N GT he grass is gr ow ing

.

T he i n fi n i t i v e is a f o r m o f the v e rb b egin n ing gen

3 243 .

e rally w it h to , an d e xp r e ss in g n o af r matio n .

Ex arm is to be s old
T he f
.

The j ailer is s u p p o s ed to ha ve le t the p rison er
.

(to ] escap e .

C la s se s .

V erb s are clas si e d, accor ding to their or m,

f an d their co ns tru ct io n in se n
t en ce s ,

T I n to r egu la r an d ir r egu lar .

I nt o tr ans itive an d in tr an sitive ; an d the t ran sitive v erbs ar e

ten u s ed as p assive, and so me o fthe intran smve are always neu ter
of .

A r e g u la r v erb t akes the

2 44 . e n ding ed to f
o r m its pre

e ct
t er i t an d it s p e rf art ici le
p p .

Ex . Plant , p la nted, p la n ted ; car ry, carr ied, ca r r ied ; r eb el, r ebelled, r ebelled .

A n i r r e g u lar v e rb do es n o t
2 45 t ak e the e n din g ed, to
S ee pp 1 3 1 6
.

o rm its p r et e rit an d its p erf

f e ct articiple
p . . .

Ex .
S wee p , swep t, swep t; cli n g, clu ng, clu n g ; cu t, ou t, ou t .

c t h im l f rm
i T e p
h rin ip al p ar s f
o a v e rb a r e t he p r esen t,
o r t e s p e s t o

as r egiste re d in a dictio n ary the p r eterit, o r the simple st f o rm o fthe p as t

in di ca tive ; an d the p erf ect p a r ticip le, o r the f or m that i ll ma e sen se W k

16 6 v a ne s cu ss e s .

w ith the w o r d having o r being b ef o r e it To the se may b e adde d the .

p r es en t p ar ticip le w h
,
ich,
as it e n ds alw ay s in ing, is t o o w e ll n o w n to k
n e e d me n tio n in g .

By mean s o ft hes e p arts an d the au xiliar y v e rb s, all the o the r

arts o fverb s are f
o rme d
p
T he p r esen t, ift r ace d b ack in dicti o n arie s, is the p r e se nt in n itiv e o r the p r e s e n t in d ica
tiv e fo rm ; b u t i t w o u ld p er hap s b e as w e ll to co n s ide r it t he p r e s e n t i mp e r a tiv e .

The irre gu lar v erb s are the o ldes t, an d perhap s the heart o fthe lan gu age .

R e gmar v er bs n e ve r b e co me irre gu lar, e ce p t that ed is so me times sho r te n e d x

into i .

I rregu lar v e rb s so metimes b e come regu lar .

A ll n e wly made v erbs b ro ught in to t he lan gu age, a ssu me the re gu lar e n din g.

A p rex,
246 . j o in ed to a v e rb, do e s not c hange the f
o rm o fthe
rin ci al art s
p p p .

G o gi v e , m isgi ve, orgive ; do , u n do

{
Ex . un dergo, u n derwen t, u n dergon e ;
hold, withhol ac t, co u n ter act ; s ay
, gain say . E c o ep t i o n v elco me .

2 47
A t r a n s i t iv e
. v er b has an j t
o b ec ,
or re
q u ire s one to
co m le te t he s e n s e
p
W
.

Ex T he lightn ing str uck the O A K
. H OM did yo u see T he gar de n .

has w wnns
r

l
I knew H I M wel an d e v ery t r u an t kne w
. A vo id c rv in o r . .

r EN s s

I dis li/ce r o n o it
.

He comma n ded t he s oldier t o b e b r o u ght
'
.

I .

kn ow how deep ly lib erty is r oo te d in t he hearts o ft hes e p e op le .

248 A p assiv e v e rb is a t r an sit iv e

. v e rb s o u se d that it repre
sen s t its su bj e ct as act e d u p o n, o r has the

o bj ect f
o r its su bj ect .

Ex . J am es k illed a s n ak e

;

A was kille d by Jame s
sn ak e . I wil l plan t
ce dar her gr ave sh
a o ver A ce dar a ll be
p lan ted o ver her grave .

249 A n in t r a
. n si t i v e ve r b do es n ot re
q u ir e an o b ec j t to co m
p ete the
l s e ns e.

Ex Bir ds ig
R o s es blo om Martha learns f
A cgmxr e m yo u th,
'

.
j
that yo u ma y enj oy in
. ast
. .

G amb lers cheat
'

age . .

250 A . t
n eu er ve rb is an in t ran sit ive v erb that do es not im
l
py ac tio n o r e xe t io n r .

Ex
he

b rav e T .
e i s dee p T he b ook lies o n the t ab le
o c an .

Her e sleep the
S i n ce e xi s te n ce is a mor e general ide a than actio n o r m otio n t he n eu ter
.
.

,
v erb s , tho u gh f e w in n u mb er , r an ge f ar ther than all t he active v er b s .

25 1 . The sa me w o rd is so met ime s u s e d as a transiti ve, a nd

so met i mes as an i nt ransit ive , v e rb .

Elm The p rin ce ac ces s e s t he kin In

g
e v er
y u n dert akin
g he su cceeds .

To s irr tr ees i n a ro w
T he su n sets .

l 2 5 2 A v e rb .
y t u su all
r an sitive so me imes b e co m es in tran si tive
,
t .

The int e nt io n, in su ch cas e s is t o ascr ib e sim l r ain act o r t

, py a ce
t
s ate, and j t to
g
leave the o b ec desi n e dl u n n o wn o r in den i e the
y k t
min d dwells u po n the act rathe r than u o n th j t affe ct ed by it
o b ec
, p e
S he r eads w ell
W
Ex .
He stu dies in t he m orn in g, an d r ides in the e v en ing
.

I ke ep his ho u s e and I wash w

i 57 820 , bakg scou r , dres s me at d m k h
t
.
an a e e
be ds , and do all myself S ha e .
,
.

l 253 . A v er b u s u all
y in tr a ns itive
,
so met imes b e come s tra n s itive .
 1 68 v an e s mo o n s .

'

eks ch

Be as s u re d he has an ax to gr in d

T here is n o work to do .

S u ch
x
.
.

in n itive e press io n s , ho we v er , may b e co n sider e d e lli p ti cal ; as ,

Th er e 18 no

wo rk [f o r u s] to do .

2 25 8 The p resen t p ar ticip le, w he n n o t co mb in e d w ith an y

.

o ther o rm, is ge n e rally act ive ; an d the p erf

v e rbal f ect
p a r tici le,
p
ass ive
p
Ex ain tly moa n in g, f
C lo s e b e side her, f air an d y o u n g, a sold ier lay,

W
.

Tor n with shot , an d p ier ced with lan ce s , bleedin g s lo w hi s li f

e aw ay .
hittie r .

259 A f e w in t ran s it iv e v erb s a

.

f
o rm . This is a Fr e n ch idio m and
Ex He isf S he i s gon e

T he m
allen
e la n ch
oly d a

y
s ar e co m e

J
. . . ,

Equ iv alen t to has fallen , has go ne, have come b u t , o hn is s tr u ck , is n o t t he

o r m se e ms t o dif ro m t he act iv e , b y

s ame as , fer f

Jo hn has stru ck T he es s iv e f .

an e legan t s hade o f meani ng : in t e f o r mer , t he min d d wells r at he r o n th e s ta te

f things after the act ; in t he latter , on the act itself

o .

l
2 60 A f e w in tran sitive v e rb s ma
.
y b e made pass iv e , w he n the ir
mean in g is co mb in e d w ith a f o llo w in g p re p o sitio n o r o t he r w o rd S u ch .

a v er b w ith the mo dicatio n may b e te r me d a co mp o u n d p assive ver b .

Ex C o l B u tler was acco r dingly wr itten to , an d o r der e d t o has ten f
-
o r war d

. .

with t he v olu n teers I r ving

Had M o n m o u t h r e all been sen t for t o t he

. .

Hagu e i
Macau lag
A n ho n es t m an will be well tho ng t of
.
,
an d looked u p to

.

I fyo u we ar s u ch a co at, yo u will be la u hed at =-r idicu led He was s miled o n .

by =
He was j u s tly calt with tr eated M y claim was l ost .

si gh t0 The mo dicatio n is s o clos ely co mb in e d in s e n s e w it h t he v er b , t hat it

se ems to mak e a ar t o fit
p .

i 261 . He n ce we s ee that the ob ecj t o fthe acti e verb v ,

so met imes
that ofthe p re
p o si tio n, is m ade t he bj ect oft he p a i e
su ss v v e rb .

WG T
Bu t when t he ob ect o fthe p r ep os it io n or that o fthe in nit iv e is made the s u b
j
x
j cet, the e pres s io n i s s o met i mes t o o ine legant t o b e allo wed E I H S an d M EA .

sunns wer e now attem ted to be es tablish ed

C ar lyle
p . .

2 62 .
T ransiti may b e
ple asu re , e ither actively or p a ss ivelm
v e ve rb s u se d, at
By havi ng b oth f o rms, lan gu a e is e nriche d in v arie t
g y o fe p re s sio n T he act x .

iv e vo rce, ho we v er sets f
, ort h chie y t he do er w ith the k in d o fact io n
p e rfo rme d
b y hi m ; the p as sive vo ice, t he o bj ect w ith t he kin d o factio n af fectin g it, an l

also e n able s u s to av o id chan in

g g the s u bj e ct The ac tiv e can b e u s ed itho u t W
W
.

the bj e ct, the passive itho u t t h

o e age n t
; e ach o f which it is s o me t ime s n o t

W Er
e W
po ss ib le, no t impo rtant, o r n o t des irab le, t o me nt io n
as m ue r o u d en ded o u r co u n t r
f
e y

O ur o c c ur s ? w d efen ded b v
.

W
as
s h t
B r eached in Ke n t u ck
a p l
g o n a s oo u .

y, an d C A M P BE L L d is a ted in Vir
gi ni a ! ( h d
.

o i d ? a n d id w ha t ?)

T he w o rm was do n e, n o t wit s tan din g H E
r f u ed to t o u ch i t
I wen t t o t he rive r , was er r ied o ver an d s a w t he r oce s
e g
sron M y n o mv as wer e slan der ed
.

f , p
T he s hip was s tr an ded
'
.
.
.

Mo o ds .

i The rn o o d s are cer ain t mo des o f e x ressin g the v e rb in

p
re
g ard to i ts s u b e c
j t .
O

7 The re are ve mo o ds ; the dica tive the

ten ti al, the i mp er a ti ve an d the in
. .
in
,
j
s u b u n ctive
, the p o
, n i tive .
 vane s mo o n s . 1 69

l 263 . The i n d i c a t i v e mo o d a irms so mething as an ac u al t

o ccu rre n ce o r act
f .

Ex C olu mb u s d iscover ed A m e r ica

T he b an k has f ailed T he tr e es

W
. . .

a re bu dd in
g T he p ea c h e s
. w ill b e r ip e

I ft he b an k h a s
f a iled I f t he . .

p aches sha ll be r i e

e A r e yo u ick i
s ho n ev e r f
.

as ts , n o b an qu et e er en

j y
o s

. h e ,
n i h
t o j
u a T
li
s t,
t ho u j li s a b essed m ar t yr
a

t l
.

A havi ng a v e rb in the in dicative m ood, may b e declar ative, in ter

ro
p os itio n ,
p
r ogati ve, o r nega tive I t may als o e p r e s s a co n di tio n or an inf
. er ence ; for what is x
ms t e n ce m a n ev ert he less b e as s u me d as m atte r
O

n o t k n o wn as b ein c t u lly i n e
g a a , y
o ff act .

c o nt i
2 64 , The
b j u n c t i v e mo o d ai rms so me thing as a f
a m e r e s u ppo sit io n , wis h o r co n clu sio n
u t ure

n
gen c
y ,
o r as , S ee p 1 7 5 . . .

Ex
I f he be s tu dio u s , he w ill e cel x
I f he wer e stu diou s , he w ou ld e x

x
. .

ce l . I fhe had been s t u dio u s , he w o u ld hav e e celle d I f yo u be rich .

a con dition no t i m r obable I fyo u wer e r ich a supp ositio n with ou t act 0,
p
-

t hat yo u wer e r ich

. .

a mer e w i sh

T
ho u gh he deceive m e , yet w il I t ru s t in
.

him I t is n o t cert ain that he w ill dece iv e me ill t he o w n er p r esen t hims elf , T
x
. .

I w ill k e e p it I do n o t t hin k it ce r tain t hat he will

. E cep t ye be bor n again , .

y e ca n n o t en t e r t h e ki n g d o m o f h e av e n

Y e m a y b e b o r n a g a in
.
,
o r y e m a n o t .

Be wa e , es t tho u b l
r l e e d i n t o et m p at
t i o n

he re is n o t a cer tain t y, ye t a ab il T '

it y . S o,
S e e t hat n o o n e go as tr ay be f or go tt en

I f a co mm o n b o ttle wer e .

d w ith w ater , an d p lu n ged u n d er the oil u n til it r eached it w o u ld r em a n , i
& c D r A rn o t
. I t may b e do n e , o r it m ay n o t t he actu al o ccu rre n ce is n o t de

T he w ick e d s o met im e s co n du ct t hem s elv es in s u ch a man n er as if they

. .

n ie d

x
.

as ecte d n o
p p u n is h m e n t f o r their s in s A dd is on h e y m .a y e p ect it , o r t hey . T
may n ot ; the au t hor doe s n o t p o sitively den y t hat the y do
I f all kne w t heir .

d u ty , an d app r eciated t heir r e s p o n s ib ilit ies , t her e wo u ld b e less calamity in t he

w o rld . D r S ha n non . T he au tho r de n ies t hat t hey do
. 0 , t hat I wer e as w hen .

my m othe r p r ess e d m e t o he r b o s o m , an d s u n g the w arlik e de e ds o f t he M o

ai r s o o n e r , t his accide n t h
haw s ad n o t
k .B t I m
u a n o t Had I hear d o ft he af . f
h a p e n ed

B u t I did n ot, an d it hap ene d
I had r at he r p ay [in n itiv e ] t he
p
. .

de t at on ce , t han b e his s e cu rit n ide al v ie w it is n ot s aid t hat I d o p ay .

I had [s u bj u n ctive] r at he r [t o hav e lo s t [in n itiv e ] my mo n e y, t han m an u

s cr ipt ,

is n ot elegan t En glis h, tho u gh p e r hap s har dl y in co rr ect )
y
er e i t s o , .
n
a

I w o u ld co n s e n t
A mer e s u p p o s itio n
.

I t wer e u se le s s , & c

. I t had been u s e .

I f it r ain s , is i n dica ti ve, an d imp li e s t hat t he

le s s , & c A m er e con clu s ion
.

.

S p e ak er do es n o t k n o w w he ther it is n ow act u ally r ain in g o r n o t i fi t r a i n , 18
su b m h r i t w i ll r am o r n o t

j u nc t i ve ,
a n d i li es t h a t t h e s p e a k e r d o e s n o t k n o w
p is i n dicative, r eferrin to a p ast fact, an d i mp li es t hat t he
w h e t e
.
.

I f it was r ai n i g
s p eak er do es n ot n o w w he ther it did act u ally r ai n or n o t I fit wer e r ainin g, i s .

su b m h h S p ak er i s m e re ly
j u n c t i ve ,
r e fer r in g t o a r e s e n t ac t d e n ie d , a n d i p li e s t a t t e
e
1 s i n di ca ti ve, an d d e

O

i I f i i t m k t h m t f it
u
s
p p o s n t e o s o
g a c as e s .s r e as o n ,
a e ,
p i es the matt er now o r s u o ses i t d e c i d e d I f t h is be tr easo n , mak e t he m o st o f
, p p .

u tu r e decisio n o r j u dicml i nv e s t igati on

I t, is s u bj u nctive, an d r ef e r s t he m att er t o f .

The j
su b u n ctiv e moo d has thre e t e n ses : the p r es en t, the p as t o r
ao r is t an d t he p lup erf ect e n e r ally e qu iv ale n t in time to a
g
fu t u re a
, p r es e n t an d a
, p as t te n se
,
t
e n s es su f
cien t, y e t n e e de d
,
f
or all

t he p u rp ose s o fthis m o o d . S e e p p 2 0 an d 2 6
. .

3 It main s almo st en tirely u nchan ge d throu ghou t the

re same ten se, an d sho ws

its ec u liarit y o ff
o r m chie i t he r b be S ee p 2 6
p y n v e . . .

2 6 5 I n its f o rm, it is mo s t lik e the in dicative moo d ; in s e nse , mo re lik e t he

.

t ti l w ith w hi h it i l m t f tl ass o ciat e d an d in t o w hich I t may

p o e n a c s a s o o s re qu e n y ,

,

W
of te n b e co n ve r te d S e e a b o v , a s o pp
e l 2 5 . 26 . .

hen a v erb in this mo o d ref e rs t o p as t o r p re s e n t time , it ge n erally, b u t n ot

alw ay s, imp lie s a de n ial o ft he f act ; w hen to f u tu re time , that the f act i s nu

ce rtain o r co n tin ge n t S e e the e amp les ab ov e . x .

1 70 v an e s mo o n s .

2 6 6 To a ve rb in t his m
.
o o d ,
so m e a u x ilia ry v e r b s ha ll w ill may,
, ,

sh o u ld may in m o s t in stan ce s b e u n de r st o o d, w itho u t m at e r ially v ary in g

he se nse p r ov ide d the au xiliary b e co n ce ive d as e pressi n g t i me o r co n x

ti n ge n ce , an d n o t r eso lu tio n , n e ce ssi ty, o b li gati o n , &c .

Ex f he be at ho m e I s hall
I , g o t o s e e him = I f he sh a ll be at ho m e , & c .

=
.

I ft hou e v er r etu r n , t ho u s ho u lds t b e t han k fu l I f tho u sho ulds t e v er r etu r n

&c .

B eware that t ho u come n o t t o p o ver ty i e , that t ho u mags t n o t come t o . .

p o ve rty .

A v erb in the su bj u n ctiv e mo o d gen er ally has, o r m ay have , if

2 67 ,

thou gh, u n less, excep t, w hether , that, till, o r so me e qu iv ale n t w o r d b ef

o re

it .The clau se p e rhaps alw ay s implies an o the r, e p re ss e d o r u n de rs to o d ; x

an d he n ce the mo o d is calle d su bj un ctive w hich m e ansilyo in ed to .
,

I t sho u ld n o t b e s u p p o s e d, ho w ev e r , that the s e p r e ce din g w o r d s p r o du ce the m o o d, o r

chan ge t he f o r m o f the v er b I t is r athe r t he s ta te o fm in d , u n d e r w hich the v e r b is s e t
.

fo r t h, t hat p r o du ce s the m o o d, an d r e q u ir e s o r allo w s the co n di tio nal w o r d b e f o r e it ,

.

C
The p o t e n t i a l mo o d af
268 rms m erely the p o we r, lib e rty,
.

liab ility, n ece ssity, will, du ty, o r so me o the r r elatio n o ft he su bj e ct

t o t he act o r stat e .

cou ld gom u st gosho u ld ccwou ld go

e igh
n
Ex
t go

I t may r ain Y o u can
I w
.

ou ld go w it h yo u , if
.
. o
co u ld s
p ar e the t ime .

W hen J o hn G ilp in

W
r i de s again , ma
yI b e t he e t o s ee
r .

he n an act or s tat e is e pre s s e d in t his mo o d, it may tak e p lace , o r n o t I t is x .

n o t t he b u s in es s o ft he m oo d t o s ho w whe the r it do es o r n o t b u t m er e l
, y w hat r e
lati o n t he s u bj ect b ears t o it .

2 2 60 To

e xp r e ss this mo o d, w e co mb in e w ith the v e rb
the in n itive
W
.

for m i th o u t t he si n to t he w o r d ma m t mi ht uld w u ld
g y, can
,
u s
, g , co
,
o
,
o r sh ou ld an d so me time s
, p e rhap s sha ll in the se n se ofmu s t, o r w ill in
t he s en s e ofw ou ld o r to be w illin
g .

T
f b
h is m o o d is in f
mp osite ; its fo r ms b ein g c o mp o s e d o f in d icativ e an d i n n itiv e ,
act ,

s u j u n cti v e an d in n itiv e o r o f im e r ativ e a n

, co
p
, p d in n i tiv e, e le men ts T he s i to o f the

W
.

" mtw e b ei n g o mitt ed in co mb in atio n I

{H e wou ld 0 the " n di e + inj in : I k n e w he co u l d lear n it. . .

9 m e m u s t e n du r e it
I can I p ay him
S u bj u n c i n nu . .

S he co u ld sin g if she wou ld I m i ght le a rn the le ss o n

I s hou ld har d ly be li eve

W
y o u e v en then I mi ght lha ve written to him ha d I k n o wn i t ; S tu d y , tha t y o u m ay ,
lear
n,

I m p e r i n n

M a yy o u p r.osp er

May it Ip leas e y o u r ho n o r s
.

he n the .

a u xui ar
y cle me nt adhe r e s to the time u s u ally giv en t o its te n s e it i s i nd i cative b u t w he n ,
i t do es n o t o r lik e s u b u n ti ves mov e s f
, j ,
, o r wa r d in time , o r b e co m e s i n d e nit e i n ti m e , it is
s u bj u ncti ve .

l 270 The i m p e r a t i v e m o o d e x r e s s es mman d, e x ho rt a

p co
.

t '
l
,
en re a t ty , or
p e r mi ssi o n .

Ex Char ge, C hes ter , ch ar ge !
D
o n o thin that yo u r heart t ells you is
wro ng ?
Do me to
g
. co s ee u s . D ep ar t in p e ace .

T he act o r state
tak e place may may
I f it tak e s p lace, it mu st b e
or no t .

a fte r t he co mman d i tself , wh ich is always e presse d in re sen t time o r in w hat

p ,
x
i s co n s idere d s o at t he time re f e r re d t o A s w e alw ays sp eak t o s o me p e rs o n .

o r t hi ng w he n w e co mman d is moo d has the se co n d er s o n o n l

, th a n d t he
p y ;
s u b e ct o fth e v e rb is th
j ou
,
g o u , or
y e, which is n earl
y alw ays u n de rs t oo d But
so me time s this mo o d i s u s e d i n o the r
.

p ers o n s o r in the e rfe ct t e n s e

p
Ex
.

Have done t hy char ms tho u hate fu l w it h r rr

W e e d ha S hak esi e ar e
.

l
,
my 1 f 1 d his mor tal ho u s e I ll r u in , do C ae s a r w hz t he

T
I d
-
.

ca n I au h tho s e w ho can wee t ho se

g w ho may
S ott N o w tr ea d
. . l

p - '

w e a meas u re ! Bu ! o u p
,

[W
. ,

y s L 0 0 h in v ar

I d N o w let u s tr ead e t c )
F a ll he .
-

t hat mu s t , b eat li his ri v u l s ar ms

.

ho e v er co me s t his w aybehold
W
.

an d t re mb le
qp P
P 0 110 7 B e it t his da en acted 0p e

. .

y B it ebs ter P e r ish

. .
e so
my n ame , an d p er ish my me mo r
.

. .

y, p r o vide d S witzerlan d may b e f re e Tell . .

1 72 v na s s .
rnn s ns .

I write I wro te I shall w rit e

I hav e w ritte n I had writt en I s hall hav e wr itten
I am ab o u t to writ e I was ab o u t t o write I s hall b e ab o u t to write

I am w riting I w as wr itin g I s hall

b e w ritin g
I have b een writing I had b e en writin g I s hall hav e b een wr itin
g .

It se ems b est to d e n e the te n se s acco r din g t o the ir fo r m s , an d in ever y mood .

2 74 . The p r e se n t i n d i c a t i v e de n o t es w ha t no w t
e xis s, o r

is go ing o n.

Wt
Ex . T hi s is a warm day .

The gras s is
t gr owi ng in the m eadow .

ha is no w hab itu al or cu s o t mary .

Ex . He chews tob acco . P eople go to chu r ch o n S u n day .

U n ive rs al t ru ths .

Ex . melts s n ow .

Vi t r ue p roduces happ in e s s .

Dr u nk ards s el
d om r ef
or m .

Past or u t u re
f t ran sac tio n s t
wi h grea t er v v i idn e ss o r ce r ain t ty .

Ex . The comb at deep ens . On , ye b rav e l

Do this , an d tho u diest I

F ut ure e ve t i co ectio n s, n nn n th w
wi o r ds t hat car r
y t he s ce n e

into u t r e t ime
f te
G e n er lly af r e lat i e when , &c
W
u . a r v s, as soo n a s, .

Ex . hen he comes, I will go .

C atch w hate v e r co m es .

6
The actio ns or
qu ali ties o fa t ho u rs as o b se r ve d in their wo r ks
n o w e xist in
g .

Ex . S en eca r easons an d mor alizes well . M ilto n is su b li me .

275 The p r e sen t su b u n j ctiv e u t u re

implie s f t ime .

Ex . I fit r ain , o u r f
lowers will liv e .

Phys ical .

If this be tr u e .
M en tal .

The p r e sen p o
2 76 . t t en tial is p re se n t or u t u re in
f re
g ar d to
b ot h the mo o d and the act or t at e s .

Ex . He may be comin g .

I can
p ay y o u ne x t C h i tm r s as .

2 The p r e sen t imp er at iv e is pre s e n t

277

. in re
g ar d to the
u t u re in r e ard t o t h
moo d, an d f t r t t
g e ac o s a e .

Ex
R eturn
. P o u r o u t t he r ich
s o on

j u ices b right w ith the s u n
s t ill .

I s aid, S o n d is t his m o o d, t hat it can e asily an d r eadily s e t f

o r th a
s cene as p r es e n t in an
y p erio d o ftime .

i 278 . T he pr e sen p ar i iple de n o t tc tes co n t in u an ce o ft he act

o r s a e,tt at the ime r e f
erred tot .

Ex . Be f
or e us lay the lak e glitter ing in the s un .

2 7 9 The p r esen t innit iv e den o t es sim l the act t

s at e ,
py or
.

o r as
p resen t o r fut u re at the t ime r e f
e rre d t o .

Ex
A . les s o n har d to lear n
S he se e ms to sleep
I in te n de d to le s s .
say
.
.

l 2 8 0 The p a s t i n d i c a t i v e de n o
.
t es s imply what o ccu rr e d in
p as t t me i

Wt
.

Ex . ishin g when I
He was f sa w him .

I fhe e v er was ther e .

Q ha was habitu al o r cu sto mary .

Ex T he 8 o o d t imes when the f

& c B en to n
.
.

.
ar mer en ter ta/ med the tr av eler Wth i ou t
pay,
 v n s ns . T EN S E S . l 73

l
'
2 81 . The p as t su b u n j ct iv e
den o t es p res en t or in de n it e tim e,
s e ldo m p as t or f
ut u re ; an d it gen e rally de n ies the act o r s at e t .

Ex . I fI wer e r ich, I w o u ld giv e fr eel
y

He r an as ifhe wer e r u n n ing f
or .

I fI were to admit t e p e dge , he w ou ld the n say, & c

h l
S ee p 20 . . .

The p a s t p ot en t ial m a
2 82 .
y b e
p r es e n t,
p as t , o r f u t u r e in

r e ard t o b o t h t he mo o d an d the act o r st at e I t t t h e act

g p r e s e n s .

o r stat e as r e al co n tin e n t, o r de n ie d
, g .

Ex He w ou ld
.
I go .

I shou ld I t he n bu y it .

I fI co u ld I bu y it, I wou ld .

I t den o t es w hat w as hab it u al o r cu s o mar t y .

Ex Th wou ld she si t an d f ho u rs

W
. ere weep or .

hen this te ns e do es n ot d en o te p as t tim e, it may b e called ao rist, which mean s

2 83 . T he fu t u re ten se de n o t es si mply what will tak e p lac e

he reaf
te r .

Wt
Ex . T he s n ow will melt .

I shall be at home this ev eni n g .

ha w ill b e hab it u al o r cu s o t mary .

Ex . Y o u will t he n beg .

T he s te er an d lion at o n e crib shall meet .

2 84 . The p fe c t i n d i c a t i v e r epr e se nts so me hing as p as

er t t ,

bu t s t t
ill co n n e c e d w i h p rese n ime t tt .

Ex . I ha ve lost my k n if
e

T hey ha ve been ma r r ied t wen ty years
.

.

a.I t implies that the de er, o r w hat the s u b ect de n o te s, y e t j e x is ts, an d

tha t the act o r s tate m ay b e re p e at e d .

Ex I have r ea d irgil man y times

.
V
G EN S co r r has gained . . s e v er al v ic
to rie s .

b That the
. act o r state
(b egu n in the p as t), an d o fcour se that to w hich
it b elo n gs , y e t e x ist .

Ex . T hi s H OU S E has stood t welv e y ears .

Th us has rr j lowed for age s .

That the tho u gh t he m ay b e mo re

W
c r e su lt e t e x ists, act o r o r act no
.
y .

I 'lir . C icer o has wr itten OR A TI ON S .

as hin gton has left hi s e x mp le t o the
a

wo rlci

T hi t en s e is p ecu liarly w ell adap t e d t o e pr es s m an y o ftha r elat io n s which

s x
ast t hin gs hav e t o p r es e n t t hin s I t h w s t hat p as t e ven ts , w i tho u t an y t hi n g
p g s o .

i n t e r v e n in g, co m e do w n t o u s in t he ir co n s e u en ce s , cau s e s , o r ci rcu mst an ces I t

q .

u s u ally imp lies t hat t he t ime in which t he act o cc u rr e d o r b e gan , an d t he p re s e n t

t im e , w ith p e rb a s s om e o f t he f u t u r e , ar e v ie w e d as o n e u n b r ok en p er io d .

M an y w ho ha ve een sa lu ted w ith the hu zzas o ft he cr o wd o n e day , have r ecei ved

x x
i ts e e cr atio n s t he n e t ; an d man y, w ho , b y t he p o u larity o f the ir o wn t i me s ,
ha ve been held u p as s p o tle s s p atr io ts , ha ve, n e v er t he e s s , app ea r ed o n the hi s t o

r ia n s p ag e , w he n t r u t h h hed o v e r d elu s io n , t he as s as s in s o f lib ert y

as tr iu .

M an seld T
hat is t o s ay, T
hin gs av e always b e en s o , an d w ill co n tin u e t o b e s o ,
W
.

w hile hu m an n at u re r e m ain s w hat it is

A n d w her e the A tlan tic r olls , i de

.

co nt in e n t s h ave bloom ed B yr o n. hat s i t o s ay, . I n t h T

e gre at cha in o f e v e n t s e x

t en din g thr o u gh all t ime , t his r e mar k ab le o n e a ct u ally o cc u r r e d ; an d w ho s hall

s ay w hat s t r an ge t hin gs m a
y y e t h ap p e n I n s t e ad o f t ak in g a d ay, a y e a r ,
or a

lif e tim e as t t im t h t d lan c e s o v e r, all du rati o n as 0 11 0

, p r e s e n e , e p o e gr a s s
p , a n g
u n b ro k e n e r io d in w hich he s p e ak s Or t h e s en t e n ce s m ay i m l
p y t h a t th e se
p .

t hin gs hav e b ee n han de d do w n his torical ly o r traditio n ally to e v e n t h e p r es en t t i

m e .
1 74 van e s m u se s .

This 2 85 .
te n s e,
p r ece ded by r ela tive s, when , as soon a s, &c .
,

m ay so metimes u t u re
f t
W
e xpr e ss e ven s .

Ex .
-

hen yo u ha ve seen N iagara Falls , write to m e .

e ct i mp e r a t iv e
The p e r f co mman ds the en din g o fso methin g b egu n .

E x H ave don e thy char m s

S halc Do
=
B e gi n an d d o

H ave don e"
=M ak e an

T
. . .
.

e n d o fwha t y o u ar e n o w d o in g . ect i s v e r y s eldo m u s e d

his p e r f .

The p erf
2 86 e p o
. en ial is
p res e n o r f ct
u u r e in r e ar d t o
g t t t t
the mo o d, an d p res e nts t he act o r s a e as re la iv e ly p as tt t t .

Ex The child map have f

. a llen in to t he we ll
T hen he may have go n e .

ahe ad o fyo u .

The p er f
2 87 e p
. ar i ip le a n d th e om p ou n dct
de n o e t he tc c t
co mpletio n , s o me tim es t he co n tin u an ce , o f t he act o r s a e, at t he t t
time refe r re d t o .

Ex his is a
. Tmade b y the machin e co at .

He live s lo ved b y all .

alr e ady en lis ted, an d ha vi n g bo u ght my o u tt, I r efus e d t o t u rn b ack

.

The c o m p o u n d p a r t i c i p le which has the au iliary having, is gen er ally x

e qu iv ale n t in t ime to the p lu p e rf e ct, or the f
e ct, the p erf u t u re
p e rf
e ct in dicative

=W
-
.

"
Ex .T h e s u n h a v i n g r i s n, w e dep ar te d
e hen the s u n ha d ris en , w e d e p ar te d .

"
H avi g f
n ou n d a p le a s an t ho m e , he i s c o n t en t a d
n happ y H avi ng s u cceede d in this sp ec .

u la tion, y o u will the n o fco u r se v en t u r e u p o n a gr e a t er .

The p er f
2 88 ect in nit iv e
. r epre se n s t the act o r s a e tt as
p as t
at the t ime r ef
e rr e d t o .

Ex . My b u s in es s s hall ap p ear to ha ve been w ell con du cted .

The p l u p e r fe c t i n d i c a t i v e
2 89 . re
p re s e n s t so m e thin g as

nishe d o r e n de d b y a cert ain p as t t ime .

Ex . Her e a s mall cab in ha d been er ected .

The cars had star ted w he n w e
cam e

ther e .

i I t isn o t alw ays n ece ssary to u se this te ns e, mere ly b ecau s e the act o r s t ate
w as nishe d o r en de d b y a ce rtain p ast time .

Ex L
ittle Jo hn wa s u p b e fo r e d ay light
te rw ar ds began to ea t the co r n , a re p ro p e r ,
af
. T he ho r s e j u mp ed in to the eld , an d s o o n
a n d n o t t he same a s, had bee n u
"
ha d j u mp e d

2 90 The plu p er f
. e ct su b u n j ct ive or p ot en t ial de n o t es simply
tt ime, an d de nie s t he tat e
Wm
p as act o r s .

Ex . e ight have s ailed .

I fI had been at ho me , I s hou ld ha ve gon e .

T he illit e ra te , who s e s aga city is s ometi me s r e ater than that o f hiI O S O he r s f r e q u e n t]

g p p ,
e n de av o r to ex r e s s this m o o d in f m
p p l u p er e ct ti e ; I o n [ h a ve ] k no w n i t
H ad
he ov to u c hed m e " O b s erv e als o tha t w e can s a T he tr e e he a r s b e t ter f r u i t than if i t
.
y,
had been Gr afte d an d , hav in
g go ne in to the p a s t we s till say , T he tr e e b o r e b e t t8 1 f
r u it

than ifit had been gr afted " .

I
T he fu t u r e p e r fe c t t en se r e re s e n t s
2 91 .

nishe d o r e n de d b y a ce rt ain fu t u r e t ime

p
-

,
so m ething as

Ex . T he hou s e , when n ishe d, will ha ve cost a f

o rt u n e .

l A t en se 18 so me time s u se d e mphatically , t o de n y the sa me s tate or

act o fthe
p e rso n o r thi n g in a n e ighb o ring ten se .

Ex . He has been rich B u t he is n o t s o n o w H e ha d been rich

.
. . B u t he
w as n o t s o the n ,
Bu t yo u will co me to this .

T ho u gh yo u are n o t in s u ch a
s tate n o w .
17 6 v e ne e r m u se s .

& c I d
. .

I fI wer e
I d i f i
to d ou b t
b d t h t
I
h
sho u ld,
l w

& c D
ebster.

o m l
.

i
W
I fit were

& c I d
.

I w o u ld sa y, & c t e r o ve a e a s o a s a n ac c p c e ,
. .

. .

I f t he qu e s tio n wer e, & c

Je r ey .

I fthe n at u r al co u r se 0 a s tr e am be ob
.

s tru c te d ,

& c . I d L o r d
. M a ca u la y, I b el ie v e ,
ne ve r fai ls t o d i s ti n u i s h t he s u bj u n c
g
t iv e f o r ms f ro m t he in dicat iv e S em e gr ammarian s , ho w e ve r, w o u ld ab o li s h t hem ,
.

o r me rge t hem in t o the in dicativ e ; b u t , s in ce o u r lan gu age 1 8 alr eady b ar r e n o fl

n

i w i t h t t h f w im t t h o u ld a ls o b e d ro pp e d I
ec t io n s ,
t e r e a p yt a e s e e p o r an o n es s .

am aw are t hat t he s u bj u n ct iv e m oo d is o f te n dis r egar de d i n p op u lar u sage ; y e t ,

b ecau se peo p le o f te n o ve rlo o k or b lu r in the b u s tle o fw o rldly p u rs u i ts t he de li cat e
l g i w h h h h l i it f t t o d g r d e t he la
n
's
t n u a e s a s u c i e n r e a o n e a
o c i c r u n s r o u g a g g ,
u a e i t se lf t o a lev e l w it h t he ir ract ice or ign o r an ce l o t he tw o t e n s e s o f t hi s
g g
m o o d, alr eady giv en , m ay b e ad e d t he p lu p er f e ct , w hi ch has t he s am e f o r m as i n

t he in dicative m o o d, y et dif f er s f ro m it s o m u ch i n s e n s e t hat i t I S o f te n p ar se d as

p oten tial B Y EQ U W
A L EN OE !

Oh i had yo u r fate been j oin ed w ith min e ,

A s on ce t his p le dge ap p eare d t he t o k e n
T ollies h
he s e f ad n o t t he n been m in e ,

My e arly v o ws had n o t been broken B yr on .
-
.

T hy n ame is r in cely : thou gh n o p o e t s m agic

C omp are with
p J
C o u ld m a e R e d ack et grace an En gli s h r hym e ;
'

U n les s he had a gen iu s f o r the tr agic,

A n d i n tr od uced it in t o p an to m me
i Halleclc Old Editio n . .

T he latt er p lu p er f e ct ab ove is su b u n ctive, an d N OT in dicative : B ecau s e it is co n

s t r u e d lik e t he admitte d f o r ms 0 the s u bj u n ctive ; it is e u i valen t to a p o t e n t ial

fo r m ; in t ime , it is N OT an teceden t b u t co n co mita n t o r s u s equ en t ; a co n clu s io n ,
,
e v en if mo r e cert ain t han a s n p p o mt io n is s t ill m en tal, an d n o t m att e r o ff act ;

literally p u t in to G erman , the f o r m w o u ldb e an u n u e s tio n e d s u bj u n ct iv e ; the t w o

q
lan gu ages ar e p recise ly an alogo u s in t his co n str u ctio n I t is s u r p r is in g t hat m o r e .

t han 500 grammarian s hav e o v erlo ok e d this p oint f o r t w o o r t hr e e ce n t u rie s .

N ow , as to the te n s es T he m oo ds o f . te n p r ev ail o v er the m ; an d any d e v iati o n

from the strict t ime o f t he latt er, ma b e co n sider e d m oda l L et u s s u p p o s e t hat .

w e have the p resen t an d t he p a st in icat ive T

he s e w ill e Xp re s s w hate v e r is n o w
.

t aking place , an d w hate v er has t ak e n p lace ; an d the s e ar e all t he e v e n t s that w e

k n o w w it h ce rtainty N o w , s u p p o s e t hat o u r chie f co n ce r n is , t o e x r e s s , n o t
.

W
t ime , b u t t he n at u r e o ft he act o r s tat e , an d m o o d, or m o dality , f ro m re a ity o r t he

g r e at e s t cer tai n ty a s f ar a s p u r e id e alit

y, ho w s hall w e ge t f or ms o fthe v er b ?
e ar e s u r es t o f w hat w e ar e n o w w it n e s s in g
; an d he n ce t he p re s en t in dicativ e
e pr es s e s n o t o n ly p r e s e n t e v e n ts , b u t also th
x e gr e ate s t cert ain ty S u p p os e w e
W x
W
.

i s h to e
p re s s p as t or f u t u re e v e n t s wi th
gr e at er t han o r din ary cer tain ty, o f
co u rs e t he
p r es e n t t e n s e is t he b es t f o r m w e can n d hat d ep en ds o n t he o r
x
.

gan izatio n o r in her e n t n atu r e o ft hin gs , n o t o n ly e is ts n o w , b u t has a high de gr e e

o fcert ain ty ; t her ef x
o re t he p res en t t en s e e p r es s e s als o u n iv e rs al t ru t hs S u p p os e .

n o w t hat w e w is h to s tat e f u t u r e o r con t in ge n t e v en ts

; w hat can b e m o r e n at u ral
t han t o e X r ess w it h t he act t he w ill, a u tho r ity, obli a tio n w sit , e t c ,
p , p o e r ,
n ec es y .

o n wh i ch i ts de v elo m e n t i nt o r e ality dep en ds ? an he n ce w ill sha ll ca n , may ,

m us t, e tc , is ade p te as a p art o ft he v er b
.
, , ,
N o w s u p p o s e t hat w e wish t o e clu de
. x
x
t he au iliary s e n s e , b u t to retain t hat o f u n cert ain ty B y dro p in g t he au iliary ,. x
w e ge t a n e w f o rm, w hich will an s wer f or t his
p u r p o s e , an m ay b e calle d t he
ent s u b
p r es j u n ctive S ince do ing p r ece des hav in g, an d s in ce s tr iv in g is ap t t o
.

ceas e w it h p o s s e s s io n h
, a ve w as n atu r ally adap t e d t o e x
p r e s s co m p letion ; an d s o w e
ge t t he erf ect te n ses L as t ] , s u p p ose t hat w e w is h to e x r e s s acts o r stat e s as
.

me rely l c a l N o n e o ft he or ms t hat we hav e m ade , w il an s w e r B u t w e can

.

.
.

n o t n o w , o r in f u t u r e do a S o w hat co u ld b e mo re in ge n io u s o r n at u ral
p as t act
t han t hat the min d s h
.

o u ld go b ack an d t ak e the
, p as t t en s e an d t he p lu p erf e ct ,
an d co n ve rt t he m in t o t he n e e de d t en s e s l t he
p as t t en s e t o d e n o te m erelv t he act
o r s tate an d
, p re s e nt o r in den ite time ; an d the p i n erf e ct t o d en ot e t he co mpleted
act o r s tate , an d p as t t ime T he p arti ci les an d t e in n iti ves e r es s b u t the
.

p
x
s t ate o ft he act as re lativ el
y co n t in u in g, n is he d, o r
p ur p o s ed his s e e ms t o m e T
x
.

to b e t he ge n eral p hi lo s o p hy o ft he t e n s e s t he min or s hade s o fe re s s io n b eing

p
b u t gu rat iv e acco mmo datio n s to t he n e ce s s ities o flan u a e
g g .
 '
VE R B S r P ER S O N S A ND N U M B ER S . 177

P e r s o n s an d N u m b er s .

The p e r s o n an d n u m b e r o fa v e rb are o rm
its f as b ei ng
s u it ab le t o t he ers o n an d n u mb er o fits s u b ec j t
p
W
.

Ex I . a m . Th o u ar t . He is . e ar e. Th y e ar e.

x
E cep ting the v e rb be an d s o me au iliarie s, English v e rb s hav e b u t f ew x
x
v ariatio n s t o e p ress p e rso n s an d n u mb e rs ; an d he n ce t hese p ro p e rtie s mu st

gen er ally b e in f ro m t he s u bj e ct
e rre d f I t is wo rthy o f n o t ice, t o o , that o nly .

t he rs t p art o f the ve rb , o r that w hich p re dicate s, e p resse s the p e rso n an d x

n u mb er .

A nit e v erb mu s t a gree wi th it s su bj e ct in p e rso n an d nu mb e r .

Th t i
it m u s t b e e p res s e d accor din g t o the C o nj u gat io n , p
a s, x 2 4 2 9, w hich
7
s ho ws how the b es t w rit ers an d S eak ers e x r ess t he v e rb in r egar
p P t o i ts s u b ect j .

The su bj e ct o f e v e ry n it e ve rb , in r egard to p ers o n a n d n u m

eit her is, o r m a e re re s en t e d by, I , thou , he, she, zt, we, yo u ,
.

b e r, y b p
or they .

the rst
3

2 94 T ho u ge n e rally the au xiliary, end
. re
qu ires v e r b, o r to
in est
,
s t, o r t .

Ex ho u
. T
ho u ar t the man T ho u shalt
lcno weet was t has t eitet ! .
T .

n o t kill

PVer t is u s e d as w ell as wast, an d is an alo go u s to ar t
.
hat r i c he s . T
r ar ely p u r chas e f rie n ds , tho u dids t s o o n disco ve r , w he n t ho u wer t lef
t t o s tan d t hy
i l n enan ce d an d alo n e

John son T o he r w ho s its w li e r e t ho u wer t

t a
r u n e o u t .
-

Tis all to o late t ho u wer t, t ho u ar t, t he cheri s he d m adn ess o f

.

laid B r1/ a n t

l
. .

m y hae rt B yr 0n . .

T
A s the te rmin atio n r e qu ire d b y thou , is so me times harsh, the r e
2 95 .

is s o m e te n de n cy t o dro p it, es p e cially in p o e t ry .

0 tho u my v o ice in s p ire w ho tou ched I s aiah s hallo w e d lip s w ith r e

Ex .

P op e
P e rhap s tho u no ticed o n t hy way a little o rb atte n d e d b y o n e m oo n her

.
,

Ramp b y n ight Pu llok

B u t t ho u sha ll blu d
. Sp r agu e . . .

t he rs t x ilia y to en d
'

2 96
,
it,
of . He, she
te n re qu ire s the or v e rb o r
a
u r

i n s o r th S e e pp 2 42 9 (St 1 8 0 . . .

S he con tr olleth
Ex He wr ites.

He wr iteth
S he . con tr ols ,
. It

W
d o es become yo u I t do thbecome yo u .

?
i
you , 2 97th , . e, or ey n ev e r allo w s s or th t o b e an n e x ed
t o the
ve rb

I n o the r w o r ds, p lu ral

. v e rb s n e v er assu me 3 or th, an d hav e the

s ame f
o rm fo r all t he p e rs o n s

W
.

Wm

Ex . e learn ,
n ot lear ns . Th y
e lear n ,
n ot lear ns . Y o u lear n .

Jo hn , Jm a es
, an d illia ,
learn .

S i n ce it is n o t alw ays e as
y to de te rm i n e the p e r so n an d n u m b e r o f t h e s u b e ct j
w he n it is in v ariab le s en s e o r complicat e d in its w o r ds le t u s e o n su le r rs t ,
t he
,
,
e r s e n o f t he en t ir e s u b e ct ; s eco n dly , t he n u mb er o f t he e n ti r e s u b e c ;
j t an d, j
p as tly, w hat te r ms do or m o ft he v erb

W
n o t aff e ct t he f .

2 98 P e r s o n .tw o o r m .
hen d i ffe r in g in p e r o r e n o min ativ e s,

9 911; ar e ta e n co lle ctiv e l , o r ar e co nn e

y k ct e d m e r e ly y b a n d
,
t h e ve r b p re

fe rs t he rs t p e s o n t o the s eco n d an d
r t h e s e c o n d t o t h e t h i r d ; w h e n t h e y

W
,
a re t a en s e p ara

n o min ativ e n ex t t o it
k
t ely, o r ar e con n e cte
Y o u an d I ,

d
o
b
r
y

or

Y
o

o
r

u
n

h
or

e
,

a
i t
n
p
d
r e f e rs t h
e
a t
o Y
t h
ou
e

.
f
, , , .

a nd Y ou .

Ex an d 1; ha ve to r e cite o u r l e s so ns

Y o u a n d h e I h a v e to re ci te .

W
.

E h m s tak e n , o r I
y o u r le s s o n s

Y o u o r am mis tak e n . b e t t e r ,
i t e r y o u ar e i

em
'
. m u e r it hy fr ien ds a r e to mak e r e pa at
/
t r i o n

C o u r te s y u s u a l ly r e qu re s .
i
 V ERB S .
PE R S O N S AND N UMB E RS .

t he rst place to b e giv en t o the s eco n d p ers on , an d the las t to the rs t . on , he,

an d I;
Y ou an d

S he an d I .

l
2 99 S i n g u l a r
.
A s in gle o b ect de n o te d b y a sin gular n o m in a
. j
t iv e ; a u n it e d gro u p o f o bj e cts v ie w e d as o n e t hi n g, an d de n o te d by a
an o bj e ct co n cei v e d as a w ho le o r u n i t ,
o

s in gu lar co lle ctiv e o r o the r n o u n

t ho u gh de n o te d b y a plu r al n o min at iv e , o r b y s e v e ra l n o min at i v e s o r

w o r ds w hich may b e co n n e cte d by a n d ; tw o o r mo re di s ti n ct o r dif fe re n t

j k
o b e cts ta e n in div idu ally, an d de n o t e d b y a s in gu lar n o m in ativ e , o r b y

s e ve ral n o min ativ e s,

r e qu ire the v e rb to b e i n t he s ingu la r n u mb er The .

w o rd, o r p hrase , each, ever y, n o, man y a, o r, n o r , a n d n o t, u t n o t, as w ell h

as &c
, ,
co m.m k
o nly m a e s a p a rt o fs u ch a su bj e ct, an d mo di e s i ts s e n s e .

Ex . Fire b u r n s T he ar my o f Xe r e s was vanqu ished b y t he G re e k s

.


x .

T he R eas u r es o fHo p e was wr itten by C am p b e ll G o ld

His f amil is lar ge
.
.

s mit hs E win an d A n gelina is a n e little p o e m

l

I n yo n de r ho u s e lives a gr e at .

W T he sa in t, t he f

sch olar an d cele b rat e d w r iter
ath er , an d t he hus ban d r ays .

B u r ns hy is d us t an d a shes man ] r o u d
.

.
T he t we n t o lar s
[a

t we n ty dollar b ill] has been d u ly r eceive

-

hif ty ect o f t he s eco n s qu ar e was ,

r eser ved f or a chu c r h

T he las t t wo v e r b s s ho u l p rob ab ly b e lu ral ; an d ye t
t he s in gu lar imp lie s a u n ity a co m p actn es s in o n e w hich t he p u ral w o u ld n o t
.

e s l
n ce s ar i y e p re s s

Dxes cen t an d f a ll t o u s i s a d v e r s e M t lto n H e r e is is .

x
. .

mo re e p ressive than ar e w o u ld b e I t imp lie s t hat t he fa ll is s o co n n e cte d wit h .

t he des cen t, o r f o llo w s it s o clo s ely, t hat t he t wo m ay b e co n s ide re d o n e t hin g A nd .

W
u n it e s t he t wo in f

g
or m, b u t is s tre n gt hen s t he u n io n b y u n it in g t he m als o in sen se
oo in , wedd in g, an d r e en tin g i s a S co t ch j ig, a m e as u r e , an d a cin q u e p ace
p
S halcesp ear e Here is see ms t o be p rOp er as r e fer rin g t o t he t hre e t hin gs t ak e n
.
-
.
.

D o wn comes t he tr ee, n est, eagles , an d a ll
in a ce rtain o r de r as o n e w ho le . .

Fon ta in e B u t ti w h t hIer e v e t ic lic e n s e ro t e c t t he f ll w ing

d
.
q u e s o n e n o c ca n p o o
co u p le t : Her e s n o w ar s tee d s n eighan cha i n/p in g, s ho u tin g clan s o r s qu adro n s
-

W

s tamp in g S co tt
.

Eve r y ho u s e l was b u r n ed, an d e v ery ma n , woman , an d child,
.

was k illed Tu esday,
. edn es day, o r Th u r sda , was t he a
y p p o in te d d ay To .

f o r sa ke a f rie n d, o r to divu l e his s e cr e ts

g is m e a n N e it he r
p r ece t n o r d is ci
p
N0 h x
.

p line i s s o f o rcib le as e am p le

o use an d n o
f en ce
l was lef t M an y a
x
. .

man has fallen a v ictim t o in te mp eran ce he re is Co n cor d, an d A L e in gto n , . T

B u n k er Hil an d t her e t hey w ill re main f PVebs ter Em hati e

a d
n A l -
o r e ver .

Eor thi n e is the kin gdom, an d the p o wer , an d t he glo ry

.

ar range men t

. ible . .

l
300 P l u r a l . Tw o o r mo r e o b ec ts de n o te d b y a p lu ral n o min a~
. j
j
t iv e ; a sin gle o b e ct o r gro u p co n ce ive d as to its p ar ts o r in dividu als, e v e n
w hen de no t e d by a co lle ctive o r o ther n o u n singular in f o rm
; o b e cts den o te d j
b y a plu ral n o min at iv e in co mp any w ith singu lar n o min ative s, ta e n s e pa k
r a tel
y, o r co nn ecte d by or o r n o r ; t w o o r mo re dis tinct o r dif fe re n t o b

j e cts k
ta e n co llectiv e ly, an d de n o te d by dif f
e r e n t n o min ativ es co n n e c t e d
b y an d, re qu ire the ve rb to b e in t he p lu r a l n u mb e r
-
.

Ex
T he f
. ir es ba r n h
T e ashes ar e ho t
I
T he cou nc il ] wer e d i

W
.

W
.

c ided in O p in io n
T he mu ltitu de e age r
Fo rt y hea d o f
ly
. u r u e p leas u r e
s .

ca t e l r e C
t l a ? 011 y o n der me ado w
0 it , Ja mes an d illiam, are s t u dy
.
,

M T T h
i
' e 0 V8 a re s t u d i
y gn .
Y ou ,
h e, a n d I ,
a r e a llowed t o go
.

To lo ve o u r .

e n mi e s , to m in d o u r o w n b u s in es s an d to r elieve t he dis tr es s e d ar e t hin s o tt e n e r

e
, ,
r ai s e d t han r actis e d
E it h t h m i t t h laws ar e at f
T he
p p e r e a g s ra
. e o r t e au t .

p l u r a l n o i n in at iv e s ho u ld
ge n e rally b e p lace d n e ares t t o t he v erb ; o r e ls e e a c h
n o mi n at i ve s ho u ld hav e i ts o w n v er b e
p re s s e d o r u n d e rs to o d
Eit her t he la ws x
W
.

a re at f au lt, o r e ls e t he m a is t rat e is
g [ ] S o metimes the v erb agree s w it hthe n e ar e s t .

n o mi n at i ve he n t he re i s an i nfan t or infants who ar e e t & c Mo S at ates

y ,
. /
. . .

T e r m s t ha t d o f t he v e r b A d u n cts to
no t af
fe ct t he fo rm o . j
the n o min at iv e , e planato ry ter ms
,
x
p are n the tical t e r ms, t e r ms t o w hi ch
o th e rs a re co m a re d te r ms e clu de d o r e x ce te d t e rms a
p , p , pp ar e n tl
y se t x
as u le fo r a mo re e
p p ,
x
re ss i ve o r i m o rtan t on e an d t rms me n tio n e d as if e
1 80 A UXI L I A R Y v an e s .

ve r b . On ly su ch e x res s io ns as meseems, meseemed, methi n k s, methou ght, sho u ld

b e t er me d imp ers o n a , or r at he r , ano malo u s ; b e cau s e t hey hav e n o n o min ativ e s
with w hich t hey can p ro p er ly agr e e S o, For thwit h o n all s ide s to his aid was .

r u n b y an gels m an y an d s t ro n g, M i l/o n (a L atin is m an d p e r hap s , G o d s aid,
o r t he v e rb let har d ly r e f

L et t her e b e l ght , an d there w as ight ,
i l f e r s to an y b e in g

addr e s s e d Meseems is ab ridge d fro m

. T o me it s e e ms
. an d meth in ks er hap s
W
W

fro m T o me it t hin k s ,
i e , it cau s es m e t o thin k P r in ce
. . he re s all w e . .

he r e it thin k s b es t u n to yo u r r oyal
j
s o o u r n s t ill o u r co r o n at io n ? G lou cester

.

se f Sh a lces ea r e
p Old Editio n I n t he s e n te n ce ,
Thin ks I t o mys elf , I ll s t p

o

A N E A L OR , thin /es m ay b e p ar s ed according to N o te X I , o r as p u t fo r think

J T Y
. .

b y enallage .

- -

Perso n an d n u mb er in ect io n s b e lo ng t o the in di cativ e mo o d an d the po te n

W
t ial, mos tly to t he in iica tiv e The s u bj u n ctiv e mo o d is v arie d, o n ly t o agree
.

with thou , an d then n o t al ways he ther s o r as sho u ld b e adde d, s hou ld al.

w ays b e de te rmine d ia acco rdan ce w ith the regular mo de o ff o rmin g the p lu ra l

o fn o u n s
; he n ce t he f
o rm s w o o e s,

co o e s ,

& c , w hic h a re s o m et imes fo u n d ,
.

s ho u ld b e woos, co os . x
Mo s t au iliar ies are n ot v arie d in the t hird p e rso n s in
gu lar .Thou r e qu ires the te rminatio n t, st, o r es t A r e, wer e, s ha ll, an d will, .

tak e t ; t he o t he r au iliarie s, s t x
O t her v erb s tak e, in the in dicative p re s e n t , s t
.

o r es t, acco rding as t he r e u ire 3 or es in t h e t h ird e r so n s in gu lar ; t hou gh

y q p
so me time s es t is p ref erre d e v e n to s t A f e w v erb s, w hich e n d in v o w el s o u n ds , .

always as s u me es t ; as wooest I n the p as t t en se, t he v e rb s assu me s t o nly,

.
,
if it w ill coalesce in so u n d ; if n ot, est P oet s an d p reache rs s o metime s rej ect .

e ither t o av o id harsh or dif

, cult p ron u n ciatio n I n ge ne ral, s t o nly s ho u ld b e .

adde d, w he n this is su cie n t ; an d w he n the v e rb alre ad

y e n ds in t he sou n d o f
s t, o r in a clu s ter o fco n so n ants n o t c oale scin
g w ell w ith s t, t he t er min at io n may
b e rej e cted I n the s o le mn s tyle, in s te ad o f s or es, ih is added, ifit w ill co a
.

lesce in sou nd ; ifn o t, eth .

AU XI LI A R Y VER B S .

An a u xi l i a r y v er b helps an o the r b to e xp r ess its me an in g

v er

i n a ce r ai n t mann er or t mei . Ve rb s, n o t au xiliar , are c alle d p r in

y
cz a l verbs
p .

The au xiliary v e rb s ar e be an d all its v ariat io n s ; do, did ; ca n , ,

co u ld ha ve, ha d ; mag, might ; mu s t ; s ha ll, shou ld will, wou ld .

S ee p 1 6 . .

W
o
304 S o me ti me s be, do , have, w i ll, w ou ld, o r e ve n can i s u se d
.
as a
,
.

rin ci al v e rb he n s o u se d, it is n o t co mbin e d w ith a p rin cip al v e rb

p p
WLL
.

x
e p re ss e d o r u n de rs to o d Do = =a ct, p erfor m ; HA VE= o wn , p ossess ;
.
I
- w is h, bequ ea th .

Ex I t is e as y to be idle H e has don e the wo rk

.
He w illed his p ro p
.
.

e rt y t o his s is ter I wo u ld I cou ld p le as e yo u

.
I n e vil, the b est co n ditio n i s ,
the s eco n d, n o t to can B acon
.

n o t to wi ll . .

te n co n v e nie n t whe n we w ish t o

i
A u x liary v e rb s are o f
t he v e rb i ntcrro ative l , n e ativ el
ex

p re ss
g y g y, o r e llip
t icall
y .

of
X

I
D o yo u k n o w yd i a Flare l Place d b ef
d
.

L
o n o t w a n t his co m an
I f m
o r
.
e th e n o
j
m i n at iv e

C an yo u

.

g p y an w ill n o t d o u st ice , G o d will .

[d o
j u s t ice] He co u ld hav e do n e it , an d s o cou ld o u T
.

.
y hey her d c attle an d r ais e .

co rn , j u s t as w e u s e d to i e , t o her d cat tle and r ais e co r n D o is f r e qu e n t l

?
. .
.

thu s u s e d as a s o r t o f r o ver b t o r e r es e n t an act iv e v er b alr e ad

p p y me n t io n ed
-

,
S o me ram mari an s co n de mn t his u s e o fit y et as it o f
g ; , ten e n ab le s u s to av o id t he
repe ti tio n o fa lo n
.

g an d te di o u s p hras e , o u r language can n o t w e ll s p ar e it .

 A U XI L I A R Y van e s .
181

2
i i i
Be p r marily s gn e s pre d ca t o n o r e s te nce do ac tio n in en e ral
; , g
i i xi
whi ch 18 li mi te d to a p ar ticu lar ki n d by the p r n c al v e rb ca n t o kn o w
p
g

;
i i
ha ve, to p o sse ss ; may, ab il ty ; mu s t, n e ce ss t ; sha ll
i
,
ro ce e d n ro m
f i i
a n o the r s

i ll o r f W
r o m o u r C ir cu ms ta n ce s
; an
y , p
d w ill, p ro ce e d n g f
g
ro m o u r i
o w n w ll i
B u t the p r m t v e o r l te ral se nse can n o t alw a s b e traced
.

y i ii i .

Ex . T he
is p lan te d
co r n He does s t u dy can k n o w ho w to r ead
[ ] .

I
I
.

a le sson ==to s t u dy it O u t o fhe n =

=b eyo n d p e rce t io n
.

(To son
p )

h ave b e e n .

hu m I
.

rma b u y it z

Y o u m09I n helP u s

A m74 hlJ sto rm )

He 8 hall .

s t u dy . He will s t u dy .

306 B 0 is u se d ch e y to . i e xp r e ss the v e rb in the p ass i ve an d pro

o rms
gre ssive f S ee p 1 84 . . .

Ex h h
T e. o u s e is bu ilt T he leav es ar e alling I t s ho ws when .
an d
x
.

ho w t he p er s o n or thi n g e is ts in the s tate d en o te d y t he r es t o fthe v e rb .

307 . D o d i d ge n er ally
or a dds f
o rc e to the
p r e d cate
,
i or e xp re sses
t he e mp hat i c o rm
f S ee p 1 84
. . .

Ex . I do r e ally believe it . D o you trea t him w ell, n e v e rtheles s

.

3 08 C a n . or co u ld e xp re sse s a bilit
y or p ossi bility
,
-

p hys i cal, .

me n tal, o r mo r al .

Ex .
I can car ry the b u ck e t .

Ca n yo u wr ite a co mp o s itio n ?
I can n ot
br eak my ro mie s It can n o t sn ow her e in u ly I t can n o t be J .

. S u ch
a man can n ot li ve in o ur n e ighb o r ho o d

I t is mo r ally imp o s s ib le . .

)r
. 3 09 H . a v e or h a d make s a p ar t o f e v e ry p e rf
e ct te ns e .

3 1 0 M a y o r m i g h t e p resse s a bility, p ossibility, p r oba bility, p er

. x
m iss io n , w ishing .

W
Ex
.I might have bo u ght this v alu ab le lo t the n
I t might be an swered .

e may n o t li ve t o s ee it

t hu s . I t may r a in t his e ve n in g
Y o u may . .

a ll l
go o u t t o p ay

May yo u p r osp er 0 , that he might r etu r n I
.

.

l 311 M . u st e xp re ss e s n ecessit
y ,
-

p hys i cal, men tal, or mo ral .

Ex .
-

Bu t f
D ie Im
o r a litt le t u b e o f m er cu ry , t he w ho le cr ew m u s t
u st .

ha ve s u n h . T
her e mu s t ha ve bee n a he av y r ain in t hese parts I t is n ece s s ary .

t o b e ie v e t her e w as
l Y o u r p ro mis e m ust be kep t
.

M y v o te mu s t n o t be r e .

f av or o fs u ch a b ill I t o ught n o t to b e, an d s hall n o t b e
W
. .

he n w e lo o k int o t he w o rld, w e can re adily ob serv e t hat the acts o r s tates '

a s crib e d t o o bj e cts,
p rocee d e it he r fro m t heir o w n w ill or n at u re , o r e lse are

c au se d b y o t her age n ts o r t hings The f o rmer p ro vin ce is chie y t hat f o r w ill .

a n d wou ld, the latt er f o r shall an d sho u ld .

S ha l l o r s h o u l d s e ts f
3 12 . o r th the act o r s tate , n o t as de p e n d
in g o n the do e r s w ll, b u t o n that o fan o the r ; o r as p ro ce e d n g f

i ro m i
a u th i
o r ty, n u en ce o r c r cu mstan ces
,
i
p e rhap s o u t o fhis c o n tr o l H e n ce, i .

sh a ll o f i i
t en mpl e s comp u lsio n ; an d s ho u ld, du ty o r o bliga tio n Fr e qu e n tly, .

t hey de no te so m e thn g as s mply f i

u t u re o r su b se q u e n t, o r an asse r t o n i i
mo des tly s e t fo r th as b e n g so me w hat a co n d t o n o r nf e r e n ce i ii i .

Ex Y o u sha ll s ta
y a t h o m e t o d a y

h o u sh a lt loo e t hy n e ighb o r as t hy -
T
W
.

s e lf
.
"
sh I
a ll be dr o wn ed
; fo r n o b o dy will he lp m I r e s o lv e d t hat he

sh o u ld go

He v o w e d t hat sho u ld r ep en t o f i t

I
ho ev e r shall v iolate t hi s

. .

law , sha ll be p un ished

O u r childr e n shall celebr ate t his day w it h b o n re s an d
.

illu m inatio ns I t w ill c ome t o p as s .

Y e s , my s o n ; yo u sha ll o f ten n d t he .

l i ch s t m e n t he m e an e s t I n y o u r co u r se t hro u gh lif e , t his w ill n e ce s s ar i ly m

'
.

tr u de its elfu p o n yo u r n otice A m h o b s o le s ce n t , b u t goo d ) G 0 an d

( u s e so e w at

.
.

s ee him , an d y o u sh a ll n e v er wa n t to s e e him again S ho u ld yo u n d an p a

y
.

p aw s , hallo o t o u s

s hou ld be o blig ed t o h im if h I
e w o u ld grati y me
f .
I
e w o u ldco n de s cen d to wmt u p o n me ]
.

sh o u ld be
p leas ed t o h av e h is co m p a ny

[if h .
1 82 VERB S P A RTI C I PLE S
.
AND I N F I N I T I VE S .

Do on think the b o o k w ill sell

l I sho uld think s o [ j u dging fro m its qu alities ,
o fthe u b lic ]
W
an d t e w an ts p .

314 . i ll l d s ets f
or o rth the act o r state as dep e n d n
w o u g on i
the w ll i or the n atu r e o fw hat is de n o te d b y the su bj e ct o fthe v e rb :
H e n ce th s i au xi i
l ar o f te n mp li e s r ep e t t o n o fthe act
y i
Fr e qu e n tly it ii .
,

de n o te s t he act o r state as s i mp ly f t u u r e o r s u b se qu en t .

Ex

I fhe o r n ia in s p ite o fr em o n s t ran ce
t o C alif will w ill fu r n is h him I
h
0
I l
.

an o u t t ; b u t fe ar e w ill n d b u t lit tle go ld the r e , an d w il n e ve r br in g b ack as

m u ch as he t o o k w ith him T h e ca u s e w ill r a i.
se u p ar m i e s

He wo u ld n o t .

go w it h o u t h is fat he r

s w o r d
h is wo uld ans wer o u r p u r p o s e. T
He k n e w .

that this wou ld ha ve been w ro g n

h e r e w il l

s he s it a n d w ee
p fo r ho u rs
.

T .

B ut s till t he ho u se a airs wo u ld dr aw he t e ce h
'
r n .

3 1 5 I n a de p en de n t p r o p o s t o n, sha ll o r s hou ld m u st n early alw ay s

.
ii
b e u se d t o e p re ss s mple f x i
u tu r ty o r co n t n ge n ce ; f o r in s u ch a ro o s
p p i i i
W
,

t io n, w ill o r w ou ld ge n e rally r e fe rs t o t he w ill o f hat the s u bj e ct de n o te s?

I W
W

Ex I f shall have been
.

I fyo u sha ll have bee n he n he sha ll
. .

ho ev er shall say so .

S in ce sha ll an d wi ll ar e of
ten misapp lie d, the f
o llo wing r u les m ay all b e fo u n d u se ful

1 O u r o w n v olu n tary act o n s ar e de n o te d by w ill, an d o u r co n t n ge n t

.
i i
o n e s b y sh a ll; the co n t n ge n t act o n s o fo th i
e rs ar e e pr e ss e d b y wi ll an d
,
i x
i
the r co mp u lsat o ry o n e s by sha ll .

2 S ha ll, in t he rs t p e rso n o fdep en den t p ro p o s t o n s, an d w ill, in the

.

s eco n d an d t h rd p e rs o n s , f
i
i
o re t ell ill, in t he r st p erso n , mpl e s v o l
t io n o r p ro m s e an d sha ll, in the s e co n d an d thrd p e rs o ns, mpl es co m
. W i
ii
i
i
i
i i
p u ls o i
n o r fo r ce S h a ll in de e n den t
, p.
p ro po s t o n s
,
fo re te lls
; a n d w ill ii
i i
mp l e s v o l t o n ii
S ho u ld is ge n er ally p ref
. e rable t o w o u ld w he r e sh
,
a ll

W
w o u ld b e p ref e rable t o w ill ; an d vice vers a .

3 . ill or x
w ou ld e clu de s the v ol t o n o r co n tr ol o f the s p e ak e r o v er ii

the act o r s tate , u n le ss he is also w hat t he s u bj ect o f the v e rb de n o te s .

x
S hall o r shou ld e clu des the v o l t o n or co n tr o l o fw hat the su bj e ct den o te s , ii
o v e r the act o r sta te .

T he r s t an d s e co n d r u le s a r e si mple b u t in ad eq u ate ; the last r e ache s all case s.

The au x ili aries may, can , mus t, will, an d s hall, ge n erally acco rd b e st w ith
o n e an o the r, an dw it h the p re s e n t t en se ; the au s xiliarie s might, cou ld , wou ld,
an d shou ld,
gen e rally accord b est wit h o n e an o ther, an d with the p ast t en s es .

P A R T I C IPL ES A N D I N FI N I T IVES .

W hat is a p ar ticip le Y W hat is an in n itiv e ? S ee p 1 65

. .

P ar ticip les an d in n itives als o e xpress the acts or st at e s ex

p re ss e d b
y the r f
o o rms o fthe v e rb .

T hey li ke wi se ha e vo i ces
2 v .

l
T hey do n o t have mo o d o rathe they a e themselves a mo o d s r r, r .

3 1 6 T hey x e s t e e r e lat i e l a d in an e i d ft i
r sm
p .

y y p e o ns v n r o e,
and n t b l tely li k i t e e b i x e d e i o ds o ft i m e
o a so u e n v r s, n
p , r .

Ex
W
. He came wo u n ded
H e C A M E wo u n din
g

He C AM E to wou n d

He
I I
.

C OMES IL L 00 m : wou n ded to go ;

. I N T EN D I N TEN D E D to go .

3 Th y e do not have p e rso n an d nu mb e r, an d the ref
o r e do no t
e xpre ss af
r mat i o n .
184 v an e s m ar i c w ms A ND i N F i N i Ti v n s .

The p r e s e n t i n fi n i t i v e b egi ns wi t h to, and is re la~

322 .

tively p rese nt o r f u tu re in ti me .

2 3 2 3 The p e r fe c t i n fi n i t i v e b egi ns w i th to ha ve, and de

.

no t e s co m let i o n , o r p ast t i me
p .

Ex . I hope d to see yo u . H e app ears to be r ich He app e ars to ha ve

been rich .

Wxi i
may co nsi der p arti ci ple s an d in nitive s ,
e

wi th au l ari es to make n i te o r o the r v e rb s ;

f ,
irs t

secon d ly,
as c o

b e i ng as
mb i n e d

arti ci les an d in n itiv es p ro p er ; an d, thir dl ,

y as havi n g b e co me
p p
wo rds o fo ther p arts o fs pe e ch .

2 P ar ticip les
324 mb i ne d w i th p ar ticip les t o mak e m
'

. are co co

o u n d p a r ticip les
p .

Ex H aving
. be en ; b eing w orn ; h avin g b een s tan din g .

Be in g stan ding ;
rar ely u s e d .

The p r esen t p a r ticip le is co mb i n e d w i th t he

325 . au xi li ary be
an d its v ar i at i o ns, to mak e t he ogr essive for m
m .

Ex .

To b e writin g ; to have b een wr iting . T he b ells ar e tollin g .

The p erf
226 ect r tici le is co mb i n e d w i th t he xi li a y be
p.a
p au r

an d its v ar i at i o n s, t o m ake t h e p a ssive fo r m o r v o ice .

Ex To b e writ ten ; to have b een writ ten

. .

He is gone .

He was str uck .

The p erf
32 7 ect ar ticip le is co mb i n ed w i th the au xi li ar ha ve
p .
y
an d its v ari at i o n s, t o ex r e ss t he n acti ve if
p p f
er ect ten ses I t is t he ,
.

fro m a t ran s i ti ve v e rb .

Ex T o hav e written ; t o have b een w ritin

. I ha d written g . .

32 8 . The co mp o u nd p a r ticip le is not

p ro
p erly co mb n ed, i w thi
an
y au xi li ary , as a
p art o fa n i te ve rb .

Ex .
-
A n ew
p arty is n ow bein g for med s ho u ld b e , A n e w p arty is n o w
T he chu r ch was t hen being bu ilt, s ho u ld b e ,
The chu rch was the n

? The p r esen t in n itiv e, w i tho u t t he si gn to, is

329 co ril gin e d
W
. b

i th the au xi li ar i es do ca n ma i
0

, , y, mu s t, w ill, an d s ha ll, an d w th
their pas t f o rms, t o e x r ess abs o lu te t en ses
p .

Ex
He does to l s tu dy
I I am ab le tO S t u dy I
l
.
can
I stu dy - 8 hall I
st u dy
.

Iw ou ld e t ud
y .

g
T he ori in al in nitive p rop erly has n ot to ; the f orm wi th to is m ade f ro m t he
o t her , an d i s n e e ded i n co n s t r u ct io n t o dis t in u is h t he in n itiv f
, , g e ro m t he p re s en t
in dicativ e o r imp e rat iv e T
hu s the r e p o sit io n to has b e co me a so rt o fa uxiliar y
.

to the in n itive, t ho u h n o t an au ra lar v erb
g y ; f
or t he in n itiv e , n o t e p res sing x
af rmat i o n , n ee de d n o t a v e rb f or its au iliar
y x .

3 30 . The i n i ti ve
n is also co nst ru e d, wi tho u t t he s i n to, af
g t er
the ac ti ve v e rbs bid
-

,
make, n eed, hea r , let, see, f eel, an d dar e
s o met mes afte r fin d, ha ve, help , p lea se, an d e q u i vale n ts o fs ee d
i ; an
so met i me s after a co n u n cti o n o r in co llo q u i al ex r ess i o n s
j p .

Ex . L e t u s ei
I hear d him say it
Y o u had b e tt er go
hey . . T
le arn to read an d to wri te
[
.

[I t is ] Be tter [to ] lo se t han [to ] b e disgr ace d

.

.
 VERB
P A RTI C I PLE S mmmrl v ns
S . A ND .
18 5
i 33 1 . The p a r ticip le m ay e xp re ss s o methi n g su bo rdi n ate
A s the ca us e . J o hn , being tir ed, we n t to b e d .

[fore f
ee t .

A s the mea ns .

The hors e charge d u po n the w olv es, s tr iking the m w ith his
A s the ma nn er .

T he cars came r a ttling .

S e e S o u they

s Lo do re .

the tim e
As . Having taken shelter he re, he s aw an an t,

&c .

A s the s ta te . H e b ecame a ttached to us .

A s the acco mp animen t .

S he s at n ear , r eading a b oo k .

A s t he co nd ition C ir cling ro u nd, you may ap p ro ach o n the o ther side

.

.

A s the r esp ect wher ein

con sider him as having lost his r ight
.

I .

l
'

3 32 . I t is so m et i me s u se d
A bs olu tely with a su b stan tiv e The b olls havin g ru ng, w e w e n t to chu rch.

A bs olu tely af
ter an in n itive . To go p r ep ar ed, is n e ce ssary .
"

3

333 . The inn i tive may e x pr e s s so methi n g
A s the caus e .

Igi r ev e to hear o fyo ur b ad co n du ct .

A s the p u rp ose A . main ed to p r ay
nd they w ho came to sco

,
re .

ell to r is e n o more

W

A s simply a f su bs equen t even t
ailur e o r He f . .

A s the r esp ect wher ein illin g to wou n d an d yet af raid to s trike
. .

A s a deter min a tion to go I t is to be dep lo red, that, 85 0

o r obligation .

I am .

.

the m an ner A ll things w en t to su it me

A s . .

A s the sup p lemen t ofa co mp ar is on o od e n o u gh to s ell S o high as to . G .

be in visible H e k n o w s b e tter than to ven tu re
. .

3 34 . I t is so m e t i m es u se d

A s a su b ect j . To cultivate the eart h is the most pleasant o ccu p atio n .

As an ob
j ect . H e is lear n in g to read . The ship is ab o u t to s ai l .

A s a p r edica te n o -
mina tive . To s in is to sv er .

A s an app osi tive . D elightf
ul tas k ! to r ear the ten der thou ght .

Ther e ar e s ev e ral le s s imp or tan t u s es o fp ar ti cip les an d inn itiv es .

l
'
335 . The inn itive may be co n str u e d i
w th
w e an ;
H e has the cou rage to ven tu r e .

A p r ono u n .

H e ar him sp eak

A n adj ective . H e is a n xio us to start .

A ver b .

He see ms to p ro sp er .

I ca me to re main .

A n adver b . He k n o ws when to p u rchase .

A p r ep os ition . arm
H e is abou t to sell his f .

A co nj u nction . H e is wis er than to b eliev e it .

A n interj ection, e llip t icall

y . 0, to b e in su ch a con dition !

The part i ci ple le an s to the j

ad e ct ve, an d i the i nn i ti ve to t he
no u n

I am
am in th I can s tu dy
=l
Ex .
-
e s ta te f
o s t u dy n i g b u t, s

am ab le to do the thing called s tu dying .

3 36 S i n ce e v ery act o r state m u st b e lo ng to so m e o bj e ct, par

.

ticiple s an d in nitives re late t o su bstan ti ve s ; an d s i n ce they p artak e

1 86 V E RBS .
P A RT I C I PLE S AND m mm r i v n s .

ofthe n atu r e o fo ther p arts o f sp ee ch, they may, es

p e c all i y the ia

n itive , m o di f
y o the r w o rds b e s i de s .

Ex t, to hear he r s he ll, thr o n ge d
T he Pas s io n s o f her m agic ce ll To aro u n d .

hear r elates t o Pass io ns , an d als o mo di es thr on ged, by s ho win g t he p u r p os e .

S o m e times the p rin cip al v e rb is o mitte d

T o t ell t he tru t h, [ m u st co nf ess
] . I I
w as in f au lt

S o me times p articip les an d in n itiv es ar e u s e d ab s o lu tely o r i i i

W
.

d ep e n den t ly ; tho u gh w o r ds b y w hich w e m ay av o id t his co n s t r u ctio n , can o f te n

b e s u p j lie d T o b eco m e dis hear ten ed, i s r u in o u s [ e] Con s ider in g his yo u t h,
l
. .

[t hin k he is v ery p r u den t S ee p . .

The f
o r ego i ng p ar agr ap h i s s u b s tan tially R u le the m o s t o h
XI I I n the sy n ta x o fv e r b s ,

.

v io u s dis tin ct io n is i n to v e rb s n it e a n d v e r b s n o t nite S in ce ni te v e r b s a r e alwa y s r e .

fe rr e d to s u bj e c ts , s in ce e v e r y a ct o r s ta te m u s t b elo n g to so m e o bj e c t, a n d s in c e p a r ticip l e s
"
an d in ni tiv e s p a r ta k e the n a t u r e o fv e rb s, w hy s ho u ld t he ir r e la tio n t o a s u bj e c t b e dis
r e ga r d e d o r le s s r e gar d e d i n o n e tha n i n the o the r ?
. O u r r u le e xha u s t s t he s y n tax o fp ar ti
cip le s an d in n itiv e s , w hethe r u se d in co mb in atio n , o r a s p ar ticip le s a n d in ni ti v e s p r o p e r
R
.

T o p a r ticip le s p r o p e r, it is s u f cie n t to ap p ly o n ly t he rs t p o r tio n o fthe u le .

P arti ci ples a nd in n itiv e s b eco me

33 7 . n o u n s, w he n they
s n m e cas e s ; an d they m ay t h e n b e u s e d in an
y cas e e xc e
p t t he

p o ss ess v e i .

Ex To love is n atu r al
. M ar y is lear n in g to r ead
.

her e is little glo ry .

T
in hav in g been de tected in a me an actio n

I t is b e tt er to s af t an t i nj u r e
er h o

. .

N o so on e r has he p ee ed in t o t he w o r ld t han he has do n e his do H u dibr as -

. .

Here the in n itive has ecome en tirely a n ou n .

2

338 . By i
fthei r v e rb al s e ns e, v erbal n o u n s m ay go v e rn
v rt u e o

o the r su bstan t i v e s in the o bj ect i v e cas e, o r b e mo di e d adv e r li iall ;

y
an d b Vi rt u e o fits s u b stan t i ve s e n s e, t he t ici l m
y p ar
p e a
ygo v e r n an

o the r s u bstant i v e in t he o ss ess i v e c as e

p .

Ex To o ve o r n eighbor s, is o u r du ty
l u
H is havin g sometimes w r itte n t o
W
.

me , i s n o e vi den ce o fMary s co r re s p o n ding i t h him

S u ch p o s s e s s iv es ar e
z
.

au thor i e d b y go o d w r i te rs : i t i s o f
te n b etter , ho we v e r , t o u s e an o r din ar y n o u n ,
o r a clau s e b eginn ing w ith th at .

339 . The in i t i v e alw ays r emai n s ab stract, an d is n e v e r o v

n
g
e rn ed by r e o su io n , ex ce t so met i m es b a bo u t o r exce t
a
p p p y p .

3 4 0 T he p art c ple m ay so
. i i f
ar lo s e the n atu re o fthe v e rb as
to as su me the m o d cat o n s o fa i i no u n , o r b e co me e ve n co n cre te .

Ex P ain ting an d s cu lp t u r e
G oo d lo dgings I n the ar r an gin g o fhis
. . .

I n t he a rr an gemen t o fhi s af
'

a ai rs fairs T he p ar t iciple , w it h an art icle b e f .
o re
it and ofaf ter it , is alw ays a n ou n an d, as s u ch co n v e rt s adve rb s in to adj e ct iv e s
o r i s co m ou n de d
p i t h t he W
m y ca r f
e u ll
,

r ead in g y
. o u r co mp o s it io n
;

By
,

t he car ef f comp o s itio n

u l r eadin
g o y o u r n s ettin gf or th his sys t e m .
I n the
or tho fhis s s t e m

setti n gf
O

y
-
.

P arti ci ples an d in n itiv es lo s e, w i th the i r v e rb al n at u r e, t he

i dea o ft i me .

i 341 T he p ar ti ci ple so meti m e s b e co me s a ar tici ia l a d ectiv e

.
p p j
that i s, i t ascr i b es the act o r s t ate t o its s u bj e ct as a q u a li t
y .

Ex sh atter ed o ak

L if eetin g mo men ts


. . e s
.

S o metimes it b e co me s a
mer e adj e cti ve

. T
his is s u r p r is in g

won der;ful .

Part iciples so metimes b eco me a d ver bs, p rep os itions, j

o r con u nctio n s .

Ex l t is f
re e in z co ld

C o n ce r n ing,
g r es
p e ct ing Pr o v ide d
. .
. .
1 88 VERB S .
C ON J U G A TI O N .

9 Thep f b
r ogr essivee appl e d o n ly to acts o r s tate s
or m can ge n e rally i
that may hav e n te rm ss on s an d r en e w als i i i
P erman e n t men tal acts o r .

o r e b e seldo m e p r e ss e d in it
st at e s can t he re f

I r esp ect him ; n o t,
I x .

a m r esp ecting him

Ths f o rm is so me t m e s h gh
. i
ly v v d an d e p r e ss v e i i i i x i .

The an cien t f or m, o r s ole mn s ty le, is u s e d in the e b

, y th e r e o u s B i bl li gi
de n o m i i
n at o n calle d Fr i en ds, f
re qu en tl
y in r eli gi o u s w o r shi p , s o met i me s in

p o e try, an d so me ti mes in b ur les q u e .

S in ce the chief p ur p o s e o fC on u gatio n j i s the m ak in g o f p r e dicate s, we may add the

f
ollo win g

ten co mb i n e d w i th a bo u t an d the i nn i ti v e, t o
B e is o f
'
Z 346 . ex

s o methi n u t u r e o r i m e n di n
as f at the t i m e r e f
e rr e d t o
p
W
g p g
r ess

Ex . e wer e a bou t to star t .

34 7 . B e, in so mefthe t en ses, m ay b e
o c o mb i ne d wi th the
in n i t i ve to e xp re ss determi n ati o n o r desi gn .

Ex . Iw as to go e ar ly .

Th y e ar e to be sold .

34 8 . H ave is of
ten c o mb i n ed wi th the i nn i ti ve to e xp r e s s obl i
g ati e n o r n ecess i ty
Ex . Ih ave to go . I had to do ev ery thin g .

2 3 4 9 The . v erb s see m, app ear , s upp ose, &c , ar e . of

t en co mbi n ed
i
w th the i
n i t i ve t o
n mo di f
y o r s of
t e n t he ass er ti o n .

Ex . S he s eem s to know b u t ttle

li
.

lA pr o p o s i ti o n is made in ter r oga tive, gen erally by placi n g

'
350 .

the v e rb o r s o me p art o fit af ter t he n o m i n at i v e .

Ex . Kn ow Y E the lan d l
Have you s een hi m i

A v erb is made n ega tive, b y placi n g n o t af

35 1 .
te r it o r af te r the
rst au x111ary Parti ci ples an d in n itives gen erally r e q u i re n o t t o
.

b e place d b ef or e the m .

Ex I kn ow n o t did no t know it
. . I .

N ot to know s o me thin gs , is an
ho n o r
N ot nd/ ing me, he wen t away
.
.

S o me p ro posi ti on s ar e b o th i nterr o ati v e an d n e ati ve

3 35 2
g g
.
.

N e gat i v e q u esti o n s i m l s o methi n adve rse to the s e ak ers b eli e f

py g p ,
o r ask f o r c o n rmati o n rm at i ve q u est i o n s ask f
; af or i nf
o rmat i o n .

T he f o r me r o f te n su ppo s e an af rmati v e ans we r in the b e ar er ; an d

t he l tte r a n e at i ve an s we r B o th k i n ds ar e an s wer e d b
a g ,
y y es o r .

n o alik e .

Elm Has the carr iage n ot come et

I t P hi li master o f her mo l lee 9 T
y s n o
&c
:
No
.S h ll we gather s tre n gth b irr es olu t ion an d in ac io n 3 & c
aD i d yo u not go
y
Di d y (70 t . bii
u i N o , t ha

No A n d did t hey n ot ca tch nk
e av en Y o u w e re n ot kick e d
.

N o r can e d N o , s in N o r
.

H ,
t he n N o
dragge d thr o u gh a hors e on d l O L or d ! n o s ir a
, s ir .

p G r r icle
-

, . .
 VERBS E X ER C I S E S
. . 1 89

E X E R C I S E S

Examples t o b e A n alyzed an d Par sed .

R er se the ver bs , i nclud ing p a r ticip les an d in n itives

1 .

A e r ce do g cau ght n
g o v er u s
a
theThe r ob b er . A l
c o u d is
h
p ass i .
|

p lace w as co v e r e d w th a p ro f u s o n o f o w e rs i
M se rs ho ard m o n ey i . i .

M o n ey is b o ar de d by m se rs That n o sy marsh is n o w dra n n g M an i . i i i .

i
b e co me ? n do len t in a w arm cl mate Tho u d ds t cre ate th s w o n dr o u s w or ld i . i i .

Wi
2

Y o u do n o t u n derstan d me
W
e hav e le arn e d o u r le sso n s The hu n t . .

e rs had kille d a b e ar I shall r ema n at ho me w he n it r a n s

. hen I i .

i i ii i
/

have co mplete d th s grammar, I w ll v s t yo u The tu rk ey s w ll hav e

W
.

left the eld, b e f

o the rs hav e do n e

a Fl
o re y o u c an ge t the re

I i ll n o t b e

ill yo u w alk n to my p arlo r

.
g f
W
av o rs o f o u as
y ,
sa d a S p de r t o
.

i i i
y
3
n i
Y ou may w alk n to t e garde , b u t y o u mu s t n o t plu ck the o w e r s
h
.

The stor m may hav e br ok e n do wn t he o ld apple t re e I co u ld n o t carr y -

.

the tru nk A go o d r e so lu t on sho u ld n o t b e b ro k e n

. I f a ho rse co u ld i .

hav e b e en p ro cu re d, w e w o u ld have se n t him I fy o u sho u ld w r te t o he r . i ,

i
i t m ght ap p e ar that I had re qu es te d i t .

W
4 .

f
ho w o u ld the m ? D o es any man b el ev e that th s
r e u se t o r e w ardd

i i
gi an t a r e at e o fs tat es can b e p r ese r v e d b
gg g y fo r ce ? S h a ll w e su b m t t o i
i
c ha n s an d slav e ry ? I fhe b e cho se n , he w ll b e co me n solen t I w o u ld i i .

I w e r e w th him i
I fhe v alu e d it h ghly , he w o u ld n ot sell it s o che ap
. i .

He smile as fhe
d i k n e w me H k
e w as sp o e n

o ff o r C o n gr e ss The vic
. .

to ry had b e e n o u rs, had they f o u ght mo r e b rav ely .

5
R ev ere thyself ,
an d y e t th y s elf de sp ise D o not
g ve a p o o r man a . i
s t o n e , af te r he has d e d f o r w an t o fb r e ad i
G o , w ash y o u r f
ace an d
, ge t .

re a d fo r scho o l S k w e n o w so me de ep e r shade L e ad he the w a

y ee .
y .

w ho kn o w s t he sp o t H allo w e d b e thy n ame ; thy k n gdo m co me

. i .

6 .

p o
H e w as b o rn t o b ef gre at
e m w as t o b e
p u b l she d
t o o b adly t o go n to co mp an y
e
I came he re to wo rks , n o t to play
l
i
k e t o p le i
ase o u r teache r Y
The ho u se is e s t mate d t o hav e co s t f
.
The
o u b e hav e

ty
Wi
.

. i
.
.

tho u san d do llar s To w o r k 18 b e tte r than t o s tar ve

1
.

H e is af ra d me
,
.

i
t hin ksg , to he ar yo u t ell it . The re le t the lau r e l sp r e ad ,
the c
yp re ss w av e .

7 .

Jame s f , p u rsu n g John, an d p u rsu e d by u s

ra n i i
ast The machin e ry , .

i
b e n g o ile d j , r u n s w ell H a v n g w r tte n his le t te r, he s eale d it
. i
S pr n g i . i
co me s ro b e d in s lk e n
g r e e n T i
ru t h,
c ru she d t o e ar th shall r is e aga n
, . i .

A w o r d can s en d t he cr mso n co lo r hu rry n g t o t he check w th man y i i i

mean n gs i The f .all n
g
10
l e av e s r e m i
n d u s o f de clin n g y e ars T he re i i .

pi t

tyran ts, u n cr o w n e d u ne he d shall r o t
,
a
p ,
.
l 90 VERB S E X R C I S E S . E .

8 .

C on s id i er

ng his age ,he is f ar advan ce d To co n clu de , I shall o pp o se .

the se n di g n o fthe n av y t he r e By fe ar n g t o a t te m p t so m e th n g, y o u w ill

. i i
do no thi g n . The r e is mu ch to do S he w as p u n she d f o r hav n
g t o rn . i i
her b o ok . I w e pt a last ad e u i .

The ax o f te n f a le d, an d t h i
e she e p w e r e de s tr o y e d b y w o lv e s The .

i i
man s o n , w th its garde n s an d gro v e s e te n ds o v e r a large ar e a The , x .

s e aso ns, e ach in its t ur n , che er t h e so u l E v e ry t w e n ty f o u r ho u r s mak e .

-

a day Eve ry p e o ple hav e s o me k n d o fr e l gio n Ea ch p r iv atg f amil

y i i
re mn an t o fclo th w as le z
.
.

a s a tax o f v e do llars f o r w ate r A t A

p y .

r e mn an t o ft h e t r b e w e r e le f
t
5 f i
r o m 7 le av e 2 5 fro m 7 le a v e s 2 . . .

Tw o f ths ar e gre ate r t han o n e f

-
o u rth is]
[ A p o r t o n o f the s e I n dian s -
. i
hav e so me e du cat o n i .

10 .

The t e Rh e
h i
R h n e 1 an d
o n r se
m in S w tz e r lan d: L of ty mo u n ta ns, i i i
e n o r mou s glac e rs, a n d i
ld, r o man t c v alley s, s u cce ss iv ely app e arWi To w e r i .

an d t e mp le , b u t an d p ala ce, w e r e co n s u me d b y r e A lo g r o ll ng, a .

-
i
i i
qu lt n g, o r a w e dd n g, w as a t me o fge n e ral f i
es t v ty E ve ry ho rse an d i i i .

e ve r
y o x w as s tole n Y ou
n
o r he is in f a u lt Y ou , h e
.
,
a d
n I , [w ]
e , a re

.

i i
n v te d . i x i
C o n t n u e d e e rt o n , an d n o t hasty eo r ts , le ads t o s u cce ss _
.

Eve ry do u b tf u l o r ch me r cal s ecu lat o n w as f

p o rb dde n i i i i .

11
The ho w l n g o fthe w olf
i
,
i
an d the sh

i
r ll scre am n
g o f
m n gle d in n ghtly co n ce rt w th t he w ar w ho o p o fthe sav age s
n o w is p eace, so br e ty , o rde r, an d lo v e ? i
To hav e su ff
t h e p an t he r, w e re

he re
e r e d the nhab tan ts
i
i
-
i
i
. W
i
t o escap e, w o u ld hav e p r o lo n ge d the e v ls o fw ar ThatP C o rte s w th i . i
b u t a han df ul o fadven tu re rs sho u ld hav e co n qu er e d so
g re at an e m
p re
,
i
is a f i
act l ttle short o fthe m r acu lo u s i .

"
[To hav e] A ll w o rk an d n o p lay mak es Jack a dull b o y .

A ll play an d n o w o r k make s Jack a me re to y .

The su n hath se t in f o lde d clo u ds,

ii
I ts tw l ght rays ar e gon e ;
A n d, gathe re d in the shade s ofn ght, i
The stor m is r oll n g o n i .

W
12
e o u ght n o t to sacr i ce the se n t im e n ts o f the s o u l, to grat fy t he i
a i
ppe t tes o fthe b o dy The co n clu s o n , that this r v er . i 7
i m u s t b e the o u t
i
po u r n g o fa co n t n e n t, w as acu te an d s tr k n g i
S he do es n o t s pen d he r i i .

i i
t me in mak n g he rselflo o k m o re advantage o u sl w hat she r eall is
y y .

O b e rve ls o the e f fe ct o n t h e m n d o fR char d o fP alme r s b e n i

W i i

s a ar
g

,
re s te d an d co mm t te d to
, p r so n D ebs ter i i . .

Del ghtf i "

ul t ask ! to r e ar t he t e n de r tho u ght
,
To te ach the y o u n g de a ho w to sho o t Tho ms on
"
i . .

(d ) .
"
C au ght is a ver b, it a i rm s s o m e thin g o fa s u bj e ct ; p r in ci al uma catc h, cau ght,

p p
ca tchi ng, cau gh t i r r e gu lar , i t d o e s n o t a ss u me ed
; tr an si ti ve, i t ha s a n o bj e ct a c ti ve , it
r e p r e s e n ts t he d o g as a c tin g ; i n di ca ti ve m oo d it d e cla r es s o me thi n
, g a s a n ac tu a l o ccu r
r e n ce o r f act ;
p a st te n s e , it r e f e r s t he n o t s im l
p y to p as t time ; an d o f the 8 d p ers on , sin
g u lar m em b er , to a g r e e w i th i ts n o m i n a tive , o r s u bj e c t,
d og,
"
ac c o r din g t o u le X I R
( e p a t it ) (b ) I s is an a u wi liary ver b,
R x
.

"
a v e rb t ha t he l s a n o the r t o e
p r e s s the ac t
e
p
. .

I n it ce r ta i n m a n n e r o r time ; i t he r e e x p r e s s e s the a rm a ti o n i n di ca tive moo d an d

, , se em
te n s e , o ft he v e r b
1 8 p a ssi ng
"
l s p assi n g is a ver b , e tc
.
(e ) S ay , p o ten ti m ood . . .
-
l 92 VERB S EXE R C S E S . I .

a hou s e H is
. r
p p o e rty w as o rf
f con s cated
e ite d to the S tate ( S u p pose .

W
e aw ya f ro m h o m e w o u l d o
y , u in y o u r le tt e rs s p e ak o f g o in g o r o f co m in g
yo u a r , ,

m
ho e 7) r it e fo r m e n o m o r e f
o r w ill ce r t a in ly I f c I
an ab s en t mys e lf ; I
W
,

I w ill to s ee you -
S he is no w ge t ting the b et te r o fhe r sick n e ss H e w as .

tak en ho ld o fby a r u f
a n seized e w e re
.
ound f
f au lt w ith .

s u r ed On e o ft he s hips w as lo st sight o f A n d resolu tely k e ep its law s,

.

u n caring c on s e q u e n ce s B u r ns no t heeding o r, no t f ea r ing S o an d

.

s o go t a mo n g ho rs es, an d it w as all u p w it h h im T a ttler b ega n to tr ade in .

hr ,
o ses an d los t a ll he h a d ; o r,
h ep t a co a ch ,
an d soon b ecame a bankr up t .

2 . Cho ice o f F or ms .

The t ru e o r mo st appro p r ate f o rm o f the v e rb sho u ld alw ay s b e i

s electe d .

a . i i i
The p as t n d cat ve sho u ld n o t b e u se d as a p ar t c ple ii .

b The p e rf
. e ct p ar t c p le sho u ld n o t b e u s e d fii
or t he p as t n d cat v e i i i .

ii
c A co mp ou n d p ar t c p le sho u ld n o t b e u se d as a p ar t o fa n te v e rb
. i .

he w rit,
H e k n o w e d more than he
H e she we d me his lib rary
n e ve r re ad B yr on
I
T he black s mith shoed my ho rs e y e sterday
clo mb the t re e, a n d my b ro the r ho lp me
.

A lin e w as dra we d u n de r it
s aid
I hat
.

S he is p o sse ss e d
. W .

p ossesses o r, owns
. .

o fa large es tate S he is p o ss ess e d ofa v e ry amiab le

disp os itio n has I
hav e this day p art e d p o sse s s ion wit h my n est ho rs e
The accide n t w as n ot t ak e n n o t ice o f w as no t
. .

di sp os ses sed myselfof .

no ticed The y o u n g as p iran t made u se o f e v e ry e p edie n t to in su re su cce ss

. x .

T he w arn ing w as n ot tak e n he e d o f The lan dlady s ays, o u r n o ct u rn al caro u s .

ings mu st b e p u t a s to p t o T
ro u b le s in Kan sas hav e n o t as y et b e en p u t an
.

e n d to The b ook w as giv e t o me

. H ad have k n o wn his de sign, s hou ld . I I
n ot hav e le t him hav e m Had I kno wn
y ho rs e I wou ld no t have lo a ned,
.

&c .H ad I
b u t hav e staid at ho me Y o u had n ot o u ght to hav e do n e so .

Y ou ou ght n ot to hav e
.

0 r, s hou ld no t have
-

L o u d qu ackt the du ck s I t is a x t f act T he hay w as st ack t

. The . . .

goo ds w ere ship t y es te rday The w an t o f mo n ey has che ck t t rade, an d, in

.

s o me in stan ce s e n tire l
, y s to p t it G ro g is w his k ey mi t wit h w ater o hn. x . J
ab t f ro m his ho rse T he w in d s w e p p e d b y st e p t in
.
Dip t, e qu ipt, w hip t , . I .

an u e x t, attackt drO t s t ri t cru sht n u rst cla et a b so r t lin k t dis tre s t Be

, p , p , , , p , p , ,
.

dro p t w ith az u re, j e t, an d go ld G ay R ather t han thu s b e o v e r top t, w o u ld

W
. .

y o u n o t ish the ir lau rels crop t S wift .

T ho u didd t ado re him

S pir it o f fre e do m ! o n ce o n P h dids t
yle s

s hou may estmighte st dep art

.

b ro
re as nes tw t ho u s att st

re as o n st t i me
B yr on
alo n e can s ho w
.

h ou
-

r m e mb e
.

r e s t re
T
H o w w ell t ho u
s e r vs t T
.

, e p .

T hou n o tice dst dids t notice

hou in du lge ds t in dulge d s t in du lg ds t
-
T
tr ied
.
. .

A nd lo ng he try d, b u t t ry d in vain

.

t he grave f
W as t thou
g w o od ? (S ay,
o r ms are n o t b e co min
cho p
er e y o u, &cpi nf
o r, in familiar lan gu age ,

W .

g) Kn o we s t t ho u w he re my b oo k s are Do .

y o u know, &c L e arn s she he r le sson ?

.
He re ade th p re tty w ell A driv e in t o .

t he co u n t ry deli ghte th an d in v i o rate s u s

W
.

g T he child had j u st b ee n f allin g

.

o ve r b o a rd ha d j us t f S he is lo ving him
allen e b e all o fu s fro m
.

I
.

Y o rk S ta te do n o t thin k y o u b e in n ee d o fs ilk
.
.

Y ou might have we nt f M
ou rs el
ary has t o re he r b o o k My coat is
y .

I
.

co mp le te ly wo re ou t H av mg s w am t he rive r, he w as to o k b
y s o me n dian s .
 VE R D S .
E X ER C I S E S .
93

H e be gu n w ell b u t b adly , e n de d
I n ev er seen an y thing o f it The win e .
.

w as all drank u p , t ho u gh I dr un k b ut little O u r can didate r u n well, thou gh .

he was b e at T he t r ee had f e ll, an d all its b ran che s w e re b ro k e

.
The ap ple s .

w e re shoo k o ff b y the w in d hey do n e the b est t hey co uld have do n e

. T . I
written alrea dy wr itten
.
-
I hav e do n e do n e it S he w as cho se o n my
. .

s ide . S o meb o dy has to ok my b oo k The dee r had ran in to t he b o tto m, an d .

s wam ac ros s t he riv er The lan gu age sp o k e in this se ction o f cou n try, is n o t
.

t he b est o fEn glish I s e en t he limb tore of fb y the w in d

W
. .

b ein g s old f
he at is or a dollar a b us hel
n ow is now selling The }

n e w cap ito l is n o w b e in g co mp lete d H e gav e me an acco u n t ofall the b oo k s .

n o w b e in g w ritt e n o r p u b lis he d in Eu ro p e My p re dictio n s are n o w b e in g f ul .

lle d H e k n e w n ot hin g o f w hat was then b ein g do n e

. The timbers ar e .

n o w b eing he w e d f or a n e w b ridge A n o ther M e tho dis t chu r ch is n o w b e in g .

b u ilt in t he u pp er p art o f t he city The s tatu te s w ere t hen b ein g rev ise d .
.

My coat is n o w b eing made by t he tailo r The ta ilo r is n o w making, 85 0 H is . .

an ticip atio n s are n o w b ein g re ali e d Dramsho p s are n o w b e in g clo sed o n z

a/re closed
.

S u n days e re ce rt ain che mical m st eries ar e b ein

y H g se cret ly

.

carrie d on b y so me e n gin e ers Harp er s Maga ine

Mo re t han children z .

are b e in g grat u itous ly e du cate d in t his city a/r e r eceivin g gr a tu ito u s edu ca tio n .
-

The dau ghter is b e in g acco mplis he d at o n e o f t he mos t f ashio n able s choo ls

.

I
T wo rishmen are b ein g trie d f ghtin g ar e o n tr ia l S u ch a p o e m as
W
or
committing
.

t his is w o rt h b ein g co mmitte d to me mo ry hat e v er is w o rth .

b e in g don e, is w orth b e in g don e w e ll The ap p le tree will b ear b ein g p r u n e d

-
.

more 4 n or e p r u n in g S u ch a b o dy can n o t b e o v e rthro w n witho u t the cen

. .

t re o fgrav ity b ein g lif te d withou t lif tin g .

3 . C hoice o
f A u xiliar ies .

o llo win g e x amp le s

(The f co me u n der b o th the f
o rego in g he ads, an d may b e
corre ct e d acco rdin g to e ithe r )
W
.

f
will su f
e
o re ign e r said,

f er f ro m cold, u n le ss w e go b e tte r p r o te cte d

I
w ill b e dr o wn e d ; n o b o dy shall he lp me
n d me t he re

The dro wn in g
ill I n d yo u
I
.
.

W
at ho me ? Y ou Qu e en sab e lla p ro mis ed a p e ns io n to .

t he rs t se aman that wo uld dis co ve r lan d ( A s ifhe co u ld dis co v er it at p le a .

s u re ) I left o rders that e v e r y o n e w ou ld r e main at his statio n S hall he

W
.
.

W
n d an y go ld ther e ? (A s ifit w er e in y ou r p o we r to gran t the n din g ) ill .

w e n d any ? o u ld w e hear a goo d le ctu re, ifw e w ou ld go ? S u re ly goo d

n ess an d me rcy shal l f o llo w m e all the day s o f my lif e, an d I will dw ell in t he

ho u se o ft he L o rd f o reve r D eat h w as thre aten e d t o the rst man w ho w o uld

.
o v ert act w as me an t u ld hav e b ee n m u ch o b lige d t o hi m,
re b e l (T h e ) I w o
had s en t it
. .

ifhe had have sen t it H e sho u ld b e o blige d to y o u , ifyo u

. .

On t he o ther han d, w ou ld t hey co nsu lt t he ir s a f

W
w o u ld ass ist him .
e ty, a n d

t u r n b ack, w ho shou ld b lame the m ?

ap p o in t u s . W e w o uld b e r uin e d, w o u ld t hey dis

ho e v e r w ill marry that w o man , w ill n d he r a art ar

may b e s ure that w e w ill b e p aid, w hen it w ill b e in his p o w e r
Y ou
Y o u might
T .

W
.

have a
it. W n t hat w e wo u ld hav e b ee n p aid, ift he tr e as ure r sho ul d hav e a llo w e d

e b elie v e d all t he w o rkme n s ho uld b e p aid, w he n o u r e mp lo ye r s ho u ld

hav e receiv e d his mo n ey h had r eceived

h ad mu ch I
(P e r a ps b e t t e r, .

rat he r do it my self wou ld I de sire d t he lady sho uld w alk in B e t ha t

'
.

as it is o r, as i t m ay be
.

as it w ill, I s hall n o t de s p air y e t I w o u ld

.

n ot b e su rp rise d t o s e e him a n d ay I w o u ld thin k n o re aso n ab le man co u ld

y .

W
o bj e c t to s u ch a p ro p osit io n I w as think in g w hat a happ y lif e we w o u ld le a d
.

t o ge ther e re I to go w ith y o u ,
. w o u ld get a w hipp in g I n t hat o t he r I .

w o rld, w hat re e ct io n s s hall n o t p ro b ab ly arise ! By re lie v ing him, w e w ill

I
w o u ld lo s e all t he cap ital had in v e st ed I I
'

do him a gre at f avo r was af raid .

.
1 94 .
VERB 8 .
E X ER C I S E S .

4 . P r omis cu ou s U se f i
oD er en t F or ms in the S a me C on n ection .

The p r o m scu o u s i u se ofd i ff er e n t or m s

f o fv erb s, in the sa me co n n e c

i i
t o n, is n e le gan t .

Edu cating is to dev elo p the f acultie s o fthe min d To re frain f ro m lu u . x

rie s, is b e tt er than go in g in de b t f o r the m To strip o f f o ld hab its, is b ein g
.
,

aye d alive To p ro f
. ess r e gard, an d a ct in g dif fe ren tly, dis co vers a b ase min d .

Prof e ss in g re gard, an d to act dif fe re n tly, disco v e rs a b ase min d S o mu ch e x .

lan at io n t e i
n ds to o b scu re n tes ad o f e lu c id a t in g t he s u bj e ct r a th er tha n to
p .

elucidate o r, a n d n ot to elucida te I t t e n de d rat he r to con f u se than to e u

lighten his u n ders tan din g
alle v iating the in ammation Mu r r ay
Macau la y ) . .

W
T
his had se rv e d to in cre as e ins te ad o
e can n d the p ro du ct o ft wo n u m

b ers, b y mu lt iplyin g o n e o fthem b y t he p arts in t o w hich w e c ho o se t o s ep arate

.
f

the o the r, an d then add the p ro du cts t o get her ierce as he mo v e d his silv er . F ,

s haf ts r e s o u n d S p ellin g is e asier t han to p ars e or cip her

. S cann in g is to .

div ide p o et ic lin e s into their f e et To scan is the dividin g of p oetic lin es in to
.

t heir f e et

.

H e giveth, an d he tak es aw ay Harp er s Magazine

H e w as p lay in g, .

an d do e s
ye t play Do es he n o t b ehav e w ell, an d gets his lesson s as w ell as
.

an y o the r b oy in scho ol ? D id yo u n o t b o rro w so mu ch o fme, an d pro mised

t o re p ay it t he n e t day ? x
I fthes e re me die s b e applie d, an d the p at ie n t im
p ro v es n o t, the case may b e con side re d hop ele s s I f the s ign atu re o r in do rse .

men t b e in the u su al f o rm, b u t the p arty r e ce iv in g it k n o w s t hat it is giv e n by

w ay o f s u re ty ship, he mu s t p ro v e the as se n t o f t he p arties P ar so ns on Con
tr acts . T
hou w ho didst call t he u ries f y F
ro m the ab s s, an d r o u n d Ores tes b ad e
t he m ho wl an d his s B yr on H e co mf o r te th t he w ido w , an d b e co mes a f
. athe r
t o t he o rphan For t heir sak e, hu man law hath inter p o se d in s o me cou n tr ie s
.
,

an d has e n de av o re d to mak e
go o d the de cie n cy of n atu re
H e w as e ither .

mis un de rsto o d, o r represe nted in a f als e light or misr ep r es en ted .

-
.

5 I mp r op er Omiss ion s S u bs ti tu tion s

W
. or .

hen the o m ss o n i i
fa v erb , o r the rep re se n ti n g o fit b y an au xi
o
l ary o rd, w o u ld le ad t o i m ro ri e t i i
g z b h b tse lfsho u ld
v t t
p p y o r o s cu r
y, e v e r
l e u se

The win ter is dep arting, an d the w ild eese

g i
y gn n or thw ar d a r e yin g
-

.

q
B e u i et ; f or n either b e n o r am dis o s ed to harm
p I y ou n eith er is he, no r .

am I A ro o m has b ee n s e cu re d, and all ot her re arations made

p p M o n ey .

i s s carce, and time s hard . x

The e treme s of heat an d co ld are reat b u t the
g ;
cli mate , n e v er thele ss
o

, salu b rio u s Ou r b reakf as t w as r e ady, an d o ur ho rse s

.

saddle d A dollar w as o f f ere d f o r it, bu t ve dollars ask e d The gr o u n d was

W
.
.

co v ere d i th f
I
0

o rests an d t h e rav in e s co m lete l hidde n n e v er ha ve an d

p y
have a ss is ted
, .

n e ve r w ill a ss ist su ch a man .

A ll those who hav e o r do
p urchase any o ft he se b o o k s, shall re ceiv e a p re sent

.

A s yo u hav e made the rs t so ou ma do t he re

, y y st m ay make T he .

i nte n t io n s o fs o me o fthe se
p hilos o p he rs might, an d pro b ab ly w e re, go o d H is
se rmo n s mu s t have an d ce rtainl s ho u ld ro du
.

y p ce a r e f o rmatio n N e ithe r doe s .

he no r a ny o the r p e rso ns s u s e ct s o mu ch diss imu latio n

p N o man can b e mo re
w re tc he d t han L than I am can n o t I
to go (S u ch I
.

go, b u t w ant t o
.

x
. .

e p re ssio n s, I t hmk are so me t ime

.

s allo w ab le , in li ht co llo u ial lan g u a e

,
g g at q
le as t, t he b es t au tho rs so me t ime s u se t he m
) S u ch a law I b elie v e has b e e n.
?
e nacted ; b u t i
f I I i I
.

t has n o t, t h ink it o u ght to

i have n o s u b scribe d, n o r do

W
.

i te n d to
n ,
t 8 mus t b e my e cu s e f
'
or s e e in x
g a le t ter w hich n e ithe r in clin a
tio n n or ti me p ro mp ted me t o ashingto n He do e s p u rs u e the co u rse many
.
.
 1 96 VE R B S E X ER C I S E S
. .

no t be indulged with The G len n f amily w ll try an d re q u ite the f avo r i It .

he acq u ires r iches, t hey w ill cor ru p t his min d shall go in to the cou n try t o . I
day, u nle ss it rain s I fhe s p e ak o n ly t o display his tale n ts, he is u n w o rthy o f
I I I
.

att e n tio n w is h was at ho me H e talk e d to me as if w as a w ido w

. .

I
.

S ho u ld yo u c ome u p this way an d am s till here , y o u n e e d n o t b e ass u re d ho w

,

g la d I s h all b e t o see y o u B y

r on s L etter s w o u ld b e su rp r is e d ifthis m ar
. I
riage w ill t ak e p lac e Mak e has te, le st t he din n e r co ols
.
B e ware that t ho u .

s in n e st n o t I f am at ho me,
. I w ill go w ith yo u I I fhe b e saf e, a m co n . I
te n t . I fthe b oo k b e in my lib rary, w ill s en d it imme diately I I fthe b oo k .

is f o u n d in my lib rary, I
w ill se n d it immediately I f t he b o ok was in my .

lib rary, I
w ou ld s en d it I fthe b oo k w ere in my lib rary, so me o n e mu s t hav e
.

b o rro we d it S ee that ev e ry thin g is p u t in the right p lace

.
(R ight o r wro n g, .

I
W
de p e ndin g o n the s en se ) can n o t t ell w hether t he o p o ss u m b e de ad o r aliv e
. .

ill yo u t ell u s who t hey b e ? Try w ill, whatso e ve r o pp ose I (S ay ,

op .

p o ses ,

if o pp o sit io n i s c o n s id e re d ce rtain ;

m ay op p os e,

if d o u b tf
ul ) H e in .

dee d w o u ld b e a u se f ul p o lice man , that sho u ld de tect all the ro gu e s th a t w e re

fo u n d in e ve ry p art o fthis city .

I f the han d is re mo v e d, t he air imme diately lls the v e ssel

wi ll immedia tely ll
"
o r, hen the han d is r emoved W lls , &c
If
(
be
t hin k t hat

. .
.

. I
. . .

lls might also b e allo w e d to stan d w ith be r emoved, an d that it w o u ld

x
mak e t he e p re ssio n me rely a little mo re S p irite d ) I f a man s mit e s his s e rv

.

an t , and he d ies, he shall su rely b e p u t to de a th s mite and th e ser van t . . .

die, the man shatt T

hou gh he b e p oo r an d helpless n o w, yo u may re s t as
su re d that he w ill n o t r e main so H e w ill main ta in his su it, t ho u gh it cos ts
W
.

him his hole e s tate H

( e re t he latter v er b implies, o r sho u ld imply b o th do ub t
. .

an d f u tu re t ime
) T
ho u gh a liar s p e ak s the t ru th, he w ill har dly b e b e lie v e d
.

I f he w as t o b e e lecte d, he w o u ld disgrace t he p ar ty wer e elected S up .

p o se o nly o n e s ide w ith the adj ace nt an gles w e re given , ho w w ou ld yo u n d t he

o the r p arts I
w ill k e ep t his , p ro v ide d t he r e b e n o b et te r o n e in y ou r sto re .

The w o rk w ill b e carrie d o n v igo ro u sly, u ntil it b e co mple t e d he se hy p o . T

crite s w o u ld de ce ive, ifit was
p o s sib le , t he D e ity hims elf I fan y me mb e r a h .

s e nts hims elf ,

he s hall p ay a dollar f o r t he u s e o ft he S o cie ty The mo the r .

hu rried her litt le childre n u p a ladder f o r saf e ty, in cas e s he was o v e rco me by
t he b e an P ioneer H is tor y .

x
S a o ny was le f t de f e n ce le ss, an d, if it w as co n qu e re d, might b e p lu n de re d .

-
ifit sho u ld be conquer ed N ay, ather A b raham, b u t ifo n e w e n t u n to F
the m f ro m the de ad &c
,
I fthey did n o t b elie ve M o s e s, the y w ill n o t b e lie v e ,
.

tho u gh o n e r os e f ro m the de ad r is e ho u gh s e lfgov e rn me n t p ro duce

.
-
T -

so me u n e as in e s s, it is li ht w hen co m are d w ith the co n s e u e n ce s o fv icio u s q

g p
i n du l e n ce N o o n e e ngage s in that b u sin ess , u n le ss he aim at re p u tat io n, o r
g .

ho p es f o r so me s in u lar adv an ta e
g g Micaiah s aid,
I ftho u cer tain ly r e tu rn in
.

p e a ce ,
t h e n hath n o t the L o rd s p ok e n b y me thou r etu rn I n mo v in g
.

q
b o dies, ifthe uant ities o fmat te r are e u al the mo me n ta w ill b e as the v e lo c i q .

t ie s.
q
I ft he b o dy A b e e u al t o t he b o d B, b u t A has tw ice the v e lo c ity o fB,
y
t he n A has t w ice as mu ch mo tio n as B I f a te le s co p e is in v e rt ed, o bj e cts
.

s e e n thro u gh it w ill b e dimin is he d I fa te le sco p e b e in v e rte d, o bj e cts s e e n

.

W
t hro u gh it a re dimin is he d I f t he t wo mirro rs were se p arated, it is o b vio u s
.

t hat t he n u mb e r o f ima es w ill b e in cre as e d

g as the re n o t a n o the r ev il, I
w o u ld o bj ect P Henr y
.

.
I f t he n e w C o n stitu tio n t ak e s p lace, the du t ie s o n

.

i m o rte d a rticle s w ill o in to the

p g g e n e ra l t re as u r
y A Hami lton A co rp o ra . . .

t io n i s liab le f o r t he to rtu o u s acts o fits a e n t th o u gh he w e re n o t ap p o in te d u n

g
der se a s P ars ons o n Co n tr acts
,

l
(Perhap s allo w able ; t ho u gh
. sho u ld ra the r I
have s aid, even ifhe wa s n ot a o in ted,

o r,

tho u gh he may n o t have been
p p
a
p p ointed, &c )
"
I ft he de b to r a s the deb t he shall b e dischar e d
.
p y , g Id B u t, .

ifhe have mo ved o u t o ft he S tat e t he de man d ma b e made at his f o rme r re s i

y
de uce 1d
,
. .
 V ERB S .
EXER C I S E S . 1 07

L
The ord hath giv e n, an d t he L ord hath t ak e n aw ay k n ow the f amil
y . I
more than t we n ty ye ars Kn o win g him f. o r man y y e ars, co n de n t ly re co m I

n e n d him . T
hey co n t in u e w ith u s n o w thr ee day s A ll the f amily hav e b e e n .

mu ch in deb te d f o r the ir p re sen t gre atn e ss, to t he ir n o b le an ce s to r I n t he city .

x
o f M e ico ar e p reser ve d, f o r hu n dre ds o f y e ars relics o f t he A te c mo n arch
, y z .

I am n o w t w o y ears in S t L o u is H e has late ly lo st his o n ly dau ghte r

. .
(A l .

lo wab le ift here is also ref

,
e re n ce t o the e istin g b e re ave men t
) x his s tyle has . T
b ee n f o rmerly mu ch in f ashio n H e tha t w as de ad, sat u p , an d b e gan t o s p eak
. .

I w ill p ay him w hat I

hav e p ro mise d him w hen w as w ith him T he w o rk I .

x I
.

me n w ill n ish the w o rk b y midsu mmer N e t C hristmas shall b e at s choo l

.

a y e ar . his w as f T o u r y e ars ago n e t A u gu s t R ep or t ofN or mal S ch x ool C on

ven tio n I t has b e e n a co mmo n p rej u dice , t hat p e rs on s thu s in str u ct e d had
e c tly l b
.

t he ir atte n tio n t oo mu ch div ide d, an d co u ld k n o w n o thing p e rf . I

hav e b ee n f re u e n tly a sk e d w hat w e te ache rs did at o u r me e tin gs lb
q (I e ,
W
. . .

at all times ) . I
s ho uld b e o b lige d to him, ifhe w ill gratif y me Ye ill n o t .

co me u n to me , t hat y e might hav e lif e I t is p ro p e r an d hu ma n e t o w e ar a

.

hab it s u itab le to mo u rni n g, w hile tho s e w e lo v e d an d ho n o re d are mo u lder in g in

t he grav e I t will b e us eless f
. o r y ou to rais e s o many grap es, u n les s y ou k n e w

ho w to mak e win e .

The mos t glo rio u s he r e that e ver de solate d n at io n s m ight hav e mo ul dere d
in to o b livio n , did no t s o me his to rian t ak e him in to f av or I r ving I f le n d .
-
. I
y o u m y h o rse, s h o I
u ld hav e t o b o rr ow o n e m s elf
y t h o u ght it had b e en y ou . I
t hat w as b iddi n g I
Y e t, if s hou ld p ay his de b ts, an d ge t e mp loy me n t f
. o r him,

e r s imp ly t o
(S ay, wou ld do , if y ou ref

he w ill n ot do an y b e t te r in f u t ure .

y o u r o w n co n clu sio n ; b u t t h in k w i ll d o I m a y s ta n d, if yo u me an t o e p res s x

gre at e r cer tain ty in re gard t o his con du ct ) To mo rro w S atu rday. I fw e -
.

x
w o u ld e amin e in to the S p r in gs o fac tio n in the p r u den t an d the imp ru den t, w e
s hall n d t hat t hey mo v e u po n v e ry di f f e re n t p rin ciple s w as go in g o u t to I
t ea at de ar mo the r s t o morro w Mrs Can dle
.

(
. Al l o w ab le ; f
. o r it e p re ss e s . x
me re ly a p ast de te rmin atio n ) I
to ld him that the ca rs le ave in halfan ho ur
.

le f t in half an ho ur wou ld leave .

(T h e rst e p r e s sio n is p ro b ab ly allo w x
ab le , as ref errin g to an e s tab lis he d o rder o ft hings, to a ce rtain , p u n ct u al, daily

o ccu rr e n c e ) A s . I
n e v e r s a w a p lay b ef o re, it w as v e ry e n te rt ain in g to me .

W
A ll chu rch mem b e rs shou ld b e p u re in hear t, that t hey might n o t b e a re p ro ach
I I
to C hri stian ity hen shall have he ard f ro m y o u , w ill w rite imme diately
W
.
.

A s soo n as he shall b ring t he ho rses, w e shall leav e he n t he w o rk men .

c o mp le t e d o u r n e w ho u se , w e re mo v e d in to it A s so on as o u r n e w hou se had .

b e e n co mp le te d, w e re mo v e d in t o it .

Ou r t e acher told u s t hat the air had w e ight P rof S ill iman s e p erime n ts

. . x
la in l r o e d t h t t h e w s c m b ti b l H e s h o w e d clearly w hat p o w e rs
p y p v a g as a o u s e .

b e lon ge d to C o n gre ss H e in sisted t hat t he C on stitu tio n w as cert ain an d

.
e d, x
an d co n tai n e d t he p e rman e n t w ill o fthe e o le a n d w as t he s u p re me law, a n d
p p ,
c o uld b e re v o k e d o n ly b y the au tho rit t h a t m a d e it K en t K e ats s aid, t ha t
y . .

b eau ty w as tru th, an d t ru th w as b eau ty The do cto r s aid that fv er alw ay s

.
e

rodu ce d t hir st Pl t m i t i d t h t t h D e it w a s th e s o u l o f t he w o rld

p a o a n a n e a e y .

W
.

He r e mark e d t hat the w ord had s eve ral di f f e re n t me an in gs H e in s is te d t hat .

t he art icle w as a mere adj e ct ive he n sp rin g
'

I f I shou ld u se the clau se ,

.

W m re w as w a n t in g to mak e a s tat e

r e tu r n s , y o u w o u l d p e r ce iv e t h a t s o m e t h in g o

me nt . itho u t t he n ame, co uld n o t h av I e t o ld t h a t t h is w a s a p ic tu re o i

q
I ask e d the u ack w he the r calo me l w as n o t his r eme dy f
W
o r e v e ry di s
.

him .

e ase . H e k n e w n o t t hat w as a f I
o re ign e r he n s t u die d t he clas si cs,
. I I
o b se rv e d t hat many a mo ral lu rk e d in t he mytho lo gy o ft he an cie n ts hav e . I
alw a s t ho u ght t hat lit tle w as e v er gain e d b y marry in g f o r w e alth A late
y
.

write r o n ho rses su p p osed t hat a ho rse co u ld p e rf o rm t he lab o r o fs ix me n He .

s aid it w as a gr eat misf o rtu n e , t hat me n o fle tt e rs se ldo m loo k e d o n the p racti cal
1 98 VE R B S .
EXER C I S E S .

s ide o flif e .
it He
w a s 1 2 5
said m il e s

h
fr o m
h
S t
i
o u

m
is
i
to J
n ist er
eff e r s o n C ity h ere . L . W
d id yo u s y a t h e c hu r ch w as ? fo r I w is t o e a r t s .

h h e w h k ill d t h i d t l l w as n o t de e me d gu ilty H e
At A t e n s ,
o e a n o er a cc e n a y, .

d b b b t t h t ie s o o b e d i s app o in te d b y him T
is s u pp t e e ce n u r a g
W
o s e o e o rn a o u r .

W
n o w, w o u ld h a v e b r o k e n h e r h e ar t I v e ry m u c h i s he d t o hav e go n e , b u t
.

mo ther cou ld n o t s pare me e ho p e d to hav e had the p le as u re o f a v is it

.

fro m y o u I in ten de d t o hav e s en t y ou r ho rs e ho me y es terday, t hat y o u m ight

.

W
n ot hav e b ee n o b lige d to se n d f o r him yo u rs elf : I f e ar e d I s hou ld hav e lo s t it

b ef o re I re ache d home e hav e do n e n o mo re than it was o u r du ty to hav e

.

I t w o u ld hav e gi v e n me gre at p le asu re t o se e yo u o w a b le )

don e . (A ll .

H o w co u ld yo u f o rb ear to hav e p u n is he d him ? I t w as a p ity I w as t he o n ly

child ; f or my mo the r had f o n dn ess o f heart e no u gh t o hav e S p o ile d a do ze n .

I r wng I was t he n disp o s ed to hav e giv en t w ice as mu c h I w a s u n de r n o

'

W
.

o bligation t o hav e adhe re d to a p arty that de se rte d its o w n p r in cip le s The .

fur n itu re w as t o hav e b ee n so ld at au ctio n he n I s aw in to he r co qu e t ry, .

t hin k s I to mys elf I w ill le t yo u k no w t hat yo u are n o t t he o n ly w o man in t he

o ught I to m y self

W q

h h in ks , as a light, co llo u ial e x
w o rld (S ay, t y e t t

W
.

p r e ss io n ,
is n o t w it ho u t g o o d a u th o r ity t o s u s ta in i t ) e ll,
s a ys ,
the re is, . I
af te r all, mu ch ge n u in e goo dn ess an d solid hap p in ess in the w o rld hat is the .

A chilles is said to b e b u rie d at the f oo t o fthis b ill ;

dzerence in meaning
A chille s is said to hav e b e e n b uried at the f oo t ofthis hill

8 . P er so ns an d N u mber s .

Every n te i v erb mu st agre e w i th its j

s u b e ct, in p er so n an d n u mb er
W
.

I calle d, b u t y o u was n o t at ho me as you t he re ? My ou tlays is .

g r e ate r than m
y in co m e I s ay s t o h im ,
B e y o.u r o w n frie n d H e d are n o t .

say it to my f ace S u ch a t emp e r n e e d t o b e correcte d

. Y o u w ho has e arn e d .
,

it, is be st e n titled to it hou w ho are t he au tho r oflif T

e , can resto re it 0
t hou p ale orb that s ilen t shin es B ar ns
. .

ho u art the f rie n d that hast o f te n . T

r elie v e d me ho u art a f T
rie n d in de e d that has s o o f
. t en re lie v e d me ho u . T
c an p ardo n u s ift ho u w ill hat w hich yo u r s elfhas as k e d
.

T
Tis s o ; my s e lf .

has se en it , w o . I
h has do n e mos t o ft he w o rk , sho u ld re ceiv e mo st o f the
p ay . The molasses are e cellen t x
H is p u lse are b eatin g to o f as t I fa man
. .

have bu ilt a ho u s e, the ho u se is his U n less b et te r b ail hav e b e en giv e n , he

.

T
W
shall n o t b e se t at lib erty here are n o t m an y childre n in t his city w ho s e
.

W
e du cat ion hav e b e en en tire l Has t he ho rs e s b e en f ed ? hat
y n e glecte d .

W
s ign i es f
air w ords w ithou t
go o d de e ds ? hat hav e b e co me ofy o u r p ro mises
x
hat av ails the b e st ma ims ifw e do n ot liv e su itab ly to them ? On e ach
s ide o ft he r iv e r w as rid e s o f
g hills N o t mo re than o n e man w as hu rt . ro m . F
I
t his n dian girl has sp ru n g so me o f t he rst f amilie s o fV irgin ia S ix is to o .

many to ride in t he canoe a t o n e time e nce come s s o man y u n hap p y . H

marriages .

T here seems to b e
in clu de d here w as more than on e o f u s
n o others . T .

T he re s t wo o r three o f u s

he re ap pe ars to hav e b e e n so me b u f
. f T
alo es he re
las t n ight .
T
he re was n o me moran da k ep t o f the s ales T he vict u als w a s .

co ld T he w age s was p aid

.
he re is n o tidin gs Th have t wo sou n ds
. T Ph . .

a re p ro n o u n ced lik e
f I n the f o llo w in g w o rds,
.
s ion are p ro n o u n ce d zh un .

:
Boya are a co mmo n nou n H
e re as well as are u se d in t he s e n se o fa co n
.

j u n C MOn
.

Ev e ry o n e o fthe w itn e sse s te stify t o the same thin g Ev e ry b o dy are dis .

p se d to he lp him Eve ry t w e n ty f o u r ho u rs af o rds to u s day an

f d n ight
o
-
.
.

luvcry t e n te ns ma ke s o n e hu n dre d Man y an n dian w e re laid lo w o n t hat . I

day N o t o n e o ft he m w ho m t ho u s e es clo the d in u r le are co m letel ha
p p , p y p py
.
.

O ne, added to n in e te en, mak e t we n t N o thing b u t v ain an d f oo lish p u rs u its

y .
2 00 VERB S .

E XER C I S E S .

whole, it do e s n ot theref
o re n e ce ssarily re qu ire the verb to b e singul r ; as a ,
The
mule, hor s e, an d co w, wer e sold f or F urthe mo e the s bj e ct m
r r ,
u u st b e

r e ad p lur ally .

af f
Mary an d he r

lict u s, t he s in cerity o ff
was at o u r ho u s e last w eek
co u s in

co u sin w e re at ou r ho u se las t w e e k
rie n dshi is rov e d
.

S o m
W N either Mary n o r her
he n sick n ess , in rmity, o r misf
u ch o f ab ility an d me rit
.

ort u n e ,
p p .

are se ldo m f

by p as t misf
ound

t he machin e a goo d o n e
o r tu ne s, f
.

. W
Eno u gh inge n u ity an d lab o r has b een be s to w e d, tr mak e
he n the me mo rie s an d ho p es o fyo u th is e mb it te re d
u tu re happ in e ss an d use f ul n e ss b e co me s u n ce rt ain Ma n s
.
.

an d t ide w aits f o r n o man W

hap p ine ss o r misery are , in a gre at measu re , p u t in t o his o w n han ds

hat s ign i e s the care an d co u nsel o fp re cep to rs ,
.

w he n yo uth t hink t hey hav e n o n ee d o fassis ta n ce

ime

is do m, v irt u e , an d W
. T

hap pine ss, dwe lls w ith t he go lde n me diocrity T he p la ne tary sy s t e m, b o u n d

.

less s pace , and immen s e o ce an , af e cts t he mi n d w it h s e n sat io n s o fas to n ishme n t

f .

I n all he r mov e me n ts, there is grace an d dign ity A n d so w as also yo u nd . I .

H e r b e au ty, in telligen ce, an d amiab ility, w as prais e d ev e n by he r o w n s ex f

.

F our an d t wo is s ix , a n d o n e is s e v e n o hn , y o u , an d
. J am go in g to v isit my I ,

W
u n cle . The le gality an d u t ility o f t his law has n eve r b e e n calle d in u es tio n q .

H ill an d dale dot h b o as t thy b le ssin g hat is t he ge n de r, p e rs o n , an d n u m

.

b e r of t he f ollo wing w o rds ? I n u nity co n s is ts the we lf a re an d ha p in ess o f

p
e ve r
y socie ty .

T he re w as n ot a little w it an d sarcas m in his r e pl

y he re is a r ight an d a . T
wro ng in hu man actio n s . T
her e was a man an d a w o man o n o u r ship , w ho
w e re n atives o f Bo rn eo . T
here se ems to b e w ar a n d dis t u rb an ce in K an sas .

O u t ofthe same mou t h p ro cee det h b les sin an d cu rsin

g g O n the same s qu are
has since b een b u ilt a large ho tel an d a mu seu ma lar e w are ho u s e an d s t o re
.

g .

H e nce co mes t he earl

y decay an d misery o fsuc h p e rso n s B oth v o cal a nd Il l .

s tru men t al mu sic w as he ard e v e r T

his an d t hat ho u se b e lo n gs to him
y n ight . .

I n e ve ry roo m there w as a large and a s mall b e d I n him were happ ily b le n de d .

t ru e dign ity w it h gen tle nes s ofman n er .

Eithe r ho mas o r G e orge have t o s ta at ho me

T The v iolin o r the b anj o ,
y .

playe d by so me merry o ld n egro, b egu ile the s u mme r e v e n in gs N e it he r t he

H
.

W
s ntax n o r the e n e ral sco p e o ft he aragra h ar e o b v io u s N either o lme s,
y g p p .

J
k o rb e s, n o r e n k i n s w e re classmate s o f mine
, he n or , no r , o r as well as,
.

co n ect the n o mina tive s &c T h e v an it , the amb it io n t he

n ,
.

y p ride, or the s e n
x
,
S i t ive n e s s o f so me me n k e e
, p the m alw ays in t ro u b le L u u rio u s liv in g an d .

e ee ss i e le as u re b ege ts a lan gu o r an d s atie t t hat de s tro s all e nj o me n t

x y p y
The S wo rd, the N e e dle, an d t he Pe n , hav e b e e n sele cte d b he r as the s u b
y y .

r e ls . W
j e ct of he r co mp o s ition .I t is ho n o r, f alse ho n o r, t hat
hat b lack des p air, what ho rror ll his min d lM u r r a
t in gu isho d p atriot an d s tatesman hav e re t ired f
p ro d u ce s

y
o m a n q
y u ar
hat dis .
T
r o m p u b lic lif e To b e mo de rat e .

o u r Vie w s an d to ro ce e d t e m eratel
3? , p p y t he b e st way s t o in s u re s u cce s s
x
.

1 0 b e o fp u re an d hu mb le min d to e ercis e ben e vo len ce

, to w ar d o the rs a n d t o ,

c ulti vate
'

p ie ty to ward G o d, is the s u re me an s o f b e co ming happy To live .

s o b e rly, right e o u s l , an d
.

y p io us ly , are re u ired o fall me n q T o do u n t o all me n .

as we w o u ld that t he
y, u nder s imilar circu mstan ce s, s hou ld do u n t o u s, co n s ti
te t he gre at p ri ncip le o fv irtu e
t p T
l o posse s s tru e me ri t an d e t b e hu mble an d o bli in
o b e o ld an d de s t itu t e are t ru l
.

, y de plo rab le .

y g g, ar e t he t ru e way to gai n
t he es te e m o f t he w o rld To b u y s u ch a lo t and b u ild s u ch a ho u se u o n it
p
.
.
,
,
re u i re mo n e
q T
hat it is o u r du t to relie v e w re tchedness an d check O re s
y .

y pp
s io n , admit n o t o f an
y do u b t T
hat a b e lle sho u ld b e vain, o r a f
.
o p ign o ran t,
are n o t to b e wo n de re d at .

Eve ry pe rso n are he re by n o ti e d t o a his or he r t

p y a es A ll p er sons x . .

the i r taxes (i t is s o met i me s b e t ter to c h an ge the su bj ect than t o c h an ge t he

.

The ho rs e, saddle , and bridle w as so ld f o r $ 1 00 The hor se w i th the

, .
,
 VERB S E X ER C I S E S
. . 2 01

m otile &c ,
. Every o n e o fthese
ho us es hav e b e en lately b u ilt reat pain s . G
has b e en tak e n to mak e the w o rk accu rate G reat ca r e, &c T he sagacity and . .

le arn in g o f t hat b o y s u rp as se s the re s t I n sagacity a n d lea r ning , that bo y, &c . .

A t t he camp me e ting w e re all man n e r o ff

-
o lk s an d v ian ds a ll kin ds The .
-

d o cto rs an d mo the rs giv in g calom el f o r e v e ry little ill n e ss is o n e cau s e o fso

,

man y p u ny wo men an d childre n The p ractice ofgiv ing calomel, &c he re is T

. .

a n e le gan ce an d sim licity in A ddiso n s s t le that w ill alwa s

p y , y p lease an .

e legance, as well as a s i mp licity o r, a n elegance, a s im licit , ih T h e cl erk,

p y
as w e ll as the cap ta in, o wn t he e n t ire b o at and H e , an d n o t , am . I
r es po n s ib le , a . I
n d n o t he, is resp o n s ible N o t ho no r, b u t emolu me n ts, hav e .

indu ce d him to accep t the o f fer Eco n o my, as w ell as in du stry, are n e cessary .

t o mak e u s w ealthy The lan d, as w e ll as the p erso n al p ro p e rty, were sold

.

at a u ctio n .

Bo oks , an d n o t ple asu re , o ccu pies his min d Pleasu re, an d n o t b o oks , c c .

c u py his min d N o t ho n o r, b u t e mo lu me n ts, has indu ce d him t o accep t the

.

of fer . N o t o nly the s ails, b u t also the main mas t, w ere to rn aw ay b y the s to rm .

H e, n o t le ss t han yo u , deserve p u n ishmen t H e, a nd his b ro ther t o o, .

in the b attle o f B u e n a V is ta The f athe r, a n d t he so n also

.
,
imp riso n e d
f o r many y e ars N 0 o n e b u t y o u rs elfan d the lectu rer b elie v e s u ch do ctrin es
. .

N o thin g, save t he chimn ey s o fthe b oat, w e re v isib le ( A r e bo th the f o llo wing .

s e ntences co rr ect ? ap pin e s s hon o r e

y ,Ha l ife i tse lf, ar e, s ac r i c e d in ,
t h e p u r su it
W H

o friche s app in e s s, ho n o r y e a, lif e itse lfis s acri ce d in the p u rsu it o fr iches
,
.

hat is the dif fe re n ce in me an in g ?) Eve ry t all tre e an d e ve ry s te eple w ere

b lo wn do w n Eve ry le af.
, e v e r y t w ig, an d e v e ry d ro p o f w a ter ,
t e e m w it h
d elighte d e is te n ce x Eve ry man s he art an d t emp er is p ro du ctive o f mu ch in

.

w ard j o y o r mis e ry Eve ry pe rso n an d e v e ry o ccu r ren ce were v ie w e d in the

.

mo s t u nfav o rab le light Ev e ry s eve n day s mak es a w ee k

. N 0 w if e , n o mo t he r, .

a n d n o child, w ere t he re t o co mf o rt him N o la y b oy o r girl lo v e the ir b oo k s . z .

E ve ry ski an d can o e w ere lo ade d almos t to the wate r s e dge
e re he b u rie d . H
e ve ry chie fan d e v e ry warrio r o fthe t rib e .

Fo r the sak e o f b re vity an d f o rce, o n e or mo re w o rds is s o met imes o mitte d

W
.

N e it he r b e au ty , w ealth, no r tale nt s, w as inj u rio u s to his mo des ty he the r .

o n e o r more p erso n s w as co n ce r ne d in the t ran s act io n , do es no t app e ar N e ithe r .

he n o r y o u w as me n t io n e d Eithe r t he n o r ar t mu ch mis tak e n

.
N eit her I .

b e n or I
in te n ds to b e p rese n t Eithe r yo u o r ames hav e s p ilt my in k
.
Eithe r J .

t he y o r I are r es p o n s ible N e ither tho u n o r . art t o b lame N either thou ar t I .

to b lame, nor a m I The f o es t, o r the hu n t in g gro u n ds, was de eme d the p re p

r
-
.

e r ty o ft he t r ib e m e r ej e ct e d f r t he mo re ap pro p riate

( H e re fore s t
. s e e s t o b o
t e rm o re, b e co mes t he n o min at ive t o t he v e rb

hun tin g gro un ds w hich, there f
-

wa s, an d t his s ho u ld acco rdingly b e L af ay et te P lace , o r G arde n s ,

oc c u py s e v e ral ac res H G a r de ns

is me rely p are n t he t ical ) N e ithe r
( ere .
.

M ak e t he v e rb agre e w ith t he
t he p o tato e s n o r the c or n a re as go o d as u s u al ( .

n e ar e st n o min at ive o r t he m ost im o rtan t

s k ii are goo d e e rcis e s H is f x

p ) R id in g o n ho rse b ack o r r o w in g a

o o d w e re lo cu s ts a n d w ild ho n ey
.
( h
.

at am .
.

W I
c hie f ly s pe ak in g o his f o od, o r lo cus ts an d wild honey The u arre ls o f q
lo v e rs is a re n e w al o f lo v e The dif fe re n ce b e tw e e n 8 an d 1 2 are 4
.
Eight .

tp p les is t he d if fer en ce be tw e en t welv e app le s and tw e n ty iv e dime s is hall . F

a do llar T he timb e r ar e w aln u t, e lm, mu lb e rry, an d lin de n
.
is o r, con .
,

s is ts of A gre at cau se o fsick n es s in cit ie s are lthin ess an d b ad f ood .

z
T wo p aralle l ho r i o n t al lin e s is the sign o f e u ality The s ign o fe u ality q . q
a re t wo
p a r al lel h o r i o n tal li n e s c z
ons i s ts of i rs t,
asce rt a in- w h a t is t h e F
x
.

t e t u re , co lo r, a n d w e i ht ? T h e fe w d o llars w hich he o w es me ; is a matte r

g
o fs mall co n se u en ce q T
w elv e s in gle t hin gs, v iew e d as an aggre gate, i s calle d
z
.

a do e n Dive rs p hilo so p her s ho ld t hat the l ps s p a ce o t

. i i r l f h e m in
d S hale .

S aid t he b u rn in g C an dle,
My us e a n d b e a u ty i s m y d e at h

i rt ue a nd . V

m u t u al co n dence is the so u l o ff rie n d s h ip T o d o g oo d t o t h e m th a t h a t e .
11 5 i
2 02 V E R BS .
EXER C I S E S .

an d o n n o o ccasion to C hristian
seek rev en ge

mor e than me dicin es, are the p ro p e r me an s o fcu rin g many dis eas es
h S hah
T e mp erance,
hat a
f
the du ty of a .

. W
for tu n e do es the t hick l p
i s o w e ,
if he can ca rr y he r t u s
(P ro p er or .

thick lip s is here p u t f

o r t he M o o r O the llo ) e re is t he R e p u b lican t he H
Herald an d the L eade r N ewsp ap er boy (Pro p er ; f
.
,

.
o r t he de sign is to k e e p
.
-
.

the o bj e cts distin ct ) On a s u dde n, o f f b re aks t he limb , an d do w n tu mb le s

.

r; f r the design is t o r e p re se n t the o bj e c ts as

n egro, raccoo n, an d all ( P ro p e o

mo s t in timat ely u nit e d

.

s e in timate ly t hat they may app e ar as b u t o n e t h ing ) .

Pr op er or no t ? A coach an d s ix is in o ur t ime n ev e r s e en , e x c ep t as a p art o f

,

so me p agean t Macaulay T wo tho u san d a ye ar was a large re ve n u e f or a

I d
. .

b arrister . .

9 P ar ticip les
. an d I
n n itives .

ii
The p ar t c ple o r the n n t v e s ho u ld n e v er b e s o u se d as t o mak e
l . i ii
the s en te n ce clu msy, o b scu r e , o r amb gu o u s i .

i
2 To , the s gn o ft he n n t ve , is o m tt e d af
. i
te r the activ e ve rb s bid, ii i
make, n eed, hear , let, s ee, f eel a n d dar e ;
,
an d o ccas o n all
y afte r a few i
o the r v e rb s that ar e l ke so me o fthes e in s e n se i .

ii
3 S in ce the p ar t c ple an d the n n t v e are mu ch alike in s en se an d
. i ii
i
con s tru ct o n , gre at care sho u ld alw ays b e t ak e n to s e lec t that w h ch is i
mo re appro pri ate .

4 . ii i
A p art c p al n o u n sho u ld n ev e r b e s o u se d that it may b e mistake n
f
5 . W i
he n a p ar t c p al n o u n f ro m
ii
o r an adj e c t v e , a p ar t c ple, o r a p ar t o f a co mp o u n d v e rb

ii i
a t ran s t v e v e r b is l m te d b y a ii
.

i i
i i i
p r e ce d n g ar t cle , adj e ct v e, o r p osse s s ve , it gen e r ally be co m e s lu tran i
6
,
. W
sitiv e an d r e qu re s ofaf te r it

he n a p ar t c p al n o u n f
i
re ced n g w o rd, it ma
i
ii i
r o m a t ran s t ve v e rb is n o t l m te d b y
.

ii
i
i i
a
p y gen er ally go v e rn the o bj ect ve cas e .

7 Ofthe f
. o u r mo de s o f e
pr e ss o n ,
t he o r d nar n o u n the ar tici
y , p p x i i
i ii
ial n o u n , the n n t v e , an d the su b stan t ve clau se , g r e a t car e sho u ld b e i -

taken to s e le ct t he mo s t ap p ro r a t e t he lan u a e af
p g g f
o rds i
W W
.

the lady while p a

e saw ss in g do w n t he str e e t
( ho p ass ed ?) H e .

ple aded the case in su ch a man n er as to b eco me te dio u s a nd disa gre e ab le .

I
(Chan ge the e n t ire se nt e nce s ifn e cess ary )
t han w he n su rro un de d b
y o t hers
I
thin k o fy o u alo n e mo re fre q u e n t ly

hile sleep ing u n de r a large tree , my ho rs e . W .

W
w as s tole n heard the n o ise o fa carriage , e atin m su e r g y pp
.
.

Y o u will p le ase sen d the m b ack immediat el if o u can n o t s ell them e

y, y .

o u ght n o t s pe ak ill o fo t he rs u n le ss the re is a n e ce s sit

, y f o r it I f b id y o u to . I
st u dy, dare
yo u to b e idle ? To go could n ot, b ut to re main w o u ld n o t I I .

W
T hat o ld mise r w as n eve r see n iv e a ce n t to t he oo r N o t a s ingle co mp lain t
g p .

W
w as he ard e s ape the lip s o fan y in dividu al e made he r to b e lie ve it S he
c . .

w as made b elie v e it e du rs t n o t to a p ro ach an

p y n e arer to the e le phan t
.

W
.

H is f athe r co m elle d him r e tu r n to his s cho o l

p I t is b e tte r live o n a little t han .

o u tli v e a gr e at deal ill yo u p lease ans w er my le tte r imme diatel ?

.

y w o u ld I
hav e yo u read all the b ooks o n t he su bj e ct have k n o w n yo u n g me n s p e n d . I
mo re i n a w e ek than they e arn e d in a e ar
y .

X P O
E C E TI N S My ho rse b ids fair to tak e the re miu m H e was le t go
.

p ; ;
I dare d hi m to b e t
e el it t o b e m
f y du ty ;

I
H o w cou ld y o u mak e o ut to
ge t alo ng
S he ne e de d o nly to hav e t o ld u s that she w as u n we ll
n o t s e e t o w r ite this le tter "
; ca n I
ar e a ll c o rr e ct o r llo wable
H e can s ho w his

a
-
, .

mo ral co u rage, o nly b y darin do ri li t G Br own M r B ro w n has w ritt e n

g g . . . . .

hi s e n te n ce f o r goo d En lish
;a t, to my ear,
g ; b u by dar ing to do r ight, so u n ds
ie
2 04 VERB S O B S ERV A TI ONS
. .

en f
e eb lin g ou r The t ak in g t hings b y f
wo men .
o rce is ap t to p ro du ce re action .

T his w as in fact a co n ve rting t he dep o s its to his o w n u s e The p laci n g your .

s e lfin t he most co n s p icu o u s s itu at io n w ill t e n d t o re n de r y o u co n t e m p t i b le .

(T he i
n n itive is so me t imes p ref er able to the p articip le , an d t he o rdi nary n o u n

is so me time s p ref
erab le t o e ither ) .

Mu ltiplicatio n is the rep e ating a n u mb er a giv en n u mb e r o ftimes is .

-

the r ep eti tio n of Emphas is is the layin g a gre ate r s tre s s o n s ome p ar
t icu lar w o rd o r w ords The cu t ting e ve rgre e ns f
. o r C hristmas w as f ashio n

ab le w he n I
w as a b oy The saying w hat we t hin k , is n o t always p ru de n t
.

To s ay wha t, &c The in vitin g them will n o t p u t u s t o any mo re t ro u ble

. T he .

n o t hav ing in v it ed the m t o t he p arty, s he af terwards regretted Tha t s he had

no keep in g of
.

n ot, 85 0 . T
he re is n o k e epin g s u ch children in the hou se .

o r, I t i s imp ossible to keep , &c A mo re care f ul gu ardin g the p ri s o n ers w o u ld

.

have p rev en te d this acciden t For the b et te r re gu latin g o u r go v e rn men ts in

.

t he territo rie s his amou n ts to a f

. Tu ll relin q u is hing her do w ry H is n e glect .

ing my af fairs, has b e en v ery inj u rio u s t o me The se p aratin g large n u mb ers .

in to p erio ds, f acilit at es the re ad in g the m co rre ctly I s each ofthe f ollo win g s en .

ten ces cor r ect ?

Y o u r b u ilding s o n e a ho u se, may e cite the e n vy o fy o u r

x
n e ighb o rs
;

M y see in g h im,
w ill b e s u f
cie n t ; M y s e e in g o fhim, w ill be
s uf cien t ;
My havin g see n him, w ill b e s u f cie n t


My hav in g s e en o fhim,
w ill b e su f The soldiers de sert e d o n acco u nt o ft he cap t ain s o rderin g

cient
him t o b e hipp e d W
The s oldie rs deserte d o n acco u n t o ft he cap tain s o rder

ing o fhim to b e whipp ed .

OB S ER V A T I ON S .

1 2 I n Old En glish, be w as o f
. t en u se d where o ther ar ts o fthis v er b ar e

n o w u ed s I n o the r p le as u r es t he r e is s atie ty ; an d, s o o n a er t hey be u sed, t he ir f

v er du re f ade t h B aco n . er b s dif f . V

er ing in s e n s e , ar e so me time s n ear ly ide n
t ical e it her in t heir primitiv e f o r ms or in t heir de riv e d f o r ms , as s et, s it o verowed,
o ver f lo w n : a n d h e n ce t h ey a r e o fte n r id ic u lo u s ly m is app lie d can b t go , im
u

I
I I I
.

p lie s t hat can do n o thin g m o re can n ot b u t go , i mplie s t hat can n ot d o

o t he r wis e , b u t m os t go : he n ce b ot h f or ms s ho u ld b e r et ain e d s in ce t he
y are b o th
n e e de d .

p
,
D ar e, let, need, an d o u ght , ar e co n s ider e d rin cip al v e rb s , an d n o t au ilia x
r ie s , t ho u gh t he
y s ee m t o be in a m id dle or t r an s it i o n s tat e , e s p e ciall n eed, w hich
is s o me times f o u n d w ith o u t i n ec tio n


S he need n o t m ake he rs e fu n easy . .

I r vin g C an n o t s ho u ld r at her b e writt e n as t w o wo rds , u n less w e me an t o r ev en t

p
.

ot f ro m q
u alifyin g s o me o t he r w or d than the verb Y o u ca n no t con s i s ten tly
g y it
as ,

W
en .

hen t he o r m im lie s co m le tion hab it o r cu s to m the w o r d

p as s iv e f
o r din ary
p p
bein g is s o me t imes in s erte d t o e press co ntin u an ce

T x , ,
o o t he r s t at io n s w he r e t he .

n e w r ih e p ract ice was be in i t d d A tl ti M on thly

T he m at er ials o f
g n r o u ce a n c
-

dis co n ten t were grad u ally be in g concen tr ated I b

.
.

T he e v ap o r atio n di s h o fthe . .

t he p hilo s o p her was bein u sed b y an ir rev er en t S ar ro w c p er s M agazin e

~
g p
W W
. .

Y o ur f r ien d is bein
g bu r ied lb S u ch f o r ms are a v o ide d b -

y .the b e s t w r it e r s
hile t hes e ad air s wer e tra n sacting in Eu ro e B an cr t
.
.

p o f he re a n ew . .

chu rch is n o w bu ild in E E tt

T he me dle o fm on u m en ts w it h w hich
g ve r e
Ke n s in g re e n is lli n g E S ar en t T he s ho e in n eo lo is m T he s hi is
. . .

G P M arsh
. .
g g ,
.
p
bei n g car/ u d
0 s ho u ld co mb in e t he s im le
p r e s en t or p er f
W e ct
ll
. . . .

x
p art iciple i t h the au iliary, o r , ifn e it he r o f t he s e f o r ms w i giv e the s e n s e , u s e
t he ac ti v e v o i ce , o r recas t t he s e n te n ce O ur lan gu age o ccas io n ally n e eds f o r ms t o
x
.

h
e p re ss i n t e co n t ii i u ativ e
p as s ive s e n s e t ho s e v erb s w ho s e e rf e ct p art icip les im
p ly co m plet i o n ; an d, as n e ces s ity m ak es s lav es of u s all, t e f o rego in g u n co u t h
p as s i ve f o r ms ar e r at he r ainin g ro u n d B u t, if t he p e rf e ct p ar ticip le im p lies
g g
.

co m p le t i o n , t he co mp o u n (
p art icip e als o do es t her e f o r e , i s be in
g bu i lt, f o r in
s t anc e , is lite rall t he s ame in time as is bu ilt an has the
, p ro gr es s w e s en s e m e r ely
b y ado tio n
p .
T
i s u n co u t h fo r ms ar e u s e d o n l in t he
y r es en t an d t he net in dica
o r s u ch f o r ms as h
g bu ilt, might be s ing bu ilt, mig t have been
t ive f a rt bee n be in
be i/ri g bu i lt, die ofs he er u glines s .
 VERB S O B S ERVA TI ON S
. . 05

3 S o v ery o f te n are the au iliar ies n e e de d an d misa x

pplie d, t hat the f ollo w in
g
.

f x
u ll e p lan atio n will p er hap s n o t s e e m t o o le n th t o t he r e ader
g y

S ha ll o ? I
g
W
W W WI
I I
.

I s it yo u r w is h o r de t e r m in at io n ? A r e yo u i llin g ?

S hall n d yo u w he n

r e t u rn ? ill it co me t o p as s ? ill yo u hav e it s o ill go ?
Or din arily
k
a b s ur d , u n le ss t a e n u
Wp
an d r e e ate d as an o t he r s

W q

p u es tio n S hall yo u go ? Is .

W
it s o de te r min e d ? i 1 it t ak e p lace ? ill he go I s he w illin g t o go ? I s

W
he lik e ly t o go ? S ha ll w e b e marrie d ? A r e y o u w illin g ? ill it tak e p lace ?

W
W
here t he lu ral is n o t giv e n , it agre es w ith t he co rr e s p o n d in g s in gu lar ) S ha ll

W I
.

W

b e e le cte d S h ll
a su ffe ?
r ill it co me t o p as s I s t hat t o b e my fate ?

S ha
ill yo u b e ele cte d ? A r e you w illin g ? Mor e f
ll y o b e ecte ?
u e l d
W
r e u en tl
q y ,
ill it co me t o as s ?
ill it co m e t o p ass ? (S e ldo m s o u s e d in t he st
)
W b
W W
.

S hall he b e ele cte d ? S hall he s u rfe r ? I s t hat t he d e te rmin ati o n ? ill he
be e e l d ?
ill he s u e r ill it co me t o p as s
'

e c t

I shall go

I h
s a ll be e le cte d .

I
I t w ill come t o as s
p s hall su er
'

W
.

I I I I I
.

f o re t e ll it will
w ill b e ele cte d
will s u d er
am

go i llin
.
g;
I I I
. . .

p ro mis e it ; am r e s o lv e d u p o n it I t is in my p o wer , an d am de te r m in e d t o
.

hav e it s o Y o u s hall go
. Y o u s ha ll b e e le ct e d
.

Y o u shall s u if er

I t is . .

s o d et e r min e d f H e shall go
y r wi l o o f b ac

I t is t o b e o in
. s s i t e o o u l r o s t l e s . .

H e shall b e e lecte d
T he s ame in s e n s e as t he p re ce d i n

H e sha l s u e r
W
. .

Y o u will go
Y o u will lo ve him
. Y o u w ill co me t o this at las t .

It i 1 .

co m e to

a s , an d Y o u w ill b e e le cte d Y o u will
s
p r o b ab ly b e v o lu n t ary . .

t wi ll co me t o p ass

s ner . He w ill go . He w ill as s is t yo u He w ill
. .

b e e le cte d
He will s u f
. fer S ame as t he s e co n d e r s o n
. I t w ill co s t b lo o d .

an d t r e as u r e

S im ls fu t u rity
I t s ha ll co s t n eit e r
D e te r min atio n to p re
l
. .

H
.

v ent

i k
c o ry 70 m ak e a go o d re
It is ad p a t e d t h e re t o h is w ill do
. T .

I
. .

T his will n e ve r do
A d ap t at io n ade u acy q
w ill b e p le as e d w it h his co m .

I
.

pa yn

w ill t ry t o m ak e it agre e ab le t o m yse lf , e
ve n ifit s ho u ld t en d t o b e o t her

W I
.

a ll b e p le as e d wi t h his co mp an y

w ise . sh I t will b e agr e e ab le , w hate v er it .

be . i ll m ay d e n o t e a fu t u r e ce r tain ty, d e p e n din g o n ab ility ; sha ll, a f u t u r e ce r

tain ty as s u m in g t he ab ility P hilip w ill han g A s to r , if he [Phi lip ] tak es t he

.

c ity

. A ncien t H is to r y sh .
p I
all t he n tr am le o n all t he se f o rm s in w hich w e alth
an d dign ity in t r e n ch t he mselv e s 0ha tha7n S hall, b ein g au thor ita tive, is s ome
.
-
.

t imes p r e f e rre d i n e mp hat ic p re di ctio n I t shall come in e mp ir e s gro an s , b u rn

.

WW
in g te mp le s , tram ple d t hr o n e s
Cr olg . .

I fan y o n e shall s u b s crib e ho e v e r shall s u b scrib e

.

S imply, ifit tak e .

W

p la c e . I f an y o n e w ill s u b s cr ib e

h o ev e r w i ll s
. u b s c r ib e I f y o u w ill .

s u b s crib e . he n y o u w ill s u b s crib e U n le s s w e w ill giv e o u r co n s en t. .

T o b e w illin a , an d d o s o I n t his s en s e , sh a ll o r sh o u ld o f t en re f ers to t he o ver t

I I I
.

a ct ; an d w ill o r wo u ld, s im ply t o t he in te n t io n m

i s e t hat
O

w o u ld s ay, p ro

will yo u shall I o u ld I
.

he shall r e s o lv e d t hat wo u ld o u sh he
y
sh o uld

w her e I
hav e o r m e an to u s e au t ho r ity b elie v e t hat sh all I I
y o u w il l h e w ill
b e li e v e t ha t s hoI u ld y o u wou laf

hI e wo u ld -

I as s u r ed him t hat y o u wo u ld li e wou ld w her e t he matter 1 8 n o t i n my
o

c o n tr o l A n d so in t he o t he r p er s o n s
Y o u a e de t
r e r m i n e d t h a t s h a ll yo u I
I
.

that yo u wo u ld
4

will b e sha ll
Y o u w e r e de t er min ed t hat sho u ld

_

t hat he sho u ld
He is d eter m in e d t hat sha ll that yo u shall t hat he I
w ill
He w as de ter min e d t hat sh ou ld t hat yo u shou ld that he I
w o u ld
Y o u thin k 1 shall s u f f y ou sh a ll h e wi ll

Y ou

er
t ho u ght t hat sh o u ld s u f If that yo u sho u ld t hat he w o u ld
He

er
t hin k s t hat sh I
a ll b e k ille d t h a t y o u w ill t h at h e s h a ll o r w i ll t hat o u r
fr ie n d w ill
He ho p e d t hat sho u ld b e s e n t I t h a t y o u s h o u ld t hat he
hims elfshou ld o r wo u ld t hat o u r f rie n d wou ld

He r e u es te d that o ur q

frien d sho u ld b e s en t f o r .

D o yo u thin k s h a ll go ?
I hat it will co m e to ass T D o yo u thi n k . I
sh ou ld hat o u gh T t to I 0 ; o r, t hat my go ing w o u d t ak e p lace , i fce r tai n
t hin s s o u ld hap p en , w he t her might b e willing o r n o t f D i d yo u thi nk t hat . I
sh o u d go i

T
hat it w o u ld co me t o p as s o r , t hat i t was m y d u ty t o go Do
.

y o u t h i n k o r d id y o u t h in k t h a t s h ou ld h av e go n e I h at i t w o u ld ha v
q
hap T
p e n e d 5 or
,
t h a t it w as m y d
,
u t y t o D o y o u t h in k w i ll I w o u ld D id I
W
o
g
,
I I
.

m m am s u r p ri se d t hat he w i
ll

y o u t h i n k w o u ld ? r e fe r t o m y i ll y o tiv e s .

A t his go in g u n de r s u ch circu ms t an ce s am s u rp ri s e d t hat he wo u ld go I
g
o .

I
. .

ro m w hat I k n o w o f h am s u r r is ed that he sh a ll o
i s en eral characte r
I g
.

I I
.

T at it is s o d e termin e d
h
am s u rp rise. d t h a t h e s h o u l g o

a m s u r r is e
p a t .
2 06 VERB S O B S ERV A TI ON S. .

the more o ccu rren ce o f t he act , withou t r efe ren ce to an y o tive s o r n ece s s it y m .

J o hn was he w o uld n o t
afraid t hat l s u cce e d

. J
r aid t hat he sh
o hn w as af ou d

T he f or me r im pli es a s t r o n ge r r ef er e n ce t o t he adap t at io n o ft he

n o t s u ccee d
I
.
,

me an s t o t he e n d ; the lat te r imp lies mo r e o fchan ce , y
o u , he , it , sh o ld
u

I
.

I t is a matt er o f d u ty, right , o r p r o p r iety , y

o u , he , it , s h o u ld if .

S ome thing t o t ak e p lace o n co n dit io n o r e ls e , t he s ame as t he re ce di n g ho u ld .

I , y o u h e it t h en

I f v ou he, it , shou ld the n I I fit w ere t o
, ,
I I
.
, ,
ou , h

t ak e p lace t hen , y
e , s he , it , wo u ld n clin atio n , p r o n e n e s s ,
I I
.

q
W

c u s t o m, t e n de n cy ; o r , co n s e u e n ce , r e s u lt I f wou ld s t u dy I f w er e w ill
I I
. .

ing
I f h ld t d y i t t t k e l m it iou If
ld
u e r e o a c e ; e e u ) 0 s
s ou s a p . a r e
I I
. .

wo u ld hav e w ritte n w as u n wi llin g, an d d id n o t
. I f sho u hav e w r itt e n
I I
. .

Had d on e s o I f wo u ld b e tray him, he sho uld f

. o rs ak e m e , is v ery dif fer e n t
f ro m

If s ho ul dI b e tr a y h i m h e w o u ld f r
o s ak e me

S o,
I fhe sho u ld le av e
'

W
.
,

yo u , yo u wo u ld s u f fer I fhe wo uld le a ve yo u , yo u sho u ld s u f
fer I fit wo u ld .

r ain

. is he d I f it shou ld r ain . P e r ha ps n o t w is he d
He w as to re m ain . .

f
u n til he sh o u ld b e s e n t o r B a e e v e nt
r U n til he might b e s e n t f
. or G r e at er . .

co n t inge n cy o r p os s ib ilit y

I n a m or al s en s e, can is a little s tr o n ger than mag}
.

I m y n t o so
a o d
. I
hav e n o t p er mis s io n , o r it w o u ld b e imp r o p er ca n n o t . I ,

My co n s cien ce f
.

v iolate my o at h

. o r b ids i t I t m us t hav e b ee n so P r es e n t, . .

n e cess it y o f b elie f Had the river r is e n , he mus t ha ve dr own ed
.
p plu e rfe ct .

P ast n ece s s ity .

Mos t of the a u xilia r v er bs u su ally s et

for th the act or sta te as no t absolu tely cer
tain bu t as tinged wit a llu s ion to the co n dition , time, o r cir cu ms ta nces, o n w hich it
dwe/i ds , a n d as exp r ess ing, accor d/in gly , a corr esp o n ding degr ee ofcer ta in ty H e u ce ,
x
. .

t he y m ay s o m e times b e u s e d t o e p re s s s o f ten e d co m man ds o r ass er tio n s Y ou .

will n ot hu r t him , w ill yo u ? f o r,

D o n o t hu rt him I t wo u ld s e e m o [if s

x
.

yo u s ho u ld e amin e the e vide n ce ; o r r at her , the e v ide n ce t en ds t o p er su ad e o n e to

t his b elie f] , f or I t s ee m s so

I t s h o u ld s e m
e s o

f
[ r o m t he d e f e r e n ce n at u
r ally du e t o e vid
.

en ce o fs u ch au tho r it
y f or, I t s e e ms s o sh o u ld thin k n o t
I
I
.

[ f r o m what
y o u t e ll m e ], f or ,

1 t hin n ot
sh o u ld har dly b eliev e it

[w ere
I
.

i t t o ld t o m e
; o r, s car cely any t hing is s u f cie n t t o cau s e s u ch b elie f] , f or ,
hardly b eli e v e it S o metimes t he s en s e o ft he au iliar ies in t he o t en tial mo o d is
.

p x
n earl
y los t , an d the m o o d b eco mes alm o s t in dicativ e in m ean in He k n e w n o t

W
ho w f ar t he r ami catio n s o fthe co n s irac
p mi g h t ex te n d D e b s te r did as
x
. . .

W
ten d h en t he t ime is s u f cie n t ly in icate d w itho u t t he au iliary, t he n the
a

W
x
au i li ary m u s t d e n o te so m et hin

l b hen he will come

W
g e s e o r e s u p e r u o u s
I
he n sha ll have ar r ived I fwi ll an d sha ll w e r e her e in s ert e d m er ely to ex;
.

WWI x
.

p re s s t he ti me , t he e p re s s io ns w o u ld have b e e n b e tt er w it ho u t t hem
c mes
o h en ha ve ar r ived ill, w he n p u t in to s u ch clau s es , r elat e s
di r e ctly to the i ll o f t he s u bj e ct an d shall i m lie s det er min at io n res o lu t io n
'
. W
hen he .

; p
co n t i n ge n cy
.

h T
ey s ho u ld r e m e mb er t hat En lan d e n t er e d
g n d ia f
,
ro m t he s e a ,
,
I
a n d t hat u n t l s he sh all h ave been s u bd u ed o n that e le m en t it w o u ld b e idle t o t hin k
i

,
o fd lS p O s S cS S l n T
O

g h e r o f h e r O r ien t a l s u re i n acy A tla n tic M i n thlg hat is , u n

p
. .

t il r es o lve d u p o n an d acco m lis he d he au t hor r at he r b elie ves o r in t imat es t hat

p .

t hi s i s n ot eas y o r li k ely t o b e d o n e
o

6 I n i mi t at o n ofa re n ch idio m the F o r ms o f s u ch v erb s as become,

i p as siv e f
.
o ,
w er e f o r merl
y m u ch u s e d ; b u t t he p r e se n t te n den cy is , t o
a rri e, r ej oi ce
v , ,

p re f e r t he act i ve f o rms M r B ro wn s ays , t hat a f .

e w v er b s ar e y et t hu s u s e d, t o
.

S i ii i f h a p ers o n s o w n mi n d is t he cau se t hat a

t t ct u at e s him

y He was r e
g
a
as
s o ued
p
n c in g t o t he ci t
y t o r e s id e

H e is i n clined t o go e is deter m ined H
t o go . he n a p as s i ve s e ns e can n ot b e co n ce ive d o r w hen t he act iv e f o rm
s ee ms e iu ully p ro e r t hi s s ho u ld
g p , g e n e r ally b e
p re fe r
,
r e d hu s

i ncli n e t o T I '

I M
.

th i n k n
i s n o w ge e rall re f d
m i
,
n y p e r r e t o a n cli n e d t o t hin k istake, in t he
15 S t ! 1 9 I
.

3 5 8 1 d
P g o o u s e ; as am m is taken b u t t he act iv e f o rm is
I x
,

15 0 5 0d ; 3 , m i s tak e : it is yo u r b u ll t hat has k ille d o n e o f m o en
y
Y o u (1 7 mi sta ken , i s p ro bab l a de li cat e eu hcmmm fo r I
o .

3 m
t u 0
p 0

y p i s c o n c ei v e y o ur
me an i n g .
,

7 T he s ele ctio n o fm o o ds an d t en se s is s o metimes a m atter o f r eat n ice t

.

g y
1 a rg u me n tati v e d i s co u r s e
,
e s p e ci all

p r e s s es o X
u b t o n ly .
p
T he co n ditio n al p re s en t in dicativ e e x
T he co n d it io n al r es e n t s u b u n ctiv e e x r e es es b o t h do u b t
j
.

an d f u t u re t i m e ; an d t e co n clu s io n
f n di cat i v e d
h b elo n ging to i t, is gen e r y e x r es s ed in t he
I
u t u re
i n i cat i v e f o rms ar e s o me time s
.
re f e r r e d as in g a little
p
S p l lght ll cl , 0 1 08 relati n
' '

g to p erman en t o r u nivers al tr u ths

will k e ep it till . I
 2 08 A D V ERB S .

T wice the s m is in s u f
cien t t o my d e b t s Fo u r t ime s the so n s age

p
as , u ay
Te n t ime s t am ou n t was re f Fi v e t imes t he
o

is e qu al t o t he f
at her s

le u s ed

u an t ity which ar e p erhap s

w as s o ld to o w ell e s t ab li s he d to b e co n d e mn e d .

he G er man lan gu age als o co n r ms t his x

latt er O p in io n , e cep t, I b elie v e , t hat i t
more fr e qu en tly r egar ds t he m ultip lican d a s in gu lar co lle ctiv e n o u n .

9 I t is s ome times dif

. cu lt to de ter min e w hether the articip le o r t he in n itiv e
s ho u ld b e p r e f e rre d S o metimes e it her m ay b e u s e d
. b e p re s e n t p art icip le d e .

n o t e s an act o r s t at e as accomp an yin g t hat o ft he p r in cip al v e rb , w hile t he in n it iv e

co m mo n ly im lies t hat t he act s o r s tat es ar e s u cce ss iv e
b etter adapte
T he in n it iv e is gen e rally
t han t he p art icip le , t o e p r es s t he act o r s tate s u b s t an t iv ely
a s u b s t an t i v e p ar tici le o r in n itive is t o b e u se d in con n e ctio n wit h t he s u b s tan
x he n
.

. W
p
tiv e de n o t in g t he o bJect t o w hich t he act o r st ate b elo n gs , it is o f
W ten b e t t er t o u s e

m
t he cla u se b egin n in g w ith tha t hen a v erb al ap os iti ve r e lat e s t o an in it ial it,
.

it s ho u ld r at her b e t he in n itiv e than t he ar ticip e ; as , I t is u s e le s s g
a ,

sho u ld b e,

I t is u s ele s s to tr y
Af te r v e r e o ftr y in g o r in ten ding, the 1
. g
tw o
s ho u ld b e u se d Af t er t he v erb s hear , s ee, an d f
. eel, e it her m ay b e u s e d Af te r .

verb s ofomitti n g, avoidin g, o r

p r even tin g, t he p ar ticip le s ho u ld ge ner ally b e u s e d .

Af ter v erb s o fbegin n in g con tin u ing, o r desist/ ing, t he p ar tici Ie may ge n e r ally b e
,
u s ed, t ho u h t he in n it i v e is so met ime s mo re e le an t het he r a s u b s tan tive
g g .

as s o ciat e d with a
p art iciple s ho u ld b e made po s s es s iv e , d ep en ds o n w hich t e r m
co n v eys t he m o r e r omin e n t idea The f ai r w in d is t he cau s e o f t he v e s sel s

W

.

s ailin g n ot ,

e f T
air w in d is t he cau s e o ft he v es s el s ailin
g

he n a p art i .

cip le is limit e d b y s u ch a
p re cedin g w or d as u s u ally r e qu ir es ofafte r t he p art icip le ,
the ofmay s o metime s b e o mitt ed b ef o r e p r o n o u n s , w he n it r at he r af fe cts t he s e n s e
o fthe
p ar ticip le than corr es p o n ds t o the ant e ce de n t limit in g w o r d Y o u r e ating .

o fit m ade yo u s ick , is n o t e u iv alen t t o Y o u r e atin g it mad e y ou s ick

He
q
.

s aid it in hearin
g h is fa t h e r ,

H e s a d it in t he he aring o f his f
i h
at er ,

dif
f e r in
s en s e t he w ord hea rin g, in the f or mer , r elat es t o He in t he latte r , t o f a th er He .

was k illed b y gallo p ing a horse He hims elfrode t he hors e . H e was k ille d b y .

the gallop ing ofa hors e S o me other erson or else n o o n e r o de t he ho rse

.
p , ,
.

9 . AD VER B S .

i A 353a d v e r b is a w o rd u se d to m o dif the m e an in f

n .
y g o
a v erb , an ad e ct i ve, o r an adv e rb S o me times an adv e rb mo die s a
j .

h ras e or an en t i re it io n
p p p
r o o s .

Ex S he is ho mely, b u t she s in rs bea/ u ti a ll

f
T he lak e is o
b
de e
g i g
bl l
.

Y o n de lies yo u r b o o k I w ill w ri e to mor w

He s p e ak s to ler we l
r g
-
.
.

He s aile d near ly ro u n d the w or ld N ear l mo di e s n o t t he r e os itio n r ou n d b u t

y p p .
,
t h adj u nct r o un d the wor ld , f o r an ad u n ct an adj e ctiv e o r an ad ve rb The b o o k is
e J s
.

s o i le d on l ON m
H e w as so so in t elligen t, so
y r ;
y oun
I t hin g t hat
T
ev e
w e ar e ap t to li k e i n a y o u n g man I r vin
g i ers t he e n tire p ar t o fa s se n te n ce
. . lb
f
W
a t e r the las t so, has t he s e n s e o f an adj e ct iv e mo di e d
b H
y so ave o u s een
y .

hi m i N o
Here it is s imp le s t t o r egar d N o as mo dif in the u e s tion o r ds
y g q
.
.

f ro m o t he r ar ts o fs eech ar e als o o ccas io n all u se d as adv er b s

y Car n atio n re d
mar ble co l
.

aome w at b e tter none th e w o rs e ass ing s t r an ge

; ; ; d ri in w et ;
s ca ldi n h t
It f ell down

A bove, ar
pp g
g o .
b.
en eath, w ith in , t he l an d r es
le ame d Y o u hav e id d f h whis tle
.
p a e a r o r t e
Tr amp , tr amp , acro ss t he
an d t hey s ee d ; s la sh s la sh acro s s t he s ea
.

p p , p S cott The s tr o n ge r t he min d ,

A ddiso n
. .

th e gr e at er i ts amb i t io n D egree H 1 8 he ar t w e n t

a t, b u t hers
W
t
-
t d
p p
. . . -

we nt p ity Z kle L owell HO ?o .

S o me en tire phras e s are cu st o maril u se d as adve rb s

354
y
.
.

S u ch are t e r me d a dver bia l hr ases an d ars e d lik e adv erb s

p , p

.

W

Ex In .
b y an d b y = 8oon shor tly at all= an
( M

A t e as t ; i n s hor t o n hi h in n e at ris s en t ?
; g ;
t rary ; 0 11 3 an d o u ; t hr o u h an d thro u h n o mor e
; it las t o n the con
p
a ; ;
t g g ; ; at mo s t f or t he mos t art
ii
f
W
1 1136 ti mes o ll l t i me s ; man b
2 z
,

; f m L M
'

y an at i
zt
/ n f
o o t b y o o t ; la ss t o gl s s .

He s ai d it aga i n a n d agam
' , .

hos e b risk awak e n in g s ou n d he o v e d the beat

.
.
 A D v nans . 2 09

rt e
pres e ntation

an d ta xThe argu men t w as
atio n sho u ld go ha n d in han d .

carrie d a ain st him a ll hollo w I r vin g A p hras e sho u ld n o t b e p ars ed as a

W g
. .

hole , w en its wor ds can b e p ars ed s ep arately with as m u ch p rop r ie ty .

355 . An adverb modi es by e xp r essin

g ma n n er , degr ee,
p la ce,

ti me, o r s o me o the r cir cu ms t an ce . S ee ab o v e .

35 6 . S om etimes an adv erb mo dies its w o r d, in r ela tio n to a

su b s ant tive in the sa me clau se o r

p ro
p o si tio n .

Ex N ot on ly he mu s t go , b u t y ou too
. A n d chi ef ly t hou , 0 S p irit , in s tr u ct .

me
J l1ilto
-
n
'

w as b ett e r s o.t o clo s e T
,
th an lo ger w ait to p art en tir el f
n
y oes

J J
. .

B yr on . ohn on l b orr o we d the horse N o o ther p er so n as s is te d
o hn .

J
.

o n ly b o rr ow ed t he o r s e H e d id n o t b v
u h.im
o hn b orr ow e d the ho rs e .

an k
y

o hn b J
orr o w e d ou l th e ho rs e

H e b orr o w e d n o thi n g m o r e

A nd. .

leav e the world f o r me t o n et e i n .

S o me adv e r bs co n n e ct t wo clau s e s, an d mo dif

35 7 .
y a w o r d in

e ach S u ch ar e called co nj u nctive a dver bs

. The clau se w ith the .

ad v erb has the s e n s e o fan adv erb , an adj ect iv e, o r a n o u n

W
.

M ak e hay while the he n He r o de t he hors e bef
s u n shi n es or e

W
. .

h
he b o u g t him Y o u s p e ak o f it s y
a o u u n d ers tan d it
Ho w ? G o wher e

W
. .

glo ry w ai ts t he e hither ? I n t he grav e wher e o u r her o w as b u rie d
. In .
'

w ha gt r av e h
T e r eas o n w h y it h as b ee n n e ge c e d , is o b v io u s
t hat r eas on ? .

I saw how a p in is m ade

I s aw w hat ? S o metimes t he an te ce de n t or correla

W
.

tiv e adv erb is e x r es s e d , an d then the latte r adv er b m er e] j o in s o n an d m o di e s

its o w n p ar t w as there I wher e it hap p e n e d
.

here it p ened is e p lan atory . x
o fth er e s omew hat lik e an ap p o s itiv e .

S o m etim e s adv erb s s o litt le af

35 8 . fe ct the s en t e n ce that it
w o u ld n o t se e m impro pe r to say t hey are u s ed in dep en den tly .

Ex Y e s
W W

no, ay , am en , N ay s u ch was the
acco r din gly , co n s e u en tly, & c
ell, l har dly k n o w
. .
,

ge n er al clamo r , that , & c hy, yo u m u s t e crazy . .

w hat t o s y a S o, o ,
s an dt his is the w ay yo u hav e s p en t yo u r t im e

here T
J J J
. .

w e re t hr ee in all ; na mely, o hn , ames , an d o sep h

S eco n dly, he cou ld go .

ther e if he w o u d l
h ere s r i .

T
i n on e ght e o u s , no , n o t o n e
Z hu s , in Fran ce , .

co mmon carr ie r s ar e n o t liab le f o r r o b b er y Ken t A d verb s t hu s u se d art ak e . .

o ft he n at u re o fcon j u n ctio n s o r in t erj e ctio n s M o st o ft he m may b e p ars e as ad .

v er b s m o dif i
y gn t he e n tir e r
p po o s it io n ,
o r the p r ece din g s e n te n ce o r di s co u r s e ,

o r else s o met hin g u n der st o o d ; an d s o me o f t he m ar e alway s b e st p ars e d as con

j u n ctio ns .

3 5 9 A dv e rb s, li
. ke ad e c j ti may b e divide d in t o class es, an d
v e s,

t he y hav e mp ar iso n als o co . Man y adv e rb s may b e co mpar e d lik e

adj e ct iv e s ; b u t de riv at ive adve rb s e n din in ly, are n e ar l
y a lways
g
co m are d b m o r e an d mo s t, o r b less an d leas t S ee 3 03 2
p y y .
pp . .

Ex S oon , . s oon er , s oon es t ; e arly, ear lier , ear liest ; y, mos t

w is ely, mor e wis eh
wisely .

Fre qu e n tly, an adv erb de n ote s man n er , when it mo di es a ver b an d degr ee,

when it m o di es an adj ective o r an ad ver b : as ,
He t hin k s so
5 He wr i t es so
"
I k n o w n ot how de e p it i s

awk war dl y How did yo u d o it i
.
.

3
'
3 60 . Mo st adverb s a e i f
'
o rm e d by an n exin
g ly t o a dj e ctive s or

p ar ticiples . S o m e time s s is an n e xe d .

Ex Fir m, r ml n ob le , no bly u n ite d, u n ited

ly; s arin g, sp ar ingly ; out
x
.

war d o u t/ war ds Sa lie, m lioh is h ame as like, o r

$
. on er . r
o ig n i y t e s

simp l
y an o ther f or m o f ike . G en tle man , gen t e man like,-

gen tlema n ly
2 10 A D V E RB S .

S o me adverb s ar e co m po u n ded o f t w o o r mo re wo r ds
361 .

t en u s ed t o fo rm o the r co m p o u n d w o rds
an d adv e rb s ar e o f .

Ex
head , hereaf
.
-

f [ n de e d,h e r eu on
p , w h er e w ithal a
or e v er ,
,
b o ar d
o rever mor e , whi the rs o e v er , helt er s k elt er
te r, f
m o n b o ar d , ahe a
ell b re d, f etche d ,
ar f

T he co mmo n p r ex a n , an d its
-
. W - -

do wn tr o dden ; u n p u n is he d, u n tru e, imp u r e .

e qu iv al en t s , ar e ad v erb ial , s ign if ying n ot .

A dve rbs p r o mo t e b r e v ity

362 .
T he s en s e o falmo st e ver y ad a .
-

v e rb ca n b e co n v e ye d b y a n adj u n ct o r so m e o the r e xp r e s s io n A .

co nj u n ctiv e adve rb is n e arly always e qu iv ale n t t o t wo adj u n ct s ;

an d m o st adve rb ial p hras e s an d s o m e adve rb s ar e b u t impe rf e ct

adj u n ct s

W
.

Ex s el =in a w is e m an n er w ith w is do m ; r a idl ==w ith r idity; her e==

p
y y ap

W
.
,
at o r in t his p lace ; thu s = in t his man n er ; ver y= =in a l igh de gr e e w hy= =f o r w hat
re as o n ; n ever = at n o time

hen ce [f r om wh p lace] s he 4

S he w as b u r ie d

a t i

W
.

=
when the s u n w as s e ttin g S he w as b u rie d a t the t ime i n which the s u n w as s et
t in g . T he s e e d gr ew u p wher e it f ell ; i e , fr om the p lace o n which it f . e ll
. hen .

may s tan d f o r th en wh en
; wher e, f or th er e wh er e ; a s, f o r s o as A t p r esen t at t he .
u s

r es e n t t ime t d == t d i i == i i m l = st a
p ; ye s er a y o n y e s e r a y ; n va n n a v a n an n er ; o n g a g o
ti me lo n g go n e b y S o m et im es it is b etter to u s e the adj u n ct
. I n a silly m an
x
.

n er , is a b ett er e pr es sio n t han s illily in a s m all w ay o r degre e , than s mally

i n con co r d
,
h
t an co n cor dan tly ; b y w hich, wit h which, t han wher ewith .

363 A dv e rb s su pply the in ade qu acy

. t
o f e n s e s, an d they hav e
also so me afn ity wit h m o o ds .

Ex I w ill s t u dy Ip r esen tlyby a n d by to mor r ow

.
hen cef
o r th

H e w ill -
.

cer ta i n ly co me I n dicat iv e m o o d str e ngthen e d

P er hap s he will
x
. .

may co me S o me adv er b s n e e d n o t the v er b , to e p r e ss co mm an ds in the mos t

.

fo ci ble man n er
On , S tan le , on on , 85 0 Up , war der , h o l

A way
W r y .
.

i t hi t D o wn w ith tyran ny
.
Ou t with hi m
Heme, o r tho u diest
. .

i 3 64 . I t is so met im es dif
cult t o dist ingu ish adve rb s f
ro m ad
ecti v es
j .

S o me Wd t or s r e ain the same f o r m in e ither s e n s e ; b u t, g en

ly
e ra l , the e n di n l
g y or s is m ade the sign o fthe adve rb .

Ex I o , w e l, b etter , b es t, m u ch m o r e m o s t v er
l l y, w ide lo n g, r st ,
all, e v en j u s t li k e ri h
, , , g t (=
,
v ery, di r ectl
y ),
,
e lse
,
n e t p r et ty = t o ler ab ly ) litt l e, x
le ss , le as t s ti ll, I w o rse w o rs t e n o u h f ll (=
, ,

l h g
d ( =
,
lab or io u sly a
j
u v er o n r
Y a y, a
y o u er , e arly late lik ely d ail y, w e ak ly w eek m o n thl
, , ,
f
o

m
as t ,
e ar ly t le
i bg
gen
m an ly , man ly, co ely rin cel de adl k in l n i htl
dee p er , adv
y ,
Brav e, br a vely witty, wittil
y , g
,
y p, g y ;

no l a ,

ad j

no .

y ; ab le , ably ; u pward, up war ds

.
.

I n p o etry an d in co m o u n d w o rds the adj ect iv e f

365 m of
p o r
.

,
the w o rd, o r the adj e ct ive mo de o fco m ariso n is allo we d t o a
p ,
re ate r e xt e n t than e lse whe re
g .

Ex T he s wallo w s in gs sweet f
.
ro m her n es t in the w all D imo n d
D rin k

.

dee , 0 ? tO P C h 11 0 13 t he P ie rian
.

p P o
p e

T en cen s u r e wr o g f or o n e t hat
i b
.
b
lt e s arms s

Id
h o u gh t ho u w ert T
y r mlier f M ilton

as t en e d t han a r ck
-
. .
-

t h co lo r e d s mo o th hdm
. .

g yet e ve n in mo s t s u ch co mp o u n ds , t he re f ere n ce is

b as , s weet~scen ted==ofs w eet s cen t ; highsoa/r i

.

at : l to a n o u n r ather t an t o a v er
high in s o aring ; an d we can n o t sa hi h olis hed
y g p , b t m u s t s ay h ighly p olishe
u
-

366 may b e af f An
e ct e d b ad e c
b j ti d t ill
ve m i
y a v e r a n
.

.
r ,
a n s e
an adj e cti v e
.

u alit
ro w de d t he v erb sho w s me r e l
, p y ho w the q y is
ac u i re d o r made
q k no wn The qu ality may o fte n b e co n ceived as .
z1 2 A D VE R BS .
-
E X E R C I S ES .

N ight s b u rn t o u t, an d o cu n d day stan ds tip toe o n the j

W

can dles a re

misty m o u n tain s t op

I n v ain w e s e e f . o r pe rf
e ct hap p i n e ss
,
e li v e d k
ther e lo n g ago The m o re I stu dy gr ammar, the b e t te r I li e i t
. M an b y k .

man , an d f o o t by f o o t, did the soldie rs p ro ce e d o v er t he A lp s I t w as .

n o t at all stran ge, t hat he sho u ld at last def end h imse lf On ly the yo u n g .

m e n w e re sen t t o w ar The eld had o n ly b e en p lo u ghe d The w r e tche d

. .

fu itiv e s w e re u rs u e d e v e n t o th e chu r che s B rie w e l

g p y, r e y o n
y o u .

alo n e . Fin ally, the w ar is alre ady b egu n , an d w e mu st e ither co n qu er

o r p e rish S hall this co lo ssal U n io n b e b ro en asu n der ?

. N o ; n e v e r, k

n e ve r ! They ar e m ost rmly go o d that b est n o w w hy k .

3 .

F r ien ds
,
but 13
f
ew o n e ar th, an d t he r ef
ore
13
dear ;
S ou ght t, an d sou ght al
of mo st of v ain P o llo k
13
as t in .

W
N o w the y w ax, an d n o w they dwin dle ,
hirlin g w ith the w hirlin g sp in dle ;
Tw is t y e, tw in e y e ! e v en so
Min gle hu man bliss an d w o e
The p ip er lo u d an d lou der b le w ,
S co tt . W . .

The dan cers qu ic an d qu ic er e w k k B u rn s .

Examp le s t o b e C orr e ct e d .

A ll the liab ilitie s to error in r egar d to a dve rb s

,
may b e re duce d to the f
ol
lowing heads

1 . Choice . 2 . F or m . 3 . P osition .

1 . C ho ice .

The most app r opriate adv e rb shou ld be s electe d to e x p re ss the me an

in g inte n de d .

A w ick e d man is n on hap py, b e he n ev er so harden e d in con scien ce

do n o t w an t the so u n d o fthe se charme rs o r an r in ders charm t he n e v e r so
e . W
s wee tl Har er s Ma azine
[ g g ] y

W
,

y .
p g S no w seldo m o r e ve r f alls in t he s o u the rn p art
.

T x
o f e as . hether yo u are w illin g o r n o , o u will hav e t o a the deb t
y p y The .

ro ad is so mu dd
y that we can p ro ce ed n o f urt her N o thin g f ar ther w as said .

ab o u t t he mat t er

W W
I t rains most e v ery day
.
his whe at stan ds mo st too . T
W
t hi ck . He is a mighty in sign ica n t f ello w her e s hall I e e ? ho .

b ro u ght me he re , w ill also tak e me f ro m hen ce e remain e d a w e e at G al . k

v e s to n , an d p ro ce e de d fro m the n ce to I n dian o la S u ch clo ak s w ere in f ashion
ago
.

ab ou t v e
ye ars sinc e A b ou t t wo w e ek s s ince, t wo ro cer k e e p e rs
g y
. . -

at D o nip han had a ht R elate d n o t o nly b y b lo od, b u t lik ewise b marria e

g .

y g
J
.

bu t also ame s i s stu dio u s b u t h m T

i I am

-

, o a s s st u dio u s al s o too
so me b e tter than I w as
. .

s omewhat He f elt s o me thin g e n co u rage d o n

.

re ce ivmg t he n e s
w
N o o ther tre e , in its old a e is as b e au t if
H ave yo u do ne like he dire cte d ou ?
.

g , u l a s t he e lm .

y as D ire ctly he co mes w e s ha ll

,
(S ay, A s soon as, fo r dir ectly is no t a conj unctive adve rb ) I mmediate ly

go

when they arrive , we shall o

.

g I n e ve r b efore s aw s u ch lar e tree s ~tr ees

g
.
.

that were so lar ge S he is su ch a go od wo man so good a woman

.
.
.
 AD V ERBS .
-
E X E R C I S ES . 213

2 . F or m .

A dv e rb s sho u ld b e e xp re s s e d in the ir t ru e or mos t appro p riate f

o rm .

k
S p ea slo w and distin c t Y o u have b ehav e d v ery b ad . his p en do es . T
n o t w rite goo d H e b e haved man lily S he b e hav e d v e ry s illily A t t his

. . .

place , t he mo u n tain s are e trao rdin ary high an d steep x

His tor y ofVir ginia .

H e liv e d an e tre me ha rd lif e x

S he is a re mark able p re tty girl . A n ab o min a .

b le u gly little w o man o f ciate d at t he tab le I a m o n ly t o le rab le w ell, sir . .

I t is w o n de rf u l to see ho w p re p o s te ro us t he af fairs o f t his wo rld are s o met ime s

man age d The f .o x is an e ce e din g ar tf ul an imal x
H e is do in g n e S he . .

w as dres sed as as silk co u ld mak e he r Pe o p le say he is in dep en den t .

r ich . H e s tru ggle d man f u l, an d b ecame in de e n de nt

p Y o u hav e b ee n w ro n g .

in fo rme d o n t he s u bj e ct
w he re
t he cav e
.
S u re he is as n e a ge n tle man as can b e f
.

S he dre s s e s su itab le to her s tat io n an d me an s

.
o u n d an y

e w e n t d ire ct t o . W
I shall rs t n o tice why w e sho u ld w o rship G o d ; an d, se co n d, ho w w e shou ld
w o rs hip him Fif th an d last, I w o u ld re mark that he n e ve r s u cce e ded at an y
.

t hing . A gre eab le to t he p res e n t arran ge ment, I s hall have t o rec ite my G re e k
P rev io u s t o o u r arriv al, the ca ptain w as tak e n ill
W
d u rin g the rst hou r . The .

inso le n t p ro u d s oon ac qu ire e n e mie s e hav e n ear nis he d o u r w o rk . Y ou .

did the w ork as go o d as I co u ld e pe c t x

T he I rishman w as s o b ru is e d t hat he .

s aid he s carce k n e w himselfagain A s lik e as no t yo u lo ve he r yo u r e lf P u sh

. s .

t he w ago n b ack ward backwar ds C o me hithe rw ard I re ce iv e d the gif t

mor e gladly
. . .

w ith p le as ur e , b u t I shall n o w gladlie r re sign it hes e are . T

t he t hin gs highlie st imp o rtan t I can e as ier rais e a cro p o f he mp than a crop
.

o fto b acco A b strac t p rincip les are e as ies t learn e d w he n cle ares t illu s trate d
. .

3 . P ositio n .

A dverb s sho u ld b e so p lace d in t he s e n te n ce as to make it co rr e ct, clear,

an d e le an t
g .

T hi s
p re cep t is als o ap p licab le to j
ad u n cts an d to so me j
co n u n ctio n s .

Ev e ry man can n o t af ford t o k e e p a co ach N o t ever y man, &c A ll their . .

n eighb o rs w e re n o t in vite d A ll that w e hear, w e s ho uld n o t b elie v e

.
he re . T
cou ld n o t b e f o u n d o n e man t hat w as w illing to e n lis t hey b ecame ev e n . T
r i d rs o f k n iv es and raz o rs T h e t w o y o u n g ladies came to t he p art y, n e arly
g n e .

dres se d alik e I o n ly re cite d o n e lesso n du ring the w ho le day

.
I n p ro mo ting .

t he p u b lic go od, w e o n ly discharge ou r du ty heism can o n ly b e o p p o se d t o . T

o l t h e is m H e is o n ly so w he n he is dru n k I o n ly b ou ght t he ho rs e , an d
p y . .

n o t the b u ggy I have b o rr o w e d this ho rse o nly, y et I in te n d t o b u y hi m

.
.

S u ch p rice s are o n ly p aid in t imes o f great s carcity he se w o rds w e re n o t . T

o nly u t tere d b y a mo rt al man , b u t b y o n e w ho w as co n s tan t ly e po s e d t o de ath, x
x
an d e p ectin g it T he w o rd coup le can o n ly b e p ro p e rly app lied to o bj ect s in
.

con n e c tio n The int ere s t n o t o nly had b ee n p aid, b u t t he gre ate r p art o fthe
.

r i i l a lso Bib lu ld o l e o u trage, b y n o t o n ly av o iding a ll

p n c p a u s .c o u n y esc a p
ass e mb lies o fthe p e o p le , b u t e v e ry so le mn a n d imp o rtan t me e t in g o fthe s e n at e .

I fyo u hav e o n ly le arn e d to sp e n d mo n ey e trav agan tly at colle ge , yo u may s t ay x

at ho me Ifyou have learn ed, a t co llege o nly to sp en d mo n ey extr avagan tly, &c
.
,

T e f
h ut u re t e n se s im l
p y e p r e sse s fu tu r e ti mx e C o rn s hou l d b e g e n e ra lly .

h an d
.

l i A il H i h h b l l t F b e
p an te d t t e i n n rs
g t o n e s o r g
n p r e s o u . o e g e n e ra y .

e ll o u n m e n T h e f rm e rs s ell t h e ir p ro d uce ge n e ra lly t o t h e m er

g e a y y
n r g a .

I n o ther w here t e f ate o f the

cou n tries, p oo r is h w re tche d inde ed, o f
ce s are mer e ly cre at e d fo r t he e mo lu me n t o f cert ai n classe s Ho w mu ch
.
2 14 a n v n n ns .
E xs ac rss s .

w o u ld the dif cu lty b e in cre as e d, w ere w e solely to dep en d u p on their gen

e ro s lty l

I am n ot as atten tive t o the S t u die s I e ve n lik e , as I sho u ld b e M ost .

n atio n s, n o t e v e n e cep t in g t he x
e ws, w e re p ro n e to ido lat ry J H e can n o t .

W
s ho w me w here e v e r I v o te d dif fe re n t N 0 man has e ve r so mu ch that he do es .

n o t w ish t o accu mu late mo re e do t ho s e thin gs f .re qu en tly w hich we re

p e n t o faf te rwards h T
e r e w as an o t her man s till, w ho had lo s t his ho rse also
a s till s hor ter
. .

was s till another man he re is st ill a s ho rte r me tho dT .

My O pin io n w as give n af ter rat he r a cu rso ry p er u sal o f t he b o o k S u ch co n .

d u ct rather w ill make him s u lky an d s tu pid than amiab le a n d sp rightly I my .

s elfw as a lit tle in clin e d to v is it he r o n ce H aving lo st o n ce a t ho u san d d o llars .

b y s p ecu lat io n, he w o u ld n e ve r v e ntu re again H av ing almo s t lo s t a t ho u san d .

do llars by t he S p ecu lat ion he w as ab le o n ly to p ay a p art o fthe d e b t

, S e tu s . x
t he Fo u rt h, ifI mis tak e n ot , w as a great colle cto r o fb oo k s, a t le ast By has ty .

The argu me n t is
'

co mp o s itio n, w e shall acqu ire ce rt ain ly a v e ry b ad s tylc .

v e ry p lau sible , ce rt ain ly , ifn o t co n clu s iv e H av ing n ot k n o w n , o r hav ing n ot .

co nsidere d t he me asu r e s p ro p os e d, he f aile d o fsu cc e ss O u r b o at had f o r tu n .

ate ly lef t the s hip, p rev io u s to t he e plo sio n x

H e p ro mis e d to s e n d t o me a s .

mu ch again as he had b orro w e d, t he ne t day hey w ere almo st cu t o f x

ft o a . T
W
man . T
he re is n o thing more p lease s him than to p raise his p erf o r man c e s .

Ther e is no thing tha t p leases him mo r e, than f or o thers to p r ais e, 8136 e may .

hap p ily live, t ho u gh o u r p o s se ssio n s are s mall N o t o n ly he f o u n d he r e m .

p lo y e d, b u t please d an d tran qu il also S he w ill b e alway s dis co n t e n ted . The .

fo llo wing b e t is s aid actu all

y t o hav e b e e n made b e t we e n an A dams man an d a
Jack so n man is said to have actu a lly been m a de
.
-

I o ccu py the same p o litical p o s itio n n e arly, that I o ccu p ie d v e y ears ago T he .

w ords sho u ld b e arrange d s o t hat harmo ny may b e p ro mote d so arr anged .

-

The law do es n ot u n dert ak e to co mpel him so to do , o r p u n ish him f o r n o t so

do ing Kent The f ro n t
.

p art o ft he hou se w as v ery dif fe ren t ly b u ilt f r o m t he

b ack p art The go o ds co u ld n ot b e p o ss ibly ship p e d any s o o n e r
.
He se e ms .

W
clearly t o h s eems to have clear ly
av e u n dersto o d t his
p art o fthe C o n stit u tio n .
-

H e seems e arly to hav e applie d himse lf to the s tu dy o f law e sho u ld .

n o t b e o v e rco me totall I t can no t b e imp ert in e n t o r ridi

y b y p rese n t e ve n ts

W
.

cu lou s t he re f o re to re mo n st rate I t is imp o ssible co n t in u ally t o b e a t w o rk

. .

e hav e o f te n o ppo rt u nitie s t o do ood I t se ems b ut three mile s dist an t, an d

g .

yet it p erhaps is t we n ty H e de te rmin e d to invite b ack the k ing, an d to call

.

t ge the r his f
o rie n ds N at u re mi e s the e le men ts v ario us l
. x
y an d cu r io u sly so me
t i me s, it is tru e The S ecre tary w as s o o n e p ecte d to res ign was e p e cted
. x x
W
daily to resign A sc ho o l mu st caref
. u lly be co n d u ct ed to p le as e su ch p a tro n s .

T hey man aged so as co m le t el t o e lu de the ir u rsu ers e are n o t in clin e d

p y p .

to u n n e ces sarily p lace o u rselve s in s o erilo u s a s itu atio n Y ou are to s lo w ly

p . .

rais e t he tra
o

p, w hile I hold the sack The s e alin g o ft he docu men ts u p, al so

.

delaye d me The s ealing up of

.
&c S p elling is the p u t ting o flet ters to ge the r,
-

,
.

so as to mak e wor ds .

W
N ega tives .

hen tw o ne
gativ e s co ntradict e ach o ther they can n ot e xp r ess a
,
ne
gatio n .

I t is har dly p ro p e r , t o u h acc o r d in to cu s to m

ver b s ; f
g
o r s o me time s n e i t he r o n e
g h , to p lace this clas s o f e r r o rs u n d e r Ad
o ft he n e ga tiv e s i s a n a dv e r b

Wll W
.

I ido s o n o more
ne ver
e didn t n d n ob o d
y at ho me

.
I don t .

kn o w n o thi g ab o u t yo u r af fairs here can n o t b e n o t hin mo re co n tem tib le T

n g
.

p
t han hypo crisy T he sce n e was tru l te rric n o thin
.

y ; g n e ve r affecte d me so
mu ch B u , O ! t he gre e dy thirs t o fro al cro wn t hat k
t
rega rds n o ri ht s S ens er
.

y , no ws n o kin dre d, n o r
g p C o n gre ss has n o t, n o r n e v e r had the C o n stitu
.

,
t io wi l p o wer to i n te ri n cddle thu s He w o nde re d that n o n e o fthe me mb e rs had
.
2 16 an v na s s r
o nsnav n r i o n s .

S ome times t he adj e ctiv e f o rm is p ro p er,

For gen tlemen who s p e ak me f
air .

b ecau s e t he e x re s s ion is , in tho u ght at leas t , elliptical, or is b u t t he adj ective r e m

n an t o f eu a j u n ct o r o ther hr as e t hat p e r f o me d t he o f ce o f an adv erb
'

r .

T ho u h she p ain t an in ch thio i e , ain t he r f ace w it h r o u ge an in ch t hick

h p . . .

Y ou aid dea r f o r t he w his tle l e , a d ear p r ice f o r t he w his tle Y ou

av e
p
. . .

w o r k la te i e , t i l a lat e h
l o u r I t hap p e ne d, con tr ary to my
x
. . .

hap p e n e d ; w hich thing w as con tr ary t o my e p e ct ation s

He hit the t re e wide .

f ro m t he m ark i e , a wide dis t an ce S e ak tr u e5 i e , w hat is tr u e I fI s ay ,
. .

p . . . .

T he m achin er y w o rk s smoo thly, I re f

e r s i mp ly t o i ts O e r atio n ; b u t ifI s ay ,
p

I t

w o k s smoo th, I ef
r r r ff
er t o its p a t as a ecte d b y it 0
s s cr at i o n S o, T he maho gan y
E
.

nely, e x re s s es the se n s e b etter t han r he maho gan y p o lis he s n e

o lis hes
o r t he m ean ing is , t at it n o t o n ly b ecom es n e b u t adm it s po lis h b ett e r t han
mo s t o t her thin gs S ho u ld w e s ay, e el bad, o r ba dly 3

. I f B u tler an d C lark
have d e cid e d in f
s io n alto ge t her
av or o f ba d

e s ay,
.

u s age s e e ms to b e in fav o r o f s a in
I f W
Ou r b es t wr iters s e em to hav e av o id e d t he e p re s
e el co ld ,

I f
I f
.

elt mean
e el badly ,

b ut t he b es t p o p u lar
which, m o r e ov e r , is n o t
x
y g ,

W
e qu iv ale n t to I am bad
.

hen the me an in g is a mo n gr el ofadj ectiv e an d ad v erb , I b eliev e gen eral u s age ,

i n m o s t in s t an ce s ref e r s t he adj e ct iv e f or m
, p .

To av o id the dis agr ee ab le t er min ation lily , w e so meti me s u s e a s yn o n ymo u s

w or d ; as , p io u sly f or h olily : s o met ime s w e u s e t he co r r e s p o n din g adj u n ct ; as ,

I a w i ly man n er , f
n
o r wilily : an d t her e is s o m e t e n de n cy t o u s e t he adj e ctive
f orm f o r b o th t he adj ectiv e an d t he ad v er b
A ma n ly act it w as
He
; as ,
acted ma n l

y .

T o o ets is allo w e d gr eat lib erty in the u s e o fadv erb s ; e s p ecially in the fo r m
p .

B u t n ei t he r p oe ts n or an y o the r ers o n s ar e allo w e d t o u s e t he m s o as t o er ve r t

p p
t he ir mean in g A p o et m ay s ay,
. T he s w allo w s ings sweet f ro m he r n e s t in t he
w all or, To s lo wly tr ace t he f o r e s t s s hady s cen e s

o ,r

Fr om t hen ce t o o t he r
s cen e s he a d f w d t d him B t
His v is age t o t he v iew w as
p ss e o r e u n e r s an u ,
.

o n ly b are do es n o t co n vey t he m e an in
His v is age
, g in en e d ; an d sh
t d o u ld be,
o n l t o the view w as b ar e
y .

3 . The p osit io n o fadv erb s is r egu lat e d, in the rst p lace , b y t he s en se ; an d

x
n e t, b
y e mp has is an d melo dy .

A dver bs ar e gener ally p laced af ter the ver b, o r af ter the f ir st au x iliar y, bef or e or
af
.

ter p ar ticip les , an d bef or e a dj ecti ves o r ad ver bs .

Eno u gh f ollo w s its adj e ctiv e o r adve rb as , A p lace good en ou gh

E ver , .

ne ver , sometimes o ten alwa s mo s t f

, f , y , re u e n tl
q y p r e ce de the v erb S u ch adv erb s as .

on ly, mer el
y , solely , chi ef ly , at least, & c , may b e u s e d to limit almo s t an y p ar t o ft he
.

se n t e n e an d s ho u ld t h e re fo r e b e p lace d n ear t o t he
c ,
p ar ts w hich they ar e in t e n ded
t o mo di f S o me o fthe m o s t co mmo n ad ve r b s ar e v e r
y y dif fu s iv e in t heir s had e s
.

fmean i ng, an d their cap ab ilit o fmo dif in

H e is gener ally at ho m e

time
pC ro s are en er al l o o d time o r la ce y y g

W
. .

p g y g p T he s er m on w as gen er ally in ter e s t

.

e r e mo s t o fits ar ts goo d ? o r d id it
p leas e mo s t o ft he e o ple ? o r d id t he
i ng

h
.

er s on o f t en p r each go o s e r mo n s ? T he ef fe ct o f in s e rt in g s u c adv erb s can n o t

p
W
e t oo car ef u lly s cr u t in ize d The is s o me times e le g an tly re qu ir e d b e f
. o r e a co m
p arat iv e o r a s u p erlativ e adv e r b , t o e p ress e mp hasis ; as , x ho s e s w e et e n
t r an ci n g to n es he lo v e d the best Collin s . .

Es e n / mo Po s m o x : he n n ever s aw I char it b e f T
I n t he ir p r o s p er ity,
s y ore
my fri e n ds s hall n e ver hear o fme in t heir adv er s it a lwa s
.

; y, y .

llri it rai
psg535 m
0 1 f
P e e in
f h h To swi tl
f
'
53 i ll lide
1 3
p g r o o r t t e r a e ys gr e e n y g
o er hill t

4 T w o ne gat v es mak e an af
.

s ai d no th
i
i n g t o hi m ab o u t it
r m at i o n ,
as i n t h e f o l lo w in g s e n te n ce :
I n ever
s aid s o m e th in g to him ab o u t it T he s en t e n ce .

s ho u ld hav e b e e n
I n e v er s aid an y t hin g to him ab o u t it
, or , I s aid n o thin g
to hi m ab o u t i t N o t f o llo w e d b
y o n ly , o r b y s o me e qu iv ale n t w or d , mod i es t his ,
.
,
an d do e s no t af f
h
e ct t e n egativ e co min
t i v e s t hu s S i t u ate d i s s t ill n e ati v e
g af te r it ; s o t hat a s e n t e n ce w it h t w o n eg a

, g ; s
a , I n ot o n ly n ever s aid s o , b u t n e v e r
t ho u ht s o T w o n egative s in de e n de n t o fe ach o ther a n e
g .
p , gat i ve r e p e at e d, or a
n e gat i v e s tr en the n e d b i
t l i d
Wg N o,
y s c o r r e a t v e o n o t d e s t ro y t he n e at ion as
g ;

,
ne ver . I i 1 never n ever
, g iv e m y co n e n t
s

he re w as n o p e ace , no up p i
. T
amil
n ess , i n t he f
y I h av e s e e n. C h ris t ia n s t hat had ne ither lo v e n or chari ty
.
 P R EP OS I TI O N S .
2 17

I t may b e op u lar n either t o tak e away an y o f the r iv ile es o f Parll
no t

Man selc
I do n o t u n de rs t an d t his b u s in es s
H ere ei ther , I thi n k , w o u ld b e in cor re ct ; f
g
N or I n either g -
.
i
G ar ri ck o r n either is the
p ro p er co r
.

r elati v e o fn o r .

T wo n egative s are s o me tim es p r ef erre d t o e

p r e ss a mo des t, an ele ant or a x g
fo r cib le ai r maton as , H e is n ot u n s cho o le d in the ways o ft he w o rld i e .

I me an the ridin g hab it , w hich s o me hav e not i n u dicio u s l

.

he is s hr e w d e n o u h
j
-
.

s tyle d t he he r map o dit ical, b y r e as o n o fits mas cu lin e an d f

em in in e co m os itio n
G ay here is no climat e t hat is n ot a w itn e ss o ftheir t o ils B u r /cpe
. T . .
.

N or did t hey not p erce iv e t he e v il p light
I n which t hey w e re , or the er ce p ain n ot f
e el .
-
M ilton .

l0 . P R EP O S I TI O N S .

371 . A p r e p o sit io n is a w o rd u se d to s how the r ela tio n

be twe en dife re n t t h
f ings
W
.

Ex . A r ab b it in hollo w tr ee
a hat in what . Ho w sw eetly b lo om the

v iolets on yo n der b an k I The w in d glide s in w ave s over t he b ris tlin g b arle
y .

T wo p r epo sit io n s are s o m e t im es co mbin e d and u s e d as o n e an d

,

so m e hras es are cu st o maril u s e d as r e o sit io n s

p y p p .

f T he r iv e r o we d / r em u n der the al

Ex on , acco r din g to , or as to , as
g
. .

ace s . ver aga in s t t he chu r ch s t oo d t he h o s p it al T he lady sits ge n tee ly , .

the more becau se ofcomp an y .

3 72 . P r ep o sit io n s su b o in
do e r, p o s sesso r , cau s e,j the place, time ,

u r o s e, m eans, m an n e r, co n dit io n , o r s o me o the r cir cu m

s o u r ce ,
p p
s t an ce They sho w wher e, whi ther , when ce, when , ho w lo ng, by
.

wha t mea n s, to wha t exten t, in wha t way, of wha t kin d, &c .

Ex T he f . o x w as cau ght u n der a b lu ff, bf

e or e s u n ris e , by t he dogs of o u r

ne i hb or
T o b e p u n ishe d for mis chie f
.

T he lig h t of h
t e su n
To . .

w or f or p ay To cho p with an ax . T o w rite with e legan ce T o b e in . .

"
p o ve rt y D on e again s t law
. .

3
3 73 . An a d j u n ct is a
p p re o si tio n t
w i h its j t
ob ec ,
or w ith
*
1he wo r ds r e qu ir e d afer t it to c o m let e the
p s e n se .

Ex . T hi
large m elon gre w o n a s len der vin e
s He w as s ho t i n his ca bi n , .

e Coma

on w ith a n a r r ow , by a n I n dia n o f th n che tri be T he .

I cam e with i e., w it h w ho m T he s hi p w as a bou t to be .

x
.

wr ecked
A n io u s f or him to be cau ht
T he lab or of clearing lan d dep en d s
.

g .

ho w mu chtimber ther e is gr o win g on i t R eas o n an d j u st ice hav e b ee n j u ry .

m en si nce bef or e N oahwas a sa ilor S hak esp ear e . .

3 74 . S ome j
ad u n c s t may b e in v e rt e d or
p t
ar e d, e s
p e ciall
y in
t
Wm
o e ry
p .

Ex . w as it given to ? ho
b e tter , To whom i i
t g e
v n 2
w as
Fr om crag

to cr ag, the r a ttlin
g oaks a i e , amon g t he r atthn g p eaks
. . . C o m e , w alk
with me the j u ngle t r ou g h
.

eber .

375 m o r e p r e p o sitio n s m ay go v e rn the sam e su b

. Tw o or

sta n t iv e ; t wo o r m o r e su b st a n t iv es m ay b e go ve r n e d by the s ame

r e o sit io n ; an d t w o o r m o r e adj u n cts a re o ft e n co mb in e d in t o o n e

p p .

H e ap p r o v e d of, an d v ot
df

Ex . He w alk e d up
dow n the hall an d
e
or , .

easu r e, an d v o te d f

the m eas u r e b e t t er ,

H e app r o v e d f
o the m or i t A .

b at tle b etw e en the S ton es an d the Co man ches H e b e u eathe d his e s tate to his
q .

T he gold I in a p i ece of quar tz from th e m i nes of

.

wif e, ch ildr en , an d f r ien ds

.

Calif or n ia

.
2 18 P REP O S I T I O N S .

A n adj u n ct may r elat e t o an o bj e ct , an act o r st at e ,

376 . or a

u alit t h t is , it m a
y m o dif a su b st an t iv e, an adj e ctiv e , a
y ve rb ,
q y; a

o r an adve rb .

Ex
0aves in the m o u n tain s
.

The r iv er r ises in the m o u ntain s
. .

r iver is clear in the m ou n tai n s .

T he mo di e d te r m , w hich co mm o nly p r ecedes , is calle d the an teceden t term ;

an d the go vern ed s u b st an tiv e , t he s u bs equ en t ter m, w hich m ay s o me t imes b e e v e n
a p ar ticip le, an in nitiv e, a p hr as e , o r a clau s e S ee adj u n cts , ab o v e . .

A dj u n cts e xt e n d o ve r n e ar ly
377 . all the gro u n d o c cu pie d by
adj e ctiv e s, adve rb s , an d t he o ss essive cas e, an d e ve n b eyo n d, su
p p
l
py gin t h e ir decie n cie s .

"
Ex .
-

A m an g wis dom an d A ship wise an d vir t uo u s m an .

Ou t mo tio n less s hip T o s tan d s tan d in th

. is p lace .

Ah
l ms
sa o

b eau t ofA bsalom
A lan d ofliber ty
N o adj e cti ve . . . To

W
s tan d on the sh r es ofN ew
o n lan d
g

N o adv er b . .

tio

478 . he n a
p re
p o si n has no w o rd to go v ern , it b e co m es an

adve r b .

e w up , the n ar ou n d then down again

Ex T he e agle ell f
It f r o m above
H
. .

m an d wi th

e f om w ithin f r om with

I c
t a r out er e above, within , . o u t, ar e p e r
haps b es t p ar s ed as n o u n s .

S o metimes the o bj e ct is m e r ely o m itt e d ;

3 79 . an d s o me t imes
t he an tece de n t t e r m is o mitt e d, o r there is n o n e .

Ex T he man o u s ok e o
f i e , of wh om y ou s p ok e V
.

y p , e n ge an ce o n . . .

w ho e v er ha s k i lle d hi m v e , on h im w ho I n du s tr io u s all, f
.
r om t he yo u nges t
. .

t o the o ldes t ; i e , r ecko n in g fr om t he y o u n ge s t
. .

Asf or riche s , t hey ar e n o t
x
.

w or t h s o mu c h car e an d an ie ty

S old at t he r ate of f ro m fty ce n t s t o a dol
.

lar ; i e , ofp r i ces var yi ng f ro m ft ce n ts to a d o llar : o r , w he n b u t o n e inde f

y
. .

in ita thin g is m eant , t he r st p r e p os i ti o n ma b e ar s e d as o v ern in all the r es t

O

y p g g
o ft he p hras e an d t he s e con d as havin
, g n o an t ece den t t er m .

r

3 8 0 The p re p o s itio n itselfis so metime s o mitte d e s ecially
; p
. .

o r u n to These p r e p o sitio n s are u s u all o mitte d af te r like, u n lih

.

y
n i h opp osite o r su ch v e rb s as ma b e f ll w d i h i ice b y t w o
g , , y o o e n t e a c t v e v o
o bj ects ; the o n e o n ed b t he v e r b , an d the o ther de n o tin h
g t

v e r
y g e p so n
e r
t o w ho m the act re f e rs
,
s o me time s calle d f
,
o r di s tin ct io n
,
the dir ect o b ect, j
an d th e indir ect .

Ex T he ho u s e w as n e ar to] the riv ern e arer to the river n e t to o u rs x

.

[
T he s o n i s ik e to o r u n to ] hi s f
[ .

hi m you r kn if
. l =
ather

Op p o s t e to] t he m a k et
i r

L en d . .

e en d
you r knif e to him .

Prepo s it io ns, as m o dif

381 in lif i w d m k e in
y g o r
q u a
y g
n o r s a
.

,
art hun dre ds o fo u r mo s t e x r e ssive co m
p p p o u n d w o r ds .

Ex over s ho ot , o ver s pr e ad, o ver thr o w

; u n der min e , u n der b r u s h, u nder s tr ap p er
-

;
.

u ho ld, u heave
p p ; by s t an de r ; f g ; i mp lan t (in
a tert ho u ht
-

S ome p r ep os itions show WR

HE E : I n , o n , u n der o v e r ab o ve b ef b e hin d,
WT R
, , ,
o re .

b elo w aro u nd, b e t w e e n amo n

g, b y , b eyo n d, at S o me s how H I H E : To ,
W
,
, .

to w ard, i nto, u p, do wn , f S ome s how

or HE N C E : Ou t o f f
, ro m o f S o me
WL G
.
.
,
sh ow w HE N A t, i n, o n , af
.

ter, b efo re S o me show H O ON : D u rin g f or, t ill.

S o m i mp ly o N r acr o r U N I ON : On u o n w ith S ome r er

,

e p ef
I n, "130, l t hm
,
a mo n W ,

g. amid, t hrou gh
p , to I N N ER p ar ts :
S ome, to O E p ar ts : On aro u n d,
.

UT R
o S ome have OPP O S I ES : T of
.

T
,
ab o u t ove r t
rom
W ; o u n de r ; ab ov e
,

witho ut ; u p down for a ain st alo n acro ss

.
, er

v , o n
b elo w, b en eath; i th
; g ; g ;
220 P REP O S I TI ON S .

s to r m, n ot aU ndau n te d amidst insu lts an d mock erie s

mong ; A mid usu ally .

implie s qu an tity an d so mething mo re o verwhelming t han in ; amo n g n u mb e r

, , .

I n the ame s ; A mid the a me s

.

A m o n g , a m o n gs t , Flo w e rs among w e eds ;

akin to mingle an d ma n y .

o o ls am on g men
T he f A t raditio n amon g the I n dian s
S e e B etween . .

A r o u n d , r o u n d= =en compassin g lik e a rin g o r like a glo b e I t is local, an d .

mo re precise than a bou t A r ou n d t he n eck A r ou nd t he re
. A r ou n d t he
k e rn e l ;

He w e n t r ou nd the co u n t ry, mak in g sp e e ches ;
H e s ailed r ou nd
the w o rld .

t o =respe ctin g

A s ,
conce rn ing, in re f
e re n ce to . A s to the law it self
, I hav e
n o thin g t o s ay .

A t .

A t the door in p lace ;
A t chu rch
n ea rne ss A t n in e o clo ck

n ear n ess in time ;

A t the electio n

n ear n es s in b o t h o r e it her ;

A t w o rk

act ;

A t w ar,

A t b est, s tate ;

To b e a t t he e pe nse
nea r ness a n d bin x

den To b e at o e
n s se i
rv ce n ear n e s an d co ntr o l ;
s A tto rn ey a t law To

e s timat e a t a ce t
r ain p rice nea ness n th
r i o u ght, fo r j u dgi n g ; S o ld a t a dollar

er b u shel near n ess an d exchange T o ta k e o f
fe n s e at w hat is s aid nea r
p
n ess, in t ime , o f the s ay in g an d t he o f fe ns e t he n ce, ca us e ; To co me a t a
To lau gh a t s o me o ne To aim at a mark
wink S ee I n . .

t hw a r t =acro ss + o pp ositio n T ho u that dar s t t hy miscreated

A . adv an ce

f
ro n t a thwar t my way Milto n .

.

B efo r e = by an d f or e

B ef
or e the ho u se p lace ; B ef
or e -

n ight time
action ;
.
_

Bef ore t he w ar To b e bef

or e an o the r in ran k To a p p ear bef
or e

co urt p lace, an d so me thin g mo re
B e hi n d . B ehin d the hou se
p lace ; To b e behin d t he cu rtains

a ce an d time ;

la ce + H e die d an d le f
t n o p ro p e rt y behin d him l B ehin d
p p

,

x
i n e ce llen ce ;

The min istry behin d t he t hro ne p lace an d inf er io r ity o r

inf luence .

W
B e lo w implie s u nder , in place, rank o r qu an t ity Below the e av e s , . .

A c ity belo w an o t her o n the same

Belo w an o ther B elow f ty e can say, .

riv e r,
"
b u t no t ben ea th,
B elow f ty,

n o t ben ea th To b e below co n s ide ra .

ro m

tio n, is v ery dif fe re nt f To b e u n der co n s ide rat ion .

te n implies gre at er dis tance , a n d less p oss ib ility

B e n e a t h of o fapp ro ach, than

belo w .A horrid chas m beneath u s
H e is beneath n o t ice
.

"
S o me thin g bes ides aeco m

B e s i d e , b e s id e s A t re e bes ide t he riv e r ;
.

plishme nts ;
m
I t is beside y p urp o s e
H e is bes ide hims elf ofhis wits .

B e t w ee n , f ro m by an d twa in , has a t wo f e re n ce ; among, a man if

o ld r e f o ld .

Between the hou se an d the rive r Between o n e an d t he rest
B etween dawn
"
a d s
n u n r i e
s ; B etween he p e an d f e ar ;

T wo t ravelers , w ith b u t o n e do llar
between the m To distingu is h between goo d an d b ad
To div ide between one .

To divide am ong one ano ther = =one among an o ther ;

a n d a no ther , is correct :
t her ef amon g th ems elves

o re say, To divide between thems elves , n o t each

o ther . A comb at between tw e n ty English against f o r ty Fre n ch ; say,

be

a n d, or, of

tween . . aga ins t

Between the in telle ctu al and mo ral w o rlds
. . .

-
Pr of ess or s Fowler d c G i bbs ; b ette r, B etween t he in t ellectu al an d t he mo ral

w o rld, o r, the inte llectu al wo rld an d the mo ral .

s x
B e t w i t i rathcr lo cal ; an d it is n o t so widel e te n de d in si n icat io n s
y g x
as between . T
hi s w ord sho w s re mark ab ly ho w v ariab le En lish o rtho rap hy has
g g
b e en I ts gene alogy ru n s t hu s : B etwuh, betuh betw b tw ih b tw h betweo h,
y,
B T WX T
y
.

, e e ,
,
betweohs , be tu x, betweox betwu xt, E I , .

B e Yo n d . h
T e hills beyo nd the rive r
To look beyo nd the p re se n t ;


Beyo nd a hu ndre d ; B eyo nd the e vide nce ; Beyo n d te mptatio n
Bey ond

r ea c h B ey o n d co m p ehe nsio n
r

.
 P R E P OS I T I O N S . 221
'

B u t is a prep o sitio n w hen equ ivalen t to excep t, and co n stru e d with the o b

j ectiv e cas e ; as T h e b o y s too d o n t he b urn in
g de ck when ce all bu t him had

,

de d .

Hemans I t is so me t imes, ho w ev er, co n s t ru e d wit h the n o min ativ e cas e ,
.

an d is t he n a co nj u n ct ion S ho u ld all the race ofmo rtals di e, a n d n on e b e lef t

S co tt
.

bu t he an d I .

near n es s To co me by se a p lace

By . A o w e r by a r ivu let in p lace ;

R elate d by marr age,

an d means i A chie ve d by v alo r, means
To w o rk
by day,
To b e ready by mo n ng, r i
time To tak e by the han d .

p lace an d
ma n ner ; he n ce ,
To de mo l sh by citie s
i
O n e by o n e ,
B y p airs,

By

.

=
d e gre es, By lit tle an d little, m a n ner B y o n ese lf alo n e ,

I t mak es

.

f ofitse f is co mp e te in its elf

s en se by i ts el l l To he w a log by a lin e ,
. To
trav el by moo n light, near ness t o so methin g f

To p ro v e by t he S criptu r es , or -

j u dgin g o r san ctio n ; then ce, To try by law , To sw e ar by the go ds,
To o
A n act rece iv e d is n at u rally as crib e d t o s o me thin g n ear,

he avy by six p o u n ds .

an d he n ce by is u s e d in r e f er e n ce to t he age n t ; as, H e w as kick ed by a hors e .

B y an d with are o f te n co n f o u n de d B y ra the r dire cts the min d to t he cau se o r

.

t he in direct me an s ; wi th f re qu e n tly imp lie s acco mp an imen t : by an n e e s the x

age n t o r t he r e mo te r mean s ; with, t he imme diat e me an s o r the man n er I .

w as f av o rab ly imp resse d by his re marks ;

I w as imp re ss e d with gre at e steem

or him H e w alk s with a

f I t w as wi th gre at dif cu lty t hat w e s u ccee de d ;
:

Macau lay ; The v ermin w hich he

s t af fby moon light Pu n is hed with de at h

-

co u ld n o t k ill with his s w o r d, he k ille d by p o iso n

Johns on Kill e d with a .

limb ,
implie s an agent no t me ntion e d ;
Kille d by a limb , implie s n o o ther

W

age n t , u n le ss it de n o t e s
p lac e m e re ly ;

S t ru c k w ith a p alsy, i m p lie s t hat t he

dis ease has b eco me a p art o f the p erso n hen with w o uld n o t e p ress the x

W
.

means , by mu st b e u se d :
To b u rs t with v io le n ce 4 n an n er ; To b u rs t by

m eans B y the s tr eam, does n o t den o te so clo se a u n io n as

v iole n ce -
. ith

the s tr eam by also implies au tho rity, as,
C o n demn ed by t he law : hen ce,

W

B y t he se [s w o rds] we gaine d o u r lib er tie s, an d withthe se w e w ill de f e n d the m

.

i th her e r ef e rs t o t he imme diate an d in s tru me n tal u s e Ou r s cho o l ge o g .

i e the dis tin ctio n is cau se d b y the f w

rap hie s hav e dis tin gu is hed f or ; . o llo in g
th gs : b u t Macau lay w rit es, i e , t he dis tin ct ion lies in the

i n d is tinguished by . .

fo llo win g p a rt icu lars .

C o n ce rn i n g. A law concer n ing religio n H e sp ok e co ncer ning v ir tu e .

A ccor ding,ba tin g, excep ting, r esp ecting, r egar di ng, p en ding, touching, e tc , ge n .

e rally s ho w the ir p art icip ial t inge, an d may so me ti mes b e p ars e d as p ar ti cip le s .

D own
To come down the tre e t he riv e r ;
.

To liv e down to wn , hardly
e lega n t .

D u ri n g. D ur ing t he su mmer ; said to b e an inv erte d mo de

o fe xp ress io n

f
or The s u mmer du ring, i e , w hile t he s u mmer las ts
2
. .
.

E x ce p t an d marily imp e rativ e verb s

sa ve are p ri S ave b elo n gs rather to .

oe try d x t m t b t d m o re de n ite than bu t

p ; a n e c e
p s ee s o e s ro n ger an .

For M u ddy f
. or se v e ral miles

p lace ;

I n j a il f or life
- time; T o

o inqu ir e f

o r in
f

g iv e m o n e y f p
r r o isio n s xc ha g ; S o ld o r s o un d ;

T
o v e n e
;
-

W
"
To s en d f

ormatio n or him , or a do cto r ;

smn ethin g in view ;

f -
Don e f
S o me

S en t f or a gu ide ,

b et te r as ;
ise f or his age ; Fit f or se rvi ce

were for the law in favor of; Ho n o re d f

or his s e rv ice s

caus e, p as t time

m an s a man f or all t h

m

Equ ip pe d f or b attle f t t i e A at
p pur os e,
u u r e ;

or me , Fo r me t o go , &c

no tw ith s tan ding ;

Asf
&c . .

F ro m A p art f
r om t he w ho le A w in d f ro m the mo u n tain s i
F om n
r
W
.

S ecu re f ro m i n ds

To j u dge f

mo rn in g till r om t he descrip t io n ;
"
an d w av e s o u t ofth ei r r each i t w i d d w a ble to
; S ec u re a ga ns n s an av e s

withs ta nd them ;
Disable d f m t i

r os e cti v e

D ish e ar te n e d fr om
r o v o n g, p p ;
s e e in g t he acco wn t of ,
r e t ro s pe ctive .
222 P R EPOS I TI O N S .

I n .

In a m eado w cir cu lar I h d m
su r r ou nding;
n t e u li
p gn globu lar

s ur r ou nding ;

I n a ciiair c orn er a n gu lar su r r ou n d in g ;

I n the mo rn in g ;

W
"

I n de b t
I n has te

I n p airs On e in a do z e n I n re ach Ple as u re
"
arms in t he su n re f

re she s in the b re ez e

n s tu dyi ng ; I n all p ro b ab ility ; .

b means o a G recis m I n an d a t are o f t e n u s e d in s p eakin g ofp laces o r

y f ,
.

re side n ces I n is m ore ge n erally ap plie d t o co u ntr ies an d large citie s ; an d a t t o

.

s in gle ho u ses , small p lace s, or f o re ign citie s I n imp lies e n clo su r e, o r so me thin g
.

s u r rou n din g ; at rather imp lie s n earn e ss to a p o in t o r b o rde r To to u ch, air iv e,

.

o r lan d at B o s ton To liv e in S t L o u is i n N e w Y o rk a i S arat o ga a i o r o n

.

the n e t f x
arm To stay at t he tav e rn To stop at o r in t he n e t to w n x
To have a s tore on B ro adw ay, a t N o his p ro du ce d a gre at se n satio n ,
. T

n o t o n ly in Englan d, b u t also a t Paris, a t Vie n na, an d a t the H agu e Macau lay . .

The cho ice o f te n de p en ds o n t he dis tan ce : r emo te p lace s d w in dle, in t he me n tal

W
.

v is io n , t o a mere p o in t ; s o t hat a t b eco mes s u f cie n tly de n ite I n is more de .

nite t han a t : it v o u ches f x

o r an e act k n o w le dge o ft he relat io n hen I say, .

H e is in the tav ern in C o n stan tin o ple, I assu me t o k n o w that he is within

the se p lace s, an d n o t ou ts ide o fthe m b u t w hen I say, H e is at the t ave rn
I s u gge st simply that li e is somewhe re ab ou t t he s e p laces

at C o n s tai i t inOp le ,

o ccasio n ally w it hin them .

I n t o is in v erte d e p res sio n f

an o r to in x The n atu ral o rder is to, in to, in to
-
.

appr o ache s a b ou n dary, in to

p asse s a b o u n dary, an d in do e s n o t p ass o u t o f a

b o u n dary To st ep in to a carriage, an d t he n r ide in it ;
. To o w into the
"
s ea Made in to clo th; Dr ive n in to o pp os it io n
A dopte d in my scho o l,

o r, in to my scho o l, acco rdin g to the s en se To cu t in tw o To get on a .

ho rse ; T o dash to p ie ces ; Of ce up stairs, are all allo wab le as b ein g
gu rativ e (se e M eto n ymy an d S yn ecdo che , p .

N o t w i t hs t a n d i n g im lies u nsu cces sf is milder than desp ite

u l Opp os itio n , an d
p .

O f is u sed n early as mu ch as all the o ther r e osition s to e ther I t ge n er

p p g .

ally serv e s to limit the an te ce de n t t e r m b

y a s u b s e qu en t te rm w hose mean in g
x
is n ot e hau st e d o r e p ress ed by t he f x
o rme r I t is t he most gen eral wo rd f . or

W
sho win g w he n ce so me t hin
g co mes, o r else t o what it b e lo ngs o r p ertain s

The .

riv e rs ofA me rica

p la ce ; ithin te n f
-
e et ofme
The rs t mont h ofthe y e ar
time D ays ofyo re A it cher made o silv er ma ter ial The e lo its x

p f p
-

of Do n Qu i ot e s ou r ce ;x
The ho u se ofmy f ather = M y f

athe r s ho u se ;

The
'

b rother ofthe se n ator ; A ma n ofw ealth = enco mp ass ed by ; A man ofw is

dom
The p leas ure oft hink in g of ro m ; I t mak es se n s e 0]

f
itself ou t of;

z
The C ity of of .

0 11 On the o or l
p ace ; On the w all ;
On the ce iling
A b oat on
the river tright

A city on the riv e r On the lef To s tan d on p illars
Blow on blo w
To p lay o n t he u t e p lace +

On N e w Y ear s Day

time To p ay on sight
S h e w e pt on he arin g the rep o rt time an d caus e
To k ee p the ey e the mind on so me thin
C hitty o n C o n t racts ;

To b e
on the win
g

s upp o r t T or e ly on
g ;

a p e rso n s v eracit
y

su pp o r t ; T o t ak e o n
o ath To live on f ru its b
y s e wing To go on a v oy age To b e on re
MY ble S S iD g on yo u To take p ity o n so me o n e
To have on t rial To
w ai t on so me o n e To b e on han d To b e o n t he ale r t On a s u dden

.

O ut Of Drawn ou t o a

.
f w ell ; Ou t o fj oint ;

Ou t ftun e ;
o

Ou t f
o
t as te M
ade o u t o w ax

f ; D o ne ou t o fspite .

O ve r i s allie d I t is s o me times to on as a su rf
to cover .
ace is to a p o in t .

Over my he ad ,
11 t
Over lo gs an d cree k s ;
.
Over a S p ell o f S i ck n es s ah o b
0

s ta cle, t w e re, i n t he j o rn e f l f T

mo n t h; a
s i
Over a do z e n ; n
i e ; o lo ok over a b oo k
uTo rie ve over calami ties To ru le o ver a n a
y o
; Over a

g ;
tio n A highe r p os itio n gen erally give s advan ta e he nce su erior it is o f t en
g ; p y
.

co mpare d to he i ht an d in f e riority to lo wne ss

g , .
 224 P R EPO S I T I O N S .

a p e rson to w hat is p ro po s ed, up on so methin g

between ; af
f f
e ction orw i th agre e .

de te rmin ed ; agre eab le to ; alien ate , alie n f ro m ; allu de to ; alte r to , alte rat io n in ;

a me n ab le to ; an alogo u s to ; ana lo gy to, between ; an gry with a p e rso n , at a

x
thin g ; an n e to ; animadve rt o n , up on ; an s w e r f or , to ; an tece de nt to ; an tip athy

x
to , agains t ; an io u s a bou t, f or , ap o lo gy, a po lo giz e , f or ; ap p eal to ; ap p ly, ap

l i b l t re he n s iv e of; a pp ro p ria te to ; a pp rov e of ; argu e wi th, aga ins t ;

p ca e ,
o ; ap p
a rray with, in ; arr ive a t ; as k ofa p e rso n , f or w hat is w an t ed ; asp ir e to as se n t

to as similate to associate with; ass u re of ; at o n e f or att ach to ; attain to ; at

t e n d, att e n tiv e , to ; av e rs e , av e rsio n , to, r om

f .

B Ban ishf
. rom o n e p laceto an o ther ; b are of ; b ase d o n , up o n ; b egu ile of
,

with (the me an s) ; b elie ve, b elie f ; in, on ; b ere ave of; b es to w on, up on b et ray
to a p e rso n , into a thin g : b e t ro th to ; b igo te d to ; b in d to , in, up o n ; b lame f or

b lus h at b oast, b rag, of; b o rde r on, up on .

C C all on up on o r f
.
,
or a p e r s o n
,
a t a ho u se f or so me thin g ; cap ab le of
, ; ,

cap acity f or ; carele ss ca re f

u l of in abo u t ; carp a t ; catch a t ; cau tio n aga ins t ;
, ,
, ,

ce rtify to chan ge f or to in to ; charge on o r a ga i ns t a p e rs o n with a t hin g ; cle ar

, , ,

of ; co alesce with; co incide with; co mmu n e with ; co mmu te (a p u n is hmen t) to,

for ; co mmit to co mmu n icate to with; co mp are to (t o lik e n u n to ) wi th (t o v ie w
, ,

in co nn ec tio n with) ; co mp e lle d to co mp ly co mplian ce w ith; co n ce de to co n, ,

ce iv e of ; co n cu r with a p ers o n in a mea s u re to an e f ,

fe ct ; co n de mn e d for a
,

crime , to a p u n ishme n t ; con descen d to ; co n du ce to ; co n f

er on, up on ; co n de in
co n f
or m, co n f
or mable, to, with; con ge n ial to, w ith; co n grat u late o n , up o n ; co n
s ecrat e to ; co n sen t to ; co n s ign to ; co n s ist of(co mp o se d o f ) in (co mp rise d in),
,

with (to agree ) ; co n siste n t with; con so n an t with; co n t e n d with, agains t ; co n te s t

with; co n tigu o u s to ; co nt rast with; co n t rary to ; con tradis tin ct ion to ; con v er
s an t with p erso n s, in thin s a bo u t an d amon
g ( g are in elegan t) ; co n v ert to, in to ;
co n v ict of ; con v in ce of; co py af ter actio n s, f r om t hin gs
; co rre sp o n d w i th (co n
s is t en t), to (an s we rin
g) ; co rr esp on de n ce with, to ; cu re d of .

D De a1 in, by, wi th; de b ar f

. rom, of ; de cide on, up on ; def e n d (o thers) f r o m,
o u rselv e s
( ) agains t ; def icie nt in ; de f ra u d of ; deman d of; den o u n ce aga ins t a
p e rson ; dep en d, de p en de n t, on, up on ; de prive of; de ri ve d f rom ; de ro gat e f r om
derogatory to ; dero gat io n f r om, to ; de s ce n de d r o m f r om ;
f ; d e s ir o u s of; d e s is t
d esp air of; desp o il of; des tin e d to ; des tit u t e of; de tach f r om ; detract f r om ;
de viate f r om ; de volve on, up on ; de vote to dictate to ; die ofa diseas e, by an
instrume n t, o r by v io le n ce, f or an o t her
; dif f er w i th a p er so n in O p in io n ; dif fe r,
dif fe re n t, f r om ; dif cu lty in ; d imin ish f r om ; dimin u tio n of; disagre e with, to
s o me thing p ro o se d r om ; dis ap p o in t e d ofw hat I
p ; dis agreeable to ; dis ab led f
f aile d t o get in s o methin
, g o b tain e d ; disap pro v e of; dis co u rage f r om ; dis co u
r ge me n t to ; dise n a e d ro m
a g g f d isgu s te d a t, w ith
; d is l i k e to ; dis miss io n f ro m ;
d is p arage men t to ; dis po se of; dis po se d to in clin e d sp o s sess of dis
( ) , f o r ; di
qu alif y f or
, f r om ; dis u te with; diss atis ed with
p ; disse n t f r om di s tin ct in dis
,

t i n ctio n, f ro m ; dis tin u ish r om between

g f , ; distru stf u l of ; div e ste d of; di vide be
tween t wo, among mo re ; do t e on do u bt of a bou t
, ; dwe ll in, at, on .

E .
-
Eage r in , f or , af ter ; e mb ar in, f k or ; emb ellishe d with
; e me rged f rom ;
e mplo y i n, on u on abou t
, p , ; e n amo re d of , with; e n cou n te r with; e n co u ra em e nt
g
to e n cro ac h o n u on e n de are d to e n dea vo r af
; , p ; ter a t hin g ; e n do w e d, e n d ue d,
wi th; e n gage d in (wo rk , with or
) , f ; e nj o in on, up on e n te r, e nt ran ce, o n , up o n,
i n to ; e n vx o u s of , at ; e qu al to with
, ; e qu ivale nt to ; e sp ou s e to ; e s timat e d at ;
es t ran ge d f x
r om ; e ce tio n
p fr om, x
to, aga ins t ; e clude , e clu s io n , f x rom ; ex
clus w e of e
; x pe lle d f ro m x
e p ert in , a t ; e tracte d r o m x f ; e p re s s iv e of x
P Fall u nder n o tice , &c f
.

.
; amiliar to me, I am f
.
a miliar w ith f aw n o n, u p on
fe e d o n, ght with, agains t, f o r ; lle d with; f ollo we d by ; f o n d of ; f
p on
u o n dn e s s
f or ; f o re
ig n to , f r om ; f o rme d f r om
(an o the r w ord) ; f o u n de d u on on , i n ; f
p ree
r om
,

f f r ie n dl
y to, to war ds ; f righte n e d a t
; f ro w n a t fru itf u l in , of
,
up o n ; ;
 P REP OS I TI O N S .
225

G .
G lad ofatapplied
,
so metimes to what con ce rn s an o the r; glance a t,
u p on glo w with; grapple with; grat ef
u l to a p e rso n , f
or a f
av or ; griev e at, f
or ;

g u ard agains t .

H Hank e r after hap pe n to, on

.
-
healed of; hin der f r o m ; hiss at ; hold o n,

I .
I mmers ed in ;
imp atie nt a t, for , of ; imp e n e trab le to, by ; imp erv io u s to ; im
p o se on, up on ; in accessible to in ce n tive to ; in co r po rate with, in to in co n s iste nt
w i th ; in cu lcate o n, up o n in de p e n de n t, in dep e n de n tly, of; in du lge w ith o cca
s io n ally , in ha b itu ally ; in du lge n t to ; in u e n ce over , o n, w ith; in f o rm of ,
a bou t,
co ncer ni n g in itiate in to , in in qu ire of , af ter , f
or , in to ; inroad i nto in s e n sib le to ,
of ; in sep arab le f r om in s inu ate into ; in sis t on, up on ; in sp e ctio n in to, over ; in
s tru ct i n ; in t en t on, up on ; in te rf ere, in te rme ddle, with in terme diat e between ;
int e rv e n e between in trodu ce in to a p lace , to a p erson ; in tru de on, up on, into s o me
t hin g e n close d ; in u re d to in ves te d with, in
J
.

J e alo u s of; j oin with, to .

K Kn o ck at o n ; k n o w n u n k no w n to
.
, , ,
.

L .
L aden with lame of; lan d a t ; le an o n ,
up on, aga ins t ; le v el with; libe ral
of , to ; lik e n to ; liv e in a t w ith on up on ; lo n g f
, ,
or af ter ;
, , ,
loo k on (in o rde r to
s e e) f or (in o rde r to n d) af
,
ter to f o llo w w it h the eye ; lo n g f
,
or after , .

M Made of; marry to me ddle wi th; me diate between ; me ditate o n up on

.
.

martyr f or
; militate agains t ; min gle with min iste r to mis tru s tf u l of; mix wi th .

N N ecessa ry to f or ; n ee d of ; n eglectf
,
ul of ; n ego t iate with .

O Ob e dien t to ; o bj e ct to agains t ; o b s e rv an t o b s er vatio n of; o b tru de on

.

.
, , , ,

up o n ; of f f
e n d a gains t ; o fe n s iv e to ; o mitte d f r o m ; o p e rate on up on ; o p p o s itio n ,

to ; o v e r w helme d with, by .

P Part f . r om, w ith p artak e of ; p articip ate in, of p ar tial to p artiality to, f or ;

p a t ie n t in ,
w it h ,
of ; p ay f
or ,
to , with; p ecu liar to
p e n et rate in to p e rse ve re in ;

e r t in e n t to p i t ch u on o p le as an t to p le ase d with p lu n ge in to ; p os s e ss e d
p p ,
n

of ; p re f e r to, bef or e, above ; p re f e rab le to ; p re fe re n ce to , over , bef or e, a bove ; p re x

to p rej u dice agains t ; p rej u d icial to p re s erve f r om p reside over ; p re ss on, up o n ;
p re s u me on , up on ; p re se nt t hin gs to a p e rso n ; p re te n d to p re vail on, up on, wi th,
o p ers u ade, ) o ver o r agai ns t (to o verco me ) ; p re ve n t f rom
(t p rey on , up on p r io r

to p ro du ctiv e of ; p ro t by ; pr o tab le to p ro n e to p ro no u n ce agains t a p e rso n ,

o n a t hin g ; p ro te ct o the rs f r o m, o u rs elv e s a gains t ; p ro t e st agains t ; p ro u d of;
m u rs u an ce of
p ro v i d e w i th, f o r , aga ins t ; u
p g r e of , fro ; pu rs u an t to p .

Q Q . w -
ith u arre l
; q uar t e r o n ,
u p ,o n a m on g q u es t ione d o n, up on , by .

R R e ck o n o n, up on, with; reclin e o n, up on ; re co n cile to (f

. rie n ds hip), with

( co n sis te n c
y); re c o ve r f ;
r o m re d u ce to ,
u n de r (s u bj ec tio n ) ; re e ct on , up on re
f rain f ro m to hav e re gard f or , t o p ay r e gard to, in o r wi th re gard to ; r ej o ice a t,

re lish of e le a se, r elie ve , f ro m ; rely on , up on ;

i n ; r ela t io n to ; f or (s e e ta st e r
re mark o n , up o n ; re mit to ; re mo v e f ro m ; r e p e n t of ; rep le te with re pro ache d
f or ; re se mblan ce to, betwe en ; re so lv e o n, up on ; rest i n, a t o n , up on ; re s p e c t to,
.

i n o r with re s p ect to ; resto r e to ; re s t rain f ro m ; re t ire f r om ; re t u rn to ; rise

ou t, over ; r u b agains t ; ru le over

a bove r ic h, p o o r in
, ; r id of; r o b o f; r o v e a b .

S S atia te,
. s atu ra te, f
with; s av e f f ;
ro m; ts eek
e r sh ar
or , a
e in ,
of ,
w ith eu

m r to ; sin k in to, in, beneath; S i t

o t he r ; s e n d to, f ;
o r s i ck of; g s i n i can t of; s i ila

o n , up on , i n ; s k i llf u l in ; s mile a t, on , up o n ; s n ap , s n atch, s n e e r, a t ; so li c it u de

a bo u , f ;
t o r so rr yf ;o r s t ay i n ,
a t,
w ith ; s t ic k t o ,
b y s t ri p f;
o s t ri v e wi th ,
a g ai ns t ;

j
s u b e t to
c s u b m it ,
s u b m is s ive ,
to ; su b st i t u t e f or s u b t ra ct f r o m s u b s rde i n to ;

m m h iz e w i th
s u it able to , f
o r ; s u r p r ise d a t ; s u sp e ct e d of ,
b y s w erve f r o s y p a t .

T as te of s
.
o Tm et h in e j
g n oy e d, t a s t e o r ca p a c it y) f ;o r ta x w i th

s o me thin g do n e, f o r so m et h in g in v i e w ; t e n d to ,
to w ar ds ; t h a n k f u l of,
a b ou t,

up o n, o n ; to u ch at, o , m it t t b l m to t r u e to ; tru s t i n to
n up n; t
o r a n s o r o u e s o e .
,
226 P R EP O S I T I ON S .
E X ERC I S ES .

U U n ite with somethin g to ; u niso n with; u seful for to

.
, ,
.

V Va1u e up o n on v ari atio n in a p lan ; ve st in a p e rso n

.
, ,
w ith, in, a. thin g ;

WW
v o id o f .

. ait on , up on , fo r , at ; w an t f;
o w eary of; w e ep a t, f
or witn ess o f;
w o rt hy, u n w o rthy, o f
.

Y .
Y earn f
or , towar ds ; yield to ; y ok e with, to .

The sa me p re p ositio n that is r equ ire d af t er a p rimit iv e w o rd, is ge n e rally re

W

u ir d f
t its d iv ativ e s ; as, T o co mply with, I n co mp li an ce with b u t,
q e a er e r


I n dep e n de n t of hat p re p o sitio n sho u ld b e u sed, o f

D ep e n den t on, . te n
dep e n ds o n the f o llo wi n g wo rd, as w ell as o n t he p rece din g ; as, To sp ea to

k
an au dien ce To sp eak abou t the war To sp e ak w ith eloqu e n ce .

E X ER C I S ES .

Examples t o b e A nalyzed an d Par sed .

B i r se the p r ep osi tio ns an d the t/ verbs

ac

1 .

The w ater s issu e d f ro m a cav e an d s r e ad in to a li u id l i T h

W
a
, p q p a n e .

stars r e tir e at the app ro ach o f day e s e arche d f o r v io le ts o n y o n de r .

A plain p at h le ads thr o u gh the b o tto m, b e tw e en the rive r an d the

blu f f The R ho n e o ws o u t f ro m amo n h x
b
s .
13
g t he Al p s A s t o t e e .

penses, w e w ill help to def ra

y th e m r o m v ir t u e t o v ice t he
,
ro
p g . F
r e ss is radu al
g

W
.

2
hin gton die d at his r esiden ce, on the 1 9th o fD e cemb er, 1 7 97 , an d
as

w as bu r ie d n e ar the P o t o mac, amo n g his r elative s The ro bin an d the .

w ren ar e ow n , an d f ro m t h e shru b the

j y
a F r o m cr ag to cra , t he
g .

rattling k
p e a s amo ng, le ap s the live thu n der H old u p t he ag
18
T u rn . .

an o the r le af
13
o ve r .

The w in do w j i ngle d in its cru mb le d fram e

A n d, thr o u gh its many gap s o fde stit u tio n ,
D olo ro u s mo an s an d ho llo w sighin gs cam e,
L i e those ofdissolu tio n H oo d
k .

Overhe ad the dis mal hiss

Ofery darts in amin g v o lleys e w Mi lton
W
.

(d ) Ques
. .

"
r om ?
hat f A ns . I ss u ed
w ha t ! ro m
f
A ns ro m a ca ve .
Qu es . F rom . F .

E tc b
( ) F m a mo n g is a c o m p le x p r e p o s itio n , i t co n s i s t s o ft w o p r ep os itio ns co mb in e d
r o
x
. . .

and u s e d to s ho w t he c o m le l io n b e t we e n
" "
p r e a t o ws an d A lp s .

Examp le s t o b e C o rr e ct e d .

A ll the liab ilities to erro r in re gard to prep ositio n s, may be re du ced to the
f
ollo win g he ads

1 . Choice . 2 . P osition . 3 . I n ser t o n i or o mission . 4 . R ep e tition .

1 . C hoice .

I n the us e o fp re
p ositio ns, great care s hou ld b e ta k en to se le ct the
mo st app ro p ria te .

The s u ltry eve n ing w as f

o llo w e d, at n i ht, w ith a he av
o r he mp a nd to b ac co
HO ll i s adap te d f
g y sto rm o frain
C o ngress co ns ists in a S e n ate .
.
"
Th
and a
e
228 P REP O S I T I O N S .
-
E X ER C I S ES .

in g t ime an d p ap er, which they acqu ire d at the u n iv ersity, they wr ite in so
diminu tive a charact e r that they can hardly read w hat t hey have written A re .
'

the se designs w hich an y man w ho is b o r n a B rito n , in an y circu msta n ce s or in

an y situ ation , ou ght to be as hame d o r af raid t o avo w S u ch b o atman may re
co ve r, again s t s u ch mast e r o r co mman de r, t he w ages j u s tly du e him, acco rding to
the s e rvice ren dere d, n o t withst an din g s u ch co n tract may b e e n t ire , in an y court
havin g j u risdiction R S ofMo
Wm
. . .

ho did he giv e it to ?
what it w as u s ef ul f
or

b oo k s can I nd it in ?
To whom did he, &c
. W
I n ev er co uld as certain
ho m w as t he message dir ecte d t o ?
H o w mu ch did y o u se n d him to mark e t w ith
hich oft he
He
.

W
r u s he d into , an d e p ire d in , t he ame s ru shed in to the ames , an d exp ir ed in
x .

them .The rst law is dif f ro m, an d mu ch in f

e re n t f e r io r t o , the s e co n d The .

co s t ofthe carriage w as adde d to , an d gre atl in cre ase d, my acco u n t

y .

My mistress had a dau ghter o fnine (O m it of f or n ine y e ars o ld S wift .

"
y ears limits o ld, an d n o t

A lmo st an y b oy o ft welv e y e ars old
k n o w s as mu ch They en closed the garden w ith a wall ofs ix fee t high A
. . .

mo n u men t o fsev eral ce nt u ries o ld A roo m o ft we n ty fee t lo n g an d eighte en .

f
e et w ide .

3 I n ser tion or Omission

W
. .

1 . e sho u ld no t in ser t or o mit pre p o sitio n s so as t o de stroy the p rop e r

co nn e ctio n b e tw ee n o the r w o r ds . Pr ep o sitio n s sho u ld n o t b e o mit te d,
w he n re qu i re d by the s e n se
o

2 Pr ep ositio ns sho u ld n o t b e in s e rte d

.
or o mitte d con trary t o lo n g
an d
ge n eral u sage .

It was to you r b ro ther to whom I w as mo stly in deb t ed I t was you r .

br other , &c I t w as in vain t o re mo n st rate

.
A llo w me to p res en t y ou w ith
to you a o r, you a
.

a go ld w atch -
I w ill n o w p resen t y o u wit h a syn

.

W S mi ths G r am

o p s is The p erf o r man ce w as ap ro v e d o f b
.
p y all w ho sa w it .

o me n are
go v ern ed b y f an c
y in st ead o fb y reaso n I t s tan ds in the p rop o
and no t in o r
.

s it io u in tro du ce d b
y toi, in ste ad o fin a p re ce ding se n te nce .

e lse allo w ab le The p rOp e r co u rse o f act io n, in this case, is b y ass u mp s it

as as su mp sit By a deed o f tru st there will b e a le ss tro ub le so me se curit
.
.

y
W
.

W
t han b y a mo rtgage A deed oftrus t w ill &c hat w en t ye o u t f o r t o s ee ?
W
.
, .

A t ab o u t hat time will yo u co me again ? hat u se is it to me ? The

ho rned f ro g is n e arl the s iz e o fa liz ar d
y T he sycamo re w as f te en f e e t diame .

te r
. Fro m hav ing heard o fhis dis tre ss, I s en t him re lie f Fro m ab u s in g his .

co n sti tu ti on in
you th, he b ecame p rematu rely o ld Having a bus ed, 85 0 My . .

b u si ness pre ve n ted me atten din the las t me etin o ft he S o ciet H e re f u se d

g g y .

t ki n g any f u rt he r n o tice o fit r ef

a us ed to take S he co u ld n o t re f
. rain she d -

di ng tears I shall o p p o se the gran t in g this co m an an more riv ile es I

p y y p g
.
.

s ha ll o
pp ose the gr anting ofan y mor e p r ivileges to, &c he re was n o disp u tin g the T

.

p o m t I r ving
. .

The remark is w orthy the f e el t hat made it The attac is u n w o r thy y o u r .

k
n o ti ce S an Fran cisco is t he o ther s ide the R o ck Mo u nt ains The sp ring is
y
.

H e w as b an ished the cou n trye x x

.

n e ar t o the hou se S he s at n e t u s .
.

p e lle d the co lle ge Many talen ted me n hav e dese rte d f

.
ro m t he p arty T he .

co u rt o fFran ce or En lan d was t o b e t he u m ir

g p e I will con s ider o fyou r p ro p .

o s ti o n I ad mit o fw hat Y o u hav e an t icip ate d o n what I w as

i .

yo u s ay .

go in g to say I t w as rather t he w an t o fcu s to me rs than mo n e that in du ce d

y
than that ofm oney
.

hi m t o ab an do n his b u s in e ss I gn oran ce is the mother

.

o ff e ar as w e l as admiratio n
hat C ahf
l
o rn ia is n o t mo re n ote d f
o
I p u t s o me a
pples in to t he b u ggy an d my .

.
o r its go ld t han b e ars The calff o llo wed .

o n af ter its mo the r The p as sio n o fanger le ads t o re e ntan ce

.

p A nge r leads, .
 P REP O S I T I O N S O B S ERVA T I ON S .
~
. 229

&c
b ef
. W an ted

o n e ear t o b e f
A
you n g man off ro m 1 6 to 2 1

o re the o the r, is 1 5 inche s

ye ars o fage The dis tan ce f ro m .

o re
(C han ge the sente n ce ) H e
f
. .

w as right in t hat w hich yo u b lame him o r which S he t ook it more to .

he art t han I t hou ght f or tha/n I thou ght she would

. L e t u s co n side r t he .

w o rks o f n atu re an d art, w ith p ro p e r atten tio n A n ev e n t so u n e p e ct e d t o . x

my min d an d many o thers On e sho ul d n o t b e o mitte d w itho u t the othe r
.
.

They shou ld be either bo th om itted or both ins er ted Y o u w ill s eldo m n d a du ll .

fe llo w o fgo od e du ca tio n, b u t ifhe hap e n to have s o me leisu re o n his han ds

( p )
w ill t u rn his he ad to o ne o f t ho s e t wo amus eme n ts f or all f o ols o f e mine n ce

p o litics o r p o et ry B r itis h Ess ay is

ts to p olitics or to p oetr y .
.

4 . R ep e tition .

A p r e p o s it io n , re la tin g to a se rie s j
o fo b e cts , mu st b e bu t u se d o n ce
o r e the e n tir e s e rie s, o r b e
b ef re at e d bef e ach te r m o fthe s er ie s
p e o re .

H e is a man o fsagac ity, e x pe i

r en ce, an d o fho n est
By in dus try, b y econ y .

e my, an d goo d lu ck, he so o n accu mu la te d a f o rtu ne he ir hearts are t orn b y T

t he wo rs t, mo st t ro u b les o me an d in satiable o fall p ass io ns by av arice, b y amb i
.

ear, an d j ealo u sy B u r ke
t io n , b y f .

OB S ER VA TI ON S
W
.

1 hat p r ep o s itio n is mos t app r o riat e in an y giv e n i n s tan ce , doe s n ot alw ays
.

d e p e n d o n t he p r ece dia o r o n t he f o owin g t e r m , b u t o n t he re latio n o ft he t er ms ,

o r o n t he v ie w t hat is t a e n o ft he m A dif fere n t p re p o s ition m ay s om et im es e
.
p r e ss x
t he mean in g as w e ll, o r m o r e f o r cib ly ; o r it m ay b e s u f cie n tly de n it e b y t he aid
o fs o me p r in ciple in t he Figu r e s , t o su gges t t he r elat io n in t en de d T o b e ab le t o .

u s e p r e p o s itio n s an d co nj u n ctio n s r ight ly, r e qu ire s n o t o n ly a t ho r o u gh k n o w le dge

,
x
o f t he m b u t als o an e t e n s iv e an d s agacio u s in s ight in t o t he w ho le f ab r ic o f lan

gu age .

2 A d un cts m ay o f t en b e v ar io u sly lace d in s en te n ce s , tho u gh they s ho u ld

'

g e n er ally e p lac e d as n e ar as o s s ib le t o t i s w o r ds to w hich t hey r e lat e A t ro u b le .

s o m e adj u n ct is s o m etime s ne ed mo s t ad v an t age o u s at t he b e gin n in s eldo m

d ly
a t t he e n d

.

it Q is a b etter e p r e ssio n t han

'

x
W
A dj u ncts s ho u l n o t b e n e e dle s s ly in v e rt e
ho m did yo u b u y i t of?
i s o m itt e d, t he p re p os itio n m u st b e p u t at t he e n d ; as ,

f w ho m di y ou b uy
u t whe n t he re lat iv e
I hav e n o t hin g t o t ie him
g
wi th, i e , I hav e n o t hin g w ithwhich t o tie him

. . T o p lace an o bj e ct co m m o n to .

b o t h, af te r a t ran s itiv e v e r b an d a p re p o s it io n , o r af t e r t wo o r mo re p r e o mt i o n s
p
s e par ate d b
in t he s e n s e
y s e
W
v e ral in te r v e n in g w o rd s , s o m e times p r o du ce s a dis a r e e ab e hi at u s
g
he n t he o bj e ct i v e t e r m is s ho r t, it is be t te r t o p lace i t after t he rs t
.

g o v e r n in g w o r d an d its p ro n o u n atte r t he se co n d b u t w he n it is lo ng, i t m ay b e

'

H
'

allo we d t o s t an d af te r all t he go v ern in g w o r ds e r e he s aw, an d w as s o o n af

. ter
s u rr o u n de d by, s e v er al I n dia ns ;

b e t te r ,
-
He r e he sa w s e v e ral I n di an s , by whom
he w as so o n af te r w ar ds s u rr o u n de d

T he s e co n d p ro p o s al w as d if
.
fe re n t f ro m ,
r om t he
a n d in f er io r to , t he r s t b e tter , T he s e co n d p ro p o s al w as d if f e re n t
f
r s t, an d in f

He has qu ar r e le d w ith an d betr ayed e v e ry fr i end t hat

er io r to it .

He w as des cen de d fr om, an d allie d to , s o me o ft he b es t f ami li e s o f

.

e e v e r had .

W

t he S t at e .

e may s ay,

A child o fs ix ye ars , o r , A child o fs ix ye ar s o fage , o r rather


A child o f s ix ye ar s o ld, f

A child s ix years o ld ; b u t n o t , or S I X y e ar s

s ho ld m o d y
u if o ld,

a n d n ot

chi dl
A n e ces s ary m o dif . ying p hr as e o r clau s e
m ay s o me time s b e allo we d t o s e p ar at e t he adj u n ct fro m t he p r ece di n g t er m 3 as ,
I n t his diale ct w e n d w r itt en n e arly t he w ho le o fw hat r e main s t o u s o fan cie n t
.

G e e k lit er at u r e
r

Cr osby A dj u n cts , in r egard to p o s ition as w ell as S i gn i cati o n ,
. .

W
ar e mu ch lik e adv e rb s an d adj e ct iv e s

t he o t he r ; as , G i v e me t he k n if e b u t w he n p lace d af
.

he n n o t e m hatically d is tin gu ishe d, the in di r ect o bj e ct u s u ally p r ece des

p
te r t he o t he r, t he p re po s i
x n o t t o so me o t her p e rs o n ]

W

t io n m u s t b e e p re s s e d ; as , G iv e the k n if e to me [ .

f h i i w ld s light
3 . h
hen t e i e n s r t ion o r t he o m i s s io n o t e p r e o s t o n o u ca u se a

v ariatio n in the s en s e, w e s ho u ld b e v ery car e f u l to s e e ct the mos t app ro p ri ate e x

.
2 30 C ON J N C U TI O N S .

p r es sion . To know dif f ro m to kno w o

ers f f an d to mee t, fr o m to meetwith I met .

with an old f r ien d, w ho s ho w e d m e all th e cu rio s ities o f the cit I met t he

g
W
.

or can n ot , acco r in g to mo d e r n

s t r an ge r , b u t
p h
as s e d o n w it o t u s t e p p in
g F

W
.

u s age , b e r o er l
y u s e d b efo r e t he in n i tiv e h at w en t
y e out f or to s ee ?
p .

s ho u ld b e , hat w e nt y e o u t to see he n the an tece de n t t er m r elat e s t o t w o

o r mo re adj u n cts af te r it , the p r e o s itio n m u s t , in m an y cas e s b e r e p e ate d , to
o r t in yo u th
s ho w this co mm on r elat io n 7 as
age

.
as in old age
than to p iety .
. W
R e ligion is a co mf as w ell a s o ld
ealtii is m or e con d u civ e t o wick e dn es s than p ie ty

.

4 . J
u diciou s r e et it io n adds s o met imes mu ch t o the v igo r an d s ole mn it y o ft he
p
s en t en ce

T
his b i ll, t ho u gh rej e cte d he re , w ill m ak e its w ay t o t he p u b lic , to t he
.

o , to the r em o t e s t wilds o fA m erica C hat/2a m

n a t i n A ll his t ale n t s an d v irt u es
d id n o t s av e himfr o m u n o p u larity r om civ il warf
. .

ris o n r om a b ar

ii
ro m a
f f
fr om a s caf M o av md t he t e dio u sn e s s cau s e aci n g man y o h

f o ld l a oa u r
y
-
T . b y p l
e ct s af te r the s am e r e p o s ition , o r b y re eatin g t he s am e p r e p o s it io n v ery o f te n , a

j p
o n g s e rie s o fte r ms i s s o met im es e le an t
g p
y s ep ar ate d in t o gr ou p s , as in the f o llo w
ing s en te n ce : I co u ld de mo n s trat e t hat t he w ho le o fyo u r p o litical con du ct has
b een o n e co n tin u e d s er ies o fw e ak n e s s , t e merity, an d d e s p o tis m o fb lu n de rin g ig
'

n o r an ce an d w a nto n n e a li e n ce
g ; an d o ft he mo s t n o to rio u s s e r v ility in cap acity,

,
an d co rr u t ion
p 0hat ram . .

1 l . C O N JU N C TI O N S .

382 . A co n ju n c tio n is a wo r d that j o i ns so methin g to

another p art o fthe disco u rse a d sho w ,
n s ho w the p arts so co n n e c e d t
are v ie w e d w ith r es e ct t o e ach o the r
p .

Ex . T he chain w ill all, tho u ghw re athe d with r o s es

Ifyo u w o u ld j
e n oy
J J
.

t he f
ru it , lu ck n o t t he lo ss o m
o hn a n d me s happ y, beca u se they
ar e go o d .
p . a ar e
'

l 383 . T wo j
co n u n c tio ns ar e so met ime s co mb in e d, an d so me
phras e s ar e cu s o t mari ly u s e d as co n u n c j tio ns
Ex A n d et I w ou ld n ot get r iche s t hu s e ven
.

, ifI wer e a b e gar

ohn , . J
, must
as well as A rt u r b e p u n ishe d, in as mu ch as the y have o t h b e e n dis

o b e di n t B u t w he n t he w o r ds o fa
e p hr as e can b e p ar s e d as w ell acco r ding to
.

t he i r li ter al m e ani n or w hen t he conj u n ct io ns hav e e ach a s e ar at e in f l u e n ce o ve r

p
t he s e n t e n ce , the s o u ld b e ars e d s e ar ate lv
m
an s a m an f

or a ll th

y p p A at .

ails , all is lost =

.

B u t, ifhe f B u t all is lo s t , ifh

l
'
C o nj u n ct io n s m ay b e divide d into thre e c hiefclasses ; co or d i
n a te, s u bo r di n a te an d co r r es o n din
, p g .

A c p ii r d i n a t e
3 84 .
j
co n u n c tio n co n n e c s t p ar s o t fe qu al r an k ,
or
p ar ts o fwhi ch o n e do e s n ot mo dif
y t he o ther .

385 A su b o rd in a te co n u n c j tio n c o n n ec s t t
ar s o fu n e qu al
p
.

r an k ,
or
parts o fwhi ch o n e mo dies the o t he r .

i $ 86 A o nd lu s s an o he r co n t t t
fp 00 ? l e
co n u n c i o n s u
g j gg e

j u n ct i o n , an d ass is ts i t i n co n n ec in
g the s am e p ar s t t .

ero r , n ei th
Ex A D d 7 1 11 i ,
er n o r
p m ; if that b ecau s e , ther e f
2 or e ; eith
_
'

, ,
T li e co r re S p o n di n g co n u n ct io ns ar e in cl u de d in t he
.

j
d i s ti ngu i s he d t he c o r d in ate co n u n ctio n s ar e
o t he r clas s e s an d are e as ily
o j all t he o t hers e xcd t t he s u b o r di
n at e an d t he s u b o rdi n at e ar e t ho s e w hi
, p
ch j o in o n ar ts t hat hav e t he s e n s e o fsu b
p

Wii
s ta u t ive s , ad e c tiv e s o r ad ve rb s o r
'

t hat an s w e r t o t he u e s tio n s im 1 n t he s e
'

W
,
p
Tg
,
e le me n ts That he is s t rictl ho n e s t is tr u e
.

y , h t is tr u e ? h b e lie f .

s u l is immo rtal
hat b elie f? I came that I might hear him
p
.
.

y
i 387 . A n d, or , and n or are the co n u n c j tio ns mo s t f t
re u e n l
,
q y
 232 U
C O N J N C TI O N S .

v erb s , t he co n n ecte d v e rb s or p hras e s hav e the sa me s u b e ct, j an d t he co nn e cte d

j
ad ectives qu alif
y t he s ame n ou n .

M o st
fthe co nj u n ctio n s hav e tly migrate d f
ro m ther
o e vide n e o

art s o fs e e ch
p p .

Ex Be th, either , that , adj

. the n , ye t, . as , adv . e x ce p t, if( giv e), p ro vided,
a

s eeing, ver bs .

Co nn ectives may, in ge n eral, b e divide d int o p u r e conj u nctio n s,

conj u n ctive a dver bs, co nj u n ctive p hr a ses , an d co nj u nc ti ve o r r ela tive

p r on o u n s .

Ais the chiefconj u n ct ion , an d implies addition

nd I t e it he r co n n ec ts part s .

that may b e r ef e rr e d s ep ar a tely to a t hird, o r it c o n n ects p arts t hat mu s t b e re

f erre d conj ointly to a t hird

or o r some o the r co n n ec tiv e
To avo id t his latter se n se , we mus t so me t ime s u se

o hn an d Jame s s tu dy = o hn s tu dies, an d James
.

J
J
John and Kate are a s milin g cou p le ; n ot, John is a s milin g co u ple

stu die s .

"
an d Kate is a s miling co u p le C o nj u n ctio n s co n n ect wo rds a nd se n t e n ce s , may
.

mean , Oo nj u n ctie n s conn ect w ords to s en te n ces ; hence we shou ld say, C e n

j u n ction s co nn ect w o rds or sen ten ces .

A A s yo u have co me, I w ill go with y o u =

s.
=s in ce Y o u are we lco me

.

as
o w ers in M ay comp a r is on

A letter rep re se nts an ele men tary so u n d ;
.

as , a, b, c i e , such a so u n d as a, b, o r c, r e p rese nts

. .

his is yo ur du ty as an . T
in stru cto r ap p os itio n A n d so , p e rhap s, in t his so me w hat an o malo u s sen te nce,

-
.

B r o u gham, it is b e s t to p arse him as in

En glan d can sp are s u ch me n as him
ap p o s it io n w ith men, b e in g co mp ris e d in it A s s ho u ld b e u se d af te r su ch im
.

p lying similari ty o r co mp ariso n, an d so me t imes af ter s a me u s e d in t he s en se o f

s u ch A s shou ld b e u se d b ef
. o re the in nitiv e e pr e ssin g a co n sequ e n ce He x .

b ehave d so b adly as to b e e x p elle d = that he w as e p e lle d

A s, b e f
o re a p arti x .

c iple , so me time s implies cau se, or

p oin ts to the sp e cial v ie w to be tak e n He .

was t ried as havin g p asse d co u n terf e it mo n ey H e w as re p rese nt ed t o u s .

as b e in g w e ll e du cate d in mat he mat ics

The soldie rs w e re u n pro vided, as
A s as , as se, s e as , su chas , imp ly co m
.

w ere als o t he so .

p aris on .

A lt ho u gh . S ee Though .

B e c a u se = =by ca us e of The w ater is co ol, beca us e I p u t ice in to t he

.

p itche r n atu r al caus e The water is coo l, beca us e t he re is mo istu re o n t he

.

p itcher logical cause, r eas on The o n e s ho ws w hy it is so, an d the o t her why

.

k
I n o w it
A man should n o t b e desp is e d becau se he is p oo r
.

.

A s is most in cide ntal, o r t ak es t he s light es t n o tice ofan admitted cau se ; s ince

is more f o rmal an d se rio us, an d in v it e s at te n t io n to t he alle e d cau se o r r easo n
g
f or is les s f o r mal t han becaus e beca us e is the mo st f o rmal a n d e p ress iv e w o rd ; x
inas mach as implie s an inf e re n ce dra wn o nl
y t o the e t e n t o fa limite d cau se x .

B o th o n e as w e ll as the o t he r
; n o t o nly the o n e, b u t also t he

W
o the r .

Bt ide w ill w ear, bu t n arro w will t ear m en the con tr ar y H e n ev e r .

co uld hav e b e e n e le cte d bu t b

, y m y e e r tio n s n his b e half
i x
I co u ld
n o t bu t n o tice ho w mu ch he was oth er wis e th an

The p o st boy
is n o t so t ire d bu t that he can w his tle (G
.

no t .
. .

B u t is e ither a p u re adv ers ative o r a res e rvin g adversative ho wever is milde r,

;
tak e s the le as t o tice o fo bj e ctio ns, o r simpl w aives t hem
n y ; yet admits t o so me
x
e te n t, b u t holds o n to s o me we i ht
g y Of f se t o r o b st acle
; s till imp lies t hat the
pos itio n is u n mo ve d af ter all ; n o twiths tan ding b rav es all O
pp ositio n ; an d never
d e is the s tro n ges t te rm, implying that the o sitio n is n o t weak en e d in
iii i
e e as t
p
 co n m n e ri o n s . 2 33

E i t he r correspon ds to or ; an d neither , to nor I t is sometimes n ece ssary to .

p y the m t o more t han two

ap l T he con n ect e d p ar ts shou ld b e e u all f
q y u ll, an d
.

as n e arl
y alik e as the y can co n venien tly b e his last remark ap plie s also t o . T
both, an d so metimes to whether .

E x ce p t .

H e took no f
u rthe r n o tice o fhi m, excep t w he n he hap p en e d to
meet ou t .

E ccep i ye b e b o rn again
, ye can n o t e n te r t he kin do m
g

o fhe av en -
wn1ess .

F o r has meanin gs o fbecause,

all the e x ce p t the last . S ee B ecaus e .

If ro m give
deriv ed f gran t, allo w I f it co nt in u e t o rain , t he r iver w ill

z
, .

ris e n a tur a l co ns equen ce

IfVirgil w as the b etter ar tis t, Ho me r was the

.

r e t r e n ius lo gica l cons equ ence I t has n ot b e en decided if the w ar is t o

g a e g .

con t in u e o r n e t ; b e tt er, whether I fthe co n dit ion is gran te d, the in f .
er en ce is
e st ablishe d ; thu s,

If A = R , A= =B ; theref o e C
r = D
Ifj Eschin e s .

j o in e d in t he p u blic rej oicin g, he is in con sist en t ; ifhe did n o t, he is u n p atrio tic ;

b u t he e ither j o in e d o r did n o t j o in , t here f o re he is e ither in co n siste n t o r n u

W
D emo sthenes T

p at riotic .
-
S u ch an argu me n t is called a dilemma
.
here is .

s o me time s n ice cho osin g b et wee n if an d wh en hen alw ays has a tin ctu re o f .

time

if,
n e ve r A dip htho n g is p ro pe r if b o th the v o w els are so u n de d
. n o t,

A diphtho n g is pro pe r when b o th the v ow e ls are so u n de d fo r the latter may

imp ly that t he same diphtho n g is s o me times p ro p er , an d so me time s imp rop e r .

L e st . I w ill w rite to him, les t he n e glect my b u s in ess == tha t n o t Cain s

.

ap p re he n sio n s we re e c ite d, les t he s ho u ld meet t he r e trib u tio n o fhis cr ime =

x

for f ear th

Af

Fe arf

W
at raid les t
. JOHN S ON ; ul les t PR ES C OI T ; b e tt e r, tha t
.

M o r e o v e r an d fu r t he r m o r e app e ar to co n n e ct o n ly p aragrap hs G' 7

. . .

G ibbs .

Mor eover , by t he m is thy servan t war n e d B ible his is gen e rally, . . T
thou gh n o t alw ays , tru e .

N e v e rt he le s s .
I t is tru e that H o mer
so metimes n o ds n ever theless, he is
;
"
st ill the greates t o fan cien t p o ets .

N o t w i t hs t a n d i n g . G reat qu an tities ofgrain were raised, no twiths tanding

the so il is so p oo r .

O r is eithe r exclus ive o r distr ibu tive

The p u nishment is $ 1 00, o r imp riso n .

"
men t in j ail f o r three mo n ths no t b o th

S hee p are w hite or b lack ; i e . . .
,

so me ar e w hite , an d s o me are b lack

The relativ e p ro nou n is re su mp tive or .

restrict iv e ; i e , so me time s resu mp tiv e, an d s o me time s restrictiv e

. . Or may .

imply e ither a dif fe re nce in things, or me re ly a dif fe ren ce in w ords I n a cab in
W
.

o r in a p alac e

I n an I n dian hu t or igwam

I n this lat ter se n se , either , .

can n o t b e u s e d ; an d he n ce eith er is o fte n u s e d o r n eede d t o e clu de this latte r x

sen s e S o metimes els e is adde d to or , f o r the same pu rp o s e To av o id t he am

W
. .

b igu o u s s en se o f or , lawyers u se alias, when there is a mere change o fn ame s .

S ee her eas .

N e i t he r
is the p ro p er co rr elativ e ofn or ; s ome times it is u sed as a co rr e la
tiv e to o ther n e gative s, an d some time s it is u se d as an in de p en de nt co nj u ncti o n .

"

S he is n either han dso me nor amiab le My b ro ws b eco me n othing e lse, nor

.

W

t hat w e ll neither S hak
Be no t to o tame neither
. . S hak
H e had no . .

mo n ey, ne ither cou ld he nd an y e mplo yment

hether, in t w o o fthe f o re .

g o in g e am x
p le s ,
either o r n eith er s ho u ld b e u se d a f
t e r nor ,
cu s to m ha s n o t de ci de d

as y e t, tho u gh I in clin e t o thin k neither shou ld b e co n sidere d t he p ro p e r

s tr e n gtheni ng o r co rre lative w o rd .

N or. I t is so metimes dif cult t o determin e w hether or o r n or sho u ld b e u s e d

to co n tin u e a n e gat iv e s en se af
ter a p r e ce din g n egativ e. U sage see ms t o give
the p re fe re n ce to n or ; e s p ecially w he n the p art s co n n e cte d are lo n g, o r e m
h ti ll d i ti i h d d h mm d d n the s t n e ga
p a ca y s n gu s e , o r o n o t ave a co o n ep e n en ce o
r
tive The Ki ng has no ar bitrary p o w er to giv e him ; yo ur L o rdshi ps hav e

.

no t n or the C o mmen s ; n or the w hole L e gislatu re B ur he

N eve r cal i m . .
'
2 34 o on m n o ri e n s .

n iate an y , mang iv e t h e l
nore ast en co u ra g e m e n t t o c al u m n iators H ere or .

_

c ou ld n o t have b ee n u s e d Y e t Pau l did n o t w as te all his ho u rs in this idle

.

v ap o rin g, nor in the p leas u re s o f the t able Pr es co tt: B u t n o t t hie v es ; no r

.

ro b b e rs ; no r mo b s ; no r rio te rs, in su rge n ts , or r e b e ls P ar s ons o n Con tr acts

. .

I can n o t s e e b e tte r t han an o the r, no r w alk so w e ll G a r r ich: I can n o t .

"
t ell w hich w ay his M aj es ty we n t, nor w he t her t here is an y o ne with him .

F ielding .

Bu t o r may b e p re f e rab le to n o r , w hen t he p ar ts are sho rt an d clo s e ly con

n ect e d, o r w he n t he p re ce ding n e ative

g p la in ly a ffec ts a ll t h e p arts , o r w he n the

p ar ts are n ot e mp hatically dis t ingu ishe d, o r w he n t he latt e r p art is me re ly e x

p lanato ry o r alte rn ative N o s e n ator or re pr e se n tat ive s hall b e app o in te d to ,
.

&c .

T
his w as not to b e as crib e d chie y or so lely to p olitical an imo s ity


.

Macau lay
N o tie o f gratitu de or o fho n o r co u ld b in d hi m
. Id
S o lo ng . .

as they did n o t me ddle w ith p o litics o r re li io n P r esc o tt N o s p e cial w o r ds
g ,
. .

o rm, are n e cessar Par s ons N or s o me time s
or f y t o mak e the con tract b in din g . .

cu ts e ti p re ce din g, mo dif y in g, or o the r w o rds, an d t hen or mu st b e u sed ; as,

x
Y o u can no t b e to o e act or ho n est in yo u r b u s in e ss , i e , nor to o ho n est
. . .

Y o u can n ot b e to o e act n or ho n es t in yo u r b u sin es s x imp lie s t hat it is im

p os s ib le t o b e ho n est T
he s e syllab les are no t always s o u n ded or acce n te d in
.

t he sa me way

T
here was no e cess o ff
. x
rau d o r cru elty, o fw hich he w as n o t
cap ab le . M acaulay He re no r wo u ld su gge st no cru elt y, an d n ot,
.

n o ex

cess o fcruelty N or so metime s allo ws the w o rd af
. te r it to hav e t he w ide s t
ap plicat io n as ,

T
he re is n o p ers on nor law to p rev e n t him, i e , nor law in
. .

W
g e n e ra l B
. e tt e r : h er T
e is n o p erson , no law,

e t c , o r,

here is no p e rs on or . T

. T
law, etc , o r, here is no p ers o n nor a n law, e tc
y he n or w o u ld s u gge st .

t hat the lat ter p art is merely alte rnat iv e w hen it reall is n ot so , n or mu s t b e
y
u s e d, o r e lse s o me o ther mo de o f e

p re ss ion
; a s,

N o d e p e x
n de n t p re p os itio n,
no r clau s e, &c , o r, N o dep en de nt p rop os itio n, o r o ther clau se, &c
.
.

S e as o n s r e tu rn b u t n o t to me r e tu r n s S e as on s r e tu rn b u t n o t t o m e r e tu r n s ,
D ay o r the s w ee t app r o ach o fe v e n o r m o r n D ay , n o r the s w ee t a p p r o a ch o fev e n o r mo r n ,
t ,
O r ei ght o fv ern al blo o m , or s u m m e r s r o se , N o r si ht o fv e r nal b lo o m o r s u mme r s r o se ,
g ,
Or o ck s, o r he r d s, o r hu man f ace div in e

O r o ck s, o r he r d s, o r hu m an fa c e di vi n e
. .

M ilton G o o ld B r own s E m en d a tio n

. .

Or an d n or are so met ime s u s e d by p o ets in s tead of either an d neither

Or

Wf
.

o ating lo o s e, or

s tif
fw ith i naz y go ld .
-
M ilton .

N or in s heet n or in shro u d

we w ou nd him . ol e .

P o v i de d .
A t the f
ather s death the

r p ro er t
p y is divide d e qu ally, p r ovided
there i s no will to the co n trary .

S i n ce . The caus e o r mo tiv e always recedes in time hen ce s ince may b e

p ;
d s a conj u nctio n S ince y o u have brou ght yo u r ho un ds, w e will tak e
gi
us .

a l nu
S t i ll
hou gh their ho mes w ere laid waste sp irit o f the
T s till the p eo p le
.

was a ll '
0

C lb le
"=yet even then
,
.

T ha n s hou ld be u s ed af mparatives, o th
ter co an d af
ter other , els e, er wise,
r ather , an d w ords o fs i milar mean in g
B es ides may als o b e u sed af ter els e or .

o ther , w he n t he se n se re u ires it I t j o in s o n so me thin g as additio n al, o r to b e

q
W
. .

in clu de d i th w hat has b e e n

o

p re v io u l
s y m e n tio ned

H e will hold the lan d .

again s t all o the rs than the k in

g ; i e , b ut n ot again st him

H e will hold . .

t he la nd agains t all o thers bes ides the k in

i e , n o t mer ely again s t him , b u t

o g; . .

agai ns t all o the rs to o .

wo rd .
T he re w as s u ch a n o ise tha t we co uld n ot s tu d
I came th at I
y
might
.

asS is t The Bib le yo u .
is s u ch that a child can u n de rs tan d it, an d ye t
a p hilos0 p li e r ma t d i all his lif

y s u y t e Af ter wo rds o ff ea r in g, do u bting, deny .

i ng, an d s o me o the rs bu t bu t wha t

, , ,
bu t that, tes t, o r les t that, sho u ld n o t b e u se d
 36 C ON J N C U T I ON S .
E X ER C I S ES .

E X E R C I S E 8

Examples t o b e A n alyzed an d Par se d .

P ar se the conj u n ctions , p r ep ositions , an d a dver bs

1 .

H er ey e s ar e bright b lu e T he sh ip c a r r ie d
an d
o f
f aa
t
lo ad o f ice ,.an d b .

b ro u ght b ac su gar, co f k fe e , an d sp ice s N e v e r sho w y o ur te e th, u n le ss .

y o u can b ite T alk n o t t o o mu ch, n o r o fth

.
y self e ar G o d an d
,
ee p . F k
his co mman dmen ts ; f o r th is co mp r ehe n ds t he w ho le du ty o f man To .

le arn in y ou th, is le ss p ainf ul t h an t o b e ign o r an t in o ld age N 0 o the r .

p e rso n s ar e so
13
b lin d as t h o se
10
w ho w ill n o t s ee .

2 .

He su pp o se d that his def

e at gav e us ho p e that he w o u ld y ield to ou r
for ce s in as mu ch as he b e lie v e d w e

W w e r e su re t hat he cou ld n o w r e ce ive

,
n o r e enf o rce m e n ts as h ington . .

H ow ev e r, sin ce the b e st ofu s hav e to o man y in rmities to an sw e r f or

,
w e o u ght n o t to b e t o o s ever e u p o n tho s e o f o thers ; an d the r e f o r e ifo u r

W
,
b r o ther is in tro u b le , w e o u ght t o help him, ithou t in qu irin g o v er serio us ly
w hat p ro du ce d it S w if
W t
e ar e ann o y e d e ithe rd b y o u r o w n f
. .

o llie s, v ice s, an d mis f

b y tho s e o fo thers ; so that the gr e ater p ar t o flif
o r tu n e s, or

e , w ith t he man y, co n
sists o fsu f fe rin n d sorr o w Joh
g a n son .

(a ) . i j
s a con u n cti on
(def) . co or di na te, do e s n o t m o d
it con n e c ts
"
p ar ts o fw hich o n e
if y t he o th e r ; cop u l at i ve i t im l
p ei s a ddi tio n ; a d he r e c o n n e cts
n br igh

t a d n b lu e, ac
c o r d in g t o R u le XV
(b )
,

i s a co nj u n cti on , e tc
-
i t imp lie s a d diti o n ; an d he r e co n n e cts
XV
. . .

( ) I nasmu h as is a co nj un cti ve p hr as e, o r S im p ly a
"
tw o p hr a se s, acco r din g to R u le '

e c . . .

i t i mp lie s cau s e o r r e a s o n ; an d he r e co n n ects cla u se s or s e n ten ce s , a cco r d

O

conj u ncti on , e tc

R XV
.

i ng to u le (d )
. is a co rr esp on ding conj u n cti on , it ass is ts an o the r co nj u n cti on, e tc
. .

Examp le s t o b e C orr e ct e d .

A ll the liab ilitie s to error in r egard to j

co n u n ctions o r con nectiv e s, may be ,
re du ced to the f o llo win g he ads

1 . Choice . 2 . P o sition . 3 . I n ser tion or o missio n . 4 . The

p ar ts conn ected.

1 C ho ice .

The simple s t an d mo st a r o riate co n n e ctive shou ld alw a s be

1
pp p y
.

se le cte d .

2 T w o o r mo re co n n e ctiv es o ccu
pyin g dif
fer en t place s in the s e n te n ce
.

a n d se rv m
g to un i te the same p arts, sho u ld e actly c orr e sp o n d
,
x .

Y o u r otion s are to o re n e d so as w e are n o t li el

n , y to agree s o th at k
H e w as is misse d, n o t so mu ch b ecau se he w as to o o u n b u t b ecau se he was
.

d y g,
to o u n sk illf ul a8 because A co nj u nctio n co n n e cts w ords
p hrases, an d
.

,
0 13 118 8 8 T hO lan d i s e qu all ada ted to f
.

armin To b o rro w
y p g o r to p as tu rage
0 1 O le n d may b e e uall
.

P im p ru de n t

q Pro p o rt ion is s imp le an d co mp o u n d

e zth er or
y
I can n ot co n ce ive ho w m ho rs e o t aw a w itho u t so me
.
.

un less y
. .

g y
b ody u n tied him
,
I do n o t no w w h he s hou ld hav e b o u ht the k
W y
.

g
lo t, i tho u t he b o u ght i t fo r s p ecu latio n The re p ort is the s ame i th that .
W
 C ON J N C U TI O N S .
-
E X ER C I S ES . 237

which I he ard .
-
the sa me
I hav e the same o p inio n o fthe matte r
as tha t
w ith my f
rie n d A man . ab ilit , b u t f
y or o f gre at
a ll t ha t h e is n o t s u cc es sf ul .

and yet T
hey t old u s ho w t hat it hap p e n e d ho w it H e is too re ck .
-

le ss an d in dole nt t hat w e sho u ld p u t co nde n ce in him f or us to p u t T h e .

-

mu ltitu de reb u k e d t he m, b e cau se t hey sho u ld hold the ir p e ace The do n atio n .

w as t he mo re accep tab le , t hat it w as given w ithou t s o licitat io n I w ill s e e if

W
.

it s no w s o r n o t w hether . D o you k no w ifthe mail has arrive d ?

-
I fa
b o dy mo v es in a curv e, the cu rve is in o n e p lan e hen, &c The las t o f . .

t he ho rse s had scarcely cro sse d t he b r idge, than t he he ad o ft he t hird b at talio n

a p pe are d o n the o t he r s ide Harp er s Magazine

I w ill go e ce p t I s ho u ld b e . x
ill . I saw the m all u n less t wo o r thre e S o as that his do ct rin es w e re e m .

b ra ce d b y great n u mb ers To go by wate r w ill b e e qu ally as e p e n s ive as to

. x
go by lan d .

He loo k e d as thou gh he cou ld e at u p an e x , an d p ick his te ethw itht he ho rn s

I r ving as if
.

. I w ill ass is t y o u , ifthat y o u can n o t do the w o rk you r

se lf S ome u s ef u l ma ims, an d w hich I s hall n e ve r fx o rge t, I learn e d f ro m him

. .

maxims , which S o me o fthe lan d, an d f o r w hich he p aid t he highe st p rice ,

w as su bj ect to o v e r o w
H e s o o n dis co v e re d s o me qu alitie s in he r, o f a dis
.

a gr e e ab le natu re , an d w hich
gradu ally impla nte d ave rs io n The mo n ey w as .

s to len at the time t hat the b o at w as lan din g A t the t ime that I s aw her, she .

w as you n g an d b e au tif ul las sar w ro te in t he same man ne r that he f

. ou ght .

T his is o n e re aso n that he w ill n o t co mply why A w ise man w ill b e .

c o n t e n te d that his glo ry s hall b e de f e rre d till s u ch a t ime as he s hall b e tru ly

glo ri e d . till the time a t which

-
H e holds n o o p in ion b u t w hat is s u pp or te d
b y au tho rity an d re aso n Kent his p assio n aris e s f . T
ro m mu ch t he sa me c au se

as sy mp athy B u rke B ru ce sp o k e o f himse lf and his co mp e e rs as b e in g

n e it he r S co t tis h o r En glis h, b u t N o r man , b aro n s S co tt
.

I cou ld n o t b u y it .

n o r b o rro w it ne ither
. n or
-
H is lif e is n eit her to s s e d in b o is te ro u s
. .

x
s eas o r the v e at io u s w orld, o r los t in s lo thf u l e ase H e has no lo ve n or v e n e .

rat io n f o r his su p e rio rs N either at te r o r co n t e mn the rich o r the great
.

T he re w as n o p lace so hidde n n o r re mot e as the p lagu e did n ot n d it

d ef
e

. W .

n e e d n o t n o r do n o t c o n n e t he
,
, p pu r o s e s o f G o d a nd I w ill rau d .

n o b o dy, n o r n o b o dy s hall de f rau d me N 0 p ro b le m is s o dif cult w hich he can

.

n o t so lv e t h t h t l i t N c a t io n is s o e a sy an d simple, b u t
a e ca n no s o ve o o c u p .

it re qu ire s s o me care an d cu ltivatio n

H e co u ld n o t de ny b u t w hat he b o rr ow e d t he mo n ey deny tha t
.

here . T
is n o qu e s tio n b u t t he u n iv e rse has certain b o u n ds to it A ddi son I hav e n o .
-
.

d o u b t b u t t hat the p is tol is a relic o f t he b u ccan eers I r ving A corru pt go v

.

e r n e r is n o thin e ls e b u t r e i i s in th an a S h e t hin ks o flittle e ls e

g a g n n g .

b u t dr es s ing a n d v is itin H e is f o nd o f n e t hin g e lse b u t p lay an d mis chief

g .
.

T his is no n e o ther b u t t he gate o fParadis e 0 f aires t o w e r, n o so o n er b lo wn

b u t blaste d lMilton
.

U nacco mmo dat e d man is n o mo re b u t s u ch a p o or, b are,

.

f o rk e d ani mal as tho u a r t S hah I can n o t o t he rwis e re du ce the se f

. .
rac tio n s

b u t by mu ltip lyin g by t he den o min ato rs here is n o o ther u mb r e lla here b u t . T

min e . The b o o k is n o t as accu rate as I wishe d it to b e se accu r a te He .
-

is, as f ar as I can j u d e w e ll li d S o s t ill h e s at as tho se w ho w ait t ill

g , q u a e .

j u dgmen t S p e ak the doo m o ffate H is w e ak n e ss is su ch as t hat he can ne t

.

S it u p Do yo u r w o rk s o as t hat yo u will n o t b e o b lige d t o do it again here T

W
.
.

is n o dispo s itio n n atu rally s o go o d as that it do es n ot re qu ire cu ltivatio n I i ll .

w ill b h P h ll w b l t h h b f e m s
n ot
g o a a y t y o u r ro t e r r e tu ns
r ( e r a p s a o a e ; ou .
g e o re se

re fe ra b le t o till ) T h e lo af er s e ms t o b e c r e a t e d fo r n o o t h e r p p
u r o s e b u t t o
p

e

k e e p u p the an cie n t an d ho n o rab le o rde r o fidle ne ss I r vin g

.

o ther than . . .

o r, no p u rp o se excep t S u ch w rit e r s h a v e n o o t h er s ta n d a rd b u t w h at ap

as hion ab le an d p o u lar Blair s R h

. .

f e tor ic

p ea r s t o b e p . .
238 o o s Ju n c r ro s s .
E x n a c rs ns .

2 . P o s itio n .

(S e e page
He is u n qu ali e d f
or e ithe r t e achin g
langu age s I shall mathe matics or

.

n e ither dep e n d o n y o u n o r o n him nei ther on y ou nor o n him The f

. arm .

w ill t hen e ithe r b e re n t ed o r s old S o me n o u ns are e ithe r u s ed in the sin gular

.

o r in t he p lu ral n u mb er S o me n o u n s are u s e d e ithe r in t he s in gular o r t he

.

p lu ral n u mb e r M u le s are b o thimpo rt e d f

. ro m Ke n t u cky an d M iss o u ri M u le s .

a re im o rte d b o th f ro m Ke n tu cky an d M is s o u ri M ule s are imp o rte d fro m

p .

b o th Ken t u cky an d f ro m Misso u ri

3 . I n ser tio n or Omiss io n .

1 . C o nn e ct ive s sho u ld no t be u se d s o f
re u en tl
q y as to e n cu mb e r the
s e n te n ce .

2 C o n n ectiv e s sho u ld n o t b e u s e d s o seldo m that the disco u rs e is

. ren

ra me n ta ry , o r the co n n e c tio n b e tw e e n th
de re d to o f e ar ts o b scu re
g p
W
.

Jo hn , an d Mary, an d illiam, an d S usan, we n t t o v is it t he ir u n cle H e is .

a man o fv is io n ary no tio n s, u n ac qu ain t e d w ith t he w o rld, u n t t o liv e in it .

T he imp o rtan t r elatio n s o fmast ers an d s er v an ts, an d hu s b an ds an d w iv e s, and

b ro the rs an d s is te rs, an d f
rie n ds an d citiz e n s hile the e arth re main e th, s ee d
t ime an d har ves t, co ld, heat, su mmer, w in te r, day an d n ight, s hall n o t ce ase
. W .

I t happen e d o n e day he we nt o u t o fc urio sity to s ee t he gre at D u k e s lio ns

.

A ddis o n S u re ly no man is s o in f
. atu ate d t o w ish f o r a go v e rn me n t dif
fe re nt
fro m t hat w hich we hav e .

4 . The P ar ts Co n n ected .

1 To v ar y co n n ect e d o r r elate d p ar ts n ee dlessly, in in d o r f

. o rm, is k
g e

b ef
n

2
e rall

.
y
W
in e le gan t .

hen a p art has a co mmon de p e n de n ce o n t w o co n n e cte d p arts

o r e it o r af te r it, it sho u ld b e p ro p e r w he n co n s tr u e d w it h e ach .

H e man aged the af fair w ise ly an d w ith cau tio n wisely an d cau tiouslyo r; .

withwis dom and cau tion I n the mo rn in g oflif

. e w e s e t ou t withj oy an d ho pe
f u lly, b ut w e s e e n p u rs u e ou r j ou rn e
y sorro w fu lly an d w it h de sp o n de n ce En .

j oyin g he alt h, an d t o liv e in peace are great bless in gs Y o u may take so me

, .

o r all the a H u m a y take

p ple s in the b as ke t ( ardly allo w ab le
. s a y r at he r, Y o
s o me ofthe ap p les in th e basket, or all ofthem

) H e e it her co u ld n o t,
n o r w is he d,
to re f
u te the argu men t
I t is grammatically in dep e n de n t, b u t re f
. e rrin g lo gic
ally t o s o me in de n ite To b o rro w is e as ier t han p ayin g tha n to
p erso n
-
. .

p ay S he w as a y o u n g lady o fgre at b e au ty, an d p oss e ss in g an a mp le f o rt u n e

. .

and a n a mp le or tu n e
f The au tho r is mo re re markab le f o r s tr e n gt h o fs e n t i
me nt than harmo nio u s langu age than f
.

or ha r mony ofla ngu age H e di d

. .

n o t men t ion L eo n o ra n o r t hat her f ather was de ad nor her f ath

er s dea th
, . .

H e can b rib e, b u t he is n o t ab le to se du ce he can b u , b u t he has n ot the po we r

; y
of gain ing ; he can lie, b u t n o o n e is de ce iv e d b y him bu t he can no t He .
-

e mb race d the cau se o flib e rt f

y ain tly, an d p u rsue d it w it hou t reso lu tio n ; he gre w
t ire d o f it w he n he had mu ch t o ho e and ave it u w he n t he re w as n o
p , g p
gro u nd o fapp rehe n s io n .

H e o u ght an d will go this e ven in g ou ght to o an d will o H e can

g g .

a n d o u ht to
g give mo re att e nt ion to his b u sin es s C e dar is n o t so har d b u t

.

mo re d urab le than o ak so har d as oak, bu t m ore dur able

.
S he is f aire r, .

b u t n o t so amiab le, as her sister I t is d iff

e rent b u t b e t te r than the o ld
. T he .

co u rt o fC han ce r re que n tly mit i ate s a n d b re ak s the te e t h o ft he co mmo n law

y f g .
2 40 IN T ER JEC T I O N S .

melo d o fthe s en te n ce r e qu ir es a d iffer e n ce o fs tr u ct u re , a dev iation is allo wa b le

as , c ha s m e rely s tr u n g toget he r w o r ds grammat ically, an d i t ho u t ab s u r di t
y

W .

T o s ay, He has merely s t ru ng t ogether w o r ds gram matically, an d n o t abs u r dly,

might co n v ey a dif f e re n t me an i n g .

A p art r elatin g t o t w o or mo r e co n n e cted p art s , is u s u ally co n s tr u e d in the

min d w ith each, an d he n ce it s ho u ld m a ke s e n s e wit h each He can an d ou ght .

to c t his ca n to an d o u gh t to go t his e v en in g I t is diff er en t an d

g
.

sa
f
tn zrtor t o the s eco n d =I t is dtf er en t to an d in f er tor to t he s e co n d

s dt er en t f
he re f
r om the se co n d ,
o re . T
d h h i i I i f

y H e can go a n o u g t to g o t s e v e n n g t
e l, b u t les s ad mir e d , t han hi s

an i f
n er io r t o it H e w .as as m u c h b e lt ' r

w as as m u ch b elo v e d t han his b ro ther , b u t le s s admir e d t han his

b ro t he r : say,
He w as as m u ch b elo v e d as his b ro t her , b u t le s s ad mir e d
In .

s u ch s e n t en ces , it is cu s t o m ar y t o m ak e t he t hir d p ar t r e lat e t o o n ly o n e o f t he

co n n ecte d art s , b y co mple tin g t he co n s t r u ctio n wit h t he r s t co n n e cte d p ar t , an d

co nn ect e d p art . W
r e qu irin g t e r e ad e r t o s u p p ly t he t hir d art , in a s u it ab le f

is v e ry lo ng, I n e s tic h t he imp r op riety o fp lacing t he latt e r af

o r m , af
p
he n t he t wo co n n e cte p ar ts ar e v ery s ho r t, an d t he o ther p ar t
te r t he s eco n d

te r t he o t he r t w o ,

n e ct e d p art s W
an d r e qu iri n g t e r e ade r to s u p p ly it in its p ro p e r f
hy n o n s u p ly a p ro p e r e p re s s io n af
.

the s e co n d , o ft he co n n e cte p ar ts ? A n imp r o p er f

o r m af te r t he r s t o f t he co n
x
t er t he rs t , as w ell as af
ractio n is e u al t o , o r gr e at e r
t er
q
t han , 1 , b ecau s e it e p er s s e s a x
s man y or mor e
p ar ts than it takes to equ al a u n it

.

D P Colba r n T o p u t the lat te r art o f t his s e nt e nce in a d if fer e n t f o r m , w o u ld

. . .

p
m ak e t he s e n te n ce r ather s tif f, a e cte d, an d p e dan t ic Be s ides , t he co n s tr u ct io n
x
.

s e ems to b e n o w o r s e t han t hat o fs u ch we ll e s tab lis he d e r e s s io n s as , P r e ce ded

p
-
.

b y one or mor e con sonan ts

.

is . I N TER JEC TI O N S .

A n i n t e r j e c t i o n is a w o r d ha e xpr ess e s an e m o io n
3 94 . t t t
o nly, an d is n o t co n n ec e d in co n s t ru ct io n w it h a n
y t
o he r w o rd t .

Ex .

0, s t ay,

the maide n s aid, an d r es t.

A ht s , alas f
ai r I n es .

n ever tro u b le t hy he ad w it h s u ch f
an cies .

Few
,f wher e m an y m e et !
ew , s hall art A h! f e w s hall p ar t whe re m an y m e e t !
p
T he sn o w s hall e t heir win d in g s he e t , -
T he s n o w s hall b e their in ding s he e t , W -

A n d e v er y clo d b e n eat h t he ir feet A n d e ve ry clo d b en e at h t heir f

e et
S hall b e a s o ldie r s s e p u lchre l

S hall b e a so ldier s sep u lchr e l

T he latter s tan za is t he rst as it w as af t erw ar ds imp r o ve d A hin dicate s mu ch

W
.

b e tter t he tran sitio n f

W
ro m t he s to r m o fb attle to the a i l o fwo e S e e als o p 5 6 . . .

ro m almo s t e v e r t rt o fs e e ch, a n d s o m e

3
3 95 f
o rds
y o h er
p a p
,
t i m es e n i re t p hras es, w he n ab r ii t l
p y u tt e re d to e x r e ss e mo t io n, ma
p y
b eco me int e rj ectio n s
W
.

Ex S tr ange l b ehold 1 w hat why ! in dee d l mer c ! awa i hy, ther e ,

y
y
.

ther e, there !
Fir e an d br imston e ! w hat hav e yo u b een do in g

B u t whe n it is n o t the chie f u r o se

3 96 fthe w o rd t o e x
p p o
.

r ess e mo ti o n an d whe n the o mitt e d wo rds are o b v io u s, it m ay b e

p ,

b et te r to parse the wo r d as u su al .

Exp P atien ce , go o d
lady ! co mf , g
o r t e n tle C o n s t an ce l

S ha7cesp ea r e
Ha ve p at i e n ce ,
.

go o d lady l r eceive co mfor t, = b e con s oled

W
[ ,] g
en tle C on s t an ce

3 97 . o r ds u s e d in sp e ak ing to the inf e rio r an imals , an d imi

tat i vc w o rds th t a are u t t er e d with e mo tio n
, a r e g e n e r ally in t e r
ec tio ns
'

Ex llaw l ge e ! w hoh l scat ! whist ! s t st l T he w o rds ar e n e b u t as t o

-

.
, ,
the s e ns e b a hl
N ewsp ap er
U p co mes a man o n a s u dde n , s lap ! das h!
- -
.
 IN T ERJECT I ON S .

EX E R C I S ES .
O B S ERVA T I O N S . 241

s n u s o u t the can dle an d car ries aw ay all the cas h I n ter e ctio n s
click I t he s trin h h d d dr aw , an d l t he d oo r w en t t o h

hen , . j . W
, j
g t e at c i ee t e B u rn s -

W
. .

j T he lar k that tir r a ltr r a chan ts

I n t e r ect io n s r at he than adve b
r r s .
S ha k A d . .

v er b , s ho win ho w ith a le n gthen e d, lo u d hallo o , ta

. who , t at whit, t a -

whoo o o - -
en ng / son
. A n o u n , descri p tive o fhalloo
. .

G o , ge t yo u t o b e d an d r ep o s e
T o sit u p as lat e is a s can dal ;
B u t , ere y o u hav e t a en of

fyo ur clothes ,
Be s u r e t hat yo u b lo w o u t t he can dle .

R t fl e r l t
o cl o to d e r ol lo l

Hor ace .
-

x
I fs u ch an e p r e ssion can b e p ars e d at all, it m u st b e p ar s ed as an in t erj ectio n
it may b e said to in dicat e p le as u rab le e mot io ns .

2

3 98 . The cas e o fa s u b s an t t ive a t er
f an in t erj e ctio n , o ten de
f
p en ds o n s o me w o rd u n de rs o o d. t
Ex
Ah .

A h l pi ty me ; or , A h! has ha p en e d to me ! or , A h !
w o is to me or, A h! it grieves me .

A h 1 lu ck le ss lu ckle s s am I I 0,

W
hap p y happ y (we we ! S ee als o p 1 1 2 . .

9 he n
3 99 in t erj e ctio n is u s e d, i t is gen e rally placed at the
. an

s en t e n ce ; b u t s o m e t im e s w it hin the s en t e n c e, o r
b egi n n in g o f the
an d s o me t ime s it st a n ds alo n e
e ve n at t he e n d ; I n its syn tax, it is .

alw a s in de en de n t o fo ther w o r ds
y p .

E X ER C I S ES

Examples t o b e A n alyzed an d Par sed .

Ht r se all the wor ds

W
A las ! the w ay is e ariso me an d lon g A die u , an d le t me he ar f ro m
you .

so o n a
g a in G o d s
! ifI cou ld b u t p ain t a dyin g gro an
. A h m e ! H i st l .

hu sh! w ithin the glo o m o f y o n der tr e e s, m e tho u ght a gu re p asse d

H a, ha, ha ! w ell said
e lco me ,
16
w e lco me, L af
ay e t te !
. W
Ou t u p o n
.

he rd l tho u to r tu r e st me, Tu b al .

THE A RMORY A hl .

W w hat
he n
w ill ris e , ho w w ild an d dre ary,
a so u n d

the D e ath A n ge l to u ches tho se sw if

t e ys k
G ods is he r e u se d a s an in terj ection , it is ab r u p tly u tte r e d to e xp r ess"an e mo tio n ,
"
(a )

.


e tc (b ) H a , ha , ha I i s an in terj ectio n , e t c (c ) T hat thi ng as

w we ll sa id d
( ) Ou t
x
. . . .
. .

her I i s an t nterj ectzona l p hr as e, it is ab r u p tly u tte r e d t o e p r e s s an e mo ti o n it d e

'

n o t e s a n ger , e tc.

OB S ER V A T I ON S .

S o m e in t erj ect io n s m ay b e u tter e d b y the s p e ak er when alo n e , as alas o thers

alw ays hav e re f ere n ce t o an othe r b ein g, as f ar ewell S o me d e n ot e p ai n fu l e mo .

t io n s , as p ts h; o t he r s le as u r ab le e m o tio n s , as hu rr ah S o m e i n di cat e i n te n s e .

f eelin g, as oh o t he r s , s ight e m o tio n , as eh S o me , dep r ess ed f e e li gs , as ala s ;

n .

o t he r s , b u o yan t e mo t io n s , as h ei h S o me o f t he m as 0 , ah, ar e , li k e lau ght e r

g o
e el
.

o r cer tai n f i n s : the y ar e f un d i n all

.

an d we e p in g, u n iver s al e xp r e s s mn s f
.

g o

lan gu ages .

I n te j t io s e m o t a t t o o cu r w h e n t h e m in d is a g it at e d o r e n d en ly e x
r e c n ar s p c
cite d ; an d he n ce we me e t wit h the m m o s t f r e qu e n t ly i n p o e ms , o rat i on s , n o v els ,

an d d ramati c w ritin gs T he do n o t im ply t ho u ght or re e ctio n , lik e o t he r w o r ds ;

W W
.

i l m h b ili ti t h ll t h b u t li ttl e r e f
er
b u t s p rin g n s t an t an e o u s y r o t e s e n si e s o r e i ,
i ,

e n ce , if an y , to t he in t e ll e ct ; an d he n ce they ar e mo r e cap ricio u s o r less

logical
2 42 WRD B L G G
O S E ON IN TO
'
rw o

than o ther w o r ds , e d in f
an d n o t s o x
o r m an d s ign catio n
it r hus 0 an d oh de T
s o m e w ri e s in di e r e u tl y, p n e f

n o t e a varie ty o fe m ot ion s , an d ar e u s e d b
.

o r t he

o t her Perhap s it w o u ld b e b et t er t o m a e 0 de n o t e o n l s u ch e m o ti o n s as ar e
W
W
.

liv e ly an d j oyi u l ; an d oh, s u ch as ar e v io len t an d s o rr o w fu Pe ace b e i t h thee
0 o u r b ro t her

. hittier Ohmy he ar t s lo v e l oh my d ear o n e

. m er cy l

m er e 1 all is o e r l
]d S o me w r ite rs re co m me n d t hat 0 s ho u ld always b e p re
.

f e rr e w he n an addre s s is made . T
his i s a p lain an d co n v e n ie n t dis t in ctio n , b u t
it is n ot al ways o bs er v e d S o m e o ft he v ery co mmo n e mo tio n s , as w o n de r , an ge r ,
x
.

o r j oy, w e n d e p r e s s e d in t erj ect ion ally b y ev ers o m an y di f feren t w o r ds In

x
.

act , in terj ect io n s b e i n g t o so me e te n t i n s t i n cti v e so u n ds , t hei r p r o p ri et y do e s n o t

.

f
alw ays de p en d o n co n v en t io n al u s age , b u t o f te n s o m e w hat o n the p e cu li ar c har ac
te r an d co n ditio n of t he p e rso n u s in g t he m Fr e qu en t ly, a s pe ak er t ak es me r e ly
.

s o m e w o r d o r w o r ds o ft h e
p r e v io u s s p e a k e r ,
t h o s e w hich chi e y e cit e d t he su r x
ris e , ap p r o b at ion , o r in dign at io n , an d u s e s t he m in t erj e ct io n ally

C o n s ider ,
p .

S ir C harle s is u p o n a vis it t o his b ride Br ide ! he i t te r f

s o r t he allo w s

.

B ri tish D r ama A s a gen er al t hin g, ho we v er , in t erj e ctio n s s ho u ld b e se e cte d w it h

g ,
.

r e at car e an d n o t u s e d t o o f

t he hav e s o me time s a n e e f f
r
ect
e q u e n t ly n o r t o o s e ld o m

b u t i t m u s t n o t b e in f
h en p ro p e rl
y u
err e d t hat t hey alon e can
sed
,
. W .

m a e dis co u rs e s p r ightly or p at het ic . T

hey mu st grow n at u ral ly o u t o f t he s u b
j e ct o r t he s e n time n t
of f
s an din g t h ick o n a p age ,
T
hey m ay, li k e t he o v er s p r e adin g v in e , d e ep en t he s hade
.

e elin g, b u t t he y can n o t s u p p ly t he p lace o f t he t r ee

am gen e r ally r e mi n de d o ft he w ell
I
hen I s e e t he m
k n o wn lin e o f
. W
s r d en
y

He whis tle d, as he w en t, f
o r wan t o ftho u ght .

I t is p erhap s n ee dle ss t o add t hat the w o r ds o f s w e ar ing or cu r s in g, w hich

ro wdies u s e for gr ace an d e mp has is , are in t e r e ctio n s as s u e r
j p u ou s as u n ge n t le
man ly .

W OR DS BEL ON G I N G TO T W O OR M OR E PA R TS OF S PEEC H .

W
The p art ofsp e ech to w hich a giv en w o rd b elon gs, sho u ld al
w ays b e de ter min e d by the sen se in w hich the w o rd is u se d he n I .

s ay , Ou r w ell is dee p, w ell is a n oun ; The m an is w ell, w ell is an
j
ad e ctiv e
;

Jo hn w ites w ell, w ell is an adv erb
r
The at er s w ell fro m
'
W
the grou n d, w ell is a v erb .

A l l is u se d

A s an ad ective j .

A ll ow e rs mu st f
ade .

A s a no u n . N ot t hat glisten s, is gold
all .

As an adver b .

A ll [altogether ] listle ss ro amed a shep herd swain

A s is u se d
[

As cold as ice clegr ee .

A s an adver b . S k ate as I skate

manner .

It f
ell as I e n t ere d
time .

A
j
s a con u n ction A s
[s ince] we all mu s t die, why n ot be char itab le
A s a p r onou n . L et su ch as hear, ta k e hee d .

B ef
o r e is u se d

As an a dver b . I ca me bef
or e it r ain e d .

A s a p rep os ition He st o o d bef

.
or e me .

So are also u s e d abov e a ter below er e e tc

, f , , , .

B o t h is u se d

A s an a d ective
j . B oth tree s are in b losso m .

A
s a conj u n ctio n S he is bo th han dso me "
.
an d in telligen t .

So are also u s e d e ither , neither e tc .

,
24 4 G ENE R A L E X ER C I S E S .

w ith a corru pte d min d . T

he s e cou n sels w ere the d ictates o f V i rt u e, an d .

the dictat es o f tru e ho n or A varic e an d cu nnin g may gain an e s tate, b u t

.

a v aric e an d cu nn ing can n o t gain f rie n ds H is t wo s is te rs w e re b o th o f .

t he m han ds o me .
T
ho u ght an d language act an d re act u p on e acho ther mu tu
ally . The n e ck co n n e cts t he head an d tru n k t oge ther he s e s av age p e o p le . T
se e me d t o have n o o t her ele me n t b u t that o fwar T he mo re that yo u gi ve him, .

T
W
hey re tu rn e d b ack t o t he C i ty f ro m w he n ce t he
t he mo re will he w a n t .
y had
c o me f o rth I fI mist ak e n o t, I think I hav e s ee n yo u b e f
.
o re he ne ve r he .

s e e s me, he alw ay s in qu ire s co n ce rn in g my healt h hese are rights that C o n . T

r e s s ca n n o t in frin ge u p o n O u r de b ts an d o u r sin s are ge n e rally grea te r t han
g .

w e t hin k f or Fr a nklin
. . T
he ir s ituat io n can sc arce ly b e co n ce ive d o fat the
r ese n t day T h e co n tin e n t al a rmy mo v e d do wn t o C harle s to n in the lat te r
p .

e n d ofthe y e arn R ams ay T

hese t hin gs had gre at an d p o lit ic en ds in t he ir
.

b e in g e s tablis he d . T
hat there s n at h w ill n o t t t his he re scyt he .

S u ch hav e no o ther law b u t the w ill o ft he ir p rin ce Ken t H o w dif fe re n t .

is t he co n du ct o ft he p ro se cu t o rs f r o m t hat o fy o u rs l T he p as sio n ofan ger, the

i f an d t he p ass io n o fav arice A n d he p u rs u e d af ter the c hildre n
p a s s on o e n vy ,
.

o f I s rae l . T
ho s e n ice shade s by which virtu e s an d vices ap p ro ach e ach o n e
ano t he r M ur r a y
. The ot he r b oo k is e qu ally as go o d
. A ll o f my t ime . .

T x
hese e amp le s se rve to e plain b o th t he p arts oft he ru le x H e die d in le ss .

W
t han t w o ho urs t ime Faili n g in his rs t e f f James

. o rt, he again re p e ate d it .

is tall, b u t H e n ry is t alle r than b e e s o u ght in v ain t o n d the p ath . He .

s u ccee de d in gain in g the u n i v e rsal lov e o fall me n L e t u s b e re ady according .

as Op p o rtu n it ie s p re s e n t the mse lv e s, t o mak e a p ru de n t in v es t me n t o fo u r mean s .

The u mb rageo u s s hade oft he w o o dy f o re s t fl u is t e mp e ra te, he is dis int e rest e d, .

an d he is b e n ev ole n t ; he is an o rn ame n t to his f amily, a n d a c re dit t o his p ro

fe ss io n . Pers e v e ran ce, in lau dab le p ursu its, w ill re war d all o u r t o ils, an d w ill
p ro du ce e f fe cts b ey o n d o u r calcu latio n T he I n cas, o r i ngs o f P er u, an d all k
W
.

t hos e p artak in g o f ,
o r b eing i t hin a ce rt a in d e gre e o fco n s a n gu in ity to t he m

w e re allo we d t his p riv ilege all t hos e w i thin a cer tain degr ee
.
-
B ein g con
te n t wit h dese rv in g a tr iu mp h, he re f u s ed t he ho n o r o fit Hav in g b e e n re ared .

in afu en ce, he co u ld n ot e n du re p ove rty (A llo wab le ; tho ugh having been

.

may b e o mitte d ) .

H is happy , cheerf ul t e mp er, re mo te f

ro m disco n te n t, k e ep s u p a in d o fday k
x
light in his min d, e clu de s e v e ry glo o my p ro sp e ct ; a nd lls it w ith a p e rp e tu al
s ere n it
y gBy a mu ltip licity an d v ariety o fwo rds, t he t ho u ghts an d s en time n ts are
.

fan d acco mmo dat ed ; b u t, lik e Dav id dre ssed ou t an d e qu ipp e d in S aul s
n o t se t o f

ar mor, t he
y are e n cu mb ere d an d o pp re ss e d T he re is a s we e t n es s an d sacred .

holiness in a mo t he r s t ears, w hen t hey are dro ed an d f

a ll o n t he face o fh r
pp
x
dy ing and e pirin g b ab e, which n o eye can s e e an d n o on e can b e hold, wi th a
,
heart un to u che d an d u naf fe c te d .

2 . S en ten ces wa n ting W o r ds .

N o w o rd sho u ld b e o mitte d tha t is n e e de d to e xp ress the me an in g

co rr e c tly, cle arly an d f
o cib l
,
r
y .

Ho w shall w e, any other w ay, accou nt f or it ? I t is n o t o nly the du ty, b u t

inte res t, o fyo u ng p erso ns, to b e stu dio u s an d v irt u ou s . S u ch a law w o u ld in
vo lve the go o d and
b ad, t he in n o cen t an d gu ilty, in t he same calamity I t is .

e du ca tio n w hich almo st e n tire l o rms t he charact er t he f

y f ,
re e do m o r s lav e ry,
the happ in e s s o r mis e ry, o ft he w o rld L e t u s a vo id t he mak in g s u ch ame n d .

me n ts as will b e n e e dless A s mu ch p ro p rie ty mu s t b e o b s erve d in the dres s

.

o ft he o ld as yo u ng A ddis on C hance ry w ill treat it as a p e rs o nal matt e r, s o

.

fa r as res e cts th
p e righ ts o fcre dito rs ran s itive v e r b s have an act ive an d
p as . T
BI VO p art iciple The s pecu lat io n w ill p ro du ce gr eat gain o r lo ss
. or gr eat .
 G EN E R A L E X E R C I S ES . 2 45

103 8
. The pe o p le o fthis cou n try p o ssess a healthy climate an d so il By these .

hap py lab o rs, they w ho s o w an d reap , will rej oice to ge the r The co u rt o f .

Fran ce or En glan d w as to b e t he u mp ire H e re gards his w ord b u t yo u do .

,

x
W
n ot. The n atu ral ab ilities o f so me me n mu ch e cee d o thers I think his .

w o rk s mo re classical than all o u r o ther histo rian s

s aw e v e ry t hin g t here tha t was ther e . e sp e a
e w e re at the f

that
air, an d

e do kn o w, an d
. W k W .

t e stify to that w e hav e s e en

c hildre n

t e rmin e
du ty it wa s
.
.

his is w hat b est b ecame u s t o do S wif

T t
.

W
A s ervan t who s e du ty w as to tak e ca re o ft he
hich ro ad s ho u ld b e t ak e n , w as n o t e asy to de
H e me t w ith su ch a . .

re ce tion as tho se o n ly de s erv e w ho are co n te n t t o tak e I d

p .

I do n o t re me mb er
p l ac e w he r e h e any
s a id so he ever s aid so I t is . .

fo re ign t o the p r es en t p u rp o s e , t o mo re than allu de to t he se f acts Y o u can n o t .

re ad t oo mu ch o f the class ics , n o r to o w e ll nor r ea d ii S imo n, s o n o f

.
-

Jo n ah, lo v est t ho u me mo r e t han thes e (A mb igu o u s ) A t that place w e

w e re n e ithe r w ell p aid n o r f ed N ot a f e n ce o r fru it tre e w as to b e s e e n -

. .

I r vin g , n or a G ro v es, elds, an d me ado w s, are at any s easo n of t he

an t t o loo k u p o n , b u t n e v er s o mu ch as in the O e nin
y e ar
p le as p g ofsp rin g

.

A ddison s o much s o I a m in clin e d to adop t y our b oo k , an d e n cou rage

an d to en cou r age
.

o thers to do lik e w is e . The s crib es made it t he ir p ro

fe ss io n t o s t u dy an d te ach the law s o fM o s es T he s ale o fo ne f arm or sev e ral
.

w ill tak e p lace t o day En glish v e rs e is regu late d r ather b y the n u mb er o f

-

is not any
.

syllab le s than o ff e et . T
he re is n o s itu at ion so go o d any where .

wher e els e a H ow can I di stingu ish t he go o d f ro m b ad ? H e w as a w arrio r by

n ece ss ity, ifn o t cho ice I b elie ve that whe n thin gs ar e at w orst they will cer
.

tain ly men d ; an d w he n they are at b e s t, t hey w ill s o o n de terio rat e .

H is ho n o r, in tere s t, an d re ligio n, w ere all e mb arke d in the u n de rtak in g .

u pp o s e he p re f
e rs he r, b e cau s e S he p oss e ss e s mo re b e au ty,
( p
R e e a t his ) I s .

mo re acco mplishmen t s, an d w e alt h, t han t he o t he r B y this hab it u al in de li .

ca cy , the v irg in s s mile d at w hat t hey b lu shed b e f o re blushed a t By .

'

s u ch a co u rs e, t he p ro gre ss o ft he p u p il will b e gre at ly facilita te d, an d man y dith

c u ltie s a vo ide d S u ch w ere t he rs t s ett le men ts in e as, cla imin g t o b e T x

c iv iliz e d, b u t have n o w p as s e d a way I t w as n e ither t he b u ying lan ds, n or
.

de aling in mu le s, b u t e travagan ce of his wif x

e , t hat made him a b an k ru p t
W
.

N eit he r my b rot he r n or s iste r w e n t to t he f air H e did n o t k n o w he the r it .

k
W
ar m
w o uld b e b es t t o s ell his lo t o r f The haw w as chase d b y the mart in s, as
.

w ell as cro w s he the r w e t ak e the u p p e r o r lo w er r o u te, w e can n o t ge t

.

t here in t wo days The cho le ra is said t o b e in N e w Orle ans an d v icin ity

. .

H e is e min en t b o th as a lawy er and p o litician N o t o n ly the p eac e o ft he .

family w as b ro k e n, b u t t he ir dignity co n side rab ly diminis he d, b y thi s allian ce .

3 . S en tences f au lty in T ho u ght or Exp r ess io n .

1 The w o r ds, the mo de s o fe x p re ss io n , an d the arran ge me n t, sho uld

.

W
b e t he b e s t the lan gu age af fo r ds fo r the au tho r s me an in g

.

2 . e sho u ld alw ays t hin w ith cle arn ess, v igo r, an d a f k u ll co mp r e

W
he n sio n o fthe su bj ect, an d sp ea o r w r it e acco r din gly k

.

3 . hat is said o r w r itte n , sho u ld b e s en s ib le an d b e co min

g, o r in

acco r dan ce w ith n at u r e, t ru th, an d re aso n .

A ll the p arts o f a se n te n ce sho u ld co rresp o nd w ith o n e an o the r

'

a r e gu la r an d d e p e n de n t co n s tr u ct i o n , t hrou ho u t sho u ld b e car e f

u lly
g ,

r ese r v e d M u rr ay

p . .

f h i w i h I d n o t, ho w
Y ou may as w e sp
ll e n d t he b al an ce o t e e v e n n g t u s o .

h d d h l ft he sh1p
e ve r, imagine that h w ld t
t e w t t e an er e e o s s o
a e r sp o u o u av e n -
g
246 G EN ERA L E X E R C I S ES .

W ill x the clo ck so that it w ill r u n ?

you
w ho e nj oy s b ad health R eligio n w ill af f
.
The b u sin es s w ill su it an y o n e
o rd u s p le asu re, w hen o the rs f o rs ak e

us . I am w ill in g to p ay a hu n dre d o r t w o dollars The mo re I se e o f his .

co n du ct, I lik e him b et t e r Fo rm yo u r me asu re s w ith pru den ce, b u t all a n iety
. x
ab o u t t he issu e div est y o u rs elfo f T
ho u gh v irt u e b orro ws no as sistan ce f
. ro m,

t it m b acco mp an ie d by, the adv an tage s o ff o rtu n e T h e G re e k s, far e

y e a y e .

in g to b e s u rro u n de d o n all s ides, vi heele d ab o u t an d halte d, w it h the riv e r o n

t he ir b ack s G olds mith R e p le v in is w hen su it is b rou ght t o re co v e r p ro p e rt y
.

in t he p o s ses sion o fano t e h r

a
The mill s to o d b e tw e e n the o ld an d n e w b ridge s
. .

H e w ro t e t he reco mme n datio n s b o th o f the rst an d las t e dition s T he man .

x
n er o fthe se au tho rs w rit in g b o o k s s o f

WW

ast, I w ill n o w e
p lain I can n o t n d .

o n e o fmy b o o s e hav e n o t the leas t right t o y o u r p ro t ectio n

b
k . I w an t .

t o se e w hat he w an ts he n ifp re ce de s a v e rb , it is in the su bj u n ctive mo o d

. .

P orte r, ho w e ve r, f ire d s o me t hree o r f o u r time s a t o r e he f

o n es , b e f ell T he J .

R o man s st ip u late d w ith t he C ar tli agin ian s, t o f u rn ish t he m w ith ship s f o r t ran s

p o r t a n d w an A r bu thno t S o lo mo n , t he so n o fD avid, w ho bu ilt t u e temple

.

Je r u salem , was the riches t mon arch that e ver r eign e d o ver the Je wish
o
f
p eop le
W
.

H e has little regard f or yo u r an d my f rie n d s w elf are hite S hee p ar e

.

mu ch mo re co mmon t han black The b eads o fa p an the r an d a cat are S i milar

.

in shap e H e is n o t rich, an d in co mp e te n t f
. o r b u s in e ss The f ur n it u r e is .

mo re sho wy t han u sef u l ; b u t t hat, I s u

p p os e , w as n ot t ak en in to c on side ra
t io n 1 . H e came o n t he b o at, w hich his f
(
r ien ds e p ect e d e H e s e n t me x .

t he b ook s, w hi ch he had p ro m ise d f The magistrat e p u n ishe d him f . or

s o me misdemean or, w hic h w as a ro ve d g B e ho n es t, f o r it ce rt ain ly is
pp .

t he b est p o licy h H e w as thou ght t o b e v e ry p o lite, w hich in de ed he w as

.

t o thos e o f who m he e p e ct e d f avo rs l x

H e is always st ill an d grav e, which .

mak es him to b e t ho ught w is ej I was t hin kin g o f t he b est p lace f o r an

of ce " This can b e made an obj ection against o n e go vern men t as well as an
.

o t he r The v alley o fthe A maz o n is p e rhap s as large as the M ississ ipp i ; b u t

.

more o fit is o ve ro wn I hav e t hat t hat w ill k e ep y o u

. T here is n o t a harder .

p art in hu man n at u re, than b eco min g w ealth an d gre atn ess T his le tt er be in g .

too lon g for the p re se n t p a er, I in te n d to I t mat te re d li ttle

p p rin t it by itself
what the n at u re o ft he t ask w as ; w hether it w ere o rgan iz in g an op p os it ion to a

p oli t ical f
actio n , o r a tro o
p ofcav al ry t o resist in vasio n P r es cott . .

The acceptan ce mu st als o b e ab so lu te , an d n o t in an y re sp e ct dif f erin g f ro m

t he b ill A p art icip le is a w o rd derive d f
. ro m a v e rb , an d w hich de n o t es act io n ,
o r a state of b ein g T
here is n o v ice w hich mankin d carry t o s u ch w ild e x
.

tre mes as that o fav arice I t had b e en be tter for us t o s er ve the Egy p tian s, than that
W
.

w e shou ld die in t he ilde rn e ss ' B i ble his victo ry seeme d to b e lik e a res
. . T
u rre ct io n fro m t he de ad t o t he Eas te rn S tates
, o hn R u tle dge an d o hn Jay . J J
w e re n early ofan age The p e o ple had n o t the where wit h to p ay t he ir deb ts
.
.

T he su pplymg an army b y co n tracto rs, G e n Jack s o n had o bj ecte d to , as highl o h .

y
Ject i o nable H e re it is rare f
. o r thre e fair day s to f ollo w e ach o ther T he p re

.

t e n de rs to p olis h an d re f ine the Englis h lan gu age hav e chie m u lt i lie d a b u se s

, y p
a n d a b s u rdit i s G o d he ap eth f av o rs o n h i lib l nd f aith ful
e .
s se rv a n t s e v e r e ra a .

x
,
T he w o rk , Mi dis f u ll e te n t b ein
, g n e w aficte d w ith an as thma, an d n din g t he
p o we rs o fli f e gra du all de clini n
y g, he had n o lo n ge r cou rage t o u n dertak e .

Jo hns on Dryde n mak e s a v ery han dso me ob se r vat io n o n Ov ids w ritin a let
g
.

ter f ro m Di do to Z En e as in t he f
, o llo win g wo rds The p erple ity t hat att e n ds .
x
a is a m o de o ft rial fo r the r e co v e r y o f b ev en o n e o f or can n d all bu t on e
,
is he co m p c t en t, or , a n d he is i n co m e ten t
,
c n or
p
b u t its u t i lity , I s p p p o s c, wa s no t t a k e n i n to co n s ide r ation
o

0 6 a c co r din gto the e xp e c tation

as he ha d p r o mi s e d to do , or , a cco r d in
_

g to p r o mis e i a n d t he p u ni s hm e n t
t

In fo r ho n e s ty is t an
d in d e e d he wa s s o to tho s e
k w ha t lace wo u ld b e b e s t
j an d t he r e fo r e he i s t ho u ght
p 1 t ha n t o d ie in
248 G EN E R A L E X E R C I S E S .

that allw ords which are sign s o f co mple ide as f x

u rn is h matte r o fmista e an d k
cavi1 L ocloc N o nation can or have any right to loo k f
b eing j u s t, that is n o t rs t ho n e s t at ho me S wzf
.

m
.

t
o r re s p ect ab ro ad as
hich w hen B e elz eb u b
n u nco u th k n ar l ; rat her say,

h
. . W
p er ce

iv e d,
t han w ho

n o

n e highe r sat (A

. t an

who, or, than he, o r, no n e high er sa t than he )

W
m
W
I b eg the f av o r o fy o u r acce p t an ce o fa C o p y o fa v ie w o ft h e a nu fa ctor ie s o fth e

e s t R idin g o ft he co u n ty o fY o rk he n o n e giv e s o ne s s elf the lib e rty to

.

r an ge an d ru n o v e r in o n e s tho u ghts t he di e re n t gen ius e s o f me n w hich o n e

me e ts in the w orld, o n e can no t b u t o bse rve, t hat most o f the in dire ction an d
artice, w hich is u se d amon g me n , do es n o t p ro ce e d so mu ch f ro m a de ge n e racy

in n atu re, as an a ect at ion o fa pp e arin g em n o fco n s e qu e n ce b y su ch p ac

r tice s

Br iti sh Essayis ts (T m h re are also o t he r f u lts

) Th e awf ul
'

o o an y ones
. t e a .

distance w hich we b ear to wards her in all o ur t ho u ght s o fhe r, an d t hat chee rf ul
familiarity w ith which w e app ro ac h he r, ar e certain in s tan ce s o fhe r b ein g the

t ruest o bj ect oflo ve o fan y o f her sex 1b N e ve r delay till to mo rro w, (f . or -

to m orro w is n o t yo u rs ; an d, tho u gh y o u S ho uld liv e to e nj oy it , yo u m u st n o t

overlo ad it w it h a b u r de n n o t its o w n , ) what re aso n an d co n sc ie n ce t e ll yo u
o u ght to b e p e rf o rme d to da
y T
( ake o u t the p aren thesis, an d pu t it after the
-
.

rest o fthe s en tence, in a se p arate , distin ct se n te n ce

) The disco n ten ted man .

as his S plee n irritates an d so u rs his te m er an d le ads him to dischar e his v e n o m

( p , g
o n all with w ho m he stan ds con n e cte d is n ever withou t a
) gre at S hare ofma
lignity .

L as t S atu rday a gan g ofhighw aymen b rok e in to an e mp ty hou se , an d s trip

p e d it o f a ll its f
u rn it u re N ewsp ap er I t is always o bj e ct io n ab le t o u se t he
.

s ame w o rd to o o f ten amiliar co n v ersat ion w e f

In f . re qu e n t ly mak e u s e o felhp

(To mak e u se ofa n on en tity, o r ofthe abs en ce o fa thin g, is ab surd ) A

W
"
S is.
.

v e st w hich f ro m a n ak e d Pict his he n a p e rso n is

gran ds ir e had w o n .

S p ok e n to, he is o fthe se co n d bb
The u s e o fw hich accen t s [G re e k an d
p er son .

w as t hen a cri me Ort ho grap hy mean s wo rd mak

alt o ge the r u n p ardo n able ee -

S miths Gr ammar
g, o r sp e llin g A b e rcro mb ie had st ill n e arly f o ur time s

in . .

t he n u mb e r o fthe e n e m 8 8 I rvin g The L atin t o ngu e , in its p u r ity, n ev e r

y . .

was in t his co u n try hh The n ot io n s of L o rd S u n de rlan d w e re alway s go o d ;

.

b u t he was a man ofe travagan t habits x

W
.

The f ollo win g erro n eou s s e n te nce s w hich are t ak e n f ro m hatley s L o gic,

,
b elo n g to t he clas s calle d f a llacies M ost f alla cie s arise b ecaus e the sam e w o rd
.

h s olte n s e ve ral dif fe re n t me an in s or b e cau s e it ma

a g, y b e applied t o o bj ects
o fthe same
gen eral class , w ith gre ater o r les s co mp rehe n sive n ess .

N on e b u t white s are civiliz ed : t he ancient G e rman s w er e w hites : the ref o re

t hey w ere civiliz ed
(Ob serv e he re t hat t he whites re f
.
e rre d to in the s e co n d
p rop OS i tio n are n o ne o ft he whites re f e rre d to in t he rst
p ro p o sitio n ) N o thing .

i s he avi e r t h a n p latin a : f eat h e rs ar e he av ie r than n 0 thin : the ref

g o re f e ather s
are he avi e r t han
plat ina (My do g has more le gs than n o do g : n o do g has
.

t we lve legs : t he ref o re m

y dog has mo re t han t we lve legs ) A ll cold is e x
x
.

ll d b b h
i

p e e
y ea t : t s pe rs on s disorder is a co ld : theref o re it is to b e e p e lle d

W
b y he at H e who is mo s t hu n gry, e ats mos t : he w ho eats leas t is mo st hu n r
gy
.

,
t here lo re he who e ats leas t e at s mo st hatev er b ody is in mo tio n , mu s t mo v e
, .

e it he r in the
p lace where it is, o r in a p la ce where it is no t : n eithe r o ft hes e
is p OS S i ble : t he refo re the re is n o s u ch t hin
g as mo tio n .

1 W he n p e rs o n , & c
a as
e llip s es ar e f r e q u en t] allo w e d bb VVhe n a
ii
.

p er so n is s p o k e n to , the n o u n o r p r o n o u n u s e d fo r a d d r e s si him is 00 is
g
lo st
co rr e ct wri tin g
dd wo u ld hav e a
p p ea r e d
o u r ti me s as man
KG f
cc
r ib er y wa s f
,
B
fme an s li ter all
y ,
. .

y m en M was n e v er S o k en in its u rit

p , p y, in .
 G EN E R A L E X E R C I S E S . 249

M isc ellan eou s Example s t o b e Cor r ect ed .

Hon o r o r re pu tation are deare r than lif e Boo mer

'

Mr B u rke w as o f
. fe re d a v e ry impo r t an t and lu crativ e o f
ce G o odr ich .

T he p ro te st laid qu ie tly o n t he t ab le I r vin g .

To this, in a gre at meas u re , has b ee n at trib u te d the su cces se s o fthe Mosle ms

Y o u hav e cho se the w o rse 1 d .

o rce s w ere re tire d in to w inter quarte r s I d

W The great e r p art o fthe f -

. .

ashin gto n w as give n t he co mman d o fa div isio n p artl

y co mp osed o fhis o ivu
men I a .

S he do u b te d w he ther this w e re n o t all delu sion , an d w he ther she w as n o t

s till in t he palace I a .

The I n dian chie fan d his so n , b e in g a small distan ce f ro m the lin e o fmarch,

w as s urro u n de d a n d tak e n I d
WWS ir
he re w ill w e n d su ch merry grou p s n o w a days

.

alte r S p e ak s to e v e ry o n e as ift he y w e re h
Id
is b loo d relat io n s Ia
- - .

The r ight w in g was co mp ose d of G lo ve r s, Mas o n s, an d P atte rs o n s regi

men ts I d .

Bu rgo yn e w as s tate d as b e in g arrive d at Qu e b ec t o co mman d the f o rce s in an

W
in v as io n f ro m C an ada I d .

e re A risto tle o r Plato to co me amo n g u s they w o u ld n d n o co n trast mo r e

,

c o mp le te than b e t wee n t he w o rk sho p s o f t he ir A t he n s an d t ho s e o fN e w Y o rk .

W
On rathe r a n arro w s trip o flan d E Ever ett . .

e o rtu n ate ly e n gage d ro o ms at the o n ly de ce n t in n

had f at M elro s e, an d
a lte r s u pp e r w ent o u t at n in e o clo ck

to se e t he ab b ey Id .

To t he ant iqu ary an d artist, the s e colu mn s are a s o u rce o fin e ha u s tib le x ob
s e rv atio n s an d d e s igns B yr on -

e, hath n ame d the ms elv e s a star I a

. .

T
hat f a me , p o we r, lif
o rt u ne , f . .

He kn e w no t w hat it was to die I d .

A n d go o dly s on s grew b y his side,

B u t n o n e so lo v e ly a n d s o b rave
A s him w ho withere d in t he grave I d

W
.

to say that critics w e re lik e b ru she rs ofn e b le me n s

S ir H e n ry o tte n u s ed
clot hes B aco n
_

L et the m the s tat e ado r n, an d he e n d Cowley

de f

A s tee d co mes at mo rnin g ; n o ride r is t he re,

B u t its b ridle is re d w it h the S ign o fdesp air . Camp bell .

H is b e o n him
cu rs e H e who k n o we th w here
.

The lightn in gs hide Mr s S igou mey . .

My r ob e, an d my integrity to H eaven , is all

i new dare ca ll my own

A s ilk dr es s or a o w e re d b o nn et w ere the n gre at rarit ies His tory ofP en n

Th m e Pe n n , s e e n af
as ter his arrival, aide d b y sev en sp ec ial co mmiss io n e rs,
e n te re d u po n the adj u stm en t o fthe so u t her n b o u n dary, an d ru n n in g t he line b e

tw ee n t he ro
p p r ie t a ri e s an d L or d B a lt im o r e I b (R ec ast t he s e n te n ce )
.
.

M r Dana as k ed Mr G o re s le av e t o s ay a f e w w o rds, w hich he did ; af te r

. .

W
ro m t he C o n v en t io n

w hich he re tired f Etho t s D ebates .

hat s se v en y ve c ts, o ev
i t -
en r e n a d o lla r an a cre Ib .

The m ille r w sa b ou n d to h av e r e tu r n e d t h e o u t Ken t .

The t ru e r u le w a s s ta t e d t o b e th a t t he se lle r w a s lia b le t o an ac tion o f dece it

,

ifhe f rau dul e n l

ty m i sr e p rese n t t h e t h i n g s o ld I d .
25 0 G EN E RA L EX E R C I S E S .

To in qu ire w hether or no the p arty l

b e anun a ti
idiotc M o S tatutes
or . .

x
The co n stab le shall e ecu t e s u ch j u ry su mmo n s f airly an d imp art ially an d .

S hall n o t su mmo n an y p e rs o n w ho m he has re aso n t o b e lie v e is b i as e d o r p rej

f
u dice d o r o r ag ain s t e i th er o f th e p art ie s 1 b .

t is a f ull t wo ho u rs t o din n e r
Harp er s Magaztn e

.

. .

The t wo elec t icr u i ds

n eu t rali z e d e ac h o t he rs

e f
fe ct s 1b .

My su s picio s w
n e r e b e in g m o r e a n d m o re co n r m e d e v e ry m in u t e I b .

h h d h i k w w m d fI I b

N e w, then, w a t s o u l y o u t n at e r as c o p o s e o .

x
Of the o ther t wo t he re e is ts o n ly the rs t b o o k, an d t he p lan o f the
'

s econ d 1 b
.

I t is a little child o ft w o ye ars old Ih .

-
.

H e k n ew n o t which to mo s t admire 1b
W
.

e hav e o ther t wo re mark s to o er

1b

. .

Barnab as an d his b ro ther b ecame, as co mp anio n s in crime u su ally do, su s

ici ous o fo ne an o ther I b
p
re e as so o n as they tou ch t he land 1 b
. .

I n Englan d, e very o n e is f
a shio nab le k in d 1b
.

T here was t he ho use a n d ou t b u ildin gs, all o fan u nf

-
.

I t w as I w ho destroye d Ehren b erg s t heo ry that the votvo x globator was an

animal A tlan tic Mon thly

W hich phrase, ifit mean anything, mean s p ap e r mo n ey I b

. .

S ome v irtu es are o nly s e e n in adversity Eclectic Magaz in e

. .

rie n ds l b
.

I shall b e happy alway s to se e my f .

H e n ot o nly w atche d a go o d Opp o rt u n ity to lib erate his p riso n e r, b u t s wam

with him acro s s the river o n his b ack R eligio us Memo trs .

The quee n b o re all he r du ties stou tly, as s he e p e cte d o thers to b e ar x

the m His t ofN ether la nds
arme d the ir o w n lan d Jef
. .

Each occu p ie d t he ir s ev e ral p re mis es, an d f er so n .

N ew Y o rk, w ith s e v e ral p os ts in t he n e ighb o rho o d, w e re in p o s se ss io n o ft he

e n e my Ia
-
.

My residen ce is at p re s en t at his lo rds hip s, whe re I might, w as my heart dis

W
lives at t he same ho u se W
e n gaged, p ass my t ime ve ry agr ee ab ly as t he re is a v e r
,

ashingto n s L etter s
.

e have mu ch to say o n t he s u bj ect o ft his L if

y amiab le y o u ng lady

e , an d w ill o f
.

te n n d o u rs elve s
to diss e n t fro m t he O inio ns o ft he b io r a he r
p g p
Macau lay . .

x
I fw e e amin e with min u ten es s t he f allin g s n o w , w e w ill o b s erv e that e ach

ak e co n sis ts o fa n u mb er o fe ce edin l
gy dxe lica t e p art icle s o fic e E S ar gen t .

W
.

Bu t we will f li il o fo ur con v ictio n , ifwe have n o t made it e vide nt, &c Cr ittque

W
.

on or ces ter .

A squ irr el can climb a t ree qu ick er than a b oy ebs ter . .

P are n ts are o fall o the r p eop le t he ve ry w or st j u dges oftheir childre n s me rit s ;

for w hat t he
y re ck on su ch, is s e ldo m any thing else b u t a rep e titio n o ft he ir o wn
fau lts A ddis on .

The having a grammar o fou r mother ton gu e rst t au ht w ou ld f ~

a cilit at e ou r
g ,

y ou

W
th s le a rn in g t he ir L atin an
e hav e t he p o w er o fre tain in
d G re e

g,
k g
a
ra

lt
m
er
m
in
ar

g,
s
a n d
Id
c om p o u
w hich w e hav e receive d, in to all t he v arietie s o fp ictu re an d v isio n I d
n din g t h o s e ima e s
g
.

. .

Eye hath no t s e en , n e r ear he ard, n e ither hav e en tere d in t o the hear t o fman ,
t he t hin gs w hich G o d hat h pre p are d f o r the m t hat lo ve him M ur r ay s Gr a m

.

x
By in te rcou rs e w ith w ise an d e p e rie nce d p e rso n s w ho k no w t he wo rld w e
, ,
may impro ve a nd r u b o f ft he ru st o fa p rivat e edu cat io n l b .

Pre p o s it io n s, yo u reco llect, co n n e ct w o rds, as well as conj un ctio ns ho w the n

;
ro m the o the r S mith
, ,
can y o u te ll t he o ne f .

PR EC EP T1 A vo id lo w an d p rov in cial e p re ssio n s

.
P ECEPx 8 Ob serv e .
R T .

t he n atu ral o rder o f thin gs or e ve n ts and do n o t

, p u t the car t bef or e the
hor se . G oo ld Br o wn .
252 G EN ER A L O B S ERV A T I ON S .

pre sen tin g ne ither to o much n or too little N o thin g impo rtant should be le f
. t
o u t, an d n othin g u s e less shou ld b e allo we d to co me in I n short, t he p ie ce
.

sho u ld b e s u ch that n o w o rd, p hras e, clau se, s e n t e n ce , o r p aragrap h, can b e

o mitte d, in ser te d, tran s po s e d, O r chan ge d, w itho u t inj u rin g the e cellen ce Ofthe x
w hole . The n at ural o rder o fthin gs S hou l l b e Ob s erve d, o r s u ch an o rde r as w ill
mak e the gr eate st impressio n I f tho u ghtf . u l o f w hat w e are s ay in g, w e wo u ld

hardly say, H e dress ed an d w as he d hims elf;

He tu mble d, head o v er he els,
in to t he riv er ;

H e w ill k ill, s te al, cheat, an d lie, f o r go ld

T
hin gs t hat hav e
.

W

n o co n n e ctio n , sho u ld n o t b e j u mb le d to ge t he r ; as, I am w ell, an d he p e yo u
e sho u ld n o t b e so ighty a s t o say So me thin g o n

hav e go t my last lette r .

o n e te p ic, the n p ass to an o ther t o p ic, the n co me again to t he rs t t o p ic : n o r s ho u ld

w e, in a su b s equ en t p art o ft he disco u rse, t ell, as if w e had n o t t o ld, w hat we

hav e already to ld ; n o r make any statemen t in co nsist en t w ith s o me o ther s tate
men t at so me distan ce b ef o re it .

The transitio n f ro m on e te p ic to an othe r sho u ld b e n atu ral an d e asy N ot .

so ma n y dif fere n t su bj e cts s ho uld b e in tro du ce d in to o n e s en t en ce as w ill mak e

it co nf us e d .The most imp o rt an t p arts s ho uld b e p lace d w he re they will ma e k
t he stro n ge st impre ssio n .Mo dif yin g p art s s hould b e s o p la ce d o r distrib u te d as
to e n cu mb er the dis cour se as little as po ss ib le , an d to S ho w clearly an d re adily
w hat they are in te n de d to mo dif y The lo nger an d mo re imp o r tan t p arts o fa
.

se n ten ce sho u ld gen erally f o llo w the sho rt e r an d le ss impo rtan t p ar ts To co n .

W
clu de a s e n ten ce w it h an in sign i can t w o rd o r p hras e, is alway s in e le gan t
hen a serial st ru ctu re has b e en ado p t ed, it is ge n e rally disagre eable to dis
con tinu e or t o chan ge it, b e f o re t he e n tire e n u me rat io n is made
.

Parts eo n .

t ras te d o r e mphatically dis t ingu is he d, sho u ld gen e rally b e e pre ss ed w ith f x u ll

n e ss. I t is n o t b y in do len ce, b u t b y dilige n ce , that y ou will su cceed .

S pring b orro w ed a n e w charm f r o m its u n du lat in g gro u n ds , i ts lu u rian t w o o d x

lan ds, its sp o rt ive streams, its vo cal b irds, an d its b lus hing o w e rs

P art s co n
.

ne cte d b y co rrelative w ords, an d p ar ts im l in

p y g con tras t o r comp ariso n, mu st
x
gen e rally b e e p re s se d s o n early alik e as p o ssib le Ob se rv e the elegan ce o far
.

ran ge me nt an d e x re sssio n in t he f Ho mer hu rries u s w ith

p o llo w in g s e n t e n ce
a co mman din g im etuo sit
p y ; V irgil le ads u s w ith an attractiv e maj e sty : H o mer
sca ul magn ice n ce

tters w ith a gen ero u s p ro f usio n ; Virgil b e s to ws with a care f .

S hort sen ten ces an d lo n g o n es sho u ld b e p rop erly in t ermix e d Man y short
.

se nte n ce s, in s u cce ssio n , are a t to hav e a dis a re e ab le hitchin

p g g o r j erking e f f e ct ;
an d lo n
g w in ded se n te n ce s also disp le as e, b y b e co min g tire so me or te dio u s M o st
-
.

o ft he b e s t mo de rn write rs rathe r e r short s e n ten ce s an d simp le s tru ct u re , to

p ref
lo ng an d comp licate d sen te n ces L on g an d in vo lve d sen te n ce s sho u ld gen e rally
.

x
b e avo ided, b y e p re ss in g the same me anin g in t w o or mor e sho rt er se n te n ces .

A lo n g p are n thesis wit hin a sen t e nce is gen e rall b et ter e

y x
p ressed b y tak in g it
o u t, and ter o r b ef
p u t ting it af o re the o t her
p art, as a distin ct s en tence I t is .

so me t ime s b e tte r to re cast a dis a ree ab le s e n te n ce alto e t he r

g g ; o r to dis miss it,

x
an d t o e pres s t he me an in
g in s o me o t he r way M r B ancr of
. . t says, in his H is
to ry, Private in te res t, dire cte d t o the cu ltu re o fa v aluable s ta le w as mo re
p ,
p ro d u c tive t ha n t e p at ro nage o f E n glan d ; an d to b acco e n r iche d Virgin ia
h
.

H e re the tob acco clause is hitche d o n v ery ab ru ptl an d awk wardl j u s t as if th e

y y;
au tho r did n o t k n o w what to do with it Pe rhap s M a cau lay w o uld have said
.

Private inte rest, dire cte d to the cultu re o fa v alu ab le sta le w as more ro
p , p
ductiv e than the p atro nage O fEnglan d The Virgin ian s tu rn e d t he ir atten t i on
.

to t o b acco ; an d to bacco e n riche d t he m .

I n s e le cting w o rds, o r mo de s o fe x
p ress ion , t he qu e stio n is n o t w he ther t hey
are p e rf ectly adap te d to e x
p res s the me anin g, b u t w he t her they are the b es t t he
language af fo rds f o r t he me an in
g ; ifthey are , t he n t hey a re p rop er The p ref
x
.

e re n ce sho u ld in
, ge n e ral, b e giv e n to those w ords and e p ress io n s which are
mo s t po p u lar, or u n derstoo d by t he gre ates t nu mb er of e o le : an d w ho se
p p
 G EN E R A L O B S ERV A T I O N S . 25 3

u n damen tal me an ing whe n t hey

f are anal z e d o r t race d to the ir e ty mology, ao
, y ,
c ords b e st w it h the s e nse ih w hichw e me an to u se the m .

Ou r little w o rds o fo n e o r t wo sy llables , an d o u r p ithy idio ms, are ge n erall

y
t he b es t . A great master o flan gu age s ay s : x
S a o n w or ds can n ot b e u s ed t o o
f re u e n tl
q y . T
hey ab ridge an d co n de n se, a nd s mack o flif e an d e p e rie nce , an d x
f o rm t he n erve an d s in e w o fthe b e s t writin s o ft he da
g y ; w hile t he L atin is the
f at . x
T he S a o n p u ts s mall an d co n v e nien t han dles to thin gs , handle s that are
e asy t o grasp ; w hile y o u r p o n dero u s J
o hn so n ian p hraseo lo
gy e te n ds and ex x
a ggerate s, a n d n e ve r p ee s the cha f
l ro m the w heat

Dr o hns o ri said,
.

T he
. J
R e he arsal has n o t lif e e nou gh t o k e e
p it s w ee t ;

b u t imme diately re co lle ct ing

himself ,
he added, I t posse ss es n o t su f cie n t Vi t ality t o p re s er ve it f ro m p u t re
f act io n . H e de ne s net wor k so that no lady can f
-
ail to hav e a cle are r ide a o f

it t han s he eve r had b ef o re : A ny t hin g re t iculate d or decu ssate d, with in te r

W

i
s t ce s at equal dis ta ce s b n e t w e en t he int ers ectio n s .

e s ho u ld n ev e r u s e f x
o re ign w o rds, e pressio n s, o r idio ms w hen w e ha ve
,
n ativ e o n e s that w ill e x p res s the me an in g as w ell S u ch a u s e o flangu age s is
.

n o n s e n s ical a f fec te d an d p e dan t ic I s L i zz ie o n t he car e t adh uc ? A re t hings

, ,
.
p
s till in s ta tu qno I s hall p u t o u t in a f e w day s, an d go gao a n imus f or t y o u

W T
Fr o m a L etter res hu mble s erv ite u r

k no w whe re .
-
. Et co mmen t sa por te ,
.

M ade mo iselle ?
y o u o u t mos t diab o lically
hy yo u lo ok div in e ly

D ie n i a t o tal ab se n ce o fro u ge
W
hy , w hat a co if
.

.
B u t, mo n e n f
. an t, t hey hav e dre sse d

fu re mu st y o u have a n d, o h mon
B u t p erhap s y o u are o u t Fo ote Engltsiwn an

.

r etwr ned f r om P ar is .

The f i
ollo w n g p a ra ra
g p h is co m po s d n t e Fre n ch idio m :
e i h
I n o sooner
fo u n d my s elfhe re than I v is ite d my n e w ap art me n t s, which are co m o se d o f
p
ve p ieces ; t he small ro o m, w hich giv e s u p o n the garde n, is p ract is e d thro u gh
t he gre at o n e, an d t he re is n o o t he r iss u e A S I w as e cee de d w ith f
. x at igu e , I

n o so o n e r ma de m
y t o ilette t han I le t myselff all u p o n a b e d o fr ep os e, where

s le ep came to s u rp ris e me

.

I t is n o t al ways e asy to de termin e w hat is ge nu in e En glish idi o m Ou r lan .

gu age, b e in g f o r me d f ro m se ve ral o the rs, h as idio ms f r o m them a ll To w hat .

x
e t e nt f o reign idi o ms may b e allo we d in o u r p o e try, it is n o t e asy t o de te rmin e

I in cline t o thin k, that in t he w ho le o f o u r p o et ry E nglis h,

I r is h, an d A merican may b e f o u n d all the n atu rally in telligible idio ms f
e ls h, S co tc h,
ro m a ll
W .

t he f o re ign lan gu age s t hat o u r w riters e ve r s tu die d .

v iv id ide as o f things t he mselv e s . W

I t is p oss ible to make disco u rse o u t o fw ords me rely ; that is, w itho u t having
o rds a re o f te n s tru n g to ge the r gram
m at ically, an d w ith j u st e n o u gh s e n se o r p ro p ri e ty to avoid ab s u rdity S u ch .

e mp tin es s o fe
p x
re ss io n may b e te rmed no ns ens e I t co mes f
. ro m dull min ds, o r

fro m in do le n t o r v acan t state s o f the min d T

hu s it happ en ed that a ce rtain
.

S p a nish p oet co u ld n o t te ll what his o wn s o nn et me ant, a n d thu s hav e b e e n

p ro d u ce d h u n d re d s o f u n m e an in gp a ra g pra h s in o u r lit e ratu re H en ce w e can .

n o t b e too caref u l, o r u s e to o great e f f o rt s , in ge ttin g at cle ar a n d dis tinct ide as .

I n de e d vivid, s tatues qu e ideas are t he greate st charm, o r that w hich, a b o v e all

Tr u th tr u th wo rth le arn ing an d
.

t hin gs e lse, e n chain s t he he arer o r reade r .

re me mb erin g, is t he rst qu ality ; an d t he n e x t is bea u ty .

A co mmo n s p ecie s o f n o ns e n s e an d p e dan try is t he gran di lo qu e n t u se o f

le ar ne d lan gu age, w he n t he S pe ake r o r w rite r has n o t hin g to s ay, o r do e s no t
hims elfco mpre he n d, o r o n ly in a shado wy w ay, w hat he p re te n ds t o e p lain o r x
ro v e to o the rs
p .

Ex . The thin kab le , e ven when co mp elle d b y analysis t o mak e the n eares t
a p p ro ach that is p o ssible t o a n e gatio n o f in te lligibility, thu s imp lie s p he no m

e n a o bj e ctie d b y tho u ght, a n d co n ceive d to e is t in S pace an d time x

(

If .

e m lik e a man

t ho u hast any tidin gs, says Fals taf fto Pis to l, p rith ee ,
d e liv e r t h

o fthis w o rld )
L anguage ofthis ind is mostly f k ou n d in S p iritu al o r tran scen de n tal write rs
2 54 G EN E R A L O B S E RV A TI ON S .

an d sp eak ers ; divin es and metap hysician s

es p e cially In f act, we are a l liab le .
l

t o u s e lan gu age t hu s, w hen e v er w e atte mp t to draw f orth in to light w hat is

b eyo n d the re ach ofthe li mite d f ac u ltie s o fthe s o u l .

A n o ther S p e cie s o fp e dan try o r af f ec tat io n is the e cess iv e o r nee dle ss u se o r x

.

te chn ical lan gu age L ay in yo u r cars, my lads ; s te p t he s ho rt mas t c lo se

.

re ef t he sto rm lu g, an d b each t he galley u n de r can v as
-
Fr om a N ovel N o n e . .

b u t a se aman k n o ws what is mean t he re M o s t p e o p le are too in dole n t to s earch

.

o u t the me an in gs o ft he w o rds t hey do no t u n derst an d, n o r is it alway s co n

v e n ie n t t o do so I n w ritin g a scie n t ic treatis e, or in addres s ing sc ie n tic p e r

.

so n s, te chn ical lan gu age may s o me time s b e n e ces sary o r mo s t ap p ro p riat e .

A n other sp ecies o fp e dan try, o r rathe r, o faf

fectatio n , is t he ridicu lo u s apin g,
in n e or p omp o us language, o f t ho se p e o p le w ho are de e me d w o rthy o f
imitatio n .

Ex
A dmin ist er yo u r p ro po s itio n ; y o u w ill hav e my co n cu rre nce , s ir, in
.
-

an y thing t hat does n o t de ro at e f ro m t he regu latio n s o fco n du ct ; fo r it w ou ld

g
b e most pre posterous in o ne o fmy charact e r to de v iate f ro m t he s tricte st at te n

t io n N or w o u ld the re, S ir G rego ry, did circu ms tan ce s co n cu r as yo u in s in u ate ,

.

b e so ab so lu te a cert it u de, t hat I , w ho hav e rej e cte d s o man y matches s hou ld ,

in stan tan eo u sly succu mb A n d had n o t Pen elo p e r if le fra me d irre f

rag a b le re s T

.

o u tio n s, she n e e d n o t so lo n
l g have re tain ed he r family n ame Foote, r idi .

cu ling an o ld m aid .

u h akin to the f oregoin g f

gs
au lt is s illines s w hich also shou ld b e ca re f u lly
,
avor e

A p o p u lar b o ok o n phys io, thu s de scrib e s t he p ro cess o feat in

g
Pre he n sio n, o r the tak ing o f f oo d in to t he mo u th, is orme d mainly b y
p e rf
t he han d, as siste d b y t he lip s an d cheek s as w e ll as t he an t e rior t ee th a n d the
,
to n gu e The co n tact o fthe so lid f
.
o o d w it h the in te rio r o fthe mo u th, e cit es x
t h act o f masticatio n , p e rf o rme d b y alt ern at in on t ractio n s o f t he mu s cles
e g c
w hich p u ll the lo wer j aw u p w ard, do wn w ard b ack ward f o r ward an d laterall
, , , y,
by acting o n the b o ne in w hich they are im lan t e d "
p
w
.

g o f( o r ds, b o rde rs
To de f er the main su bj e ct in or der to de n e the me an in
f re qu e n tl
y u po n sillin e s s ; and so do e s mo s t o ft he u n b eco min gly o rid o r gu ra
t i ve lan gu age he s e tw o f
.
T au lts may b e ter me d t he so h
p omor ic s ty le, as b e in g
n atu rall an d
y ge n erally f o u n d in t he ha lf ree n an d halfri e a e o fco lle e se ho
g
-

p g
-

g p
mo re s S imilar to S illin e ss o f e ressio n is an o the r f
.
p x au lt, which I hav e o f t en
n o t ice d an d w hich s o me t imes af fe ct s w ho le co mmu n it ies as w e ll as in dividu als
, .

I t I s t he hack ney e d u se o fs o me ar ticu lar w o rd

p p hrase, o r s e n te nce
m
, .

S o e p eo ple are alw ay s guess ing ; s o me r ecko nin

, g ; s o me ca lcu la ting ; an d ,
s o me, sp os i n g so me nd e v e r
y t hin g s weet ; s o me, rs t r ate so me, mighty
-

good ; s o me, mighty bad

W
an d o the rs hav e all thin s in the s u e rlativ e de r
g p g ee
so me alwa s re s o n d wit h a h
T
y p a t s s o , D id y o u e v er 1 Y es e ll, to

b e s u re o r, hat s a f

T
act

A cer tain p olitician w as n e ve r k n o wn to mak e a
W
.

S pee ch i th o u t hav in
g o ur g re a t an d glo riou s U n ion in it S o me s p e e che s

.

a re o o de d w it h my fllo w citiz e ns " I n En lan d whate ve r leas es is n ice
e

g
-

p ;
.
,

x
,
I n t he U n i te d S tat e s
, ne Po e t s o f .ten e hib it t his f au lt in t he ir u s e o f
r hy mes in f act, t he f au lt see ms to b e a natu ral in r
.
mity o f the hu man mind,

W
w he n e v er t b e co mes mo rb id o r in do le nt or whe n it
i , co mes to a stan d in t he
gro w th o fi ts k no wledge e are o f te n an n oy ed by re memb e re d s cra s b u zz in
p
.

I n the he ad lik e
.
g
gadili e s, e s pe cially ifthey n d the re so me t hin o fa P e as u s
g g .

L o w, v u lgar, o r p ro v incial e
p x
re ss io n s s hou ld b e avo ide d
S u ch are , To

i
.

g e
t n t o a T l h m
S cra
p ,
e o t
p a
y e p o s su , T o a ck n o wle dge the co rn ,

l o cu t s hi n e s,

To b ark u p the w ro n t

g r ee , T o g e t the hang o f ,

To
have a f air S ha k e at

an d man
, y o the rs, w hi ch w e de cli n e t o no te f or f
g
e ar
t he learne r s ho u ld catc h t he m S o me o ft hes e lo w ye t cu rren t e ress io n s are
.

so we ll f o u n ded an d so e ne r etic
p
g t hat t hey s hou ld rat he r b e re arded as o ld
g g
 25 6 G E N ER A L o n s e av ar ro s e .

e xcelle n ce G en ius has qu ick and stro ng symp athie s, and is s o me time s give n to
.

re v e r
y an d visio n ; talen t is cool an d w is e, seldo m los in g s ight o f co mmo g

s en s e . G en iu s is b o rn f
or a p a r ticu lar p u rs u it, in w hich it s u rp as ses ; ta len t is

v ersat ile , an d ma
y mak e a res p e ctable gu re at almo s t any thin g To gen ius .

are du e ab o u t all t he achie ve me n ts t hat dis tin gu is h e n lighte ne d f ro m s av age life

ta len t has merely p res e r ve d p o lished, an d e nj oy e d t he p ro du ctio n s o fgen i us , b u t

,

cre at ed n o t hin g M en o fta lent are b u t t ime s erv ers : t hey u su ally ca rry o n t he
.
-

w o rld, an d ge t the b es t o fit w hile t hey are in it ; b u t t heir glory ge n e rally e nds
a t t he grav e M e n o f gen ius so me times starve f
. o r wan t ofb re ad ; t ho u gh the y

are ge ne rally ap p re ciat e d an d ho n ore d by p o ste rity .

W
Disc rimin ate wo rds as yo u n d t he m u se d in se nte n ces written b y goo d

au t h o rs I fI say,
. hen t he disciple s saw t he S avio r arise n o n the mo rn ing

o fthe re su rre ct io n they ga zed u p o n him w it h as to n is hme n t an d rapt u re ;
,
I
hav e o f t e n s ee n imp u de n t f ello w s s tatio n t he mselv es a t t he do o rs o f c hu rche s,

an d s tar e at the w o me n ; y ou can e as ily s ee the dif fe re nce b e twe e n gaze an d
s tar e .

Eve ry w o rd has a p eculiar se t o fasso ciatio n s b elo nging to it ; an d in the

p rop er discrimin at ion o fw ords with ref e ren ce t o the ir s eco n dary ide as , lie chie y
W
t he p re cisio n an d e le gan ce o flan guage .

e sho u ld rathe r c ho ose t he w o rds a n d e p re ss io n s alre ad x

y in co mmon u s e,
an d e m lo
p y t he m in the ir o rdin ary s ign icatio n , t han co in n e w wo rds o r e x

W
p ressio ns, o r u s e o ld o ne s in a p eculiar s en s e f o r, ifwe w e re at lib e rty in the s e

y man s w ritin gs w o u ld n ee d a glo ssary e ma

re sp ect s, s o o n e v er Ex y . .

re co gniz e t his co n struct io n b

y the n ame o f the accu s at ive an d in nitive co n
t acted obj e ctiv e acce sso ry
r

Mu lliga n .
-
.

A no ther f ault is a mb igu ity, which aris es chie

y f ro m the s e v e ral dif
feren t
mean ings w hich s o me w o rds hav e, fro m t he p os itio n o f wo rds, an d f ro m t he

W
o miss io n o fw o rds H e is mad
The go v erno r had s e veral f as t f rie n ds in

. .

T
the e rrito ry
B ur net s N or thwes t Te r r ito r y
. hat s o rt o f f rien ds do e s he

W
.

W
mean ? r m f

rie n ds,

I su pp o s e
T he ris in g t o mb a lo f . ty colu mn b o re
.

hich b or e the o ther

hil e the s u n w as ge ntly s in kin g b elo w the ho rizo n
in the w est, with mu ch b e au ty , the b r ight mo o n ro se se renely ab o v e it in

t he e as t .

R hyme s, p oetical w ords, an d p oe tic s tr u ctu re sho u ld b e avo ide d in p rose

Eat
He p ulle d o u t his p u rs e t o re imbu r s e t he u n f o rtu n ate man

.

mor n was clo u dy an d dar ks o me, b ut the eve w as se re n e ly b eau tiful .

T he gallan t w arrio r starts f ro m s cif t re p os e, f ro m golde n v is io n s an d v olup

tu o u s e ase ; w here, in the du lcet i in t ime o f e ace b e s o u ht s we e t so lace
p p g p , g
af te r all his to ils N 0 more in b eau ty s s ire n lap r e clin e d, he w eaves f
.

air gar
lands f o r his lad s b ro w s
y

; n o mo r e en tw ines w ith f lo w e rs his s hin in g s w o rd,
n o r t hro u h t he liv e lo n
g lazy s u mmer s day chan ts f o r th his lov e s ick s o ul in

g -

madrigals To man ho o d ro u s e d, he spu rn s the amo ro u s u te do if

.

; s f ro m his

k
b raw ny b ac the ro b es o f eace an d clo t he s his am ere d limb s in an o l o f
p , p p p py
s te el
.

k
O e r his dar br o w w here late the m rtle wa ve d whe re w an to n ro ses
y ,
b re athe d e ne r vate lo ve he re ars the b eamin
, g cas qu e and n o ddin g p lume ;
s ps he b ri ht shie ld an d s hak e s t he r mo u n t s, w it h e ager
gra t g p o n dero u s la n ce
; o
p ri de, his ery s te ed, an d b u rns f o r de e ds o fglo rio u s c hivalr I rving : Kn icker
y .

bocker P oss ibly, t he f

o re go in
g w as me an t in ridicu le o ft he t u rgid o r b o mb as tic
.

s ty le
. T he go lde n mo u t he d au tho r ho we ve r n o t u nf
-

re qu en t ly t ran sgres ses , b y

, ,

p ass mg i n to poe tic gro u nds .

In cco rdan ce
w ith D r Blair s s s te m o frhe tor ic w e ma b rie f

ly s u m u p t he
a y .

, y
mos t i mp o r tan t q alitie s o fs tyle, in t he six f
u o llo win
g t er ms : p u r ity , p r op r iety,
a nd p r ec as zo chie f m
ly in regard to w o rds an d
p hr as es ; an d p ersp icu i ty, u nity,
a nd s tr en gth, in re ard to se n ten ce s He who w rites w it h p u r ity, avo ids all
g .

phras e olo gy t hat 18 fo re ign, u ncou th o r ill deriv e d

, ; he who w rite s w ithp r op r i ty,
- e
 G EN E R A L O B S ERVA TI O N S . 25 7

s e lec ts most app ro priate , the v ery b est e x pre ss io n s, an d generally displays
the
so u n d j u dgme n t an d go o d tas te , he w ho w rites w ith p r ecis ion , is caref u l to
state e x actly w hat he mean s all t hat he me an s o r that is necessary, an d n o t hin g
mo re ; he w ho w rite s with p er sp icu ity, aims t o p re se n t his m ean in g so clearly
an d o b v io u sly t hat n o o n e can fail to u n de rs tan d him at o n ce ; he w ho Ob s e rv es
u n ity, f
o llo w s caref u lly the mo s t agre e ab le o rder o f n atu re , an d do e s n o t j u mb le
to ge the r in co n gru o u s thin gs, n o r thro w o u t his thou ghts in a co n f
u se d o r chao tic
mass ; an d he who w rit e s w ith s tr ength, s o dis p ose s o r mars hals all the p arts of
e ach s en t e n ce, an d all t he p arts O ft he discou rs e , as t o mak e t he st r o n e s t im
g
p ress io n .


A p e rso n s style, acco rdin g as it is in u e n ce d by taste an d imagin a
tio n , may b e dr y, p lain, neat, elegan t, or n amental or id, o r tu r gid The mo st
,

co mmon f au l ty s tyle is t hat w hich may b e de sc rib e d as b e in s t iff cramp e d,

g ,

lab ore d, he avy, an d t ir eso me ; its O pp o site is the e asy, o w in g, grac e f

u l,
sp rightly , an d in t e re stin g style On e Oft he gre ates t b e au tie s o fs ty le , o n e t oo
.

little r egarde d, is s implicity o r n atu raln e ss ; t hat e asy, u n af f

ecte d, e arn e st, an d
highly impre ssiv e langu age w hich in di cat e s a to t al ign o ran ce, o r rat her, in n o
ce n ce , o f all the trick e ry o fart I t s eems to co ns is t o ft he p u re p romp t ings o f
.

n atu re ; tho u gh, in mos t in stan ce s, it is no t s o mu ch a n atu ral gif t as it is the

p erf ectio n ofa r t
'

Dr C ampb ell giv es the f

. x
o llo w in g e celle n t law s o flan gu age, w hich sho uld

b e e v er k ep t in min d, a n d w hich will b es t e e mplif x

y thems elves in the cou rs e
o fthe s tu den t s lif x
W
e an d e p erie n ce

1 . hen the u sage is divide d as to an y p articular w o r ds o r p hr ase s, an d

w he n o n e ofthe ex p ressio n s is s u scep tible Ofdif fe re n t m ean in gs , w hile t he
o the r admits o fo n ly o n e sign i cat io n , t he e x p re ssio n w h ichis st rictly u n iv
o cal sho u ld b e prefe rr e d .

W
2 I n dou b tf
u l case s an alo gy sho u ld be re
garde d .
,
.

3 .he n e x p r e ssio n s are in o the r re sp e cts e qu al

,
that sho u ld b e p r e

W
f
e rr e d w hich is mo st agre e able to the e ar .

4 . hen no n e o fthe pr e ce din g r ule s t ak es place, r e gard sho u ld b e had

to simplicity .

a .A ll w o rds an d phrase s, p ar ticu larly har sh an d n o t ab so lu te ly n e ce s

W
sary, sho u ld b e dismis s e d .

b . hen the e ty molo gy plainly p o in ts to a dif e r e n t s ign i cation f

f ro m

W
w hat t he w o r d b ea rs, p ro prie ty an d s implicity r e qu ire its dismissio n .

0 . hen w o r ds b e co me o b sole te , or ar e n e ve r u se d b u t in p ar ticu lar

h ras e s the h u ld b e r e u diate d, as t hey give the s ty le an ai r Ofv u lgar
p , y s o p
ity an d can t, w he n this ge n e ral dis u se r en de rs the m o b scu r e .

d A ll w or ds an d p hr ase s w hich, an alyz e d gr ammatically , in clu de a s ole

.

cism , sho u ld b e dis mis s e d .

6 .A ll e x pr e ssio n s w hich, acco r din g to the e s tablishe d ru le s o flan gu age ,

e ith e r hav e n o m e an in g, o r in v o lv e a co n tra dictio n , o r, acco r ding to t he

fair co ns tr u ctio n o fthe w o r ds co n v e m e a n in diff ere n t fr o m t he imte n

, y a g
k
tio n o fthe sp ea e r, sho u ld b e dismisse d .

N O T E T he r emainder o fthe b o o k , exce pt the art icle o n A naly

sis, mi ht b e t e rm e d P ar t T h ird I n the f
o r e o in
g a e s, we have
gp g
g
W
.

sho w n hat the m o s t o rdin ary lan gu age mu st have ; in m os t o fthe

fo llo win a es, w e s h a ll e n de av o r to sho w ho w lan gu age acqu i res
g p g
fo r ce an d b e au ty .
258 R H ET O RI C A L D E VI C ES .
E Q U 1 V A LE N T E X P R ES S I ON S .

R HET OR I C AL D EVI C ES
13 . .

EQU I VA L EN T EX PR ES S I ON S .

A e xp re i n i e qu i le n t t o an o the r when it co
n ss o s va ,
n ve y s t he same
mea i g i dif
n n fr n t w o rds n e e .

L ngu ge Ofte n f
a f d u the cho ice O fe ither a s i
a a or s s n
gle w o r d, a

h a e or
r s e t i e c la s e an n r u
p ,
.

P leasan t s e en e s = S ce n e s of N o w = at t he

Ex that leas e .

W
.

res e n t t im e S har p ed e d = hav in g a S harp e dge T he o ok , con tain in g the

p
-
. .

s to ry, is in my he b o o k whichco n tains the s tory, is in my library e .

x
O p ecte d h im to make a zt e d that he wou ld make a sp eech T he
n
e c .

riv er was s o deep as to be imp assable t t it was imp assabletha t it co u ld not be

passed o ver .

Tran sitive bs m ay b e u se d in either v o ice

v er .

W
Ex . C ain killed A b el A b el was killed b y C ain .

m ay so m etimes e xp re ss
e an asse r tio n mo dest ly by su bs tit u ti n
g
a de n ial o fthe o ppo site

.

Ex

. I
member yo u r p r o mise = I have not forgotten yo u r p ro m is e
re

. H e is
e , He i s n o t i gn o ran t ; He is n o f
o ol

h m
S e is han dso e ;
.

S he is
n ot ho mely

.

It or ther e is O t en
f u sed t o in tro d u c e a s e n e n ce t mo r e e le
g an tly .

Ex . I t is n o t p r ob ab le that tho s e w ho ar e v icio u s in yo u th, w ill b eco me

t u o u s in Old age Ther e n e ver w as a time when lab or was mor e in d e man d
. or

b e ter r e warde d
t .

F req u en t ly ,
we may u se an tirely differen t
en w o rd, or mo de o f
e x ressi o n ,
p w i h e qu al o r e v t r r r en
g eate r
p p
o iety .

Ex .

T e gen tle man does n ot p o s s ess t he n ece s s ary qu alicatio n s =He is
-
h = -

u nt f o r t he b u s in es s
S he die d
.G o d r eleas e d her f ro m he r ain

The .

o n e w as a ho rs e named P o u n d cake the o ther , a mu le that wa ged is lon g e ar s to

h
-
,

h
t e call of
hi mself
M y Op o n e n t does
p e r hap s n o t s e e t hat e has co n tr adict e d
T he hon orab le e n ato r d o es n ot s ee m t o k n o w that he is cau ght t ight
an d f as t in the e d f x
act o fa k illin
g co n tr adiction

.

The sho rt est an d mo st f amiliar e x r ess io n s are n erall t h b es t

p ge y e .

T he lo n ger o r mo re u n u su al o n e s are mo re cer em o n io u s, and, to b e

ro riat e , sho u ld im l reat er im o rt an ce o f mat te r o r t
a
pp p py g p , g r e a er
accu rac , cle arn e ss o r e le an ce
y , g .

The u se o f o n e p art Ofs

p eech, or f
o rm, f
or an o t he r
,
is calle d

ena l lage .

Ex . T he swallo w s ings s weet f

ro m her n e st in t he w all .

S o , we
us e d f
or I .

A R R A N G EMEN T .

Fo rth ru she d w ith w hirlw in d sou n d

The chariot o fp ate rn al D e it M ilt0 n
y . .

U p ro se t he s u n , an d u p rose Emilie Chaucer

W
S ilve r and gold have n o n e B ible I
. .

. .

e se t him loo se, an d a wav he ran S wif
t s G u lliver s Travels

.
-

W p i it
.

HO s r ed do es t he ar ran tr e me n t O fthe wo r dz mak e the f

o r ego in g se n te n ce s
-
.
 R H ET O RI C A L D E V I C ES E LL I PS I S P LE O N A S M

W
. . .

ELLI PS IS . OR OMI S S I ON OF OR D S .

Fo r the sak e ofb r e vity an d f o rce, w o rds n o t n e ce ss ar

y t o co n v e
y
the m e an ing are S o metim e s o mitt ed .

Ex .
A
ho rs e ! a ho rs e ! my k in gdom f
or a hor s e ! is mu ch m ore f or cib le

e tch me a ho r s e ! I w o u ld n o w giv e m k in do m f
'

than , Fetch m e a hors e ! f

g
or a
y
ho r se .

A b oy an d [a] irl

T he old b rid e an d t he n ew [br i dge]
. S w eet .

[ ]
is t he p leas u re , r ich is t he tr eas u r e
[ D ry en .
-
.

I n the f ollo win g s tan za, the o mis s ion o fwh ichis qu ite elegan t

W

I he ar a v oice tho u can s t n ot he ar ,
hi ch s ays I m u st n o t stay ;

W
I s e e a hand tho u can st n ot s e e ,
hi ch b eck o n s me away
.

Omitt ed w o rds ar e s u ch as hav e alre ady b e en m ent io n ed, or e lse

su ch as m ay b e r e adily in f ro m the wo r ds u s ed
err ed f .

8 11 p os e you sho u ld s ee mer ely

hor s e s he ad p r oj ecti
a fr om b ehin d a s t ab le ,

wo ul ro m yo u r k n owle dge , k n o w w hat an im

o u n ot f is t her e e v en withou t
s eein g im i The same p rin cip le allo ws ellip sis , or the o mis sio n o f w ords .

In an alyz in
g and
p g ar sin
y ,
o nl su c h w o rds ho u ld b e
s su
pplied

as ar e n e cessar to co m lete t he co n st ru ct io n
y p .

PLEON A S M, OR R EPETI TI ON OF W OR D S .

S o metimes mo re wo r ds may b e u se d than ar e ab so lu el n ecess ar

y t y
.

Ex
it wi thmy own eyes The v es s el s aile d f

. I saw

. or C u b a, an d not for
New Y or k . O u r b oat s u n k do w n to the v ery b o tto m
.

One fe w , t he imm ortal n am e s
o fthe

T we e n ot bo rn to di e Halleek
hat r . .

The sa me wo rd or the sa me t
co n s ru c tio n m ay so metimes be
re
p e t
a ed .

S trik etill the las t ar mf

oe e xpi res !
y o u r alt ars an d y ou r res !
S trik e f
or the gr ee n
grav e s o fyou r s ir es
G o d, an d you r native lan d lHalle
N mploymen t f
o e or in du stryn o deman d f o r lab orn o sale ofthe r e d u ce o f
the f armno so u n d o fthe hammer b u t t hat o fthe au ction e er k n o e in d o wn

, g
p r op erty l B en ton How well here do e s n o in dicate the u tt er r o s tr ation o fb u si
-

p
.

n e s s an d p ro s erit .
y
yield n othin g b u t s mall stu n te d shru bs e ven these f

T he e n d es s s ands ail
afte r the rs t t wo or thre e da s an d f ro m t h at t ime y ou
p as s o ver b r o ad p lain s
y o u p as s o v er n ewly r eare d g
ills yo u p ass thr o u gh v alleys that t he storm o ft he
las t w eek has dugan d the hills an d the v alleys ar e s an d s an d s till s an d, an d
o n ly san d, an d s an d an d s an d a ain
, g .
,
Eo then : Cr oss in g the D eser t
,
How well .

he re do es r ep et i ti on i n dicate t he te dio u s n e ss an d w earin e s s f elt b y the tr av eler

W
.

Ho w b e it the door I Op en e d o r s o I dr e ame d

;
hich slowly, s owly gap e
l H ood s Hau n ted Hb u se

.

H ar e s lowly, r ep e ate d , ve ry i n en io u sl in timat es t he f e ar an d hes it at io n o ft he

0p e n r .
g y
Mo u rn , h pless C l e don ia, m o u rn F l n, f al n , f al n , f al n f r o m his
a

al n , f

a a .

hi gh e s tate an we te ri n g in his b lo o d
ho no rs , l O u r liv e s , o u r f
. o r t un es , an d o u r s acre d
.

T
he re i s b u t o n e , o n e Mar in t he w o rld f
y or m e

.

S he winks an d gig les an d sim e rs

A n d s irri ers , an dg
gi gles , an wih ks ;
A n d t ho ng s he t al k s b u t litt le

s a great d e al mo re t han s h
-

e th in s
S tark k . .
 R HETOR I C A L DE VI C E8 E X ER C I S ES
. . 2 61

x
E p lain u po n a thin g till all men do u b t it ;
A nd w rit e ab o u t it , an d ab ou t it
Pop e s D u n
-
.

By for e ign han ds t hy dyin

g e e s w er e clo s e d
By fo r e ign han ds t hy de ce n t mb s co mp ose d
'

By for eign han ds t hy hu mb le gr av e ad or n e d ;

By s tr an gers hon o r e d, an d b
y s t ran ger s m o u rn e d .
P op e .

M us t I t he n le av e yo u i Mu s t I n ee ds f o r ego
S o go o d, s o n o b le , an d s o tru e a mas t e r ?
T he kin g s hall hav e my se r vice , b u t my r a ers

Fo r eve r an d f o r e v er s hall b e y ou rs .

t t
A u ho rs s o m e im es co n side r it a b eau y to b egin t wo o r t
w o rds o fthe s am e lin e, o r in the same co n s ru c io n , w i h the t t t
t
le t e r This is calle d a lliter a tion
. .

In frien dship f als e, im lacab le in hat e

p ,
R es olve d t o r u in o r t o r u le t he s t ate D ryden .

Fields f o re v er fr es h, an d gr o ves f
o re v er gr een .

R ou nd r u gged rocks , r u de r agged r asca ls r a n .

A lik e f ght re par e d,
{
or east an d
B attle an ! ban qu et o th t ey s hare d g IV S cott . . .

E X E R C I S E S .

it.
Change the voice
Jo hn f e d the ho rse

H is f
Co rn w allis w as de f
rie n ds w ill re co mme n d him
.

I Off
eat ed b y ashin gt on

e r ed him a S it u atio n
.
He made W .
.

Cha nge the par ticip ia l an d the in nitive p hr ases in to cla us es

The t eache r b ein g in S ight, all the b oy s ran to t he ir b o o s He came to k .

x
e amin e t he matt er himself His v ie ws are s o e trav agan t as to b e ridiculou s x .

H avin g p aid his clerk, he dismissed him .

U se rr
TO devis e any apolo gy f
or s u ch co n du ct, is u tterly imp ossib le .

N ot man w as in the co u n try, u n willin g to def

one e n d it Thorns are to ro ses . .

C hange in to comp ou nd aahectives

'

My b o o ts w ith re d to p s Violets o f s w ee t scen t f

. rin ge d the b an k The .

live o ak s o fthe S o u th, that are cu rt ain e d with mo ss

-
.

Cha nge the wor ds , or the mode qfexp r es sio n

Ev ery o n e w ho hu n ts af ter p le as u re , or fame , o r f o r tu n e , is still re stles s an d

u n e asy t ill he has hu n t e d do wn his game S wif t I b o re t he dimin u tio n Of .

my riches witho u t an y o u trages o fsorrow, o r p u sillan imity o fdej ectio n John .

-

s on .

s u mmer s o ls tice illis . W

S u sp e n ders w ere ab an don ed with the rst intimatio n of the pre s ent
.

Change the ar r a n gemen t, a n d occasion a lly the mo de ofexp r es sio n

A p e rso n gain s more b y Ob ligin g his in f erio r, than b y diso b ligin g him The .

murmu rs o fthe p eo p le w e re lo u d, as t heir s u f f e rin gs in cre as e d Vario u s, sin .

cere , an d co n stan t are the e f fo rts of me n , to p ro du ce tha t happ in e ss w hich t he

min d re qu ires The n e ce ssary ingre die n ts o ff
. rie n dship are co n de n ce an d

b e n ev ole nce I fb eas ts co u ld talk, t hey might Of

. te n te ll u s a cru el s to ry Fo r .

man y a r etu rn ing au tu mn , a lo n e I n dian w as se e n stan din g at the co n secrate d

sp o t we hav e me n tion e d ; b u t, j u st t hirty y e ars af ter the de ath o fS o o nse etah, he
was n o tice d f o r t he last tim e .

W

B en e ath tho se ru gge d elms, that ye w tre e s shade, -

he re he av es t he t urfw ith many a mouldering he ap,

Each in his n arro w ce ll f o rev er laid,
The ru de f at hers o fthe hamle t sle e p G ray
o re f .
2 62 R H EI O R I C A L
'
FI GURES .

Chan ge to pr ose
For
W ! s e e, while y e t her ways,
s e e, a ll

ith do u b tfu l s te p s I t read,

,

A ho stile w o rld its t erro rs raise,

I ts sn ar es delu sive S pread Merr iclc .
.

S upp ly all the om itted wor ds

The large an d t he li ttle man w e re gre at f r ie nds S tay lon ger A rm, sol o

. .

diers ! ain Vv ain

giv e o e r H o w no w, T uldal, w hat n ews f. ro m G e n o a ?
'

'

A diamo nd gone, co st me three thou san d du cats in Frank f o rt ! The co mb at

deep en s
On, ye b rav e B u t go ne w as e v e ry I n dian w e had see n T he
w
. . .

mo re, the b e tter He av en hides fro m b ru te s hat men , f ro m men w hat sp irits ,

'

k n ow .He Of fe re d a re war d to who ev er cou ld solve the p ro b le m He has '

.

e h
b av ed as e ll as you
w H e has b e have d b e tte r than Iyo u
.

The ho n o r, an d ,
.

n ot the p ro ts, is w hat he v alu e s mo s t Quick a t meals , qu ick at w ork Be tte r . .

long so me thing, than soo n n o thin g S o o n rip e, soo n ro tte n

Wm
. .

h en ' p ain and sorro w wrin g the br ow,

'

A in iste ri n g ange l tho u S cott .

14 . R HET ORI C A L FI G U R ES .

The e xpres siv e n ess O flangu age m ay b e in cre ase d o r e xte n de d, by

the j u dicio u s u s e O f t he rhe t o r ical gu re s T he y p ro mo t e clea r .
.

nes s, bea u ty, br evity, an d f

or ce .

xt
W
S o me S o u thern or ato r moral in u en ce o fwoman
has thu s e olle d the
'

oman wields the A rchimedean le ve r whose f ulcru m is childho od, w ho se

weight is the wo rld, whose lengt h is all time, an d whose s weep is ete rn ity l

Bu rn s thu s lamen ts the vanis hed hap p y days o fyou t h

S till o er thes e scene s my me mory w ak es,

A nd f o n dly b ro o ds w ith miser car e ;

T ime b ut the impression de epe r mak es,
A s st re ams their chan n els deep e r w ear .

D ryden sp e aks thu s o fthe in v en t r es s Ofthe chu rch organ -

He raise d a mo rtal to the ki

s e s,

S he dre w an an gel do wn .

Th t ia s, the o rgan , at div in e s ervice , is as an an gel that has j u st has t en e d do wn

fro m he av en to in str u ct an d le ad t he cho ir in
, p r ai s in g G o d .

G rattan clos e s hi s character o fC hatham with t hi s s u b lime s en te n ce

He stru ck a blo w in the w orld, that resoun ded thro u gh the u n iv ers e
'
.

x
A ll thes e e amp le s o we the ir b e au ty an d v igor chie y to t he u r e s w hich t he y
co n tai n A p er f
. e ct clas s i catio n o ft he r he to rical u res is
g p er ap s imp os s ib le ; g
fo r so meti mes sev eral s et the same e
.

p r e s sio n aglo w at o n ce x
S o me r heto rician s .

pw
re te n d t o
h av e s e en m ore t han 2 5 0 dif
Wll
fe ren t o n e s
; t he fo llo w i n g clas s icatio n ,
o e ve r, i ab o u t e xhau s t t he s u b j e ct .

1 . A si m i le is an ex
p ress co mp ariso n .

Ex T he mu sic o fC a like the meme 1 w as

0f o s th at a t, s weet
ig e

g gb
re
db
.

an d mo u t f
h u l to t he sou l T he child r c lif u it s mo th b OS o m
'

.
i x
as s ome i n an t blossom on its
f p ar en t s tem M r s S
lo o k e d as I ft he S p e ed O ftho u ht w e re in his limb s B r on
i go urn e
y

H e [th e s t e ed ]
. . .

y Too mu ch gov . .

e rn me n t may b e a re ate r e vil t an n o o ver n men t The sheep ar e happ ier a .

themselves th n u the car e ofthe we se Je er so n m m d

a S o e t i e s w e n s
. ue -
.

c o n de n se d m i les as t his :
A f als e f rie n d an d a shado w atte n d on l while t he
ti l l ] ! 8 h1 11 08
[s .
y
2 64 R H ET O R I C A L F I G URES .

Ex T
hey hav e Moses an d t he p r op h ets i e , the wrir i tin g s

I ha . . .

The w o m en an d childre n w ere p u t to t he s wor d

.

i e , to
Homer an d Vir gil . . .

d e ath T he hu sb an dman has lo s t his s we t a h

i e , t e r e w ar d o f h is lab o r

G r ay . . .

W
.

hane s sho u ld b e r es cote d i e , o ld a e He w as t he s igho f he r s ecret s o u l

'

'
. .

i e , t he yo u t h f w ho m s he s i he

i n r
s ec e t e d r a n k b u t o n e bottle

W
. .
. .

P en nsylvan ia p as se d ce rt ain reso u tio n s

H e as s u med the scep tr e i e , t he . . .

r egal au t ho rity S ign f

agre e ab le cir eu mlo c u tio n
or t hin g s ign i e d

m
. e of
hen a gram mar ian s ays ,

W
t en u s e t hi s gu r e t o av o id dis
T he p re di cat e i s that w hich
.
.

r me d oft he s u bj ect, he T he p re dicate den o te s t hat which is af r m

is af e an s ,

e d o fw hat t he s u bj e ct d e n o t es .

rom o n e ob j e ct to an acc o m a

My ad ven tur ou s s o n g A ttrib u te t r an s ferre d f .
p

Dr owsy night ; mu s in g midn ight ; j os ial w in e ; giddy heigh t s ;
'

in g ob c t
l
e .

a tin g mo u n tain s o u ghman ho m e war d p lo ds his

fea
rf di b i k bl T h e l
; p
u ,
zzy r n e .

Y o u hav e a v e ry i mp u dent m s aid a yo u n g man to an ot he r

wea r y wa u le,
y .

w ho had j u s t rode b etween him an d a yo u ng lad y .

A s y n e c d o c h e is a t er m o r an e xpr ess io n ap plie d t o mo re or

'
6 .

less t han it st rict ly den o t es S o m e gramm arians say, S yn ecdo che .

is the n aming o fa part f art

o r t he w ho le , o r o ft he w ho le f

W
or a
p .

Ex G iv e u s o u r daily br ead i e , f ood e b o u ght a hu n dr e d h ead o f . . . .

T he s ame d ay w e re adde d u n to t he m thr e e t ho u s an d so u ls

.

s heep . O bs e r v e .

t hat t he p r eachin g w as to s ave sou ls , an d he n ce t he s ele ctio n o ft his ar t fo r t he

p
I am glad w e ar e u n der r oo
W

w ho le .

H er e li es b u rie d illis/m Jon es

S tay t hy av e n gi ng s teel
1 e , t he b o dy
1 e , s w or d
T he A ssyr ian came d o w n
f.
.

. .
. . .

lik e t he w o lfo n t he f old

S o t ho u ht t he co u ntr ies o f D e mos t he n es an d t he
.

S p ar tan ye t L eon idas is tr am ple d b y t e tim id s lave Y ou th an d beau ty s hall

,
.

b e laid i n du st T he char act e r, q u alit o r attr ib u te o f a p ers o n is o f co u rse a
x
.

ar t o f him
u
T o his Excellency t he s aid A le an de r
plo ves t he Icin b u t He hees tio n lo v es A le an de r
. o v e r n or
He r emain e d s il en t , an d x
.

g p .

t hu s wis e ly k ep t t he f oo l within

Ten thou san d eets s wee o v er t he e in v ain
T x h
.

i. e ,
a large n u mb er
.

T he t hirsty e an p o in t e d his n e r o wn his o p en mo u t ,
.

an d s aid t o the Me ican w o man , x

R io G r a n de R io G r an e .

Metonymy an d synecdoche are f ou n ded, n ot o n r e se mb lan ce, b u t o n r ela tion ;

an d they so me times a
ppro ach e ach o ther so n early as n o t to b e re ad ily dist in
gu ished They en ab le t he s peaker to b e mo re de n ite, by co n nin g the atten tio n
.

to that on ly w hich is mo st o b v iou s or in te lligib le , o r t o t hat w hich n ecessarily im

p lie s the re st ; t hey e n ab le him to b e mo re imp res siv e , b y draw in g t he atte nt ion
e sp eciall to t hat o n w h
y ich t he fact o r actio n imme diately de en ds ; an d f ire
p
qu e n tly t hey e n able him t o avo id circu mlocu t io n .

Ex He addr ess e d t he C hai r , is m or e de n ite than , He add res s ed t he

.

W
P r esi den t for it m u st me an , He addr e ss e d t he Pr e s ide n t i n h m

is o cia l 60p J

e des crie d a sa il s hi
[a p ] b t, u O u r heels [s hip s ] p lo u ghe d t he de e p
c au s e t he f or me r acco r ds b e tte r with s e ein an d t he lat te r , w ith p lo u ghin g
g ;
T T x
.

T he f f
ru i t o fthat or bidden tr e e w ho s e mor ta l A S E is a v e r ar tf
.

, , y u l e p r e s s io n .

Ev e had an u n co n u erab le cu rio s ity t o taste t he f r u it w hich w as

f or bidden u n d e r
t he p en alty o fdea t l g .

7 .
{A n t it h
'
c s i s se s t fer e n t
dif j t
o b ec s o r a tt rib u t es in co n ras t t
W
.

Ex S ink o r s wi m live
die, s u r vi ve o r er ish, I giv e my han d an d hear t t o
or
ho u hdeep , ye t clear p A t his t ou ch, cro wn s cr u mb le d ,
.
,

t hi s ebster
g . T
b egg rs r e igne d, s ys tems v an i s he d P hilli s
.

a p A s w hen a hu sb an d o r a lap . .

d o d ie s Po e T he n ot io n s o fD r den w er e f o r m e d b y co mp r e hen siv e s p e cu

g p .

y
.

lat i o n ; tho s e o f P o p e by m in u t e o b s er vatio n D d i d w i h f

W
, ry e n s r e a t r e q u e n t as ~

i t h e r e t nel d e li ht
.

t o niS hmc ll t Po p e i

Johw as S e e t he rs t t wo st an zas
P p g .

o fHalle ck s Bo zz ai is

.

W
To day man s d res s ed in gold an d s ilver b r i ht
-

g
ra
pp e d i n a s hr o u d b e f
o r e t o mor r o w ni g t
h -
.

T
hey hear d t he clario n s iro n clan
g,
The b re eze which thro u gh t he ro s es s an
 RHE T O R I C A L F I GURES . 2 65

8 I l m e an s the r e v e rs e o fw hat the w o r ds lit er

ro n y sn e e rin
.
gy
all de n o te I t is u s u all m o ck e r u tt e r e d f t h k e o f r idicu le
y y y
. o r e s a

o r s arcasm I t has the n e st e f fect w he n the s eak e r see ms t o f

.
p all

in to the re al se n time nts o ft ho se w ho m he att ack s .

Ex T o . S o lo m on , o r t o p r ais e what w e m ean t o disp ar age , is ir on y

call a f
ool a .

Hav e n o t the I n dian s b e en k in dl an d j u s tly t r e ate d ? Hav e n o t t he t emp o r al

t hin gs , t he v ain b au b le s an d lt hy u cr e o f t hi s w o rld , which w er e to o ap t t o e n
age t heir w o rld l
y an d s el sh t ho u ghts , b e en b e n e v o len tly t ak en fr o m t he m
; an d
rav e t he
y n o t in st ead ther e o f,
b een tau ght t o s et their af fectio n s o n t hin gs ab o ve ?
-
I roirng .

9 . P ara li p
sis
p re t en ds to co n ce al o r o mit wha t it r e all
y ex

p r ess e s o r su
gg es s t .

Ex I wi ll n ot call him s ills/ in , b ecau s e it w ou ld b e u n arliam en tar y

.

I will .

no t ca ll himfool, b ecau s e he ha pp ens t o b e C han cello r o fthe x che qu e r G r attan

. .

Bo ys , yo u w o u ld n ot thr o w s t o n e s at t he Po lice , w o u ld y o u ? 0 00n nell,
-

t hu s u ttin g in t o t heir he ads w hat he w an ts t he m t o do , in cit in g t he mob t o a rio t .

r P r esid en t , I s hall e n te r on n o en com iu m u p o n M as s achu s e tt s : s he n e eds

he r e she is , b e hold her an d j u dge f
.

n on e . T o r yo u rs e lv e s he r e is he r hist o ry , . T
-
t he w o rld k n o ws it b y he ar t T he as t , at le ast , is s e c u re her e is Bo s to n , T
W x
. .

an d C o n co r d, an d L e in t o n , an d B u n er Hill, an d t he r e t hey w ill remain f or

g

W

e ver ebster

m
. .

M u st I r eme mb er ? hy s he s ho u ld han g o n hi
A s ifin cr eas e o fap p e tite h ad gr o w n
By what it f e d o n ; y e t, w it hin a m o n t h

L et m e n o t t hin k Fr ailty, t hy n ame is w o man S hahesp ear e . .

10 g . t ly e xaggerat es wh t is f
H yp o n de d i
er

tbr th
o le r ea a u n u .

To b e p o p er it sho u ld im ply t o g e m o t io
r i the sp eak er o r
,
s r n n n ,

t he app e he sio that the b earer w o u ld n o t o the wis e att ach s f

r n n r u

cie t im o t an ce to w hat is said

pn r .

Ex Bro u gham is a thu n der bolt

. He w as the o wn e r o fa p ie ce o flan d n o t .

,

large r t han a L acedemonian letter

hat f ello w is s o tall that he do e s n t k n o w
.

T

w he n his f eet ar e co d l .

S o me C u rran , w ho , w hen thr on es w er e cr u mb le d, an d dyn asti es f o rgo t te n ,

might s tan d t he lan dmar k o f hi s co u n try s gen iu s , r e arin g hims elfamid r egal

r u in s an d n atio n al dis s o lu tio n , a m e n tal p y r am i d in t he s o lit u de o f t i me , b e n e at h

w ho s e s hade t hin gs might m o ulder , an d aro u n d who se s u mmi t e tern i ty mu s t

p 1ay P hillips -

. .

Fals taff, t h o u gl o b e o f es h ,
s p otte d o
er w ith co
n tin en ts o fsin S hakes ear e
p . . .

Her e O rp he u s sin gs ; tr e es , m o vin g to t he s o u n d,

S tart f r o m their ro o ts, an d f o r m a s ha de aro un d P0p e . .

of
l l
thoh
g ,t f
r o m t hin
.

g
us in f
e
C l i m a x m ean s la dder
rio r t o gr eate r
. I t is a
g radu al cli

or b ette r
mb in g,
. W o r ris e

he n re

v e rs ed, it is calle d an ticlima x .

Ex m o f litT he s t r ea
e r a t u re h as s w o llen in t o a t or r en t au gm en t e d in o a
t
x
.

r ive r e p an d e d i n t o a se a I r v in
g

H e r e I s t an .d f o r im p ea c.
hm e n t o r t ri al !

I d are a cc u s ati o n ! I d e f
y t h e h o n o r ab le g e n tle m an ! I d e fy t he g o v e rn m en t ! I
de f y t he ir w ho le
p h ala n l G r attan x

m b m h d h w d d o o d, a
A Sc c o t h i s t eco e s a s o w er ; an a s o e r a oo ; an a

W
,
m d l h d th
ig
s t or m ; an d a s t o m ,
r a t e m p e s t ; a d
n a t e p e s t t hu n de r an t n in g; an u n

W
de r an d lightn in g, heav e n qu ak e an d e arthq u a e

P r of on .
-
.

T G r e at m e n s u ch as as hin gt o n , A dam s
'

A N I C L IM A X Je ers
, P olit
B u r r, S t e p hen A rn old, an d t he f ri en d o f my wo r thy o p p o n e n
-

S ee I r o ny .
2 66 R H ETO R I O AL F I GUR ES .

12 . A llu si o n is su c h a u se o fso me w o rd or w o r ds as will

,

m e int e rest in g f
r ecall s o act, cu sto m, w rit in ,
g o r sa i n
y g . It IS u su all
y
o u n de d o n r es e mb lan ce o r co n t rast
f .

W
G iv e t he m S ar atoga in N e w Y o rk , an d w e ll giv e t he m Y or htm n in
'

Ex
V
.

irgin ia Pobitieal Sp eech he n o u go in t o the m u s e u m b e A rg u s , b u t no t

x ts u p on o ur o ldage , p ayab le ab ou t
. .

B riar e u s
T he e cess es ofo u r yo u t ar e dr af
.

t hirty ye ars af te r d at e .

Han ds that the r od o fe mp ir e m ight hav e s w aye d

C los e at my elb o w s tir t he ir le mon ade Holmes .

o n tin u ed allu s io n o r re se mblan ce in st

yle , is t
er me d p a r ody .

The re may, at the same time, b e a co n t rast t in s en imen A p lay t .

o n the so u n d o r me an in gs o fa w o rd, is t e rm e d a p u n .

Tis the las t r o s e o fs u mm er , le f t b lo o min g alo n e ;

Ex .

A ll its lo v e ly co m p an io n s are wither e d an d s tro wn ;

N o o w er o fher k in dre d, n o ro s eb u d is n igh,

T o re ect b ack her b lu s he s , o r giv e s igh f o r s igh .

I ll n ot le av e t hee , t ho u lo n e on e , to p in e o n t he s t em ;

S in ce t he lo v ely ar e sle ep in g, go , slee p tho u w it h t he m .

W
T hu s k in dly I s catter t hy le av es o e r t he b e d

her e t hy m ates o ft he gar den lie s cen tles s an d dead, & c .

PA R OD Y Tis the las t golden d ollar , lef t s hin in g alon e

A ll its b rillian t co mpan ion s ar e s qu an de r e d an d gon e .

N 0 coin o fits mint age r e e cts b ack its hu e ,

T
hey w e n t in m in t n lep s , an d t his w ill go too 1
-
'

I ll n o t k e e p t hee , t o n lo n e o ne , t o o lo n g in s us p en s e ;

T hy b r ot he r s w ere melte d , an d m elt the n , to p en ce 1

I l as f

l k o n o qu a ter , I ll s e n d an d n o t S are
r r

p
ill my o ld t atte re d p o ck et an ge ce n tless an d bar e , & c
T
.

A n cie nt maiden lady an io u sly re mark s , x
T
hat the r e m u st b e p er il m o ng s o m an y sp ar ks

[re
R ogu is h lo o k in fello w , t u r n in g t o the s t r an ger ,
g
-

S ays it s his Op i nion s he is o u t o fdan ger S aace

. .

p h e m i s m is
ften ed m o de o f spee ch f o r what w o u ld
'
13 . E u a so

be o f f en siv e o r dis a r e eable ift o ld in d w n ri ht lain lan u age

g o g p g .

I t is o ften b ase d o n o t her gu r es, bu t it is ef fe ct e d mo st f r e u e n tl

q y ,

b y circu m lo cu t io n ; that is , by a ro u n d ab o u t m o de o fe xp r e ssio n -

.

Ex . Y o u lab o r u n der a mis t ak e f

or , Y o u lie
H e do es not k e ep v ery
x He cheats w he n h
.

e act acco u n ts
; e can diS p lays as little. S he cert ain ly
y an it , in r e ard to her
y g p ers o n al app ear an ce as an
, o u ng lady I ev e r s aw ;
y

S he
i s an i n t oler ab le s lat t er n
S lav e s ar e o f
. e d s er van ts
ten 0 S w eet child ! .

lo vel child yo ur p ar en ts ar e no mor e C u shi did n o t say to D avid, A b salom

is lei led; b u t he av o ide d w o u n din g hi s f
eelin gs as m u ch as p os s ib le, b y sayi ng,
M ay all the en e mies ofthe k ing be as tha t youn g man is .

14 . I n t e r r o ga t i o ns is an an im a e d t m o de o fsp e e ch, b y which

the s
p ea ke r
p r e e rs f to pu t o rt h, in
f o rm o f u e st io n , w h
the f q at he
n ei t he r do u b ts, t to b e an sw e r e d

W
n o r ex
p ec s .

W x x

EXP Bu t w he n s hall w e b e st ro n or ?
-
ill it b e t he n e t w eek , o r t he n e t
ye ar ? i ll i t b e w he n w e are t o tall
y is ar me d, an d w he n a B rit is h gu ar d s hall b e
s tati o ne d 1 e v e ry 11 0 0 3 6 ? I s lif e so c lear , o r p e ace so s wee t , as to b e
p u rch as e d a t t he p r ice o fchain s an d s lav e ry l

P Hen ry
'

-
. .

C an s torie d u r n o r an imat e d b u s t
Back to its m an sio n call the ee tin g b r e at h?
C an Ho n o r s v o ice p r o vo k e t he s ile n t d u s t ,

O r Flattery s o o t he the d u ll, co ld e ar o fde ath G r ay .

2 68 R H ET O RI C A L F I GUR ES .

1 8 . On o m ato p e h an imit atio n by the so u n d o fthe

ia is su c

wo rds, as m ay co rrespo n d t o o r s u gges t the sen s e S o u n d, m ot io n , .

and ev e n s e n t im e n t, m a b e im it at e d by t his gu re
y .

Ex
A w ay they w en t ell m ell, hu rry sk u r ry , w ild b u f
falo , w ild horse , wild

p
- -
.
,

hu n t sman , w it h clan g an d e atte r , an d w ho op an d hallo o , t hat made the f o r es ts

ring I r vi ng
W
.

dden o pen y,
On a su
ith imp et u o u s r eco il an d j arri n s o u n d,
g
T h in fe rn al do o rs , an d o n t heir hi n ge s gr at e

Hars h t hu n der Milto n . .

Heav en 0 en e d wide
H er du ri n g gat es , arm e n ie n s s o u n d
ev er -

W
On golden hin ges tu r ni ng M i lto n . .

x
he n A j a s tri ves s om e r o ck s v as t w eight t o throw ,

T he lin e t o o lab ors , an d the w o r d mo v e lo w
s s P 0p e . .

To this gu re may also b e re f e rre d s u ch n e w co ine d e p re ss io n s as t he se -

x
He w as bam boozled H e offe re d me t he who le cap oodle f
. o r thre e hu n dre d

I mean that cu r ve, ash,
'

dollars N o w s he gallivan ts it with an other

.

ou rish, o r circu mbendibas ify ou pleas e which he always st ick s to his n ame .

T wo or mo re gu res are so me t imes in v o lve d in the me

sa ex

re ssio n
p .

METON . AND META Her e the sw or d an d s ce

p tr e r u st
Eart h t o e art h, an d d u s t t o d u s t . r o ly
(J .

M ETON AND PER S ON

A l l S witzer lan d is in t he e ld ;

. .

S he will n o t y, s he can n o t yield Mon tgomery . .

T G T
EX OL A MA I I O N , I N ER R O A I O N C L I M A X , A N D A N rrrn nsrs Ia f
W
o re ign e r ! Y e s
W
'

en tle men Bu t w ho was D e alb 4 K

ho was M cD o n ald 9

ho was P u las k i i
'

ho was L a Fay e tte an dwho w as A r n old l D r S han no n . .

T he gu r es u n derlie the e ntire f

ab ric o flan u a e
g g T h e
p rin ci le s
p .

w hich they in vo lve , hav e p ro du ce d, an d c o n t in u e t o r o du ce, m o st o f

p
the v ario u s mean ings o r ap p licatio n s o fw o rds, an d o f te n , the w o rds
t he mselves N early o n e halfo fthe mean in gs o fw o rds, as given in
.

o u r dictio n ar ies, are b u t a ded u res, a ded m e ta ho rs

f g f p , f
a ded m e

to nyrn ies, an d f a ded s n ecdo che s

y .

Ex . T he blam ing ro s e , is liter al

T he bloomin g damsel, is metap h or ical .

A clea r b r o o k , li ter al
A clear s ky,
metap hor ;
A clea r d e mo n s t r atio n ,

metap hor
A clear he a mett hor o r meto n ymy
A har d r o ck ,

liter a l ;
A har d les s o n , m etap h ip
.

or
; h ar d hear t meta h
, p or

T o r eh ea d a .

t hie f liter a l ; T o a
p r eh en d t he m e a i
n n ,

metap hor ;
T o app r o en d [f ear ]
, g

i do ls ,

d an ge r, me tap h o r an me tonymy
I magin a t io n t he m ak in g o f image s o r
.

later a l a nd o bsolete t he m aking o fimage s in t he m in d , metap hor

-

t he

f ac ul t y, m eto n m
y y ( ca u s e)
;

t he r e s u lt (as , s t ran e m eton ymy
g .

The f a cu lt
y,
it s a ct io n , t
he man n e r o fits ac tio n ,
the t
r es u l o fits
t
a c io n, an d what e v e r e xh ib i s o r co n cerns t an
y o fthes e, have all,
f q y t
re u e n l , b u t o ne n am e in co mmo n .

F m the mat e r ial wo rld aro u n d u s, o r f

ro ro m the w o rld o f the
s en se s t he mi n d has b o rr o we d n e arl

, y a ll t he w o r ds in w hich it has
c lo the d i ts o w n o r
p ecu liar po ss essio n s ; that is, m any w o rds, app lied
rs t to material things , have be e n e xt e nded to thin s in t elle ct u al o r
g
b s tract
a
 R H ET O RI C L F I G U R
A ES .
E X ER C I S ES
~
. 2 69

The sp ir it in its lit e ral imp ort i s br eath o r win d I ts s tates ar e s tan din gs , its .

emo tions ar e movemen ts , it s sens ibilities are f eelin gs , it s vi ews an d idea s ar e s i h

g ts , its
co nce tion s an d p er cep tio ns are ta kin gs , it s app r eh ens ion an d com r eh en sion are a
p p
holdi n g, its r ef lection is a tu r n ing back, it s p u rp ose is an exhibitio n , i ts ir er ence is a
bringing in , an d its con clus ion is a shu tti ng up
P r of Gi bbs ect it u de is . . . z
s tr ai ghtne ss error is a wan der in g, tr ans r ession i s a going over , edu cat ion is a dr aw
i n ou t, a ian gu age is a ton u e, an d ca ven is w hat is heaved or ar ched I d
g
-

. .

r ight hop es , u nshalcen co n deu ce , cor r odin g car es Id . .

By f re u e n t u s e , t he u r at iv e f wo r ds an d hras es b e
q g s en s e o
p
co me s lit eral, o r is co n side r e d s o .

E X ER C I S ES .

P ai n t ou t the gu r es , an d dene them

A mb itio n o f te n p u ts me n u p o n p erf ormin g the mean e s t o f ices : so climb in g
f
o rme d in t he same p o stu re S wi t
an d cre e pin g are p erf f N o , Orlan do ; men .

are A pril w he n t he y w o o , D e cemb e r w hen the y ar e w e d

; an d maids are M ay
w hile t hey are maids b u t t he sky chan ge s w he n they are wi ve s S hakesp ear e
W ,

hat a p i ece o f w o rk is man ! ho w n ob le in r eas on ! ho w in ni te in f

in act io n , ho w lik e an angel ! in ap p rehensio n, ho w lik e a G o d lI d
acu ltie s !

.

t rave ls in a way so n arro w, whe re b u t o n e goes ab r eas t Id

H o n or
hat s this ? a

. W .

W
Tis lik e a demi can n o n H ere s s n ip , an d n ip, an d cu t, an d slish, an d

sle e v e ? -
.

The le v er can see a H e le n in a b ro w o fEgy p t I d

W
s las h Id . hen so r .

ro w s co me, they co me n ot s in gle sp ie s, b u t in b attalio n s I d here M idn ight

M us t I le av e the e, Paradise 7 Milton
.

lis t e n s to t he lio n s r o ar . One , with .

G o d o n his side, is a maj o r ity H e s ells, he b u ys, he s teals , he kills, f

. o r go ld .

H u mb le d, b u t n o t disp iri te d ; dis app oin te d, b u t n o t desp airin g B u t whe n t hey .

sho o k the t hirty p iece s o fs ilv er at y ou , y o u t o o k the m A lif e o n the o cean .

w av e, a home o n the rollin g de e p Y es, this [a se ull] was o nce amb itio n s airy
.

hall, t he do me o fthou ght, the p alace o ft he so u l B yr on C an st the n sen d the

.

L ightn in gs , that they may go, an d s ay u nt o t hee, B ible Mose s

H ere we are l
the la wgiver an d G o d s rs t p en B aco n
.

. .

1 . Figu w ell f
re s o u n de d, b e co min g, s tri in g, co n gr u ou s
sho u ld be k
thr o u gho u t, n o t t o o n u me ro u s, an d n o t o v erstrain e d o r carr ie d t o o f
ar .

2 . F
igu rativ e lan gu age sho u ld b e p r e f err e d t o p lain lan gu age, o nly
x
w hen it w ill e p r e ss t he me anin g b e tte r, o r imp ro ve the dis co u rs e .

I M RO R T
P P The colon ie s were n ot yet r ip e to bid adieu to Bri tish con
I E I ES .

n ectio n

Jeer s o n
. I n con gru ou s ; mi e d metaphor
-
. x
here is n o t a sin gle . T
v ie w o fhu man n at u re t hat is n o t suf cien t t o e tingu ish the s e e ds o fp ri de

x .

A ddison H o w can a v ie w e tin gu ish, an d wo rs e, e tin gu is h seeds

. x

The -
x .

co mme rcial lib e rtie s o f r is ing s tate s w ere s hack led b y p ap e r chain s

The p hras e p ap er chains su gges ts n o thin g f o rmidable

Ban cr of
hen the mu s tan g is
t
. W . .

o fb reath

His t ofTexas W
ca u ght in a la sso , all his s t ru ggles ser ve o nly to r iv e t his chain s, an d de priv e him
her e did t he au tho r ge t the chains

Flo wers

W

. . .

are t he s w ee te s t t hings t hat G o d e v er made , an d f o rgo t to p u t a s o ul in t o

W
R ev . .

H B eecher Qu ite f an cif u l, t ho u ghrat he r p u e rile an d f

. an t astic e k n ee le d .

o r t he las t t ime b y that w o n de rf a vo lcan o , w here t he han d o f

f

u l o ld fu rnace
[ ]
G od wo rk s the b ello w s R ev G eo Cheev er A gu re that rep re sen ts G o d as a
. . . .

W

b e llo w s b lo w e r, see ms t o me u n dign i e d an d u nb eco min g
-
A sho wer had .

j u st paren thesiz e d t he way b efore u s

illis The res e mb lan ce is n o t so o b
. .
.

v io u s as it sho u ld b e He had as n u mer o u s an o f
. fsp rin g as a G re e k v erb .

O maid ! t ho u art so b e au te o u s that y o u

Travels Farf e tche d a d o scu re
n b

. .

b right s u n is rising all in has te, to gaze u p o n t he e N o vel, Overstraine d . .

 m e n s e s o BS E R VA TI ON S

2 70 n n a r o nre A L .

W hy, b eau tif

N ewsp ap er P oem
ul
W
ny mph, do yo u
o rs e

clo s e that f
the rin ges

U p to the stars the S p raw lin g mast if

cu rt ain
you r eyes
fs y, a n d

. .

add n e w mo n st ers to t he highte d s ky

'

B laclclo ck
. . T
err ib le do g b ark in g, t rul
yI
-

N o o wer o fit s k in dred, n o ro se b u d is n igh, t o give b ack b lu sh f
-
o r blu s h ,
or
x
e chan ge s igh f o r s igh

. Moor e H e re the t w o ro se s are all at o n ce chan ged
.

in to pe rso n s, in to a p air o f b lu s hing s ighin g lo v ers

L e t s grasp t he f

. o re

,

lo ck o f this ap t o ccasio n, to gr e et the v ict o r in his o w o f glo ry Br itis h .

D r am a . x
C ou ld this s en te nce b e e p ress ed b y a co n gr u o u s p ict u re ? To co n
ceiv e all the image ry as grou p e d in to o n e v is ib le p ictu re, is o il e n t he b e s t w ay
to j u dge o fits acc u racy, p rop riety, o r b e au ty .

P oin t ou t the er r or s
N o hu man happin es s is so s e ren e as n o t to co n tai n so me allo y he s e are . T
the rs t f ru it s o f my u n e dge d elo qu e n ce , o fw hich t ho u has t o f te n co mp lain e d
that it w as b u r ie d in the shade .S in ce the time t hat re aso n b egan t o b u d; a n d
p u t fo rth h e r s hoo ts ,
t ho u g ht d u r in g ou r w aki n g h o u rs h as b e e n a ct iv e in e v er
y
b r eas t
. T he cu rre n t o f ideas has b e e n alw ays movin g T he w he e ls o f t he
.

x
S piritu al o cean hav e b een e e rtin g the ms elve s w ith p erp e tu al mo t io n (B u ds, .

curre n ts, an d wheels, are all j u mb le d to gethe r e n gt h Eras mus, t hat great
) A t l

.

inj ured n ame curb ed the w ild t o rre n t o fa b arb aro u s age s temmed .

On the wide sea o fle tte rs, t w as thy b o ast,

To cro w d each s ail, an d to u ch at e very co as t ;

Fro m t hat rich mine, how o f ten hast t ho u b ro u ght
The pu re an d pre cio u s p earls o fsp len did tho ught .

OB S ER VA TI ON S .

A gu re may b e in a sin gle wor d o r it may c o mpris e a p hr ase,

co n tain e d
a claus e, a s en tence, o r the en tir e discou r se S o metime s the lit eral an d the
.

gu rativ e lan gu age are in ter w o ven thro u ghou t the s en te n ce ; so me time s e ach
o ccu p ies a dis tin ct p art o f t he s en t en ce
; some times they are co n se cu tive in dis
tin ct sente n ces ; an d s o met ime s t he gu rative tak es u p the e n tire se n t en ce o r
disco u rs e, le av ing the literal t o b e in f e rr e d .

Mo st gu res are a sort o f emble ms o r p icture s, a u n iv ers al lan gu age,

favo rably re ceiv e d, re adil u n dersto o d an d easil
y , y reme mb ere d A l l lite rat u re,
.

e sp e ciall
y that w hich has liv e d lo n ge st an d de light e d t he w orld mo s t, ab o un ds
in gures . Figu res, ho we v er, sho u ld b e u se d sp ari ngly an d j u dicio u sly A n .

ab u se o f the m is v er
y ap t t o ren der the pe rso n so us in g t he m ridicu lo u s, an d
thu s to dimin ish at o n ce t he dignit an d e f fe ct o f his e n tire discou rs e H e t hat
y .

fo rsak e s the co mmon

p ath to s ho w his su p erior adro itness b y w alk ing o n t he
w ire, n atu rally raise s o ur lau ghte r ifhe f alls Figu re s ar e de sign e d to ador n, t o
.

illu s tra te, o r to abr idge discou rse an d articu lar r e ard sho u ld there f o r e b e had
; p g
to the su bj ect o f the disco urse , an d t o t he erso n s f w h m i t i m e t S o m e
p o r o s an .

o fo ur I n dian a e nt s hav e v e r
g y p ro p e rly addres se d I n dian s in a gu rativ e style
t hat w ou ld b e qu it e ridicu lo u s if u sed in a ddressin t h e ir o w n co un tryme n
g .

Poe try t o o, b eing f o u n de d in aesthe tic

p rincip les, admits o fmu ch more o rn ament
t han p re s s T he gur e s u se d, s ho u ld b e su ch as w o u ld n atu rall aris e t o a p e r
y
.

s o n w hose mind an d he ar t hav e f u lly gras p e d the s u bj e ct in all its b e arin gs .

T hey s ho u ld n e v e r in dicate that he lef t t he main su bj e ct to s earch f o r t he m .

N ot the che ck t hat is dau b ed o ver w it h larin co s met ics is the o n e t o le as e u s

g g p ,
b u t that w hich glo w s w ith a n ative he alth roseate b eau t ofits o wn T he
, y , y .

b rief er a gu re is, an d t he mo re it e x
p re sse s t hat is t o t he p o in t, the b e tte r it is .

x
Ho w e ce lle n t is t hat gu re o fDe an S wif t s, in w hich he co mp are s t he holding

o fhi gh p u b lic o f ces to dan cin g o n a wire ! I t s u gge sts at o n ce t he v an ity o f

w orldly glo ry, t he hank e ring an d f o lly o fa mb itio n the tac t a n d lab o r r e u ire d
, q
to us tain o n e se lf , the liab il ity to a f all, t he s tare an d hu z za o f t he cro wd, a n d
s
the ir co n te mp t an d mo cke r af te r a fall
y .
 V ER S I F I C A T I O N .
F EE T
~
.

l5 . VER S I FI C A TI O N .

P oe t r y,
*
in its highe st p e rf
ect io n , is tho u ght, f
e elin , ima er ,
g g y
an d mu sic, e x resse d in langu age
p .

T he s p irit o fmu sic in the p o et cau se s n ot o nly the s election o fw or ds agre e ab le

in s o u n d, b u t mak es the lan gu age metr ical .

D ecien cy in an y o f these mu s t b e co mp en sated by gre ate r ex

cellen ce in t he r est .

V e r si ca tio n is ei ther the a ct or the ar t ofm ak in g v e rse .

S om etime s it den o te s the r esu lt, o r that p ecu liar s t r u ct u re o f lan

u a e which distin u ishes t f m r o se

g g g p o e r
y r o p .

Verse has r hyt hm an d rhyme .

R hythm is e ss en tial, b u t rhym e is n o t .

Thou art, 0 G d, the life an d light

Ofall this w n drou s w orld w e s e .

Moor e .

The A ssyrian came down lik e the w olfon the f ld,

A n d his coho rts w ere gleamin g w ith p urp le an d gold

.
Byron .

me n all remin d u s
L iv es o fgr at
we can mak e ou r lives su blime L ongf ellow . .

C eme as the win ds come w hen f re sts are ren ded ;

C me as the waves co me when n avie s are s tran de d S eott . .

O n ce u p on a midn ight dr eary, w hile I p n der ed w eak an d wa/r y,

'
,

W
O ver man y a qu ain t an d curio s v lu me (iff
'
o rg t te n ldr e
hile I n odde d, n early nap p ing, s u ddenly there came a
A s o fso me o n e gent ly r app ing, r ap p ing at my chamb er door .

Tis some visito r, I mu ttere d, tap p ing at my chamb er door

On ly this, an d n othin g mdr e E A Poe

. . . .

F m thes e lin e s it is e asy to s ee, that in p o et ry the v o ice o r the

ro

min d p asse s alo n g the wo rds by a so r t o f regu lar pu lsat io n s, w hich

co n stitu t e the r h y thm m t m T h r e o n de n ce o r
,
e r e, o r ea s u r e e co r s
p .

similarit o fs o u n d at e u al o r t i t i t vals, o r in im
y q p p
r o o r o n a e n e r

mediate su ccessio n , is t erme d r hyme .

V e r s e is b e au t if u l lan u a e , k e e in
g g t im e lik e mu sic ; o r, s y l
p g
lables arran ged acco r din g to accen t, u an tit , an d, en erally, rhyme 3
q y g
an d s o dm ded int o lin es as to ro mo t e harmo n
p y .

Feet .

Feet ar e the smalles t rhythmical di i

v sio n s o fthe lin es .

P OE TYm R e an s, lite rally, a m ale/ in g ; tu r ni n g, i e , at t he e n d o f a li ne t o

v as es , a . .

mak e ano e r n e ; m u s e s, a tta ck i n g, b e in g rst u se d i n s ati re ; r no c n mc, t rip p i n g, r u n

th li '

ni ng DAC TY L, n ger T
A N A P ES , r ev er s ed i e
, , r ever s ed d a cty l
. .
C E S U R A , cu tti n g, di vid
m g , Br e n n a n, s olemn

v a m o , a w a r d an c e t he n ce
-
Liv ely ; n v r ns n s r s s , a m eas u r e
o ver
.
-
,
EL L I P S I S , a lea v i n g ou t ; P L E O N A S M , m o r e tha n en o u gh
,

i a n n a, a FO R M of la n F
T Y
.
.

gu a ge ; S I M I L E li k e nes s ; M E A P H O R , tr a n sf er ; A L L EG O R , s
p ea k i n g i n a n o ther thi n g
T Y Y
,

M E O N M , cha n ge of n a m es s v rzao n o o u a, u n d e r sta n di n g o n e thi n g wi th a n o ther ; A R

T I T H ES I B, s etti n g a ga i n st mo n v , d is s em blin g P A R A L I P S I S p a ss i n g by o r ov er ; u r r s s ,

s o nic, thr o w i n g b eg / o m] , ov e r s ho o ti n g n u mm m s m , sp ea k in g w ell ; A P OS T B O P II E, tu r n ima

(awa y o n o ma r o r m a , ma k i n g o r c oi n i n g w o r d s .
 V E RS I FI C A T I O N FEET . . 2 73

G ra mmarians t he y are calle d fee t, b e cau se t he y sho w ho w the v o ice

say s em
t "
alo n g
t he lin e s . I r at he r thin k the n am e w as at rst give n f r o m t he f act that me n, esp ecially in a

p r i m it iv e s t ate o fs o c ie t y , n at u r ally u se t he foo t, t o m ar k o r b e at t i me in mu s ic .

Fe et ,
in the English lan gu age , are f
o rm e d acco rdin
g t o acce n t a nd

q u an tity .

A simple f oo
p t
co m ris e s n o t m o r e han hre e s llable s
y t t .

The re are f o ur rin ci al fe e , t he ia mbu s, the an ap es t, the tr o t

p p
-

c hee an d t h
,
e d a cty l a n d h r e e s eco n dar
y fe e ,
the caes u r a the
,
t t
sp o n dee an d the r rh i
, py c .

A n i am b u s c o n s is s o t ftwo s
yllable s, an d has the po e tic acce n t
o n the s eco n d .

Th f t ls the k n e o f ertin g d y
l e cur e w l l

.

T he ld is heap e d with b lee din g s tee ds , an ags , an eleven mail .

A n a n a p e st co n s is s o t fthr ee syllab les, an d has the p o etic acce n t

o n the last .

Ex the lan d o fthe f the hbme o fthe b r av e

. O er r e an d .

A t r o c he e co n sis s o t f two syllab les, an d has the p o etic accen t

on the r st
EX . S e the dis tan t f
bre st dark an d Wa iv ng .

A d a c tyl co n sis ts o fthr ee syllab les, an d has the p o et ic accen t on

the rst .

Ex . Bache lor
s ha m what a qu eer
-
lo ok in g p lace it is l

T he ia mbu s an d the an ap es t ar e ki n dre e et,

df an d he nce the y are

s o m e t imes u se d p ro miscu o usly .

W
Fdr the in ds an d the wav es ar e ab s en t ther e ,

A n d t he s an ds are b right as the s tar s that glbw .

The tr ochee an d the dacty l ar e ki n ee t,

dre d f an d hen ce they ar e

s o m e tim es u s e d pro m is cu o u sly .

Ex . Bbu n din g aw ay bv r hill i n d valley.

A c ae s u

ra is a lo n g t
o r acce n e d syllable u s e d as o n e f
oot .

R es tless m brtals t bil f
or n du ght.
Th w ast that a
ou l l to m e lbve,
For w hich my s u l didp in e
A r e en isle in the s e a, lbve,

f ou n t ain an d a s hrin e P oe .

(4 feet)
i
G bld l g61d ! gb1d ! d1d !
Hb od (4 fe et) (me e qu al
Heav y t e get a

n d lig t ashbld . .

A sp e n dee co n sis s o t ft wo lo n g syllables ab ou t e

q u all
y accen e d. t
S o m etimes o nl
y t he rs t s
yllab le is a lo n g on e.

Ex . N ear the lak e her e dr bo pe d the wi llo w, W

L cmg time age l

M0r r i s
'

-
.

O er m a

f b m a 7 a f i ery A l p,
i
n a r z e n n }
Mi lton
,
k l k t b d e a d had b fd eath
B o n s e s -

e a s n s .
c s c t ves e s e n s g ,
.
a ,
, , , ,

A p y r r h i c is a f
, o o t o f t wo s yl lab le s l e f t u n a cc e n t ed S o m e .

h ll bl
t im es the a ccen t in iamb ic ve rs e, t id t t a e
o avo re s i n
g o n a s o r s
y ,
2 74 VERS I F I C A T I O N POET I C . . PA U S ES .

p ass es t o the rs y llab t

le if
(s lo ng) o fthe
,
n ex t fo o t ,
m ak ing t his f
eet

o n dee, an d le av in t he o the r u n acce n t ed

W
a s
p g
'
.

Ex ofthe lbw and as b lue s k y

s un s e t clbu ds , illis .

Pr es en tly i n t he edge b fthe las t t in t ld . .

T 6 t he f ain t golde n m ello wn es s , a s t ar .

Pyrrhics an d s p o n dees are n ot alw ays thu s p ro d u ce d ; b u t they are gen erally
b es t whe n made o u the comp ens ation p rin cip le
'
.

The s e co n dar
yfe et ar e so me time s allo w e d t o b r e ak the re gu lar ,

me as u r e, in o rde r t o av o id t e dio u s sam e n ess in the r h hm or f

a y t ,
or

the sak e o fo n o mat op eia .

P o e t ic P a u se s .

To im pro v e the rhythm o r t he v e rs e still f u r the r, ther e are als o

two pau ses thefin a l an d the coesu r a l .

The fi n a l p a u s e is a slight p au se made at the en d o feach lin e

e ven w he n t he ramm at ical s e n s e do es n o t r e u ir e it
g q .

Y e w ho hav e an iou sly an d f x o n dly watch ed

B eside a f adi n
g f ri en d , u n co n sci o u s that
The cheek s b righ t crimso n lo v e ly to the V ie w ,

L ik e n ight s hade , wit h u n w o e s o m e b ea y b oo e d

l u t l h
m
.

The c ae s u r a within the lin e ; mos f

l: p a u se re u e n l
q ty
o ccu rs t
t
ab o u the middle o fit I t b e lo ngs chie y to lo n g lin e s I t no t o n ly
. .

impro v es the rhy hm, b u t, li e e mphasis, it o f tten s e rves t o ar re s , k t

with n e ef f t
e c , the a e n io n t o t he m e an in
g S tt t
o m e ime s a lin e . t
has t wo o r mo re caesu ral
p au s es, o n e o fwhich is
,
co mmon ly greate r
than the rest , .

Ex . Bu t n bt t o me re tur n s
D ay, br th sw et ap pr bach of v n er mbr u .
-
M i lton .

Th en her che ek was p ale , an d thin n e r than shou ld b e I f or o n e s o o u ng ;

A n d her eyes , o n all my mo tio n s wi t h a mu te ob s er van ce hun g

W
,
. en n ys on .

t he s u n , r ef
r es hes
O

an n a in in t he b re eze ,
G lo ws in the s tars , an d b lo s s o ms in t he tr e es .

W hat n e effect o n the sen se hav e the p au s es af

a ter sweet . M ilto n
has gen erally sho wn remar k ab le skill in his man age me n t et ic p au s e s .

'

G o od p oets gen er a lly a im to con s tr u ct their ver se in su ch a way

tha t the f in a l a n d caesu r a l p a u ses may p r op er ly f a ll wher e th e sen s e,

in exp r es sive co mmon Sp eech, na tu r a lly r equ ir es p a u s es The s a me is .

tr u e in r ega r d to p o etic a ccen t, with r e fer en ce t o co m m on accen t a n d to

em h a sis S e e s t anz a 2 2 281

p .
, p . .

T hi s is a v e ry imp o rtan t p rinciple ; f

or n atu ral, s moo th, an d eas y v ersi cati o n de p e nds
mainly u po n it
.
276 VER S I FI C A TI ON .
L I N ES , on v ns s s s .

Mo n o syllab les, b eing u n e n cu mb e re d by w o rd accen t, -

are the w ords
a
m o st e asil r e du ced to e et
f
Wt
y .

hen w o rds o fm o re than o n e syllab le ar e in t ro du ce d in t o v e r se,

the p o e ic accen t mu st t ak e the p lace o fthe p rimary o r the s eco n dary
accen t .

S ho u ld the p o et ic accen t f all o n a dif fe r en t s

yll able , the wo r d

m ust b e r ej e ct e d, o r the arran geme n t mu st b e s o v ar ie d as t o admit

o this ru le w e n d in o u r p o e ts a v ery f ew e xce t io n s ; chie

it .
(T p y
in the u se o fco mpo u n d w o r ds ) .

Ex Perha s lik e me he oun der s out a lin e ,

A n d egin s an therthere sto p s
.

(Erron e o u s ) .

A lo ng syllab le o fa w o rd, n ext to an acce n t e d syllable, n e v er

o et ic accen t , o r it is m ade sho r t Th
r e ceiv es the
p ( er e ar e a v e ry .

fe w e xceptio n s
)
W
.

Ex . stwar cl the obarse o femp ire tak es its w ay .

It s ho w ev er, b e in f
ho u ld n o t, e rr e d, that e v ery syllab le havin g

the wo rd acce n t, m u st als o r ece ive the p o et ic acce nt

-
On ly this is .

n e ce ssar , that the p o e tic acce n t, in its p r o er mar ch thro u gh the

y p
v e rs e, s hall n e v er s u e rs e de the o ther acce n t , b restin o n a dif
fer
p y g
e nt s llab le o fthe sam e wo r d
y
W
.

Ex hil st o u r m aide n s shall dan ce with their white wavin arms

gmp b ll
.

S urgin g j oy t o the b rave that deliv er e d t heir char ms a e .

The po etic accen t ge n erally p ass e s in s o me regu la r r u h

g r o de thro
the e n t ir e po e m A cce n te d syllable s dem an d it ; lo ng syllab le s
.

n at u r all t e n d t o dra w it u o n the ms elve s d h t ll b l i

y p ; a n s o r s
y a es n

clin e t o r e f u s e it

W
.

hen it co mes
in collision with the co mmon accen t, the harshn e ss is ge n
e rally greater t han w he n it re sts o n a short s llable
y I t some times acco mmo .

dates itselfto the co mmo n accen t, w here the se n se an d melo dy allo w a co nsider
ab le p au se ; that is at the e n d, at the b e in n in
, g g, or n ear the middle o f the lin e ,

thou gh rarely the last I t see ms, in dee d, to b e a gen e ral p rin cip le, t o allo w t he
.

p oe t most lib erty at t hese p laces, n ot only as to accen t, b u t also as to e t ra short x

syllable s
(S ee p p 2 7 7 7
. To acco mmo date itselfto qu an tity, the po et ic ao
.
-

ce n t may so metimes v ar ro m its r e gu lar s tation s e it her b

y f , y p r ef errin g the

p re viou s o r the su b se qu ent syllab le , or by p assing o v e r o n e mo re syllab le than

the re gu lar n u mb er, o r b y r e stin g o n e ach ofse ve ral s u cce ss iv e lo n s llab les
g y .

S ee p p 2 7 7 7 8 .
-
.

Ve rs e is ge n erally m o st melo dio u s w hen the re u larl

g y acce n ted
s
yllab les ar e lo n g, an d the u n acce n t e d s ho rt .

Ex . A t t he clbs e o ft he day w hen t he hamlet is s till.

L in es, or V e r se s .

A li n e , or v e r se , is the t t
sho r e s n ishe d p o rt io n f
ro m which
the p o e t may tu r n t o mak e an o the r .

A lin e, according to its nu mb er o ff

e et, is so metime s calle d a mo nom eter
(
one
 V ER S I F I C A T I O N .
-
LI N ES , os v na s ns . 277

f
oo t) ,
a dh
/

n eter , a tr im eter,

a tetra m eter ,

a p enta m eter ,

a hexaen eter ,
a hep ta m
e ter , o r an octo m eter

.

I a mbic o r a nap es tic lines s o me ime s e n d wi h o n e o r t w o addi t t

tio n al u n acce n t d s ho rt s yllable s , calle d s up er n u mer ar r hyp er
y o
meter syllable s S u ch lin e s are called hyp er meter s
.
.

T r ocha ic or dactylic lin e s o t en

f end t
wi h the caes u r a .

I amb ic lin es m ay o ccas io n all b e in w ith t he e, dactyl,

y g a ro c a or

s o n de e
a
p .

B ur sts the; wild an d dis may
cry o ft err o r


Ex . 0amp bell .
-
.

Hoverin g a s p ace t i l wi n ds the s ign al bl w
l
M ilto n .
-
.

W

I nib r al, n o t lavish, is k in d N atu r e s han d

B eattie . .

eep ,
weep , an d r n d yo u r hair f o r t hbs e who n ver s hall r e tur n .
Maca/u la y .

A t ro che e m ay so me times b e ad mitt e d w ithin an iambic lin e ,

w he re the rhythm a n d s e n se allo w a co n side rab le
p au s e .

Ofgbo dli est tr es loacl n with f
'

Ex . air es t f
r riit . i lton .

Th [
e se
p r air ies ] ar e t he gar den s b ft he d esert t hese

,
T he i ms hb rn elds , boun dless an d b e autif ul B ryan t . .

T he s bn g is hushe d, t he lau ghin g n ym hs wn ;
p
ar e

A n d h i s left , musin g o blis s , al e

f n .

I amb ic lin es o ccasio n ally admit an an ap e st, p r o vide d it is s u ch

a o n e as mi ht b e co n t r act e d, o r o n e t hat has n o co n s o n an t b e
g
t w ee n t he u n acce n t ed syllab les, o r o n ly a liqu id, o r s u ch a co ns o
n an t as v e ry litt le o b str u ct u tt e ran ce

W s .

Ex .

ith Heaven
s ar tiller y fr au ght, co me r attling ou .
M llton .

many a youth, an d man y a maid

W

A nd I cl . .

Th t a bin ds him t 9 w man s d elicate lave

.

. illis .

I t is s o me times a b e au ty to lengthe n o u t a lin e a tt

li le b y sho r t ,

tr ipping syllables
W
.

Era
he re rst the j ay within the lm s tall cr est ,

her un hedge d yo ung T B R

M ade r o un d ead.
gaev it loit s tr ou b le
'
. . .

A n d my n ativ e lan d ! w ho s e m agical n am e
T
hr ills t o m y he art lik e ele ct ric ame

Pr ingle . .

A n ap estic lin es may o ccas io n ally b egin wi h t an iamb u s or a

s o n de e
p .

Ex
'

. Their swbr ds ar e a tho ris an d their ,

b bs o ms ar e 6n e .
0amp bell .

0 I y t t he p r air ie , s w e et maide n , w ith me ;

Tis as gr ee n , an d as wi de , an d as wild, as the s a .

S o me an ape s tic v e rs e o ccas o n al i ly admits a s

p o n de e o r an iamb u s .

elle d, far ewell to the shade , h em

Ex . T he p plars ar e f

[t e p o .

A n d t he whis p e ring s o un ds o fthe cool co lo n n ade . Cowp er . S ee

A le as an t r hythm is som etimes pro du ce d by thro wi n

g one
p ,

an ape s t, or e ve n t wo , in to e ach iamb ic lin e .

EL I me !
c c me i ye ha I v e calle d m e l n g ;

I cbme b er t he mo un tain s with light an d s n g

Mrs Hema ns . . .

W
A far in the d s ert I l v e tb ri de,


ith the silent Bush b ay a l bu s b y my side P ri ngle
-
. .
278 V ER S I F I C A T I O N .
S TA N Z A S.
V E RS E:
To p r eser ve equ ality or in time, s eems to be r o or tio n
a
g ov
p p
'

i d i i i th i ti f
e rn ng p in c p
i r i le in v er si ca t on a n va r a t o n s n e
p os on o

the p oe tic accen t o r in the n u mber of na cc 1 u en te d s y lla ble s ,

ar e a llo w ~

a i th e begin n ings or th
a ble wh er e th e chie fp o etic p a u ses o ccu r ,
x e - -
., ;

n es, a n d a t th e ccesu r a l p a u se
en ds o
f li .

Ex
A n d ive me f r my b us hel s wn
5
.

s o u n d as read .
(Pr olon g t he )

1 m ten for one . you
K ep in g time , ti me time ,
I n a s r t o fR un ic r h
yme

Poe . .

Y e v e tr aile d me thr origh t he f

or es t; e ve

t r aile d m e b er t he

st r ea m;
{ P atton
,

A n d s truggling t hro ughthe ev erglade yo u r b ris tlin g b ayon ets .

Thi s is a v er y imp o r tant p rin cip le ; o r b y mean s

f o fit mo s t o fthe ap p ar en t irr egu
larities in v e r si ca ti o n m ay b e e xp lai n e d .

S ta n zas.

Lin es o r med in t o s ta n za s
f ar e .

A s t a n z a is a co mplet e gro u p o f lin es co n st r u cte d in a ce r

tain w ay w ith respect to o n e an o t her .

T wo co n se cu tive lin es fo rm a co up let o r dis tich three a trip let , .

S u ch lin es are u su ally u n de rst o o d as rhymin g to gether .

S ho rt lin es are s eldo m f o rmed in t o st an z as, u n le ss in co mb in a

t io n with lo ng lines .

The greater p ortion o fo u r p oetry con sists o flin es o fme diu m len gth .

L o ng lin es are so metimes bro k en at . the caesu ral

p au s e , an d

wri tten in t wo lin es each .

R hymes mu st b egin w ith dier ent letters, bu t h the me

'

e n d iwit sa

or n e arl
y t he s ame s o u n d .

R hymes that are n o t e xact,

yet au tho riz e d, are calle d a llowa ble rhy me s .

R hymes may r u n b ack in t o the lin e s as ar as thr e e s llable s

f y .

H en ce they are classied t hu s : S ingle

rh mes, do u ble r h me s,
y y
an d tr ip le rh me s
y .

A ming ele men t u s u ally

rhy co rre s
p o n ds to b u t o ne o the r one ;
b u t s o metimes to mo re
,

Li ne s metimes
ar e so f
soo r med as t o hav e rhymin g sylla
bles
Wth .

i in them, as we ll e s ~
at the e n d S ee p 2 7 2 . . .

S o me ve rs e has no r h me
y S u ch is styled blan k ver se
.
.

B la k v erse, b eing witho u t t he mu sic o fr rh me mu st u s u allv

n y ,
-

to s ustam the digni ty o f o et r , e xcel in o the r res ects

.

p y p .

V e r se .

The w o rd v e r s e is p ro erl a licab le t o an sin le lin e o

g
'

p y pp y
,

o e tr b u t, b
y b e ap plied to a stan za, o r to
,

s n e cdo che it ma
p y y y ,
.
.
,

p o e t r
y in
g e n e ral as a mo des t t er m m ean in
, , g s o m e t hin
g
that has .

at least the f o rm, i fn o t th e s irit, o f o etr

p p y .
2 80 V ER S I F I C A TI ON .
S C A N N I N G .

I A MBI O v n as a .

7 . 9.
a bba a a a b c ce b

His gifts div ine 2i C o ul d 16v e for ev er
Th ro u gh all ap p ear, R u n lik e a riv er ,
A n d ro u n d the y e ar T
A n d ime s e n deav o r

H s hin e. S on gster
l
Be t r ie d in v ain ,
is glories .

bba
8 .
W
N o o ther p leas u re
ith t his co u ld me asu re ;

W
a
A n d lik e a tr e as u r e
N6
as t to dole
Tis a f
e d hu g the chain

. B yron . .

Thy s heafo fwheat,

A n d m eat , 1 1 .

n t the hungry s bu l a ba bcccb
1 0. 2 f D r eam, b ab y, dr am l
a a bc c b 2i + T
hin e e elids qu iv er .

The s bu l ref i n ed
Kho w s t t o n t he t he me

I s m ost in clin ed Ofyo n b right riv er ?

To ev ery m cr al e cellen ce ; x 3i
I t s aith, Be calm, b e s u r e,
U nf

ailin g gen tle ,

A ll vice is du ll, p u re
A k n av e s a f

o ol ;
S o s hall t y lif h
e e n du r e
L i k e mi n e, f l
V
A n d irtu e is t he chil d ofS en s e .
o r ver .

Yo u ng
G A Y s S ratrzs
.

1 3 .
12
.
.

a ba b

W
bab a
r
hen t ho u art n igh, it s e ms 3 i F o m G r een lan d s ic mbu n tain s ,

W
Fro m I n di as c ra s tran d,

A n ew cre ation r oun d ;
her e A fric s su n n
y f

air es t b eams , o u n tain s
T he s u n has f
The u te a s of
l t e ou n d
r s

Moo re .
R oll down t heir g lden s an d .

Heber
.

14 .

1 5
bccb a .

T
read s 6f tly, b 6w t he head, bcb a

I n rever en t s ile n ce b w ; 3i i
WTis s we et to lbv e in childho o d
-

N o p as sin g b ell do t h to ll, 3f hen the eb u le that w e b e qu eath ,

Y et an immortal s ou l 3i A r e b e au tifu l in f
res hn e ss ,

I s p as sing n o w Jl[ r s S ou they . . . 3f A s t he coronals w e wr athe .

1 6 . T
his stanza may also b e s can n ed co n
bccb a a tin u o u s witho u t irr egulari an d it
tte n as w ell in t wo es
Free ze , fr eeze , tho u b itter s k
y,
.

T ho u do st n ot b ite s o n igh 1 7 .

A s b en ets f o rgot ;
ba b a
T hou gh tho u t he w aters w arp ,
Fl s wif t , my li ht gazelle ,
T hy s tin g is n o t s o s har p
As f r ien ds r e me mb r in g n o t
T
o h r w ho 11 w lies w akin g g
T o he ar thy s ilv e r b ell
.

S hakesp ea
1 8 T he midn ight s ilen ce b reak in g .

M oor e
.

W
bb
.

a a

W hen er a u bbie dee d is w r u ght , 2 0.

hen er is sp bk n an cb le thbu ght ,

ba bcc a
O u r heart s with glad su rp r is e , 8
To highe r le ve ls ri s e A tlan tic 8 i .
f G o, 8 6 11 1, the b bdy s gu es t ,

U p on a than k les s erran d ;

Mon thl9 Fear n ot t o t o u ch t he b e s t ,
19 The tr u th s hall b e t hy warr an t
ba bcd d c

A n in f
a

an t 6 11 its m bthe r s b r eas t

3
3i
f G o, s in ce I n e de m u s t die
A n d giv e the world the lie H M
.
"
A b o un cin g b 6y at lay
p T
3 i + ell art s t he y hav e n ot s ou n dn ess,
A yo u th b y m aid en f ai r car e s s e d 3i B u t v ary b y es te emin ;
A n o ld man s ilv e r gr ay T
ell s cho ols the y w an t o o u n dn ess, g
I s all o flif e we k n ow A n d stan d t oo mu c o n s ee ming pr
A j o ya f
.

e ar ; I farts an d scho ols r ep l

A s mile a t ear G iv e arts an d s cho ols t e lie .

A n d all is o er b elo w i

-
S haw .
 V ER S I F ICA T I ON .
S C A N NI N G I A M BI C VE R S E
. . 281

2 1 . S ee 1 9 . 22 .

W
bb
a a a ba bb
hat s cen e s o fg16ry ris e 2 f T
G 6 , lcv ely r ac
Be fo re m dazzle d eyes i 4 i ll h r t hat was t es he r ti me an d m e,
i
Y ou n z ep yrs w ave t he ir wan to n 2 7;
g
W
i n s,
g
A n d m e o dy celes ti al rin gs
4i
4i .
W
Ho w s we et an d f
T
hat n bw s he k n bws ,
hen I r ese mb le he r t o thee,
air s he se em s t o b e .

2 3 S H OR T METB E S
'
T AM A '
T hi s s t an za fillu s trates s ev eral
or cib l
a b b a o f t he chi e f p rin cip es lai d do wn u n der

The hurrican e hath m ht Vers ication .

A lon g t he I n dian 8 or e ; 24
A nd f ai b y G an ges b ank s , db

at

g
n i ht
I s hear dthe tiger s r o ar

a b
G ay gu i ltles s P3 1 1 3
hat s e e ye fr o m the elds o f
.

Hema ns .

heav en 4
'

2 5
Y e hav e n o n e ed o fp r ayer
a a b 0 0 b Y e hav e n o sins t o b e f o r giv en .

W
I fs blid hap in s s w e prize , Sp ragu e .

ithi n ou r r as t t he j ew e l lies 26 .

A n d t hey ar e f o ls w ho r bam bebd da

The world has n o thin g t o b es tow ; 3
W

i I t w as a s ummer v en in g,
Fr o m o u r o n s elv es 0 i r 305 3 mu s t 3

Old Kasp ar s w o rk was dbn e ,

1 .
ow ,
W
A n d he b ef o re hi s co ttage door
0 o

4
A n d that dC I hu t o u r home
s
118 sittin g in t he s u n
.

W
Co tton
A n d b him 8 o rte d o n the gr een
.

His li tt e gran chil d i lhelmi n a

C OMM ON M ETR E S TA N .
(Mar tial ) .

bcb a

4 73 T o hun t the deer with houn d an d a bb~ (S en t imen tal )
a .

11 6m , 4 f
A v iblet b y a mcs sy s tcn e ,
r m the eye ,
Earl P er cy t o ok hi s w ay ; 3i Hal fhi dden f
-

T he child t hat s y et u nb orn , may r u e

Fair as a s tar , whe n o nly on e

W

T he hu n tin g ofthat day k
I s s hin in g in the s y .

or ds wor th .

Or thus
To hu n t the de e r w ithhou n d an d ho r n , Earl Pe rcy t o ok his w ay

The child that s ye t u nb o rn , may r u e the hu n tin g o fthat day

.

2 8 . 2 9.
bcb
a ba b a

Fair scen e s f o r childo o d s (Sp en i ng 4 i T he Oce an lbok eth up t o h av e n ,

41
b lco m , 3i A s tw r e a liv in g t hin g ;

3i Fo r sp rtiv e yo uth to s tr ay in ; T he ho mage o fits w av es is giv en ,

Fo r m an ho o d to e nj o y his s tr e n gt h, I n ce as eless w o r s hi in g .

W hittier

A n d age t o w ear aw ay in . .

or dswor th .

3 1
3 0 L ON
. G
METR E S A N Z A
-
T .
a b a b

4 i u
S
4 i+
4i W
Her he art is lik e
ho s e b eauty s lbet an d s w eet
n e ss cw n ;
a

f
ade d bw er,

Forgot, n eglecte d in the b ow er

,
A n d lef t b y all to die alon e .

an chor
S ongste r .

33.

a d a
ba b a

A round S eb ago s l n ely lak e ,

4i T her e is a calm f o r thbs e w ho w e
4i
p
,

T her e lingers n o t a b r ee z e t o b reak A r es t f or w ary p ilgrims f o un C

T he mir r o r whi ch its w ate r s m ak e

hittier W .
.

2f
T hey so f tly lie , an d s w ee tly s leep ,
L o w in t he gro u nd

Mb n tgom . .
( 2 82 V E RS I FI C A T I O N .
S CA N N I N G I A MB I C V ER S E
. .

34 .
35 .

bb a a a b ab
4 11
Tho se eve n ing b lls l tho s e ev en ing A ll tho rights , all pas s io n s , all de
b ell s !
Ho w man y atale their music t lls W lig hts ,
hate ve r s tirs this m o rtal
A r e all b u t min iste r s o flo v e
O fy u t h an d ho me , an d t hat s wee t
o
W ti me A nd f e e d his sacr e d am e .

Ooler idge
'

hen las t I hear d their s o othin g .

chi me
M oore 37 .

m
-
. .

4f
Oh n ev er t alk a to m
3 s.
'

4 11 Ofn orthern c imes an d Britis

ladie s

W
b a a a
I t has n o t b een yo u r lot to
4 13
ho f ed m e f rom her gen tle b r eas t , L ik e m e, t he charming
A n d hu s he d me in her ar ms to r es t,
C adiz B yron
. .

A n d on m cheeks s w e et kiss es
p res se g g 3 8 .

13+ My M o ther .
Thomson

.
bccb
a
n dar d
4 73 T o hbr e s ta
! to hors e ! the
T he e

x p res sio n My Mother , clos es
o ft he p o e m

l ies s
e ach s tan za A p art t hu s .
T he b ugles s mi n d the c all ;
re pe ate d, o r m ak in t he b u rd e n o ft he The G alli c n avy s te ms the s eas ,
p o em, is call e d a r e r e
v/ in .
The v o ice o fb attle s o n t he b r ee ze ,

A r o u se ye , o n e an d all l S oott
T
.

3 9. BUR N s
S AN Z A
s
4 0

W
.

a a c ha b
a ba b cc
4 13 hen rip en e d elds an d azu r e 4 a Y o u hav e the P rrhic dan ce as et

C all f
ski es ,
o rth the r e ap er s

r u s tling
4 f h er e i
on e ?
y
s t he Pyrrhic p h
y ,
a lan W x
n o rs e ,
g
O ftw o s u ch les son s w hy f orget
I saw thee le ave t heir ev enin g j oys
T he n obler an d t he manlier on e ?
A n d li mel 7 st alk ,
? h C dm

4 12 Y o u h av e t e le tt e r s a u s gav e
To v ent t hy b os om s s w elling
I n p e n sive w alk
Bu r n8
h in k y o u h e

m e an t th em f or a T
slav e i
.
Byron_
,
.

42 .

4 1 .
4 73+ T ho art n ot f
u als e, b u t thou art
a c he c h fick le ,
4 13+ Two s p rits r eache d thi s w orld o f To tho s e thys elfs o fon dly sou ht ;

o
rs : T he tears t hat tho u has t f o rce to

W
The lightn in g s lo co motiv e p o w ers tr ickle ,

3 i + or 4 5 er e slo w t o t heir agility : A re d o u bl rom t hat

b itte r f
I n b oad daylight they mo v e d
r
t hou g t y .

i n co
g, . 4 73+
Tis thi s w hich b reak s the heart
En byi n g, witho ut mi st f tho u gri v e s t ,
'

or g,
Too w ell t ho u loy st , t oo s o o n

n tire in v isib ilit
y
.

Camp bell .
t hou leav est B yron . .

hb c c c b

4 3 . . a

W
a c a b 4f
Tho a goo dly tr ee , with
u g w es t
r
hen maiden s
,

41 such as H es ter die , s hoo ts [r ots

ye may n ot w ell su p p ly Fanni 0' the sk y, an d arth b o un d
Ea
-

Th amon g a t hou san d t r

y, t
a S o r s e d un der ,
v ain e n deav or . T
hat th u , who m p r chin g b ir ds
co u ld ewin

4 13 By t or ch an d tr iim et f
44
as t arr a d
.

F r m t b
in g,
r m tru n k u n mo ved
A n d c hyrs r o e

W wi th lightes t

s
!
e
y , o
Each hors eman rew h is b at tle di Et ing
b lade , 2 emp es t an d t hun der
f T .

4f A n d i rioii s ev ery charger n ei b e d M agazi ne : Ohar ter oalc -

.

8 i To j oin the dr eadf u l r ev e O b s erv e ho w the chan ge o ff e et in t he

y
g
.

(Ia/mp he las t li n e , imp ro v es the v igor o fthe s tanza

. .
2 84 V E R S I FI C A T I O N .
I
S CA N N N G I A M BI C . VER S E .

52 .

a bba

A lo n g way o L u cin da s trik es the m en

A s s he dr aws n ear ,
A n d on e s ees clear,
A lon g w ay o ffon e wishes her again .

53.
a ba b
I t is t he R hin e ! o u r mou n tain vin eyar ds laving ;

I se e t he p r o u d o o d shi n e .

S in g o n t he m ar ch, wit h e ve i b an n er w av mg,

S in g, brothers I tis the

emaozs g
.

54 .

W
a ba b
stw ar d the cours e o f mp ir e tak es its w ay
T he rs t f
ou r acts alr eady p as s e d
A f th s hall clo s e t he dram a wi th t h e
Tim d s n ob lest o f fs rin g is t he las t
p .

5 5 PEN TA METERS , HER OI O MEA S UR E 5

. OR . 1 or

I n this m easu re b y f ar the r e ates t an d m o st v alu ab le p art o f o u r try is

,
comp ri se s n e arly o u r blan k ver se an d o an all o u r
d r amatic p oetry S e e C hau cer , S en s er , S hak es ear e ,
p oe
to n , ryden , Po p e , '

T homs on , C owp er , Pollok , R ogers , yr on , C amp b e C rab be , et c .

B lank .

T he p et s eye, in a fi n e f

r en zy r llin g,
D o th glan ce f ro m h av n t o arth f r o m arth t o h av en
,
A n d, as ima in atio n b o die s f o rt h
g
T he f orms o r t hin gs u n k n b w n , the p act s n

T u r n s them t o sha e an d
p , giv es t o ai r n e ri ng a
A local hab itation an d a n ame S ha sp ed/r e . .

Y et , h her than their t 6p s

W
The v r duroiis w alls of aradis e u p s p riing,
hi ch to o ur gen eral sir e gave p ros p ect large ,
I n to his n ther m ire n eighb orin g r ou n d .

A n d hi her than t at wall, a cir cling r ow

Ofg o iaat t r e s , leaden wit h f air e s t f
r uit,
Bl s s ms an d f rui ts at 6nce o fgolden hue
A p eare d , wit h gay en amelle d co lo rs mi e d
,
x
?
O w hich the s u n m ore glad imp r ess e d hi s b eams

W
T han in f air e v en ing clo u d, o r hu mid b o w
hen G o d hath sho wer e d ear th Mi lton
,
. _ .

a a bb ac d d, & c .

W
O h ! had he b e n con t en t to s erv e the cr wn ,
it h v ir tu e s p r o p er o n ly fo r the go wn
O r had t he ran kn e ss o ft he s o il b e en f r e e d,
Fro m co ck le t hat o p r ess e d the n ob le s e e d ;
p
D avi d f or hi m his t u n e f ul ha r
p had s tr un g,
A n d h av n had wan te d on e imm r ta l s on D ryden
g
-
. .

5 6 . EL E G I A C S T
ANZ A.

a b a b
T he b r ez call o fin cen s e b r athin g mor n ,-

T he s w llo w t witt eri ng f r m the s tr aw b u ilt sh d -

,
The co ok s shrill clar ion , o r t he e cho in g ho r n ,

N 0 more shall ro u s e the m f ro m t he ir lo w l b e d G ra4/

y . .
 VER S I F I C A TI O N .

S CA NN IN G .
-
IA MB I C V E RS E . 85

For thou was t m en areh b orn

rad ition s
p ages
. T
T
e ll n o t the p lan tin g o ft h f
y ores t tr ee ,
Bu t t hat the f o r e s t tr ib e s hav e b e n t f
o r ages
To t he e , an d t o thy sir es , t he s u b j ect k n ee Halleck . .

5 8.
Harp (ift he N r th, f
ar ew ell l the hills dark , ow
On urp le p ak s a d e ep er s hade d esc n din g ;
I n t w ight co s e t he glo ww orm lights her s p ar k ,
'

The d eer h fs een are t o t he co v ert w en di n g S oo tt

-
. .

5 9.
Philo s o p hers m ay te ach thy wher eab ou t s an d n at ure ;
Bu t wis e as all o fu s , e rf o rce , mu s t t hin k e m ,

p
x
The schoolboy b e s t has e d t hy n o men clat u re
l
A n d p oe ts , to o , mu s t call t he e Bob o lin k u m - -
.

6 0.
a b a b c c

A n d then hast w alk e d ab ou t ho w s tr ange a st ry

W T
I n heb e s s s treet s , t hr e e th u s an d years age ;

hen the M emn en ium was in all it s gl ry,

A n d tim e had n ot b egu n to o ve rthr o w
Tho s e mo n u m en t s an d p iles s tu p en do u s ,

Ofwhich t he v ery r u in s ar e tr e m en d o u s H S mi th . . .

6 1 . BrR ON
s S TAN Z A .

W
a b a b a b c c
t hatI had the ar t o fe as y w r itin g,
O
hat shou ld b e e as r e adin g ! co u ld I s cale
Parn as s u s , wher e the u s e s s it in dit in
T
ho s e p rett y p oems n ev e r k n o wn t o ail,
Ho w u ickly w o u ld I p r in t (the w orld delightin g)
g
A ( r ecian , S yr ian , o r A s s r ian t ale ;
x
A n d s ell you , mi e d wit h e s t ern s en timen t alis m,

S o me samp les oft he n es t o rien ta is m l Bg
W
/ ron . .

hen iamb ic hyp erme t ers ofmo der at e len gth o ccu r on ly n o w an d then
m t h ar e m o re co mmo nly hu mo r o us t han s erio u s
p oe ,
ey .

62 . TH E S o N N Er . '

a bb a a c c a d e e d ff

A n d can st t ho u , M at her , f e r a m emen t thin k
That w e , t hy childr en, w he n o ld age s hall s he d
I ts b lan chin g hon o rs o n t hy w e ar y he ad
C ou ld f ro m o u r b est o fdu tie s ev er s hrin k i
S o n er t he s un f r em h i s high sp her e sho uld sink ,
Than w , u n ate f u l leav e t he e in t hat d a y,
T o p in e in s o itu de t h y life aw ay ,

O r shu n t he e to t t erin g o n t he gr av e s cold b rin k

0

.

Banish the t hou ht I wher e e r o u r s te p s may ro am,

%
O e r smiling ) ain s , or w as tes wit ho u t a t r e e ,

S till will f d
on m e mo ry p o in t o u r he art s to t hee ,

W
A n d p ain t the le as u r e s o ft hy eace f

A n d sm o o th the p illo w o fthy s in king age

u l ho m e

hile du ty b i s u s all t hy gri e s as s u age ,

H K . . . W hat .

6 3 S p EN sEErA N S r m z a
'
. .

a b a b b c b c c

There is a p leas u re in the p athles s w ee ds ,

The r e is a r ap t u re on t he lon ely s h re ,
Ther e is s ocie ty, w he re n o n e i n tr u des ,
28 6 V E RS I F I C A T I O N .
-
S CA N N I N G I A MB I C V E RS E
.
"
.

B the dee s e a, an d m u sic in its ro ar

y
.

I ov e n o t an t he les s , b u t N at u r e m or e

Fr om the s e o u r in t erv ie ws , i n w hi ch I s te a l
Fr o m all I may b e , o r hav e b e en b ef or e ,

W
T o mln is wit h t he u n iv er s e , an d f e el

f x
hat can n e er e p r es s , yet can n ot all co n ceal

.
Eg/r on .

A n iamb ic he x met er is
a u su ally calle d an A lexamdri ne .

64 .

a a bb
The dew was f allin g f as t, the s tars b egan to b lin k
I
I he ar d a v oice ; it s aid, D rin k r et ty cr eat u re , d ri n k
ef o t e me I e s p i e d
ip W
.

A n d lo ok in g o er t he he dge ,

A sn ew

white m eu n tain lam b l w ith a m aide n at its s ide ; or dswo rth:
6 5 .

a b a b c c

For ages , an the silen t f ores t her e ,

T hy b eams did f all b efor e t he r e d m an came

T o dw ell b e n e at h t he m ; in t heir s hade the dee r

e ar e d n ot t he arro w s d eadly aim

Fed an d f .

N o r t r ee was fe lle d, in all t hat w o rld o fw o o ds ,

S av e b y t he b eav e r s t oo t h, or win ds , or r u s h o f oo ds

.

B rg
/ ant .

6 6 .

a a bb
I s e the v alleys , S ain l wher e t hi mighty riv ers r iih ,

r

A n d the hills t hat l t t h har v es ts an d v in eyar ds tc) t he s un ,

W
A n d t he ock s that dr in t hy b r o o k s an d s p r in k le all t he gr e e n ,
here li e t hy p lains , w ith s heep walk s S eamed, an d elly e s hades
-

b we
B
[ e t e n r yant . .

6 7 . L I N ES D I VI S I B L E .

7 1? T he m lan chbly days are ceme , The s adde s t (i fthe year,

Ofwailin g win ds an d n ak e d wo o ds , A n d m ead o ws bro wn I an d se ar .
B r yant .

76 . 0 b ette r that her shatt er ed hulk S hou ld s in k b e n eath the w av e !

Her t hu n der s hoo k t he mi hty d e ep , A n d t her e s ho u ld b e her gr av e l
N ail t e t he mas t her holy ag, s et ev erj t hr eadb are s ail,

r

A n d give her t o the go d o fs torms lthe lightn in g an d the gale l

Holmes .

7 f+ No the Jo k ehas b ee n a geo d o n e , B rit I m gettin g f en d ofqu ie t

A n dI do n t lik e de viat ion s f

r o m m y cus t o mar y d ie t ;
S o I t hin k I w ill n o t go with yo u t o hear t he to as ts an d Sp e eches
Bu t stick to o ld M on tgo mery Place , an d hav e s ome p ig an d p e ach es .

Father an d I w e nt dawn to t own 1A l eng with C ap tain G ooding,

A n d there we s e the men an d b bys A s t hi ck as has t p uddin g .

Dr S hae rg Y a nkee D oodle . . .

The qu an tity o fiamb ic v ers e in English literat ure , f

ar e x ce e ds that o fall t he
o the r kin ds o fv ers e .

f
T hl
e re
re qu e n t y f
is also a so r t o fdo gge rel stan za u su all
o u n d in n e w s p ap e r s
, y iamb ic, en di n g Wth i a lo n g p ro sy lin e, and
; as ,

N e w R e b e n w as a n ice y o u n g man
A s any in t he t ew u ;
A n d P hoeb e lo ve d hi m v e r dear,
B u t , o n a cco u n t o f his e in g o bli e d t o wo rk f
or a living, he
g
ne ver could mak e himse lfagre e able to o ld M r an d M rs B ro wn . . .
2 88 V E R S I FI C A TI O N S C A N N I N G A N A PE S T I C VERS E
. . .

12 .

a b a bb

W

T o R iches ? A las I tis in v ain ;
ho hid in t heir t urn s hav e b e en hid
T heir tr eas u r es are s qu an dere d again ;
A n d here in t he grave are all m etals f or b id
S av e the tin s el t hat shin e s o n

1 3 .

a b a b cc

The rmis ic o fs tr eam an d o fb ir d
S hall come b ack whe n the w in ter is 6 er

Bu t the v eice t hat w as deares t to us , s hall e hear d h

I n o u r de s olat e chamb ers n o m or e I
T he sun light o fM ay o n t he w ate rs s hall qu iv e

But t he light o fher eye hath dep art ed f or eve r l B w dell '
.

14 .

W
a a bb
hen the ewer s o ff rien ds hip or lev e hav e de ca ye d
I n the heart t hat has tr u st e d an d o n ce b e en b etraye d,
N 6 S un s hin e o fk in dnes s the ir b leo m can re s t er e
For t he v erd u r e o ffeelin g will qu ick en n o mo re Hofmam .

So I hep e, ro m hen cef

f er war d ou n e e r will as k , can I mau l

This t eas in g, co n ceit e d, r u d e, n sole n t an imal .

A n d ifthis r e b uk e might b e turn ed to his b en et ,

(For I p ity the man , ) I should b e glad then o fit S wift . .

a b a a b

A w arrior s o b eld, an d a vir in s o b right ,
C o n v er se d as they s at on t e r een ;
T hey gaze d o n e ach ether with t n der delight ,
A lo nz o the Brav e w as t he n am e o ft he k n ight ,

The maid was the f air I m oge n e

L ewis .
-
.

a a bb c c d d e e

A b r e ath o fs u b mis sio n w e b r eathe n ot
T he s w er d that w ev e draw n w e w ill s heaths n ot
I t s s cab b ard is left w he r e o u r mar ty rs ar e laid ,
A n d t he ven gean ce o fage s has w he tt ed it s b lade
Ear th may hide , wav es in gu lf ,
r e co n s u me u s
Bu t they s hall n o t t o s lav e ry do o m u s
I fthey ru le , it s hall b e o er o u r as hes an d grav e s ;

B u t w e v e s mo te t he m alr eady w it h re o n t he w av es ,

A n d n e w triu mp hs o n lan d ar e b ef or e u s ;
To the charge l H e av e n s b an n er is o er u s Camp bell
-
. .

1 6 .

W -
a bb a
hen the b lack letter ed lis t t o the geds w as r es en t ed
p ,
(T he list o fw hat Fat e for e ach m ert el in t en ds
A t t he lo n g st rin g o fills a kin d go dd es s r e len te d
A n d S ll p p ed in t hr ee b les s in gswif
,

e , childr en an d frien ds

& GW
.
,
Q

S ho u ld the t em es t o fwar o v er s hado w o ur lan d,
p
b
W
I ts elts co l n e e r r en d Fre e do m s t em le as un de r
u

p ;
Fo r u n move d at its o rtale w o u ld as hin gt o n s t an d
A n d r ep u ls e with
,
b reas t the as s aults o ft he t hu n de r .
P aim .
 TR O C H A I C

VE R S I FI C A TI O N .
-
S CAN NI N G ~
.
~
VERS E . 289

W
a ba b c c c b
hen a p rin ce to the f at e o fthe ea s an t has i lded
The ta p s t ry w av e s dar k ro u n t he dim

t e d hall ; h
s cu tcheon s o fs ilv er the co i n is s hiel e d
,
A n d a e s st an d mute b y t he can op ie d p al] :
T
hr ong t e c u rt s , at de ep midnight , the t or ches ar e
In the p r ou dly ar ched chap el t he b an n ers are b e aming ;
-

Far ado wn t he lo n g is le s acre d m u sic is str e amin g

lcott

L amen ting a chie fo fthe p eo p le shou ld f all . .

1 9. L I N ES D iv rsrs L n .

a b a b
rom the thr a

The cap tiv e u s rirp er , H u rled d wn f n e,

L ay b u ried in t o p o , Fo rgo tten an d lon e
r r B yron . .

3 . TR OC H A I C VER S E .

2 .

a a bbc a a b b c c, & c .

S e him s tride
T urni n g,
v alleys wi de ,
Bur n ing, Ov er w oo ds ,
C han gin g, O ver o o ds
Ban gi n g, S o s hall I

Full ofgriefan d f
iill o fp ai n
3 to (L f
t t I) t u hth k y S wzf
:t
.

yp e o c e s . .

A ddison
4
3 '

b ab
W
a
a a bcc b 3 t hizz ing through the moun tains ,
Tis most O r tain 7 2 tc B uzzin g b er t he v ale

8 tc W Bfthe ir irtin ,
me n hav e mo st n v y shown ;
Ple ase d to r u i n

g
Ble s s me I t his is p leas an t ,
on a r aj 1
73
b aw8
i
.
_
.

Others w ooin g,
6 .

b b
,

N ever hap p y in their own .

a a

can I ceas e to care,

a a a b 0cc b Wcan I cea e I an n is h,

hile my sat n g ir
I s an the co rich o fan gu ishi

to '

C l ar we lls sp rin g n ot, B ur ns .

S w eet b ir ds s in g n o t , 7 .

L o u d b ells r in g n ot
C he erfu lly ; 4t
Th u gh w e charge t o day with -

Her ds st an d w eep in g, etn es s

Th u gh w e dre ad to m cr row s

Flo ck s all sle ep in g, 3 tc

-

N ym hs b ack cre e in g sk y,
hakesp ea/r e p
. Th e re

melan choly s w e etn ess
s a
In the n ame o fdays go n e b y .

Trip p er .

W
gi glgiid i g g
c
I

i
e f
I 0

r o h o n d
9.
s trif

W

H usb an d, husb an d c as e yo u r e,
b i
'

r s z a ng

hen o er all the f ra r an t gr o u n d 7 f

N or l o n ge r id ly r v e si r
g Th b h I a m w d e d wif
e
m u r

g
o
Early herb s ar e sp ri n g
i
rg/ an t 7 f Y
g
l m n 6 t o ur sla v e ,
s ir
.
a
t . u r ns .
 2 90
VE RS I F I C A T I ON .
-
CA N N I N G -
. TR O C H A I C v a a a.
s '

1 0. l l
W
.

3 to N 6 the p in e tr ee s i i t Q -

P

8 to S bldier , r es t thy w ar far e 6 er ,

3t0 G ently gr eets t he mo r n i n g ga le 4 t S leep t he s l ep that k u bwa n o t

Kidlin gs n o w b egin t o cr o p b r e ak ing
1331 18 1 6 8 in the dewy V91 9 ? D ream o fb att le a cids n o more ,
m
-

U kam D ays o fdan ger , n ights o fwak

12 .
in g ; S cott
. .

4t G all n o t this t he m on th o frcis es

2 to Th re are n 6 ne t o b l om

8 to W
M ornin g light, al as I dis clo s es
Bu t the in ter o fthe to mb
.
a a a bccb

W
Of
t as summer clos es ,
hen thin e eye r ep o s es
On its lin ger in g ro s es ,
W
a a a b c c o b, & c .

3 to 8 0t who hav e with allace bl d,

On ce so lcv e d by thee
Thin k o fher who wo v e th em ,

W
S co ts who m Br u ce has o f
e lco me t o t he
g
Or to v i ct ory
t en le d,
ory b ed ,
Bu m s
Her w ho m ade thee lo v e t he m ;
O h i then r ememb e r m e
.

Moor e
. .

C omp ar e 3 t o with 4 13 .

a a b b c c, & c a a a b r e r ain f
W
.

I t shall c me in emp ir e s gr cian s ,
8t0 ,
cl 2 to h n the A lhamb r a w alls he
Bur n in g temples , tr amp le d thr cn e
T hen , Amb itio n , r u e t hy lu s t gain ed,
.

O n the m omen t he o rdain ed
Ear th to ear th ! an d du st to d u s t l That the tru mpe t str aight s hou ld

17 . WW s ou n d
ith t he silv er clarion r ou n d
6 is m , A lhama 1

.

a ba bod o d
Byron .

4t
In the gr een est ofo u r v alleys
8 15 0 By goo d an gels t e n an t e d,
O n ce a f air an d s t ately
p alace
S n ow lwhite aiace ) reared its h ad ; b b dd

a a a a 0 0
n t he m on ar c

T
ho u ght s do minion ,
I t st co d t har e ; In a valley that I k n 6w,
N ev er s er a h s ead a inio n Hap p y s c n e
Ov er fa ric lfso air P oe pi '

.
T here are meadows ,
sl p ing
l6w,

19. Ther e the f air est o w ers b lo w ,

A n d the b righte s t w aters o w,
a ba boc
A ll s er en e ;
Pb et 6 fthe he art , Bu t the s we e tes t thin g to s e e,
D elvin g in its min e , I fyo u ask the drip pin g
Fro m man k in d ap art Or the harv e st ho i n g s
h
-

Y et w her e j e wels sh in e ; I s the rain

yt
-
. .

H av m g up wards t the light,

. J

Pr e ci o u s we alt h that char ms the

s ight L ocke
. .

a a bb
d to H that lov es a r sy ch e k
,
S e the ruddy m cir n in g smili g,
'

Or a co r al li admir es , H e ar t he gro v e t o b lis s b egu i

Or f r o m s t ar l
i
o

e e ye s do th s ee k Z ep hy r s t hr ou gh the
Fu e l to m ai n taiu his r e s ;

p layin
A s o ld t i me mak e s t he se d eca
y g
S tre ams al mg the v alleys stray

8 0 hi s ames mu s t melt aw a ing
.

6 10.
 2 92 VE RS I FI C A T I O N .
S CA N N IN G D A C T Y L I C VE R S E

. .

4 . D A C TY L I C VE R S E .

O ur lit eratu r e has b u t little r egu lar or

p u re dactylic v ers e .

I . l 2 .

a a a b a a a b
r o m satie t
Fr e f
C

a(1
L an d o fthe P ilgr im s p ride ,
y
L an d wher e my fat her s die d,
C are an d an ie ty , x
C harms in varie ty
From ev ry mo un t ai n side
-

Fall to his s har e

L et f r ee do m rin g S mith . .

4 .

a bab
2d T ak her u p t en de rly,
e
2 d Bright in her f ather s hall
d0 L ift her with car e ;
S hields gle ame d u p on t he w all, Fas hi on ed s o slen derl ,
L ou d s an g the min s tr els all, Y oung, an d s o f air ! y
W C han ti n his lory
hen o f01 Hil eb r an d
I as k ed his dau ght er s han d,

2d WWm
5 '

her e shall the l v er r est ,

M u te did t he m in strel s tan d d t ho t he f a te s s ev e r
2 i+ or d t To hear my s t o ry Fro m his tr u e mai den s b r eas t

L ongf ellow . P ar te d f
or e v er S cott . .

6 .

a a b c c b

Bir d o ft he wil der n e s s ,
Blit hes o me an d cum ber le s s ,
L ight b e t hy ni atin o er m o rlan d an d l a ;

Emb lem o fhap p in e s s ,

Ble st is thy d wellin g pi -

'

O , to ab ide in the de s e rt w ith the e l B ogg .

7 .

a b a b
C me from the m u n t o fthe l Op ar d
,
s p u s e,
C me fro m the d n o ft he lio n
;
C o me to the t en t o ft hy s he her d ,
C ome to the mou n tain o f io n
.

8 .

a aa bcccb

9.
a a a bcccb
P aus e n ot to dr am ofthe f utu r e b ef re u s
Pau s e n o t to w e e p t he w ild car es that co me o er u s
Hark , how C r eation s dee p , m u sical cho ru s ,
Iln in t ermitting, go e s up int o h av e n l
N v er the ( we an wav e f alters in w in g ;
-

N ev er t he litt le s e ed sto p s in its gro win g ;

More an d more richly t he r ose he art k eep s glo wi n g, -

Till from its no u r ishin
g s te m it is r ven
i Osgood . .
 V R F
E SI ICA T I ON .
S C A N N I N G .
-
CO M P O S I T E V ER S E . 2 93

1 0. LI N ES D I VI S I BL E .

bb a a

S e, in his w ayw ardn es s , H w his st do ub les

T hu s p u gilis tical, darin g lif
e s t ro u b le s
S tr ange , t hat t he n eo hyte en ters e is t en ce , x
I n s u ch an attitu de, eign ing resistan ce Hoo d . .

11
a o bb , &c .

Of te n had mo un t ai n s ide, moun t ain s ide , b r ad lak e an d s tream

- -

G leame d o n my w aking t hou ght , wak ing t ho u ght , cro wded my dr eam .

1 2 .

b a bc c d e e d a

G r en b e the grav es where her martyr s ar e l i n

y
W S hr u dle ss an d tomb les s t hey s un k t o t he i r r st ,
'

W hile o e r t heir as hes the s t arry f

o ld yin g
rap t t he p ro u d e a le t he r o m his n es t
g y rous e d f .

B r n e o n her n rt he rn p in e ,
L o ng o er the f oamin g b rin e

S p r ead her b r o ad b an n er to s t o r m an d to s u n ;

W
H av n k e ep her ev er f

r ee ,
ide as o e r lan d an d sea

Floats the f air e mb le m her her o e s hav e w o n B b h nes . .

1 3 . L I N ES D I VI S IB L E .

a bab
5 dt
T im e tho u art v er in m tio n O n w h els o fthe d ays , y ears , an d ages ;
R es tles s as w av e s o ft he o cean , I w he n E u r us o r B r
o e as r

e s .

B rown s G r am

.

14 .

a a bb
7d Out o f the k in gdo m o f C hrist shall b e gather ed, b y an gels o er S atan

vi ct riou s
A ll that o e n deth, that lieth, t hat faileth to hon or his n ame ev er gloriou s
'

1 5
] ;
.

7 dc N imro d the hun ter was mi ghty in hun tin g, an d f

am ed as t he riiler o fcitie s
o fy ore
ro m S hinar s f
Bab el, an d Erech, an d A ccad, an d C aln eh, f air r egion h is

n ame af ar b o r e Ib . .

5 . C O M PO S I T E V E R S E .

W
1 2 .

O ur f ith a lau h an d s ang w e glide al n g,

r e a g is dan cin g
g
I n the f r ee mo u n t ain air ,
A n d b iirn is he d arms ar e glan cin g
A n d w arriors gat h rin g t her e .
W A cr s s t e eeti n g s n o w ;
rien ds b e s ide , ho w s w f
it h f
On t he b eauti f u l tr ack b e lo w
t w e ride
i .

B ryan t .

Thr ou ghou t this co mp osite vers e, show what feet co mp ose eacho f the lines .

W
3 .

b iirie d him dark ly, at daad o fn ight ,
e
T he s ds with o u r bay on et s t urn i
By the s trugglin g m onb eams mis ty ig ht ,
W

A n d t he lan tern dimly b ur n in g fe
ol .

Twas the b attle eld ; an d the obid, p ale meo n
-

L ook e d d wn o n the d ead an d d ng ;

W
A n d t e win d p ass e d 6 er w it h a d rge an d a w ar] ,
h

here the y oung an d b rave we re ly g
_

i n L a ndo n . , .
2 94 V E R S I F I C A T I ON .
-
S CA N N I N G .
-
CO M P O S I TE m as s .

4 .

I k n w w her e the youn g M ay Vi olet gr ws ,

I n its l n e an d lo wly n o k ;
O n its m o ss y b an k , w her e t he large tree thr o w s
I ts b r ad dark b o righs , in S ble mn rep ose ,

Far 6 ver the silver b r o k B r yan t .

W
5 .

W itho ut amain

Thy he ar t w as a r iv er
o ul d I had l v ed t hee n ev er , Fl ren ce Va ne .
-
P en dleton Cooke
. .

6 .

The e wr as6n ce a little f

oun tain T
hat awe d aw ay u n se n

the b o som o fa mou n tain , he e man had n e v e r b een
-

In r 0 Y oun g . . .

W
L et g , las s ie gb t o the b ra
us e s o fBa
he re the b lac erries gr w mon g t he

l u hither
ar my highlan d heather .
T a nna Mll .

W
45
d

O, the 61d, old cl ck , ofthe h u sehold st ack, as the b rightes t thin g an d n ate s t
The han ds , thou gh 61d, had a to uch ofg ld, [A n d its chim e r ang still t he s w ee tes t

.

9.

I t w as man an d man y a yaar aga, I n a k in do m b y the s a,

T hat a mai en there liv ed w ho m yo u may k n w , B y t he n ame o fA nn ab al L e

A n d this maide n s he liv ed with n o other tho ught Than t o lo ve an d b e lo v e

by me Poe . .

A LL THE FEET .

10 . 11.

N ight sink s o n the w ave G 6 where l ry w aits thee,

H llo w gust s ar e s igh in g ; Bu t w he n ame elates t he e ,
S ea b i r ds , t o their cav e,
-
Ohl s till rememb er m e tc

M
.

Through t he gl o m ar e ymg Hemcms . oor e . .

12 . 13.

It is written 6 a the r s e,
The dep arted ! the dep ar ted i
I n its gl r y s full array ,

T
hey v is it us in dr eams ;
R ead what t ho s e b uds diaclas e A n d t hey glide ab v e ou r m mo ries

B emcms Lik e s hado ws ov er streams
'

Pas sing away . . .

14 . 15 .

os in the sails
W rm,
; n ig ht G n tle l v ely f
an d
,
Ere sliimb er s chain has b 6un d

hat didst thou h re &c .

me,
Fon d M mory b rin gs the light 1 6 .

O f6ther days arb an d me ; N ar the lak e where dr op e d the willow ,

T he s miles the t ears ,
Of y o ds years ,
b o h o

The w ords o flov e the n sp ok en ;

WL en ti me ag ;
here t e r ock t hr ew b ack the
Bright r than s u bw ;
T he e es that s ho n e, D welt a maid b elov e d an d cherished
y
N o w im an d gon e , B high an d lb w ;
y
The cheerf ul hearts n o w b r ok en .

W
Bu t i th au tu m n s le afshe p eris he d,

L en g time ag Mor ms . .

1 7 .

M an y are thbu ghts that c me to ma I n mv lon el mus in
y g;
M any are t h th u ghts that c m e ta ma in my l n ely musin g ;

W
A n d they d ri ft so s trange an d s wif
hi ch to f
ollo w, f o r t o le av e an
t, T re s n o ti me fo r ch osin g
y s eems a lo sin g

Or a nch . .

1 8 .

M ar chf march mar chl Eart h gr an s as the tr ad

y
Each carri es a shrill ; go ing d wn t o the d ad .
2 96 VER S I F I C A TI ON .
~ F A ULT Y L I N ES .
O B S E RV A T I ON S .

T owar d on t ower ect castle , E ven ing draws her r osy v eil
T ime an r hy /
-
mer en own e d,
- L ov ely o er the w este rn sk y

0

L in gerin g clo u d s i n b eau s ai l

L tghtly l et t hy w av es t he n
L edp t he s teep y l e dges , E re the night i thdraws t eir dye

W .

P in j r w est s ilv er N ot a w av elet , etc

a
/
ou r .

P
D
l
r an e ly, ou dly o v er ,
an em g d ow n w it h lau ht er ,
S u ch v ers e mak es what is calle d an

aer ostie
asking, f
.

D lashing o nw ar et c .

MGM /3 eetwr es L S u ch S harpn es s sho ws the sw eetes t f mnd ;

Thi is lin e
s -
r min g an d alliter a S u ch cu ttin gs r ather heal than r en d,
tion comb in e d . cc p age 2 61 A n d su ch b eginn in gs to u ch their en d .

cu r f d dis an d p
A -
ro u ght -
e ath -
eas e

b les f
r b a
g

A cu r se d en d wrou ght death, dis e as e, an d p ai n ;
A b le sse d frie n d b ro u ght b r e ath an d eas e again

S u ch v ers es hav e b een calle d tas k p oetry .

Fa u l ty L i n e s .

P oin t ou t the err or s

FA ULTY MEA S UR E A n d the mou n tain s will in dustry s glad so ng

echo

.

L ow S hall they lie w hile age s af te r age s e e,

Bu t their tomb shall s tan d a p rou d he rmo pylae T .

FA ULTY R HYME
S hou ld ev ery ho p ef ade on lif
u l p ro sp ec t f e s u n certain way ;

S hou ld e v e ry tie that lov e has made, b e ru dely to rn away .

A n o ther sto ry all the tow n w ill tell ;

Phillis p aint s f air to lo ok lik e an an gel .

A where S hade an d f
n d n ow, o u n tain me et,

H erds ofho rses an d cattle f
ee d .

I NE L G N T RHYM
E A E: A b ove the wo o dy v ales, o n high

The e agle scars in maj es ty .

Too M Y E TH TS
AN PI E : Dark rollin g, high in e ddyin g wreaths
-

u p risin g,
ully gran d, maj e st ical ly awf
A wf ul .

BA D I M A G RY E : Balmy z ephyr, lightly ittin g,

S hade me w ith you r azu r e w in g .

FA ULTY T HOUGHTS :
T he s miles ofj oy, the tears o fw oe ,
Deceitf u l s hin e , de ce itf
ul o w
T
here s n othing tru e b u t H eav en

II Moor e .
-
.

S mile s an d t e ars m ay b e deceitf

ul ; b u t s miles o f j oy, an d te ars o f w oe ,
n e ver s o .
Bac f k
ro m Miami, lik e a star he ies,
Meigs to assis t to hu rry the su pp lies
.
Fredontad .

OB S ER V A T I ON S .

1Po etry is closely allie d to mu sic, p ain tin g, s tatu ary, an d, in dee d, to all t he
.

ne arts, o fw hich it is the greates t I ts mas te r p assio n is lov e, in the mo st en

.

large d se nse o f the term

W
I n some p o etry, thou ght p re domin ates, as in P op e s
'
.

lssay o n Man ; in so me, f e elin g, as in e s Bu r ial o fS ir Jo hn Mo ore ; in so me

o lf

the image ry, as in Mo o re s L alla R o ok h in some the mu sic, as in son gs, w hich

of ten hav e b u t little to reco mmen d them, e cep t t hat they are goo d V ehicle s f or x
p ret ty t u ne s o r airs I n so me p o et ry are happ ily co mb in ed all the e celle n cie s
. x .

2 P o e try mu st b e co mp osed in acco rdan ce w ith the p rin ciples ofcor re ctn e ss,
.

q x
an d the traits o fe ce llen ce, re u ire d in
go o d p rose ; that is, it mu s t possess fun
 VE RS I FI C A TI O N O B S ERVA TI O N S
. . . 2 97

d amen tally the goo d qu alities ofgo od p rose , an d all deviatio ns mu st b e su ch

all
as mak e it po etr , an d e lev ate it ab o ve
y pro se, o r s u ch as imp ar t to it s ome p e
c u liar p o e tic e ce lle n ce x .

3 Po e try sho u ld b e co mp o sed in a lof ty or ardent glow o f S irit

p ; an d a
.

de cie n cy allo w ed in any o f its essen tial qu alities shou ld en erall b e ato n e d
g y
f x
or by su p e rior e cellen ce in the other
qu alit ies
,
.

4 Po etry, in its f
. e e t caesu r al
, p au se s, rhyme s w ords , mo des o f e
'

, ress io n xp ,
a rrange men t of w o rds, an d licenses, sho u ld b e in acco r dance with the u sa e
g
o ft he b est p oets, or in acco rdan ce with the p ri n ci les in which the art itse lf
p
is f
ou n de d .

5 .S u ch a mode of v ers icatio n shou ld always b e chosen, as w ill b es t corre

6 . W
S po n d w ith the s e nt ime n ts o fthe inte n de d
po em

there shou ld n o t b e, thro u gho u t the s ame p o em, any de p artu re f

.

he n a certain st anz a, o r a certain mo de o fv ers ication, has b e en ado te d

p ,
ro m it, e ither in
t he kin d o ff e e t, in the n u mb er o f f
e e t to t he resp ective line s o r in the mo de
,
O f arran gin g the lin es that rh me R egularity is o n e of the chief b eau ties o f
y .

p o e try .

R hy min g line s S ho uld not b e allow ed to co me o ccasio n ally into b lan v e rse k
n o r shou ld lin es o f b lan k ve rse b e o ccas io n all in ters ers e d amo n
y p g rhy min g

7 . x
R hymes shou ld e actly co rres pon d, o r at least b e allo w ab le ; that is , corre

W
s p o n d su f cie n tly to b e au thoriz e d b y t he u sage o fgo o d p o e ts .

8 . hen t he merit ofp o et ry is to de p en d o n its stru ctu re as to qu an tity and

a cce nt alo n e, there mu s t b e r e u larit
g y an d great melo dy, o r gr e at e celle n ce o f x
x
t hou ght, se n time nt, an d e p ress io n, to ato n e f or the qu alities t hat are w an tin g .

T he ref o re mos t o fo u r S app hics,

x
he amet ers, an d o t he r f

an t as tic imitatio n s
o f w hat is f ou n d in an cie nt or in f ore ign lan gu age s, are hardly p oe tr
y according
t o the gen iu s ofou r literatur e .

9 S o n gs are n o t alw ays so regular as o ther p oe ms

. To w rite a goo d son g
.
'

r e qu ire s
gr e at art u nle ss the min d happe n s to b e o n e o ftho se rare an d n e o n e s
in which n at u re has co mb in e d the p oe t and the mu sical co mp ositor The b e st .

so n gs are writt e n b y lear n in g the air, tu n e, o r mu sic rs t, an d then se ttin g it to

w o rds, o r, rathe r, wedding it t o w ords .

1 0 I n the co mp os itio n o fo des, the p o e t may, in ge n eral, p u rs u e w hate v e r

.

v ar ie ty o fv ersicat io n he p le as e s, in o r de r that he may e p ress a v ar in g train

y x
o ff e elin gs in rhythm su i tin g the dif fe re n t p arts, an d thu s
pro du ce a much riche r
a n d b et ter harmo n
y than u n v arie d re gular ity co uld af fo rd .

1 1 I t s ee ms to b e a pre v ailing Op in io n amo ng the pe ople of w estern an d o f

.

s ou thern A sia, that p oe ms e sp ecially lo n g o n es S hou ld b e va ried in v e rs ica

t io n , in o rder to p ro du ce the highest de gree o f ple as u re S cott, Byro n , an d .

Mo o re, have writte n many o ftheir can to s thu s, an d su ccessf ully T he p rivilege, .

ho w e v e r, o f u s ing dif f e et p ro mis cu o u sly, o r o fv aryin g the v ers ica tio n,

e re n t f
can b e allo w e d o n ly to re lie v e mo n o to n y, o r w he n su ch d ivers ity w ill mak e t he

x
v erse mo re e p re ss ive, o r decide dl mo re agree a ble than r e gular s tru ctu re wo uld
y
mak e it
12 . W
.

e so me time s n d, e v e n in shorte r p oe ms that are n o t o de s, a so rt o f

w ayw ard irre gu larity in t he len gth a n d rhyming oflin e s The p ro p rie ty o fs u ch .

s tru ctu r e mu s t, I su p po s e, b e j u dge d b y t he e f fect ; a nd if it pro v e s t o b e re ally

t he inbor n m u sic of gen ius, o f co u rs e it is allo wab le Bu t p e rhap s t he re ade r

.

w o u ld r athe r he ar a p o e t s o p inio n o fit

H e [H alleck] is f amiliar wit h the s e general r u le s an d p rin cip les w h ch are

i
the b asis o fme trical har mo n y ; an d his o w n u n er rin g tas te has tau ght hi m t he
x
e ce p tio n s which a p r o p e r atte n tio n to v arie ty de man ds H e u nde rstan ds t hat
.

the rivul et is made mu sical by o b stru ctio n s in it s chan n el I n n o p oe t can b e

.

fo u n d p assages which o w w ith mo re s w ee t an d liqu id s moo thn ess ; b u t he

2 98 A N AL YS I S or S EN T E N C ES .

k no ws very w ell that to mak e this s mo othn e ss p erce ive d, an d to p re ve nt it f ro m

d egen eratin g in to mo n oto n y occas ion al ro u ghn ess mus t b e in t erp os ed

,
Bry an t .
-
.

1 3 Po e ts t ak e u nu su al lib er tie s w ith lan gu age , w hich are calle d p oetic

.

licenses . G reat er lib erty is allo we d t o the m t han t o p rose w rite rs, chie y in the
cho ice o f w o rds, in the n u mb e r o f wo rds , an d in the arran geme n t o f wo rds .

T hey so me times u se an tiqu ate d w ords , s p ellin g, o r p ro n u n ciatio n ; t hey o f ten

sho rt en w ords, so me time s le n gthe n t he m, an d s o me t ime s e chan ge the m f or x .

k in dre d w o r ds o r f o rms . T
hey so metimes ade p t o b s o le te o r f o reign idio ms

T hey allo w u n u su al ellipse s, u n usu al p leo n as ms, a n d f re qu e n t an d so me time s

vi o len t in v e rsio n s I n gen eral, any arran ge men t o f w o rds is allow ed that w ill
.

p r e se rv e t he s en se .

1 4 Po e try may b e f
. au lty in the measu re , in the rh yme , in the imagery, in
x
t he mo des o fe p re ss io n, in t he qu ality o f the thou ghts Bu t the w o rs t an d .

most co mmon f au lt is that o fmak in g p o e t ry o u t o fgau dy lan gu age me re ly, o r

o u t o fr e memb ere d p o etic scrap s an d p hras es S u ch is most o fthe n e w spap er.

p o etry, in w hich w e have of te n b e en o b lige d to s e e the w av es o fthe Paci c

ro llin g ab o u t in the M iss issip p i Valley ; ro s e b u s he s b lo o ming in Jan u ary ; b u ds ,
-

p ro mis cu ou sly to ge ther
riv er, an d lark s w he re su rely they n e v e r w er e
. W
v io lets, ro se s, j u icy p eache s, go lden apples, an d t win k lin g s tars, all
e hav e als o he ard n ightin gales s in g o n the Oh
ou rishin g

ru e p o e try do es n o t cons ist in

.
io
T
'

a j u mb lin g to ge t her o ft he images, wo rds, an d p o e tic e p ressio n s o fo the r p o ets,

-
x
x
b u t in e act cop ies o r dagu erre o typ es ofin te re s tin g p art s o ft he w orld o fn atu re
o r the w o rld of so u l, as co n ceiv e d wit h a war m he art a s ri htl in tellect, an d
, p g y
a glo wing imagin ation .

16
A NA L Y S I S OF S EN TEN C ES
.
.

D isco r se is co mp o se d o fpro p o sitio ns

*
u .

A p ep osition is a su bj e ct co mb in ed wit h its p r edicat e

r .

The s u bj ect de o t es that o fwhich so m e thi g is af

n rmed n .

The p edic te de o t es what is af

r a me d n r .

D iscou r se m ay b e divide d in t o p aragraphs .

P aragr ap hs are co mpo se d o fs e n t e n ces .

A sen ten cetho u ght expressed by w ords

is a .

S e t en ces are eit he r simp le o r comp

n nd ou .

A s imp le en t e co nt ain s b u t o e
s en cro o sit ion n
p p .

The is s till co n s i er ed s i mp le, ifits min ativ e is

s en te n ce
n ot s o , i t i t co n t ai n s
d
a s u b or i n
p r opo sitio n ; b u t
no a
d ate p r o p o sitio n in an y o ther relatio n S o me gram .

mari an s su ply w or ds s o as to mak e with each nite v erb a p r op o sition o r S l m le

s en te n ce ; p
u t , when ever we can do so co n v e n ien tl
p
y, it is b est t o regar d a series o f
ni te v erb s as b u t o n e p r e dicate .

A mp ou nd sen ten ce co nt ain s tw o o r mo re ro o sitio n s, o r sim le

co
p p p
s en t e n ce s I fo n e o fthe pro po sitio n s mo dies an o the r the s e n te n ce
.
,
i s, b so m e rammari an s calle d co m lex
y g , p
A cla u s e is an
y one o ft w o or m o re p ro p o sitio n s which to gether
mak e t
a s e n e n ce .
f
D i s co uns n, lite rally , r efer s to t he ru n or o w ofth m o r e s rr wN me an s some
o u gh
t
t hi n g p laced befor e P A R A G R A P H , wr i tten bes ide T
; S EN EN C E, thou ght ; C L A U S E, wha t classes ,
or
lls o u t ; e o en n rN a r n, r an ki n g wi th S U B OR D I N A T E, r an king u n de r ; A N A L S I S , sep ar
a tin g Y T
S N H ES I S , p u tti n g togeth
Y
er .
3 00 ANA LY S I S or T
S E N E N C ES .

A n in dep enden t pro po sitio n mak es co mplete s en s e by its elf .

A dep en den t p ro p o sitio n dep e n ds o n an o the r f

o r co m lete s en se
p .

x
T he claus e o fa co mple s e n t en ce o n w hich the other clau ses de en d, is cit e d
calle d t he at o r leadin g elo/ use its s u bj e ct an d p r e di cate t e pr i ncsp al o r p .

su bj ect an p r g
edicate ; an d the dep en de n t claus e s , s u bor dinate cla u ses .

Ex e r c is e s .

The p rop osit io ns ; an d whether indep en dent or dep en den t, an d why

The morn ing daw ns, an d the clou ds disp e rs e The de w glis te n s w hen the .

su n rise s I w oul d n ot en ter o n my list o ff

. rie n ds the man w ho n e e dle ssly s ets
foo t u po n a w o r m S tilles t streams of
. t w ater f airest meado w s ; an d the b ird

that u tters least, is lo n gest on the win g The p ath o fs orro w le ads to the lan d .

w here sorro w is u n k n o wn I fthe min d b e cu rb ed an d hu mb le d t o o mu ch in

.

children , if the ir sp irits b e ab ase d an d b rok en mu ch b

y too strict a han d o ve r
the m, they lo se all the ir v igor an d in du stry C o me ye in pe ace he re, o r co me .

ye in war ? I n o n e p lace w e saw a gan g ofsi ty ve hors e s ; b u t the b uf faloe s x -

s e e me d ab so lu tel

y to c o v er t he gro u n d C o m e ,
s ay s P u ss, w ithou t an y .

more ado ; tis time to go to b rea f

k
as t : cats do n t live u p o n dialogu es

.

Ev ery pro p ositio n may b e divide d into the en tir e s u b ect an d j the
en tir e redica te
p .

mu st have mor e s u b ect no min a tives

The en tir e s u b ect j on e o r j -

to
the sa me verb o r v erb s .

The en tir e p r edica te mu st hav e o ne o r mo re nite ver bs agr eein g

with the same su bj e ct, which m ay b e called the p r edica te ver bs -
.

H ence b o th su bj e cts an d p re dicat es are either si mp le o r co mp ou nd .

The j
su b ect n o -
min ativ e m ay b e a wor d, a p hr ase, or an en tir e cla u se ; the p r edi
cate v erb
-
is si mp ly a ver b .

Mo st grammarian s the e ntire su bj ect the logical su bj ect the en tire predi
call
cate , the logica l p r edicate ; the s u bj e ct n o min ativ e, t he
gr ammatical su bj ect ; an d
'

t he p re dicat e v erb , the gr am matical p r edica te

-
his mo de o f naming is n ot s o . T
s imp le as the o n e w e hav e
given .

cises
W
Ex e r .

W
7 7 Pr op osition s , the entir e su bj ec ts a n d then the bet no minatives the en tir e
e r edicate
-

ed/ 500 m, a n d then th v er bs

3
p .

Men w ork . Mo st me n wo r kd aily

The leav es ru stle
. The leav es ru s tle .

in the p as s in g b ree z e L e ave s an d o w ers mu st p erish

.
Flo w e r s b loo m an d .

fade .

L e av e s an d o w ers o u rish an d deca
y
Poplars an d alders ev e r qu iv .

ering p laye d, an d n o ddin

g cyp re ss f o rme d a f ragran t s had e I n you th alon e, .

u nhap p y mortals liv e ; b u t ah ! t he mi ht The same e rrors

, g y gif t is f u gitiv e .

r u n throu gh all f amilies in which there is w e alth e n ou h t o af fo rd that the ir

g
so n s may b e go o d f o r n othin g Dep art I n co n ce rt act, lik e modern f
.
ri e n ds,.

s in n
ce o e can s e r v e the c ther s e n ds

hat it is ou r du ty to b e kin d an d T
m
.

Obligin g, ad i ts o fn o do u b t The divisio n an d qu av erin w hich pleas e so

g
.

mu ch in mu src, hav e a re semb lan ce to t he glitterin g o fli ht, as when the mo on

g
b eams p lay u po n the wate r I t is o f
ten the f au lt o fp are n ts,
.
gu ar dian s, an d
te achers, t hat so many p erson s mis carry H
( er e e ithe r I t o r the clause that
.

s o man y, e tc , may b e co n s idere d t he su bj e ct o f is an d t he o the r te rm ma

y
.
,
b e p arsed as agr ee ing with the su bj ect in case
) I t is hard y practicable f or the . .
 ANA LY S I S OF S ENT EN C ES .
01'

hu man min d to o b tain a clear an d familiar k

n o wle d e ofan
g witho u t illu st ra
ar t,
t ions an d e x e mplicatio ns A h me ! the bloo ming ride o f M ay, an d that o f
.
p
b eauty, are but o ne .

T he p arts in t o which se n ten ces are divide d in an al sis are called

y ,
e lemen ts S u bj e ct n o minatives and p redicate v erb s are the r inci a l
-

p p
. -

lemen ts an d the m a b m die d b y wor ds, p hr a ses o r cla u ses

y y e o
, .

A
p ar t that modi es an other , adds s o methin g to its me aning, or tak e s away

Wt
s o m ethm
g .

ha m o die s, is ei the r ex
p lan at o r
y o r r es ric t ti ve .

Ex . The tow n lay at the fo o t o fa hill wh

, ichwe climbed .

The t wn lay o at
the f o ft h

Wt
oot e hill whichwe climbed
.

ha e v er mo die s a su b s an t ti ve, is a n a d ective elemen t

j
W
.

W S olomon s emple T
Ex
hat t e m le ? D av id, t he king an d sah

m is t

W
.

W
.

hat D avid ? The lan d of a lms hat lan d ? A hill cr owns with .

W

768 tw tr ees h a t k in
. d o f l ?
A p ro p os itio n to sell the f ar m

hat p ro p

W
.

o s it io n
T he s to re whichis o n the cor ner hat s tor e ? A r e qu est that you .

will go withu s

Wt
hat kin d o fr e qu es t ?
.

ha mo die s, may it s elfb e mo died .

A N O U N may b e m o die d

1 . By an ar ticle . The MA N is in telligent .

2 . By an ad ec tive j .

A beau tif
u l OS E R ROS A E, r ed an d beau tif
ul .

3 . By a p ossessive .

John
s HO RS E

My S L T A E .

4 By an app os itive

JOHN the s addler

The P OE T Milt on

W l ti g t
. .
, .

5 . By ap ar ticip le, w ith what b elongs to it . A LA re a n o tastes .

6 . By an in nitive with what b elo n s to it

, g . A PA TH t o gu ide us .

7 By an ad un ct. j A MA N ofwis dom
WLL Wth t
. .

8 . By a cla use .

The I O a s tands by the sp r in g
A R QU S T th t
E E a

y ou will go withus to mor row -

.

R
A P ON O N may be mo die d in the U s ame w ays, e xc e p t n ot by a p oss ess ive .

A mo die d w ord has f

r e qu en tly se ve ral mo dicatio n s at o n ce .

Exer c ise s.

The no u ns an d p r o n o u ns , an d by wha t they ar e modif

ied
A de wy ro se The lan d o foran ges . L urkin g evils Evils lurk ing n ear . . .

Evils that lu rk n ear A hous e s itu ated o n the river . A n o p p o rtu n ity t o .

T he su n s b eams M ilto n the p oe t The de er which ran o u t o f the

s tu dy . . .

eld, an d which I shot A b right morn ing, f re sh an d b almy, t h

. at re f re shed u s
all. The calu met was p rodu ce d, an d t he tw o f o rlo rn p o w ers s mok e d e te rnal

f rie n dship b et we en the mselve s, an d v enge an ce u p o n their co mmo n sp o ile rs, the
C ro w s The sile n ce o fthe night ; the calmn ess o fthe se a ; the lamb en t radi
.

an ce o fthe mo o n , tr e mb lin g o n the su rf ace o fthe wav e s ; an d the de e p az u re o f

W
t he S ky, S p an gle d with a t ho usan d s tars, con cu rre d t o heighten the b e au ty o fthe -

s ce n e .ith le ss o fEden, till o n e gre ater man resto re us, an d regain t he b liss
ful s e at N u mero u s s mall lak es lie in lan d, rou n d w hich, o n b e aten trails , ro am
.

herds ofred dee r S weet day, so co o l, so calm, so b right, the b ridal o fthe eart h
.
3 02 ANA LY S I S OF S EN T E N OES

W
.

ht mo dies a v e r b , an ad ec j tive o r an adv erb, o r n i ayf be

'

a e v er ,

iv en in an s w er t o an in t erro ativ e adve rb , o r as t he co m le m e n t o f

g g .

p
re dicat e, is an a dver bia l elemen t

W
a
p .

The ho u s e w as
W

Ex . sold yester day .

he n ? T he ho u s e co n t ain s mu ch

u rn itu r e.
f
C on t ain s w hat ? T he hou s e w as a as w hat ? T he '

ca se f
ell, cr u sh its i nm a tes
Fe ll ho w ?
T he hc u se w as s old to p a the
'

oio er s debts hy ? The hou se w as s old beca use the own er was i n ebt
.

g
'
. . .

vv Y

A modied verb may b e . a n ite v erb , a p artici l

p e, or an in nitive .

A V E RB may b e mo die d
1 By. an ob ect j .

Me n BU LD h
I ou ses .

2 . By a p r edica te no -
min ative .

Jo hn H A S B EC O ME a ar mer
f .

James

By h

3 . an ac ective . TO BE wis e IS idle .

4 . By an adver b . The hors e RAN f
ast .

5 . By a p ar ticip le+ . The sto n e RO L D th L E u n der ing down the hill .

6 By an innitive+
I HA V C O C LUD D t
E N E o r em ain with you

GR OWo
. . .

7 . By an ad u nct j . A pp le s n trees .

8 . By a clause .

S he H I N T KS h e is r ich

He S TUD I ES tha t he may lear n .

Exe r cises .

The ver bs , an d by wha t modied

A light b e amin g b ri ghtly H e writes with care Cast n ot p earls b ef. o re .

s win e H e b ecame a p art n er

.
S he is in du strio u s I in te n d to go I be . . .

lieve he w ill su ccee d, when he mak es a vi oro u s e f

g f
or t A mong the o w e ri n g .
Vi nes Is on e deserving o f p articu lar n otice Each ow er is co mpo se d o fsix .
leav es ab o u t thr e e in ches in le ngth o fb e au t if u l crimso n, t he in side sp o tte d w it h
W hite .
,
I ts le av e s of n e gr e e n are o val, an d dis o se d b three s
p y his p lan t . T
gro w s U p on the tree s withou t attaching itse lft o t he m ; whe n it has re ached the
t opmo st b ran ches, it descen ds er e n dicu larl d it n tin u es to gro w, e x
p p y ,
a n ,
a s c o
t n ds f ro m tre e to tre e u n til its v ario us s talk s in te rlace t he
e gro v e lik e the rig
.
,

gi ng o fa ship ro m t he sto rm S h
N at u re f .
in es o u t af reshf N o t e ve n a p hiloso
p her can en du re the to othache p atien tly he re n ev er ye t w e re heart s 01 T


.

s k ies, clou ds mi ht n o t wan der thro u h

I f a man s so ul is in

g g Chau ce r said, .

his p o cket, he shou ld b e p u n ished there .

A n A D JE C T I VE may be mo died
1 . By an adver b.
S he is f
o olis hly P ROUD .

2 . By an inn itive .

The f
ru it is G OOD t o eat .

3 . By an ad un ct j .

H e is CA REFUL o fhis books .

Ex e r c i se s .

The ad ecti ves, an

j
d by what modif ied
S he w as u n co mmo nly b eau tiful H e is p o or i n mon ey, b u t rich in k n owl .

e dge Be qu ick t o b e ar, b u t slo w to s e ak The visio n s ofmy yo u th are

p
.
.

p as t to o b right, to o b eau tif

ul to las t Ho w dear to my hear t are t he scene s of

W
.

m ch ldho o d ] hat f athe r f T

ain t in d e ath b e lo w his v o ice n o lo n e r
y i , . , g heard .

ise I n co un cil an d b rave in w ar he so o n b e cam

, e the mo st s u ccessfu l leade r .
3 04 A N AL YS I S or S EN T EN C E S .

n ev olence, to the lov e ofglo ry ; b u t corp o rate amb itio n is deafto mercy and in .

s e n sib le to s hame To b e happ y is n o t o n ly to b e f

. ro m the p ain s an d dis
re e f

ro m the car e s an d dise as e s ofthe min d

e as es o fthe b o dy, b u t als o f

W
.

ho ste als my pu rs e, steals trash; tis somethin g, n o thin g ;

Twas min e, tis his, an d has b e en slav e to t ho u san ds :

Bu t he w ho lches f ro m me my goo d n ame ,

R o b s me ofthat which n o t enriches him,

A n d mak es me p oor inde ed I

Prop os itio ns are S o m e times ellip tic al o r in ver ted .

Ex e r c ise8 .

P oin t ou t the ellip tica l p ar ts , s upp ly the omitted wor ds , a nd r es tor e the logic
al am

A nd j ok e s
wen t ro u n d, an d careless chat N o mate , n o co mrade, Lu cy .

k new . Oh, ho w damp , an d dark, an d co ld !

Then why do n t you go ,

said I P ride co st s u s more than hunger, t hirs t, an d cold

. The w o man .

ran ge circu mstan ce l) remain e d o b stin at ely S ile n t Ou t o f deb t ; o u t oi

( t

s .

dan ger On the cool an d S hady hills, co f

. fe e s hru b s an d tamarin ds gro w A las .

for lov e, ift ho u we rt all, an d n au gh

not o n e

S ir, I can n ot
.

t b eyon d, 0 earth!
W Ofall t he t ho u s an d stirs
hat, my lord 7 Mak e you a wholesome an swer
.

First, Fe ar his han d, its s ill to try, k

A mid the cho rds b e wildered laid ;
k
A n d bac reco iled, he k ne w n ot why,
E en at t he sou n d himselfhad made

.

S en t en ces, p ro po sitio n s, and

phras es, ma
y b e an al z ed acco rdin
y g
to t he f o llo w in g

Fo r m u la s .

A sen tence, an d w hy ; mp le o r co mp ou nd, an d w hy ; declar ative, interrogative,

si
imp er ati ve, excla m ator y, or a co mp osite o f,
an d why ,

ap hr as e ; the chie fwo r d

an in d ep e n de n t p hr ase
is mo di e d b y
the in d ep e n d en t s u b s tan tiv e

j
s u b e ct su b ect n o min ativ e
j
is the mo di e d b y
-

e n tir e the is
p r e di cate p r edicate v er b
-

- is the e n tir e
s u b ect :
j the j
su b ect- no minativ e s
ar e co n n e cte d by an d
mo di ed b y s
p r e di cate p r e dica te -
v er b s

A N A LY S IS EX EM P LIFI ED .

S imple S en t en c es A n alyzed .

S in degrades .

T hi s is a sen ten ce, it is a e xp

by words ; simp le, it co n tains b u t
thou ght r ess e d

one
p ro po s ition ; declar ative, it e p re ss es a declar ation x .

S i n is t he su bj ect , b ecau s e it den o te s that o fwhich somethin g is af r me d an d

degr ades is t he p r edicate , b ecau s e it den ote s what is af rmed ofsin S in is als o the .

s u bj ect n o min ati ve an d degr ades , the

pre dicate v erb
- -
.
 ANA LY S I S or S EN TEN C ES . 3 05

My f
rie n d ,
w e re the se ho u s es an d lan ds pu rchas ed an d improved
by o u r o ld se n a o r, t D avid B art o n t

T his is a sen tence

, it is a colle ction o fwo rds mak in g co mple te s en s e ; si mp le, it
co n tain s but j
on e p rop o sition , or bu t on e s u b ect an d on e
p re dicate in ter rogative,
it as k s a
qu es tio n .

Myfr ien d is an in dep en den t p hr as e , b e cau se it has n o grammati cal co nn ection

with the res t o fthe s en te n ce Fr ien d is t he p rin cip al word, an d it is mo di e d or
.

limite d b y the p os s es s ive My .

The p hras e thes e hou s es an d la nds , is the s u bj ect, b e cau se it den otes that ofwhich
s omethin g is af r me d .

T he p hr as e wer e p ur chased an d imp r oved by ou r old sen ator D avid B ar ton is the
, ,

r me d o fthe s u bj e ct
p re dicat e , b ecau s e it den o tes what is af .

Hou s es an d lan ds ar e the s u b j ect -

no min ativ es , co nn ecte d b y the w ord an d, an d

W
modi ed b y t he adj e ctiv e thes e .

per e h [w er e] imp r oved ar e the p r e dicate v erb s , conn ecte d by aci d

u r c ased an d -

an d mo di e d b y the p hr as e by owr old s enator D avid B ar to n Ou r old sena tor is

, .

mo died b y D avid B ar ton ; o ld senator is mo di ed o r limite d b y the p os se ssiv e

W
ou r an d senator is m o die d b y old .

O r thu s : as is t he co u la
p ; p ur chased an d imp r oved ar e the attrib u tiv es, mo di
hed b y (as b ef
o re ) .

C omp o un d S en t en c es A n alyz ed .

A man who save s ra men

the f g ts o ftime ,
will acco m
plish mu ch

in the co u rs e o fhis lif
e .

T his i s a sen tence, it is a complete tho u ght e xp r es se d b y w or ds ; comp ou nd, it

con tain s more p r e p o s itio ns than o n e (or, comp lex, it co n tain s two p r op os ition s, of
which one mo di e s the o ther declarative, it e x p r esses a declar ation .

A man who saves the fr agmen ts of time , is the en tire s u bj e ct o f t he p ri n cip al

clau s e , b ecau s e it d en ot es that o fwhich s o mething is af rmed ; an d will accomp lish
matchin the cou r se ofhis lif e, is the en tire p r edicate , b e cau s e it den o tes w hat i s af

r med o fthe s u b j ect M an is t he s u bj ect n omin ativ e ; an d it is mo di ed b y the

.
-

article A , an d t he cla u s e wh o saves th e f r agments of time : will accomp lish is the

r e dica t e v er b , an d is m o di e d b y t he obj ect match an d the adj u n ct i n th e co u rs e

p
-

W
ho saves thef r agmen ts o f ti me ,
is a r
p pe o s itio n co nn e ct e d to man , b y the r ela

W
tiv e wh o , as a s u b o r din at e clau s e p er formin g the oice ofan adj ectiv e .

ho is the e n tire s u bj e ct an d t he s u bj ect n o min ativ e : s aves the fr agmen ts of -

time, is the en tir e p re dicate ; s aves is the p r e dicate v erb , an d is mo di ed b y its o b -

j cetfr agments , which is its elfmo di ed b y the ar ticle the an d t he adj u n ct oftime .

Wt ha p le as es the palate, is not alwa s

y g ood f
o r t he co n stit u

T his is a sen ten ce, it is a co lle ctio n o fwor ds maki ng co mplete s en s e co mp ou nd,
co n sis tin g o ftw o p r o po s itions ; (or , comp lex, it co n tai n s t wo p re p osition s o fwhich

declar ative, it e p ress es a declaratio n x

W
modie s the other

Wj
on e .

hat is e qu iv alen t to that which . hat, or that which, p leases the p a late, is the
en tir e s u b e ct o fthe p rin cip al clau s e an d is no t always good f or the co ns tit u tion , is
3 06 A NA LY S I S or S EN T EN C ES .

the en tir e Tha t is the s u bj ect n o m in ativ e , an d is mo di e d b y the clau s e

p redicate .
-

which p leases the p alate ; is is t he p r e dicate

v e rb , and is m o di e d b y the adj ectiv e

goo d, w hich is itselfmo di e d b y the adj u n ct f or th e cons titu tion an d the adv e rb
'

W
alway s , an d always is mo di e d b y the ad v er b no t .

hichp leas es the p ala te, is a p r op o sitio n co n n e cte d to that , b y the r elati ve which,

W
as a s u b o r din at e clau se p erformin g the o f ce o fan adj ectiv e .

hichis the e n tir e su bj ect an d the s u bj e ct n om in ativ e p leases th e p alate, is the

e n tir e p re dicate p leases is the p r e dicate v erb ; mo di ed by the o b j ect p alate, which
-

is itselfmo die d b y the .

cau ses milde w, has n ot

y et b ee n t
asce r ain e d wi h t cer

T his is a si mp le
having the in co rpo rate d clau s e
s en t en ce , ha t cau s es mi ldew W
as t he en tire su bj ect an d t he s u bj ect n o min ative Has no t yet bee n as cer ta in ed
-
.

W
withcer tain ty, is the en tir e p re di cate , etc .

W
ha t cau ses mildew, is a s u b or din at e clau s e in corpor at ed in to the se n te n ce as
a Sub st an tiv e in t he n omin ativ e cas e . ha t is the j
e n tir e s u b ect an d t he s ubj e ct
n omin ativ e , e t c ] .

My so n , iftho u wo u ldst r e ceiv e my wo rds, an d hide my co m

mandmen ts with the e, so tha t thou
mayst gain wis do m ; yea, iftho u
wo u lds t seek it as silve r , o r it as hidde n t reas u r e, then
an d S ear ch f

live in the f
ear o fthe L o rd ,
an d n d the kn o wledge o fG o d.

This i s a sen tence

, fwor ds m aki n g comp lete sen s e comp oun d,
it is a co lle ction o

it co n sis ts of sev er al p r op os ition s ; a co mp o site o f decla r ati ve, o r conditi onal de

cla/r at mle, an d i m er ative clau s es b u t r ather an im er ati ve s en ten ce f
'

p , p ,
o r its chief

x
aim is to e p res s a co mman d or an e ho rtation x
My s on ,

T his is
in dep en den t p hr as e , b ecau s e it has n o r ammatical
an
g con n ection with
the r es t o ft he s en ten ce e t c
, (Pr oceed as b efor e )
. .

Ifthou wou lds t r eceive my wor ds, and hide my comman dmen ts with thee,
T hi s is
p ro p osition con n e cted as a dep en den t clau s e , b y the co n j u n ction if
a
,
to
the las t clau s e o fthe sen t e n ce et c
, (A n alyze thes e clau s es in t he s am e way as the
.

clau se s an d s en t en ces ab o v e wer e an al z e d

y ) .

S o that thou mayest gain wis do m

T hi s is a clau s e dep en den t on the clau s e r ece din it t o which it is
p g , co nn ecte d
by so tha t, e tc .

Yea, ifthou wou lds t seek it as silver

,
a nd sear ch or
f it as hidden treasur e
T hi s is a clau s e co or din ate with the me mb er p r ecedin g it, t o w hi ch it is co n
b y the emp hatic yea
u s ete d an d de en den t o n the las t clau s e o fthe s en ten ce to
p ,
which it is con n ect e d b y if .

A s silver ,
A sf
or hidden treasu r e
A s silver is p u t f o r as
you wou ld seek f or si lver , an d is ther e f o r e a cla u s e co n
u s et e d to the
p r e ce di ng p re dicate b y as are a s u b o r din at e clau s e , p e rf
o r min g the
ofce o fan adv e rb o fmann er , e tc .
3 08 ANA LY S I S on S EN T E N C ES .

Th at they might, e tc. (t o which), is the ne xt mple

Si clau se , -
dep en de n t, con

n e ct e d to hop e b y that, ming the o f

an d p e rf
or ce o fan adj e ctiv e They is the en tir e .

s u b j e ct an d the s u bj ect n om in ativ e ; migh t def er , e t c , is the en t ir e r e dicat e , o f

-
p .

which might def er is t he p r e di cat e v er b , m o di e d b y t he adv e rb ial ele me n t s by f

-
o

men timg the disp u te abo u t the cou r t ofthe lor d highstewar d (mean s ), f or a yea r (t ime ),

an d the ob j e ctiv e ele men t th e as sin g o f a bi ll f omen ting is j oin e d to migh t defer b y
p
by an d m o di e d b y d isp u te, disp u te is mo di e d b y the an d abo u t the co u r t, co u r t is
j oin e d to disp u te by a bou t an d mo die d by the an d qfthe lor d highstews/r d, lor d is
j o in e d to cou r t b y of an d mo di e d b y the an d the ap p o s itiv e high s tewar d ; for a
ea r i s mo di e d b y the ad ve rb ial p hr as e a t leas t ; p as sing is mo di e d b y th e an d
y

W
the j
ad u n ct o fa bill .

hichthey dis liked, e tc (t o the en d), is a relativ e claus e, d e clarativ e , de p end

.

en t , conn ecte d to bill b y wh ich, an d p e rf o rmin g the o f ce o f an adj e ctiv e They is .

the e n tir e s u bj e ct an d the s u bj ect n omin ativ e , dis lik ed an d cou ld opp os e ar e th
-
e

pr e dicate v erb s , co n n ect e d b y an d yet, an d m o di e d, b o th, b y the ob j e ctiv e which,

-

an d the latter v er b b y t he ad ver b decen t ly, wh i ch is its elfm o di ed b y the n e ga

tive adv erb n ot .

The s e n te n ce con s is ts o fs ix clau s es , v ery n ely b ou n d toge ther , o fw hich t he

j
su b ect o ft he
p rin cip al clau se is b r an ched o u t in t o a clu s t er o fde p e n den t cla us e s .

The stu den t will seldo m n d a s en ten ce more dif cu lt to an alyze .

P aragr aphs o r s en t e n ce s m ay b e b rie y an al ze d

y b y S im l
py
in tin t th l ro o sitio n s in their lo gical o rde r
p o
g o u e c au s es or
p p .

Parsing, also , may b e m u ch ab ridge d .

Ex . M an hath his daily w or k o fb ody o r min d

A pp ointe d, which de clare s his dign ity,

W
A n d the regard o fH eav en o n all his ways ;
hile o ther animals in activ e ran ge,
A n d oftheir doings G o d t a e s n o accou n t
k .
-
M ilton .

W
W
M an hath his daily w ork
ih ch declares hi s dign ity, an
hi le o ther an imals r an ge in activ e
o fb o d m in d ap p o in te d
or
the r egar d o fHe av en
o n all his w ays
.
.

A n d G o d tak es n o acco u n t oft heir d oings .

Man is a co mm o n n ou n in the n o min ativ e cas e to hath; ha th is an irre gu lar

tran s itive v erb agr ee in
,
W
g i th Man his is a p e rs o n al p r on o u n , r e latin g t o Ma n as
i ts ante ce den t an d
, p o s s essin g wor k, e tc .

E X ER C I S ES .

T he S M A L L C A P I T A L S and t he I ta li cs 3 ho w the n o m i n ativ e s an d the n ite v e rb s, o r the

pr incip al e le me nts .

S TA RS S HI N E .

W
TheRI S S SUN E .

o o dman S P A R E that t r e e

R OME W
, .

A S n o t BU I LT i o e da n n
y
The W
.

O RL D I s b i ht b e f t he e
r
g o r e

W
.

s r e di
p a ORA N G
n A V ES lo ad o fgo ld
g E a .
 ANAL YS I S O F S EN TE N C ES .
3 09

The V I O L ET HA S M O UR N E D t heir graves a hu n dred springs

a bo v e .

I n slu mb er o fmidnight the S A I L O R B OY L A Y

s -
.

N O M A N F O R G T S his o igi al t ade E r n r .

Vio le t F I R ES BUR N o t thems elve s

n u

O u t Ofe ery g o e the V O I C E o fp lea u re W

.

v r v A RBL ES s

W
.

I n da k ne s D S S O LV E S the
r s I FR T K O fb li s
g y O S O a R s
-
.

D A Y S M O N T H S Y E A R S an d A G E S S HA LL C I R C L E awa
y
A n d s t ll t he va t W
, , , , ,
i A T E R S ab o ve th e S H A LL R O LL
s e

D EA T H S A Wthe o w e e t to the des e rt i e

.

r v
g n,

P LU C K E D it f ro m e ar th an d P L A N T E D it in hea e n
, v .

My ho p e the i starry LI G H T I s G O N E
s, -
r .

T he m llo w E V E s G L D I N Ge I I

S e re n ely do wn the w e st .

U S E b o o k s as bees u e o w e rs s .

To hop e a d st i e is the way to thriv e

n r v .

T he L A P S E t o i do l ce I s o f
n ent n d imp e cep tible ; b t the R ETUR N
s a r u
to dilige n ce I s dif cu lt .

WHo w p o o A E T H E Y th t h e n o t p atie n ce !
hat W
r R

O U N D D I D e ve r H E Ah L b t b
y de
g e es ?
a av

u r

L a ge S TR E A M S fro m little fo u t ins FL O W

r n a .

N o w b ight the S U N B E A M o n S t L aw e n ce S M I L E S
r . r
,
Her millio n lilies an d he r tho u sa d i le ,
n s s .

O thy fir b o so m silve r lak e

n a

The wild S W
, ,

AN P R E A D S hi sn o wy sail ; S s

A n d ro u n d his b re t the R I P P L E S BR E A K

as ,

o re the
A S do wn he bea rs b ef gale .

W W
The
Wt R OS E H A D B E
hich Mary to A n n a
A de lica e
EN

M O I S TUR E EN C UMB ER E D
A S HE D j u st
,

co n veyed
A S HE

t he o w e r,
D in a s ho wer,

A nd WG EI HE D do wn its b e au tif
u l head .

H er e R E S T S
his head, u po n the lap O fe arth,
A Y O UT H t o fo rt u n e an d t o f
ame u nk n o wn .

MU C H MU S T B E B O R N E whichi t is hard to b ear ;

The D I A M O N D S a j e wel, o n earth tho u gh i t lie

A n d D U S T st ill I S d u st , whe n tis blo wn to the S ky

W
.

I fthis gr e at w e st e rn su n be s tr u ck o u t O fthe rmam e nt, at ht a

o the r f
o u n t ain S H A LL the L A M P o flib e r l he r eaf
t e r B E LI G H T E D ?
y
N I G H T , s ab le go ddess, f
ro m he r e b o n thr o n e ,

I n rayle ss m aj esty, n o w S TR E T C H ES f
o r th

H er le ade n s cept re o er a slu mb ering w o rld

.

S adly an d slo wly T H E Y C L I MB the distan t mo u n tains, an d R EA D

their do o m in the se tting su n .
 310 ANA L YS I S OF S EN T E N C ES .

A t midnight, in his gu arde d t e n t,

W
W The T URK A S D R E A M I N G O fthe ho u r

he n G r eece, her k n e e in s u pplian ce b e n t,

S ho u ld tr emble at his p o w er
W
.

ha t in m e is dark , LLUM I N
I E w ha t is lo w, RA I S E an d S U P P O RT
.

Fo r co n t e mplatio n H E , an d v alo r, F O RM D E

Fo r v ir tu e S H E , an d s w e e t att i
r act v e
g race .

Et e rn al H o p e ! w he n yo n de r sp her es s u b lime
P ee led t heir rst n o t es to so u n d the march o fTime,

W
Thy j o yo u s Y O UT H B E G A N , b u t n o t to f ade

W he n all the s ist e r p lan ets ha ve decayed,

hen w rap t in ames the r ea lms o fe t her glo w
A n d H e av e n s last thu n der shakes the w o rld b elo w,

,

TH O U , u n dis maye d, S H A LT o e r the r u in s S M I L E,

A n d L I G H T thy t o rch at N at u r e s f

u n e ral il
p e .

S U MMA R Y OF A N A LY S I S A N D D ES C R I PTI ON .

T
[ his s ection is
y
( ign e d f
or r ef
e r e n ce on ly. ]

p erfect or en tirely s atis f acto ry an aly s is o fs p eech has n ev er b een m ade ; an d

it is p e rhap s e v en le s s p o s s ib le t han a p er f e ct an alys is o fthe m aterial w o rld Y et .

x
ou r k n o wle dge o feit he r may b e m u ch e te n de d by s u ch an alys es as can b e mad e .

A na lysis is the p t i
se
n
g o fa w
ara h o le in t o its
p arts .

S y thes is is the co mb in i g o fp a ts int o a w ho le

n n r .

The an alysi o fse t en ce s w ith r ef

s n e r e n ce t o the e n t ir e tho u ghts

e x re
p e
ssd b y t he m is calle d A
,
a lys is
; an d t h
ne a n al s is o fwo rds
y
w ith ef
r e r e ce to t heir ideas in the st ru ctu re o f se n t e ces is c alle d
n n ,
J

P ar sing .

L angu age is an y s eries o f wo rds o r signs b y w hich w e e xpr e ss

o r co mmu n icat e t ho u hts
g .

D isco u r se is the e mb o dyin g o ft ho u ght w ith lan gu age, o r it is

so me t rain O f t ho u ht embo die d in la n u a e D is co u rs e is to
g g g .

lan gu age what b u ildings are to bu ilding mat e rials -

.

D isco u rs e, a cco rding to its s u bj e ct matt er, t o the man n er i n which

-

is de ve lo p ed, o r to the e n d in v ie w, has b e en v ario u sly divide d The .

mo st Ob vio u s divisio n is into p r ose and p o etr y .

The chie fdivisio n s o fp r ose are s cien ce hi l h his to r trav

, p o sop y, y,
els, n o vels, essay s, a ddr ess es cr itiqu es, an d le tter s
, .

T he chief divisio ns o fp oetr y are ep ic p oetr y, dr a ma tic p oetr y

r agedies an d co medies
(t ) y p
,
l r ic oe tr y (o des , s o ngs, an d s on n ets ), s a t
ir es, ep is tles, ep igr a ms, an d ep i tap hs .

D is co u rs e is e ither dir ect, in dir ect, o r r ep r esen ta tive .

 312 ANA LY S I S O F S EN T EN C E S .

8 . A mp le
si sen ten ce co n ain s t b ut p p
o ne ro o si tio n ; a co mp ou n d
sen tence, m o r e p ro p o sitio n s,
t wo or t e rm ed cla u ses .

9 T wo o r m o r e clau s e s, f o r min a dis t in c t p art o fa co m o u n d

.
g p
se n t e n ce, may b e t e rm e d a member ; an d S O may the r e mai nin
g
w o rds, o r gro u p Ofclau ses .

1 0 A m e mb er o r a se n t e n ce that has a de pen de n t clau s e, may b e

. .

te rmed a comp lex m emb er o r s e nt e n ce .

1 1 A se n t e n ce n o t m ak in g s e n s e b ef
.
o re it is r ead t o the e n d, is

said to b e co mp a ct o r p eri o dic in s t ru ct u re ; a se n te n ce mak in g s e n se

bef o re it is re ad t o t he e n d, is s aid t o b e loos e in st ru ct u r e ; an d

r ts to o clo s e l co n n e ct d t o admit e ve n the co mma, m ay b e said

p a y e
to b e close o r r es tr ictive in t t
s ru c u r e .

12The distin ct, co n s ecu tive

. t
s en e n ces o f dis co u rs e are co or

din a te t hat is, they st an d o n an e

qu al f
oo t ing ,
o r are n o t co n ce ive d

as mo dif i o n e an o ther
y g
n .

13 The wo r ds, p hr a ses, o r cla u ses o fs en t en ces, may b e

. v ie we d

r in ci a l, s u bor din a te, o r co o r din a te r t

as p p p a s .

14 P r incip a l p arts ar e m o die d ; s u bor din a te o r dep en den t p arts

.

mo dif ; co or din ate art s ar e en e r all t h s a me in k in d, a n d do n o t

y p g y e

mo dif n e an o t her o r the o r m the sam e o ice , are co n st ru e d

rf
y o
y p e

alik e , an d h ave a co mmo n de e n de n ce o n so met hin e ls e

p g .

15 C o or din at e p arts are ge n e rally co n str u e d in pairs

. o r s e rie s,

an d co nn ec te d b s u ch wo rds as a n d, o r , b u t
y .

16 A phrase w itho u t a co n n e ct ive, o r w o rd to S ho w its de p e nd

.

e n ce, ma b e s aid t o b e co n n ect e d b it o si tion ; a e n t e n ce o r

y y s p s

clau s e, b
y s im le s u ccession
p ; a n d a c lau s e s o i n t imat e ly co n n e ct e d

with a nit e ve rb as a su bj ect n o min at iv e, re dicat e n o min ative,

( p
- -

Obj e ct iv e t hat it m u st b e r e ad w ith it in o r der t o an al z e t he

) y
clau s e, m a
y e s aid to be in co rp or a ted in t o the se n t e nce
b .

17 . The
p co m b j e ct
ella,
o rti di
v e, s u
p r e ca t e ,
tak e n w it h it s m o d i
cat io n s, ram marian s u su all l l t h l i l m ll t i bj ect,
g y c a e og ca co
p e a v e ,
su

r e dicat e
or
p ; witho u t t he m , the gr a mma tica l co mp ellat ive, s u bj e ct,
or r edicat e
p .

Every p ro po sition or clau se S hou ld b e sep arat ed as so on as ossib le, in to its

, p
gr a mma ti cal su bj ect an d p re dicate ; an d all the dep en de n t p arts s ho u ld t he n be
.

re f
e rr e d, ac co rdin
g to t he sense, to the o n e o r to t he o t her .

18 T he syn tax o fs e nt e n ces is b est co n s ide r ed

.
u n de r o u r he ads
f
r ela ti o n , go ver n men t a r eemen t an d
, g , p osi tio n .

19 . The r ela tion o fwo rds is their f

r e ere n ce to on e an o the r ac
co rdin t o the s e n se
g .

20 G o ver n men t is the p o we r which o n e w o rd has

.
o v e r an o the r
In det e rmi ni ng I ts cas e , p e rs o n, nu mb e r, o r so me o ther er ty
p p ro .

21 A gr eemen t is t he co r res po n de n ce o f o n e wo rd wit h a ho thcr

e rso n , n u mb er o r s o me o ther t
0

In case,
p , p p
r o e r
y .
 ANA LY S I S O F S EN TEN C ES .
3 13

22 . P osition f
r e e rs to the place which a w o rd o ccu ies in re f
p er
en ce to o t her wo rds .

TH E S I X EL EMEN TS .

D m ay b e mo st tly
23
i s co u rse co n v e n ie n an al z e d by r eso lving
'

y

,
t men tS
.

it In o s x e le two r in ci a l ele men ts, two modif

'
i
p p i
y g e le
n
men ts, a conn ecting ele men t, an d an in dep en den t elemen t .

24 The two p r incip a l elemen ts are the su bj ect n o min ativ es and
. -

the p redi cat e v erb s ; b o th Ofw hich are e asil distin u ished b th
i
-

y g , y e r
fo rm a n d s e n s e fr o m the o t her art s
, p .

25 S u bj e ct n o min ative s m ay
.
-
e ve n be clau s es , b u t predicat e -
ve rb s
can n e v er b e clau s es .

26 The modif ying elemen ts

. are ei ther ad e j c
tiv e ele men ts or ad
ver bia l elemen ts .

27 A n y w o rd, phras e, o r clau s e, t hat m o dies a su b st an tive, is

,
an adj ective elemen t I t sho ws Ofwhat kin d o r n at u r e the o bj ect is
.
.

28 A n y w o rd, phras e, o r clau se, that mo die s a ve rb , rt ici le ,

.

(p a
p
in nitive, ) adj e ctiv e, adve rb , o r e n t ire pr e dicat e, is an ad ver bia l ele
men t I t ge n e rally sho ws t he place, time, man n er, degree co n dit io n,
.
,

ca u s e, e ff e ct, e r e n ce, co n se u en ce , O bj e ct k in d
u r o s e, r e aso n , in f
p p q , ,
u a lit , r es ect wher e in , etc , o r e x r e sse s af rm at io n o r n e atio n
q y p p .

g .

I ts chiefu s e is, t o m ak e w it h the p re dicat e v e rb the p re dicat e -

.

Fo r t he s ak e o fgre at er p recisio n , the o bj ective elemen ts may be dis

criminat e d, as su ch, f ro m t he o the r adve rbial e le me n t s .

2 9 The . con n ecting elemen ts are the j

co n u n c tio n s, the p re p o si
t io n s ,
so me adv e rb s, an d
p t he tive
r ela r o no u n s C o n n e ctiv es may
.

fo rm, addit io n all , s o m e o f in t he art s t o which t h b

p er
y ce p e
y e

lo ng ; t hey may b e e xp r esse d o r o mitt ed ; they may b e u se d singly

o r in airs ; the m co ns ist o fo n e w o rd each, o r o fa h
p y a
y p r as e .

30 The in dep en den t elemen t may b e a s u bst an t ive de no ting w hat

.

is addr esse d, o r w hat is the mer e su bj ect o ftho u ght ; o r it may be

an in t e r e ct io n ; o r it m a b m t hi t h at r e r ese nt s a n e n t ire
j y e so e n
g p
se nt e n ce, o r s t an ds as t he fra me n t O fa s e n t en ce
g .

31 A p art u s ed sin gly, is called a s imp le elemen t ; a p air o r

.

s e r ie s o f art s is calle d a co mp o u n d elemen t ; an d a p art t hat is

p
mo died by an o the r, m ak e s w ith it a co mp lex elemen t
W
.

32 hat is in v ert ed o r e lliptical, s ho u ld gen erally b e an alyz ed

.

as ifit s to o d in its lo ical o rde r o r f u lln e s s

g .

3 3 I t is so me time s n o t e as y to deter min e whether an adj u nct, an adj ective, o r

.

an adj e ctiv e p hras e ; a p ar ticip le or a p ar ticip ial p h r ase ; an in n itiv e o r an I n n i

tiv e p hras e sho u ld b e r e f e rr e d to t he su bj e ct o r to the p re di cate C o n s ide r .

u lly w hat co n s titu t es t he w ho le o f that o f w hich the a rmat io n is made ;

car e f
x f
W
n e t co n sider w h at co n stitu t es t he whole o f that w hich I s stri ct ly af rmed .

hen ev en this mo de Ofj u dgin g is inade qu ate , it w ill p rob ab ly b e a mat ter o f .

little co n se qu en ce, to which p art t he mo di catio n is ref e rre d .

3 14 ANA LY S I S OF S EN T E N C ES .

G EN ER A L DI R EC T I ON S FOR A N A LY S I S A N D DES C R I PTI ON .

1 R ead a ra h and be su r e that y o u cle arly an d hi lly co mp rehen d it

a p ar g p .

x
.

I fit is e pre s se d n ot in the most o rdin ary man n e r, S ho w ho w it has b ee n rais e d

( y q
b e u iv a le x
n t e p r e ssion s , arran ge me n t, ellip sis , rep e titio n , e p an s io n , &c , x .

g u re s v e rs i cat io n S ee pp 2 5 8
. fro m t he p lain , lo gi cal s en s e an d o rde r,
.

x
,

to the rhet orical N e t sho w ho w t he sen se has b ee n b rou ght o u t to the b es t

.

advan tage by t he aid o fp u n ctu ation an d O fcapital le tt ers .

2 R ead the rst se n ten ce

.
I s it s imp le or comp ou nd
. I s it declar ative, in ter
r oga tive, imp er a tive, exclam a tor y, o r a co mp o site o f t he se ? co n sis t in g o fw hat
memb e rs , an d ho w con n e cte d ? Fin d the comp ella tive n d the p rin cip al clau s e
b y co n siderin g care f u lly w hat it w as t hat w as chiey to b e said ; (in e clama x
t o ry, imp erative, o r in t erro gativ e s en te n ce s, t he p rin cipal clau se is ge n e rally
mo re easily f o u n d by imagin in g the m to b e declar ative an d disp os e of all th e

r es t ofth e sen tence as a dver bial or a dj ective modica tions Every clau se t hat can .

n o t b e t re at e d as a mo dif y gin e le m e n t ,
m u s t b e co n side re d a co Ordin ate clau se ;

an d w he n t wo clau ses s o mo dif y e ac h o th e r t ha t i t ca n n o t b e t o ld w h ich is t he

p r in ci a
p ,l t he t w o m ay b e t reat e d as m u tua lly d ep e n d en t,
o r as cor r ela tive .

B e gin w ith t he distin ct clau ses o r in de p en dent p hras es ; t ak e n o t more than

is su f cien t f o r o n e an alysis ; in v ert p art s, if n e ce ssary , an d su pp ly w hat e v e r

w ords are n e ede d ; and t hen stat e w hat k in d Ofclau se it is, con n e cted b y w hat
(w or d , s im pl e s uc ce ss io n , in co r p o rate d in to the s en t en ce
) t o w hat, as a 00

o rdin ate Or as a s u b o rdin at e e le me n t ; an d ifs u b ordin ate, w he ther it p erf orms

the O f ce o fa su b stant iv e, an adj ectiv e, o r an adv e rb .

3 . x
N e t p ro cee d accor din g t o the Fo rmu las o n p 304 . .

4 A n alyz e the su b parts ; t hen tak e the n e t clau se, an d p rocee d in a similar
.
-
x
man ne r, an d so o n u n til the sen t en ce is e hau ste d A serie s o f n ite v erb s, x .

how ev e r lon g o r mo di e d, s ho u ld ge n e rally b e tre ate d as on e p re dicat e, if n o t

p art e d b y a n o min ative e p re sse d B y d o in gx so , t h
mu ch S imp li ed The same re mar applies to a serie s o f n o min atives
.
e p rocess
.

k
o f

the se nte n ce is an alyz e d, p ar s e the w o rds acco rding to the Fo rmulas hereto f
an aly s is w ill b e
he n
o re
. W
give n ; that is, men tio n t he p art O fS p e ech, the k in d, the p ro p ertie s, t he relatio n s
to other w ords, the R u le T
his is the an aly sis o fw o rds , vie w ed as cons tru ctive
.

elemen ts ofs en tences hey may, af . T

te r t hey are p arse d, b e f ur ther a nalyz ed an d
describ e d as f ollo ws

T ell whe the r p rimitiv e , derivative , o r co m o u n d

p ; from what deriv ed, of
w hat comp o u n de d ; the radical, the p re , t he su f x
, their mean ing, e u p hon ic x
chan ge s ; the p rimary me an in g, an d t he n ce b
y w hat gu re o r gu res the mean
in g Ofthe w o rd as u s ed in t he p ar agrap h b ef o re y o u ; me n tio n t h e co nj u gates ;
t he syn o ny ms, an d ho w it dif fers f ro m the m
; t e ll, ifcomp o u n d, w hy it is
hyp he n e d o r co n solidated I s the w o rd t he b es t the au tho r co uld hav e u se d ?
.

5 . T
ell w hether a mo n o s llab le diss llab le e tc
y , y , ; w hich syllable has the chief .

acce n t, a n d w hich t he we aker

; w h e t he r the w ord is o fS a on o r igin , o fL atin, x
G reek , Fre n ch, e tc whe ther it is harsh, s of
.
t, imit ative , f amiliar, u n co mmon ,

p op u lar, te chn ical, e tc .

6 . VER S E, as such,
m ay be ana lyzed and des cr ibed thus
S ay that it is ver s e, an d why ; t ell w hethe r it is blan k v ers e or r hymin g v e rse ,
an d w hy ; W
he ther co mp os e d in cou ple ts, t ri le ts or stan z as ho w man
p , ; y lin es
to t he s tan za, ho w they r hy me t oge ther, an d ifit has a n ame w hat is the -

s ta nza calle d ; o fho w man

y a nd w hat f e e t do e s e ach lin e co n s is t, a n d t o what

W
do es it rhy me, w ith w hat s ort o frhy me ; w hat lice n se s o r de v iatio n s
x
hen an y wo rd o r e p ress io n o fs u ch a mongre l o r p ecu liar n atu re o ccu rs,
that n o p rin c ple o fgrammar ap plie s d irectl to it it w ill b e s u f
.

iI y , c ie n t S imp ly t o
S ho w i ts us e n th e se ntence
; t hat is, its meanin g, an d its relation t o the o the r
316 P UN C TU T A I ON .
P ER I O D .

A p aragraph always b egins an ew an d co n sists o f on e or more sen tence s, co m .

risin g u s u ally all that relate s to o n e s u bj ect P aragrap hs are co mmon l k ep t

p y .

ap ar t by S ho rt b reak s, o r b lan k s pace s .

A s en ten ce mus t b e co mplete , in se n s e an d co n stru ctio n, with re fe re n ce to

w hat p re ce de s it o r f I t is, in gen e ral, so mu ch o fthe au t ho r s dis

o llo ws it .

c o u rse as he cho o se s to p re se n t as o n e tho u ght .

1 . PER I OD .

The p e r i o d is pu t at the e n d o fe ve ry
l . co mplet e t
s en e n ce that
is n o t int e r ro gat iv e o r exclamat o ry .

"
Ex B egin an d en d w ith G od
. .

I fthe cou n s e l is goo d, n o matt e r who gav e it .

A s yet, the f o re st s s tan d clo the d in their dre s s o fu ndecayed magn icence .

The winds , that ru stle t hr o u gh their top s, scarcely dis t ur b t he silen ce o f t he

S hades b elo w The mo u n tain s an d the v alleys glo w in warm gree n, o flively

.

ru ss et J S tor y
. . .

"
Exer c is es H e that wan ts health, w an ts e v ery t hin g
,
*

G ive, then, generous ly an d f re ely re co llect, t hat, in s o doin g, yo u are e x
e rcisin g o n e o fthe most o dlik u alitie s in you r n at u re g o ho me, an d lo o k at
g e q
yo u r familie s, s milin i ros h e alth an d the n t hin k o ft he p ale, f amin e p in c he d
g n y
-

che eks o fthe p oor childre n o fI relan d S S P ren tiss . .

2 . I t is so met ime s u sed to se

p ara e t t
s e n e n ces clo s e ly allie d in
an d co nst ru ct io n

W
s e nse .

Ex The character o f
. ashin gto n is amon g the mo st che rishe d co n te m

p latio n s o fm
y life . x
I t is a e d star in t he r mame n t o fgre at n ame s, S hin ing w ith
y, ben e ce n t light I t is associate d
W
o u t t w in k ling o r o b scu rat io n w ith clear s te ad .
, ,

with all o u r re ectio n s o n thin gs n e ar an d dear to u s
ebs ter . .

o r me rly
S u ch se n t e n ce s w e r e f of
te n s ep arate d b y t he colo n , a n d ar e n o w s o me
t i mes se p arate d b y t he s e mico lo n
0

Exer c ise s ,
N o man
liv ed u n der a mo re ab iding s e n se o fre s po ns i
e ver
b ili ty n o man st ro ve mo re f aithf u lly to u se t ime an d t ale n t as e v e r in the gre a t
.

l as k maste r s eye n o man , s o richly e n do we d, was e v e r le ss re ady to t ru s t in

'

3 o wn p o we rs o r mo re
pro mp t to o w n his dep e n de n ce o n his Mak er
$ ,
R eview
ilton

3 . It so metimes se
p t
ara es se n e n ces e v en t whe n co n n e cte d by co n
u n ct i o n s
J .

Ex I t may b e that the su b missive loyalty ofou r f

.
athers w as p re f
erable to
that in qu irin g, ce ns u rin g, res is tin g sp irit t hat is ab road A n d s o it may b e that .

i nf
an cy is a ha
pp ier p e rio d t han manho od, and man hoo d t han o ld age B ut .

G o d has de cre ed that o ld age S hall s u cce e d to man ho o d, an d man ho o d to in f an cy .

Eve n s o so cie ties have their la w o f ro wth Maca u la

g y . .

S en te n ces o fthis s tru ct u r e ar e als o so me times s ep ar ate d b y the s emicolo n , o r,

wher e a greate r p omt is n e e de d , b y t he c o lo n

.

Exe r c is es T his s ce
is w o rt h a v oyage across the A tlan tic ye t here,
ne
s i n t he n e ighb o rho o d o fthe N atu ral Br id e are l w h h d th i
a r
W
g e o a sse e
, p po e av e p
hve s i thi n halfa doz en mile s, an d hav e n ev er b ee n to su rve the se mo nu me n ts
y
o f a war b e t w e e n rive rs an d mo u n tains w hich mu st have shak en t he eart h

,
its elfto its cen tre Jeer s on

I nsert po in ts and cap ital le tte rs , o r whate ve r is n ee de d to mak e the e xa mple s co r r ect.
 P U N C TU A T I O N .
P E RI O D . 31 7

I t is s o me times p u t mo destly af
4 . t er a sent en ce t hat is express ed,
fo r the sak e o f r eat e r f o r ce, in the in t e rr o at iv e o r e xclamat o r
g g y
fo rm, tho u h de clar at ive in s e n s e o r w he n t he in t erro atio n o r e x
g ; g
c lamatio n o in t w o u ld b e t o o f r cib le
p o .

To b e a r eb el o r a schismatic, w as su rely n ot all that o u ght to b e re

W
Ex .

qu i red o f a man in high e mploymen t hat w ou ld b eco me o f the nan ces,

W
.

w hat o fthe marin e , ifthe

d ock yard t o t o u t the e e t

-
higs w ho c ou ld n o t u n de rstand t he p lain est b alan ce
shee t w e re to man age t he re v e n u e , an d

M acau lay
higs who had n ev er w alk e d o v e r a
.
-
W .

Exer c ise s I tho u ght my n ew acqu iremen ts w o uld enable me to se e t he

ladi es W
i th to le rab le intre p idity ; b u t, alas l ho w v ain are all the ho p e s o ftheo ry,

w he n pp orted b y hab itu al p ractice Eclectic Magazin e

u n su

5 . I t is u se d to sep ara e t w o r ds an d
phrases, when
p ut f
or su c h en
t ire s e n e n c e s as an t y ft he f
o r e o in
o
g g .

Etc
E a 19 Te n der e e d
y b lo n de
-
L on g rin glets C ame o p in . G old . .

p e n cil cas e -
on a chain L o ck e t B racele t A l bu m A u to grap h b o o k Ac

W
. . .
. .

co rdio n . R e ads Byro n , T u pp e r, an d S y lvan u s C o b b , j u n io r, w hile he r mo ther

ma k e s t he p u ddin gs . S ays, Y e s ? when yo u t ell her an ythin g

0 i . .
e

Holmes .

Exer c ises ,
Ou t with the b o at here to the lef
t that w ill do

6I t is pu t af
. t e r an y w o rd o r phras e co mplet e b y its elf, o r su f
cie n t ly s i n ican t alo n e ; as, headin gs, sign atu res, t it le s, dir e ct io ns ,
g
imp rin ts , adve rt is em e n ts, e tc .

Ex Fo r S ale.

Op in ion s ofthe Press Dr B Bru n s, C hairman
.
. . . .

To the H o n o rab le the L egislatu re ofVirgin ia S t L o u is, A u g 1 s t, 1 85 7 . . . .

The H isto ry o fEn glan d, f ro m the A cce ss io n o fJame s the S eco n d By ho mas . T
B ab ingto n Macau lay Volu me I Philadelp hia : E H B u tler
.
Co .
.

ro in Pu n ch Y
Exer ise s C o n te n ts

c A p o ll o G a r den F o urs,

J
,

H d B H Cl S l t S eche s
tru ly, ohn G ris c o m T o t he o n E d w a r a t e s a y ,
e ec p e

P l A m B 0 M M it h ll L L D N ew
o f 8 vo Price $ 1 00 o pu a r s tr o n o y y c e ,

W

Y o rk : Phin n ey, Blak e man , an d M ason 1 8 6 0
A r chbis hop hat is y o u r b u siness, f rie n d ?

Gi l B ias I a m t h e y ou n g m an w h o w as re co m m en de d t o y o u

7 The p erio d is p u t af
t er e ve r abb re via tio n , an d the n su
p e rs edes
.
y
o in t e xcep t its e lf
no
p .

Ex
A lb any
.
,
N Y , S ep t , H e n r y .
H ol m e
.
s,
E s q

a d dre s se d t he
1 860 . ,

K I I L L D F R S L 85 E
ass e mb ly S ir D av id B r e w st e r . .
, . .
.
, , , . . .

W
.

Exer ises
c
T S G lo ve , r E sq , w as ca ll e d t o t h e c h a ir

T o M r an d Mrs

M
h H m B
'

D r I P Vau gha

A t 7 l o ck P T o t e on

L in dsay n o c ,


fC m S h l

O t h 4 t h i s t h e disapp eare d
S tark S u p t o,
o c o o s n e n

i d l l d th m m
a I n co m o u n d n u mb er s the
e rs e e s e c o a
.
p e r o u s u a
y s u
p , p
.

D P 6d

W
T 3 cwt 2 qr 8 lb 3

Colbur n 1 08
EX oz . .
. .
. .
. . . .
.

W
ilson .

b he n the
.
abb re via tio n be co me s it s el f a wo rd, the p e rio d is

n o t u sed

Ex . W ill H ardman had thre e

2 0 p e r ce n t a dv an ce

so n s ; To m,
N e d,
an d G e orge .
H

awhes

wor th .

made
.

G
e n To m hu mb T Pan ts w ere
Exer ise s c .
R are Ben John so n
5 ce nt b elo w p ar


On th l t i t t k w re p e r
f
or ge n ts e s s
n , s o c s e
3 18 P U TU T
NC A I ON .
C O L ON .

x
S u che pression s as 1 s t, 2 d, 2 diy, 4 th, 5 th, do n o t ta e the ab b reviatin g p erio d k
o r they ar e n o t so mu ch abb re v iatio n s as they are cardinal n u mb ers made or din al
f .

8T he p e rio d is p u t
. at the en d o f u r es o r
g le tters t hat in tro du ce
en u me rat e d ar t s
p .

Ex . T he D is 1 25
co n te n
. te d P e n du lu m L e ss o n L XI Ou the G ov ern . .

men t o ft he o n gu e
T
I hav e t w o goo d reason s : 1 I can n ot giv e my att e n
. .

tion to it ; 2 I hav e n o mon ey t o in v e st in it
. Ofthis S p e cies the re are tw o
v arie t ies : (a ) T he p re p o sitio n an d p resen t participle ;

.
(b ) The p rep o sitio n an d .

perf e ct p articip le S S G r eene -

. . . .

Exer c ises ,
Practical Jo k es

L et us co n sider 1 I ts soil ; 2 I ts
climate

.

a The p erio d is gen e rally pr e f

. erre d, f
o r the sa e o f n e a tn es s, af
te r k
R o man o r A rab ic n u merals, tho u gh the co mma o r the s emico lo n w o u ld
ofte n b e m or e accu r at e ; as,

I sa lv 3 Ez e x v iii . . k . .

9 The p erio d s ep ar ate s de cimals

. ro m who le
f nu mb ers .

Ex yds , f
. o r $ 9 05 5 .

Exer c ises . k
The you n g lady at the b lac b o ard an s were d, that 4 0 chic k en s,
at 12 cen ts e ach, cos t

2 . C OL O N .

1 The c o l o
. n is the in ter mediat e p o in t b et we e n the p erio d an d

the s emico lo n .

Ex . k
S o me b oo s are to b e t asted, o thers to b e sw allow ed, an d some f ew
t o b e chew e d an d diges te d : that is, so me b o o ks ar e to b e r e ad o n ly in p arts ;
o thers to b e read, b u t n o t cu riou sly ; an d so me f
e w to b e r ead w ho lly an d with

diligen ce B acon . .

Exer ises c
A w ick e d man , in his in iqu ito us plan s, either f
,
-
ails or s u c

cee ds ifhe f ails, disap p o in t men t is e mb itte r e d b

y re p roach ; ifhe su cc e e ds, su r
ce ss is w itho u t p leasu re, f o r, w hen he loo k s aro u n d, he se e s n o s mile o f co n

W
gratu latio n Ha/rp er s Magazine

. .

hav e b u t f
e aith w e can n ot
For k n o w le dge is o fthin gs w e se e ;
A n d y et w e t ru st it co mes f
ro m thee
A b eam in darkn ess let it gro w Tennyson .
-
.

2 I t is p u t at the e n d o fa s e n t e n ce, co mplet e in se n se , t o which

.

i s ann exe d s o me addit io n al r em ark o r f u rt her e x lan at io n e s e cially

p p

W
whe n the co nj u n ct io n is o mitt e d I n this s en s e it ans w ers t o H o w .

so ? hy so ? Explain m o re f u ll what m n
y yo u e a .

E Ou r oo d an d ev il p ro cee d f ro m o u rs e lv es : deat h app eare d t e rri b le

x
'

g
to C i ce ro ,
i n di f
fe re nt to S o crate s, desirable to C at o Br i ti sh Ess ayis ts . .

Pri n ce s hav e cou rtie rs, an d me rchan t s hav e a t ers the v o lu t u o u s hav e
p r n ; p
co mp an io ns, an d t he w ick ed hav e acco m lices : n o n e b u t the v irt u ou s can hav e
p
ri en ds Johnson

W

f . .

ith diade m an d scep tre high advan ce d
,
The lo we r s till I f
all ; o n ly su re me
p
I n mis ery : su chj oy amb it ion n ds Milto n
Exer c ise s hat W
. .

oo l am I t o dru d e an
f g y mo re at this w o o lle n trade !
a

W
W
,

f
o r a la w y e r I was b or n, an d a law e r I
y i ll b e o n e is n e v e r too o ld to learn .

W
A r bu thno t ith re gard to the f au lts o fo thers ho w e v er w e sa
f
ea r

I
y
.
, ,

f
ea r h e m ay be le d into suc h an d su ch an actio n
ha tely . .
32 0 P U N C TU A T I O N C OL ON . .

it is a great an d v ariou s machin e . To re gulate t he nu mb erle ss movements,

e tc
.
Chatham .

Th t the sp ar
a w as e n o u gh : k had f
alle n : the tr am w as re ady : the e x p lo

s ion w as imme diate and t errib le

.
Macau lay .

in ten se ly co ld climate t hat is s u f
I t is an cie n t to fr e ez e qu ick silv er : the

climate o fS ib eria is su f re ez e qu ick silv er : there f

cien t t o f o re the climate o fS i~

IVhatelg
W
b eria is in ten sely cold . .

orm s his du t y

Bu t S ir illiam Hamilton w r ite s , He w ho co n s cien t iou sly p er f
o r ms his d u ty
is a t ru ly go o d m an ; S o cr ate s con s cien tiou s ly p e r f theref o r e S o cra
t e s is a go o d man

.

Exer c ise s L ightn in g tak es best con du ctor ; so do es the the readie st an d

,

e lectrical uid lightn in g b u rn s ; so do e s e le ctricity lightn in g so me time s des tr oys

life an imals hav e also b e e n k illed b y light n in g Eclectic Magazin e .

7 I n the grave o r f
. o r mal s tyle, it is u s e d a t er the address
f
which st an ds n ext to the b egin ning o fa lette r o r o t her writin
g
DW
. .

Ex . H ON E . A RD EVERET T .

D ea r S i r

I than ky ou f
o r yo u r, e tc .

JOS P H S E T ORY
.

amiliar style , the comma, o r the co mma with the das h, is o f

I n the f t en p r ef
err e d .

Ex D EA R S m
The latest n ews fr om Bo ston , giving in for mation , et c
.

W
.

J A M ES M A D I S ON .

Th is gr eat div ers ity as to the m o de o fp u n ct u atin g s u ch p hr as e s

e re hen .

the p er io d is p u t af te r t he rst addr e ss , it s ho w s s imp ly t o w ho m t he le tt er is sen t

w hich the n b egin s with t he n e t addr e s s ; b u t w he n an in f x
erio r p o in t is p lace
af te r the rs t p hr as e , the p ers on is a ddres s ed b y n ame as ifhe w e r e p r esen t t o the
write r T he n eat est f o r m se ems t o b e t hat o f u t t in g a erio d fte r t he rs t ~ ad~
.
p p a
dr es s , an d a co mm a af t er t he se co n d, ifthe p hr as e s o ccu p y dif fe r en t lin e s an d a

p erio d wit h a das h af t er t he rs t , an d a co lon af t er the s eco n d, ift hey are in the

G EOR E A Y L OR
,
WT
same lin e w it h t he b e gin n in g o ft he le tte r
Es q G
D ea r S ir ,
. .
.

WT

A s y o u w r ite me to giv e , etc

.

G EOR E G
A Y L OR , Eso D ear S ir A s yo u write m e to giv e my opinion , -

et a The P r in ter
. .

8 I t is r as es t h
u s ed a
h t tfand at t he b e in n in
t er wo rds or
.
p a s g g
ofs e n t e n ce s, an d have t he sen s e r ef e r r ed t o in the third ru le o ft his
s e ct i o n I n de ed, the chie fu se o fthe co lo n is, to sho w t hat the
.

art be f o r e i t i s in co m le t e and m i d t h t t h t ft
p p p ro s s o r
y, a n a e
p ar a e r

it co n t ains the main tho u ght, o r an im o rt an t a en da e to it

p pp g
W
.

x mple :
W
Ex . For e a

he n t he v erb is a p ass iv e, the agen t an d j
o b ect
chan ge

p laces Be tt e r : . hen t he v erb is p ass ive, the agen t an d the o bj e ct
chan ge p laces G Br own
,

. .

no t
.

N o : this is n o t le arnin g : it is che mistry or oliti l econ o m learn~

p ca y
ing Eclectic Magazine
. .

Exer c ise s To m u p all
su I fw e mu st, e tc .

T erms T hree Dollars a Y e ar, inv ariab ly in A dv an ce .

I t is so met ime s p u t b et w e e n a su b ec j t an d wha is t said o fit .

Ere
Kan sas : what ca n yo u say o fit -
S choo l G eograp hy .
This usage
do es no t s e e m to b e well e s tab lis he d .

9 I t is
. so me times n s ed to se
p ara e t the na me o fa
p e rs o n o r thing
ro m t hat
f o ft he lo cali t a s eco nd r e e re n ce f ro m
f rs t
y or a .
 P U N C TU A TI ON .

S EM I C O L O N . 32 1

Ex
A . layer o fS late in H omb len de : C orn wall, Englan d .
Hitchcock

.

Exer c ises Part ridge

DGA R A The P io neer
Wm
,
L o ndon Co . E . POE .

Bu t, in p h lik e ras e s t he f
ollowin g, the co mma is u s ed :

To . Holme s ,

No 25 , S p r u ce S tr e et .

I t is so me time s u se d, tho u gh im pr op e rly, as a mark o fab b reviation .

Ex . To C has : D D rak e, Esq ; b etter,
. To C has D Drak e, Es q
. . .

10 . I t is u s e d as the si n o
g fp ro po rtio n .

EL 2 4 3 6 A s t wo is to f
o ur, so three is to six .

T he lo n, in m o s t o f its se n s e s , is akin t o the dash ; an d hen ce , w hen the

W
c
o
hl ch acco mp an i es t he co lon wo u ld b e t o o lo n g, the das h is s o metimes
.

p au s e
p r efe rre d .

3 . S EMI C OL ON .

1 The
. m i c 0 | 0 n is u se d as the n ext gr eat er p o in t than the com
se

m a o r as in t erme diat e b et we e n the co mma an d the co lo n o r p e rio d

, .

ten u s e d w hen relat ed parts alr e ady have the co mma, and
I t is o f
o in t is n ee ded
W
r e ate r
a
g p .

Ex
ithou t dividing he destroye d p arty ; w itho u t corru pting, he made
.
,

a v e n al age u nan imo u s G ra ttan . .

The I n dian s are tak e n b y su rp ris e : so me are shot do w n in their cab in s ;

ro m t he s ho r e in t h
o t he rs r u sh t o the ri v e r, an d are dro w n e d ; o the rs p u sh f e ir

b irchen cano e s, an d are hu rrie d do w n the cataract B ancr of
t . .

Exer c ise s w as in ten de d f ,

I fit
o r u s as w e ll as fo r y o u, w hy has n o t t he

G re at S pirit giv e n it to u s and n o t o n ly to u s , b u t w hy did he n o t giv e to o u r

f ather s t he k n o wle dge o fthat b oo k w ith t he me an s o fr ightly u n derst an ding
o re f

it I E Ever ett . .

A lo ve o fequ ality is an o ther stro n g prin ciple in a rep u b lic theref o re it do e s

not to le rate he re ditary ho n or or w e alth an d all t he e f fe ct p rod u ce d o n the min ds

o fthe p eo p le b y this ctit io u s p o w er is lo s t an d the go v e r nme nt w e ak e n e d b u t , ,

in p ro po rtio n as t he go ve rn men t is less ab le to co mman d, the p eo ple s hould b e

mor e willin g to ob ey B r itish Essayis ts .

re u e n t l
It f
2 s e arate s t wo clau ses,
p co n n ec ed t
b y bu t, f o r , a n d,
q .
y
o r so me o ther co n n ect iv e, whe n they are n o t ve r
y clo s e ly de p e nde n t

o n e ach o t he r .

Ex That
the w o rld is o v erru n w ith vice , can n ot b e den ied ; b u t v ice,

.

ho w e v e r p r edo min an t,
has n o t y e t gain e d u n limit e d do min io n J ohn so n . .

e iss ues oflif

.

Ke ep thin e he art wit h all diligen ce ; f o r o u t o fit are th

e .

li e is, in dee d, a horse ; an d all the o ther j ade s y ou may call b easts .

S hakesp ear e .

a . The j
co n u n ctio n o r co nn e c ti ve is so metimes o mitt ed .

Ex
The . mis er gro w s r ich by se e min g p oo r ; an e x trav age n t man gro w s

p o or by se e ming rich .
-
Pr over b .

f h re late s
Exer ise s T he t o c
wn w as s e t.
o n re a n d a w it n e ss

o
B
t e s
ncrof
ce n

t
e

that t w o tho u s an d I n dian s w e r e sla in ; s u f

f o c a te d ,
o r b u rn e d a .
-
.

h
W
N apo leo n w as an e arly ris er so w e re F re de r ic k t h e G re a t,
C h a r le s t e

T
W
w elfth an d ashingto n

m
. .

hen the latte r par t i a m e e p

s r h r as e t h e c o m a is p r e f
e rr e d b e fo re it , ev en
,

whe n t he p art its e lfi s s u b div id e d b y t he c o mma .

Ex A n d there f ore w ill I tak e th e N ev il

s p ar t a n d w h e n I s py a d v an tag e .

S halce p ear
. , ,
"
clai m the cro wn . s e .
322 P UN C TU T A I ON .
S E M I C O L O N .

3 . I t is u s e d to sep arate sho rt r e late d t

se n e n ce s, whe n t w o or

mo re o ft he s e are gat he re d in t o o n e t
s e n e n ce .
'

Ex L iste n t o the advice o f are n ts ; t reas u re u p the ir p re ce p ts re

.
ay o u r p

s pe ct the ir rip er j u dgmen t ; a nd e n de av o r t o merit the app ro b at io n o f the w ise

an d go o d .

On t he lan d w ere large o ck s o f magpie s an d A merican ro b in s ; w ho le
ee ts o fdu ck s an d ge e se nav igate d the rive r, o r e w o f f in lo n g s treaming le s ;
w hile t he f re qu e n t e s tab lis hme n t o f t he p ain s takin g b eav e r sho w e d t h at the -

solitu des o f these w aters were seldom dist u rb ed e ven b y the all pe rvadin g s av age -

Exerc ises H e su f
fere d mu ch Op p re ssion he was of
t en impris on ed he w as
e x ile M acau la y
,

n ally co mp elled t o go in to .

x
Epic p o e try recites the e p lo it s o fhero e s t rage dy rep re s en t s disastro u s e v en ts
co me dy ridicu le s t he v ices an d f ollie s o f man k in d p as to ral poe t ry describ e s

e an d elegy dis p lays the te n der e mo tion s o ft he hear t

ru ral lif .

4 Eithe r o f the p rin cipal e le me n ts , an d, ge n e rally, an y o fthc

m o dif i ele m e n t s, can b e s o e xt e n de d as t o mak e a lo o se s e rie s,

y g
n

w ho s e p art s may b e s eparat e d b y the s e mico lo n, e sp e cially ifan y o f

them are sub divide d by t he co m ma This has b ee n calle d the en u .

mer a tive sen se The dash is s o met ime s u s ed, tho u gh le ss p r o pe rly
.
,
.

Ex . To give an e arly p re fe re n ce t o ho n or ab o v e gain, whe n the y s tan d in

co mp etit ion ; t o de sp is e e very advan t age w hich can n ot b e gain e d w itho u t dis
hone s t arts ; t o b ro o k n o mean n ess, and sto o p to n o di ss imulation, are the ih
dication s o fa gre at min d

.

A s a trav eler, S mith had ro ame d o v e r Fran ce ; had visite d t he shores o f
Egyp t ; had re tu rn e d to I t aly ; an d, p an ting f o r glory, had so u ght t he b o rders o f
H u n gary, w he re had lo n g e iste d an heredtary warf

x are with the f o llo wers o fMa
b ome t .B ancr of t .

I hav e a w ys, says L edy ard, remark e d that w omen in all co u n tries are

l a

civil an d O bligin g, ten der an d hu man e ; that the

y are ev e r in clin e d to b e gay an d
che erf u l, t irnoro u s an d mo des t ; an d t hat the
y do n o t hes it ate, lik e men , t o p er
o rm
f
a ge nero u s action.

Exer c ise s The disp ositio n to in su lt an d mo ck ery is aw ak en ed b y the
,

softn ess o ff o p p e ry, the s w ell o fin solen ce the livelin ess o fle vit
, y, or t he s ole mn ity
o f gran deu r b
y t he sprightly tr ip , t he s tat ely stalk , the f o rmal s tru t, an d t he
t y mie n b y gestu res int e n de d t o catch the e e an d lo o ks elab o rat e l f
lo f y , y o rme d
as e viden ce o f imp ort an ce Johnso n .

A salad shou ld b e, as to its co n ten ts, multif ario u s as t o its p roport io ns, an
art istic harmo ny as t o its
av o r, o fa ce rta in p un en t t aste
g Ea Magaz ine . .

False in in s titu tions, f o r he ret ro grade d f alse in

p o licy; fo r he de b ase d false in
morals, f o r he co rru p ted f als e in civ iliz ation f
,
o r h e d e b as ed L ama/r tine .

to ry o r ti
'

5 An l i h h
. ex
p an a a
pp o s ve
p ras e, an
j
ad e ctiv e
p rase , a
h t her
0

ar ti ci i al h r ase , e s eciall w h lli i l

p p t
ras e,
p o r an
y o
p p y e n e p ca , or
su bdm de d by the co mma, t e n set o ffby the s emico lon
is o f .

P I t was of discov ery circu mn avigation of charity

g
a v o ya e
.
g ; a .

B ar

W

Mercer w as u pright, intelligent, an d b rav e ; e steeme d as a so ldier an d b e
love d as a man, an d b y n on e more so t han b y
ashington I r ving . .

W

C harles the T welf
t h, ofS weden ; b o rn , 1 6 8 2 ; kille d b a can no n b all,
y
-

Exer c ise s Elo quence is actio n n ob le, su b li me, godlik e actio n . ebs ter .
Wll he r n o, not I Edgewor th
,

I ass ure you I i n e ve r

go to see . .

T here are thre e p erso ns the rs t, the secon d, an d the third G Br own . . .
324 P U N C TU A T I O N C O MM A . .

b e su rp ris e d how f ar thes e f

to ou r
see
o n this v iew o ft he su b j ect , b u t, to ma
rin cip les r e ach.
little inn o v ati on
Wm e
as
ight
o
eas ily cal
s si b le , we m
8
e as p
co n s ider t he co mma ,

F irst th re fere n ce t o compo n d sen t e n ces

,
wi u .

S e co dly with r efn e re ce t o s imple se n te ce

,
a d smaller
p arts n n s, n .

2 The co mma is se d t o sep ar at e t he cla ses o fa co mpo un d se n

. u u

t e ce when they are to o clo sely co nn e cted fo r the s emico lo

n ,
n .

Ex . m There o u n tain s o w P op e Ho w
rise , an d circlin g o cean s .

.

wre tche d, w e re I mo rt al, w ere my state Id ul f
The b e au tif e rn lies in rus t
y . .

p atche s o n the Op e n hill side , thou ghwithin the wo o ds it is st ill f

-
res h an d gre en .

Co op er C olu mb u s , who disco vere d A merica, w as a G e n o es e

. Bu t 00 .

casio n s ar e p ast, t he ho ur o f their re ck o n in g is n igh at han d, e v e n n o w my t wi

light is coming o n , an d my ho p e s are dar en ing in t o regre ts Ec Magazine k . . .

Exer ise s S in ce lif

c e is s ho rt le t us n o t b e too so licito u s ab o u t the f
I can n o t su cce e d u n less my f
,

rie n ds assist me
u tu re
here t he carcas s is there w ill . W .

the b u zz ards b e gathe re d Either a s tern er co u rse mu st b e pu rsu e d with him

o r he mu st b e s e n t to s o me o ther s choo l
.

hat y o u leav e at yo u r de ath le t it

be w ithou t co n tro v ersy e lse the lawye rs w ill b e yo u r he irs e alt h is o fn o
. W . W
re al u se e x ce p t it b e w ell e mp loy e d S u ch w as t he t e rr ible e x p lo sion o f the .

W
b o at that n o t a lif e w as sav e d S o violen t w ere the w in d an d rain that o u r
.

w he at w as de s tro yed I go b u t I retu rn . hate v e r w e arde n tly w ish to gain .

w e mu s t in the same degree b e af raid t o lo se H e r mo u th co sts her n othin g f or .

s he n e v e r o en s it b u t at o the rs e
p

p e n s e A n d y e t aft e r all it is ma x
n it is min d .

it is in telligen t sp irit that give s to t his gran d t he atre o fthe mate r ial u n iv e rse all
The f arme r who had n e v e r b e en in a city b ef

W
its w o rth all its glo ry . o re an d who
w as t heref o re mo s t e as ily du p e d at o n ce b id o n t he w atch hen p u b lic b o dies .

ar e to b e addre sse d o n mo me n to u s o ccas io n s w he n

gr eat inte re sts are at stak e
and s tro n g
p ass i x
o n s e cite d n o thin g is v alu able in s ee ch f
p art her than it is co n
n e ct e d with hi h moral an d in t elle ctu al e n do w me n t s I fit b e in the spring of
g .

the ye ar an d the you n g gras s has j u s t co vere d t he ro u n d w ith a carp e t o fdeli

g
cat e gre en an d e s eciall
p y ifthe su n is ris ing f ro m b e hin d a distant sw ell of the

pla in no sce n e can b e mo re lo v ely to the eye .

a . T he c lau s es ar e s o me times e lli

pt ical ,
b u t p u n ct u at ed as ifthey
w ere n o t so .

Ex The w in d was the

.

k
e en est, an d the s n o w t he de ep e s t, that e v er ah
n o ye d a trav ele r Hu sb an ds w ere to rn f
. ro m the ir w ive s, an d ch i ldren fro m

t heir p ar e n t s S ay, shall my b ark atten dan t sail
.
A pe al ofgu np o wde r
was heard o n the water, an d ano ther, an d an other .

Exer c ise s I fso , the w o rst might w ell b e e xp ecte d . My pen dive rged to
the right t hen t o the lef
A n d the re w as n o w n o t alk n o s po r t no res t b u t dig
t .

go ld wash gold re ne gold load go ld he re w as a gre at er varie ty o fcolo rs in . T

t he e mb ro idery o f the me ado ws a more liv el
y gre en in the leav es an d grass a
b righte r crystal in t he stre ams than I met with e lse whe re .

3 A clau se f w he n rest rictiv e, o r whe n it dep en ds

is no t s et o f
'

o n so methin
clo s el
y g else, an d has the s e n s e o fa n o u n, an adj ect ive,
o r an adve r b S u ch are .

a R est rict iv e relative clau s es

. .

Ex . He w as a man who m n o t hin g cou ld tu r n aside fro m t he p ath w hich

du ty p ointed o u t I p lu ck e d s u ch plu ms

'

.
as w ere i
r pe I will se ll you
.

whatev er you w ish to b u y .

I) . C lau s es b egin n ing with a s, beca u se, ho w, if,

les t, than , tha t,
 P U N OTU A TI O N .
-
CO MM A . 3 25

when , wher e, whether , while, why,

or o ther adve rbs o ftime , p lace, or

man ne r, and c lo sely de p en ding on the p re ce din
g clau s e .

Ex H e has acte d as an ho n orab le man "

.
He is n o t the less sho uld ac t .

a ge n tle man b ecau se he is

po or Ed win saw ho w hap py t he old bird w as .

w ith her n e stlings

e ll me w hen it w as that
y ou saw him
.

T he re is . T
n o thi ng hu mb le r t han ambitio n w he n it is abo u t to climb
D o yo u k n o w .

w he t her he is at ho me ?

C lau s es f
0 . r o m which the an t e ce de n t o r the r e lat ive is o mit t e d
,

o r th e co nj u n ct io n tha t, to m ak e the co n n e ct io n s till clo ser I n de e d, .

r e s t r ict ive clau s es , lik e o t her clau s es, ar e f

r e u e n tl lli t ical
q y e
p .

Ex ak e which. T
yo u lik e I saw the b ook yo u me n tio n ed .

. He
tho u ght he ha d n ev e r s e en any t hing qu ite s o b eau tif
u l b ef
o re

A good . name

is rathe r to b e chose n t han great riches .

Exer c ise s H e de se rve d ne ither the . which had b e e n 0 s t u p o n rep ro acli e s

him w hile t he e ve n t w as do u b tf u l n o r t he p rais e s w hich he r e ce i ve d w he n it

had p ro v e d s u cce ss f ul I t is su ch me n as he is that b rin g t he p arty in to dis

.

r ep u te A vo id a slan dere r as y o u w o u ld a sco rp io n

. o ry w rite rs have w ith . T
j u s tice re marke d that the langu age o f these co mpos itio ns w as as se rvile as any
t hin g t hat co u ld b e f ou n d in t he mo s t
o rid e u lo gie s p r o n o u n ce d by b is ho p s o n

the S tu arts o rme d the m whe n ce w e ca me w hit her w e w e re go in g w ho

H e in f .

w e w e re The rain f e ll in s he e ts the t hu n de r ro lle d t he lightn ing

. as he d e rce
a lto ge the r .

liv in g b e cause they have n o p e rf

W
a n d lu r id an d t he w in d s w ep t in gus ts o v er t he t hick e t as ifit w o u ld u p ro o t it
e w e ep o ve r t he de ad b ecau se they hav e n o lif

ectio n The v arie ty o fw ild f

e a n d o ve r the

ru it s an d o we r

W
.

in g shru b s is so gre at an d su ch t he p ro f u sion o fblo ss o ms i th w hich t he

y are
b o w e d do wn t ha t the eye is regale d almos t to satie ty .

A w o rd
4 hrase havin t he s e n s e o fa clau s e t hat w o u ld b e
. or
p g
fb y the
s et o f fby the co m ma
co mma, is also se t o f .

S u ch ar e f
r e qu e ntly p art icip ial j
o r ad ective p hras es , whe n t hey ar e e xp l an ato ry,

o r n o t r es tr icti v e .

Ex . By as s istin g him, you will b en e t you rs elf i e , I fyou as s is t him, . .

e tc. Ore s are n at ural co mp o u n ds, b e in g p ro du ce d by n atur e I dislik e all .

mis ery, v o lu ntary or in volu n t ary .

Exe r c ise s N o child s p lay to mak e,
b re ach he re S o me C romw ell gu ilt

a .

less o fhis co u n try s bloo d I t is mo w i n g an d a mo rn in g s wee t f res h and b eau ti

.

fuL T
he re w as a G re cian lib er ty b o ld an d po we rful fu ll o fs p irit e lo qu en ce an d

re . The blas t see me d t o b ear away the so u n d o f the vo ice pe rmittin g n o th

in g to b e he ard b u t its o w n w ild ho wlin g min gle d w ith the creaking an d rat
tlin g of t he cord age an d the hoars e thu n der o f the s urges stn vmg lik e sa vage
b e as t s for o u r de s tru ctio n .

5 . S imple t
s e n e n ce s do n o t u su all y r e qu ir e t he co m ma .

Ex The re al s ec u rity o fC hristianity is t o b e f o u n d in its b e n e v olen t mo ral

W
.

i l id m h t an t l lh
iy
t . P e rh ap s in t his n e glec t e d sp o t s a s o e ea r o n ce p re gn

ce le s tial re G r ay . .

Exer ises To b e, con te nt s c ,
his n a t u ra l d e s ire T h e b lo s so m s o fs p rin g .

W
a n d the f ru its o fau t u mn, give p leas u re t o t he s ou l .

6 he n the i l en t ire l n
p a r i
su bj ect
t ci p ia l o r
.
s a c a u se ,
o r
a o
g
t l l d t h i mi
in n i iv e phras e ; w he i t h a c au s e a o n
g j a u nc t o r o e r s

W
n a s ,

t i i h m m w h t n ds i t h a v e rb ,
lar phras e, o pr ar s re
qu r n
g t e co a ; e n i e

t t
o r wit h a n o u n ha migh imp t rl b e r ea d as t h e n o m i n a t i ve ;
ro
p y
e
32 6 P U N C TU T A I ON C O MM A
. .

or when a w o rd p re ce de s the v erb, ha w o u ld t t

therw ise b e ofdo ub t o

fu l charact er o r r e e re n f ce it s ee ms b est to s ep a at e the s bj e ct f

,
ro m r u

its pr e dicate .

That x many goo d p re cep ts is w e ll

W k
Ex . on e b ad e a mple spo ils , n ow n .

H e that has mu ch n os e , thin ks e v ery o n e S p e ak s o fit hatev er imp ro v e s .

him, delights him

To b e to tally in dif f
.e ren t to p rais e or ce n su r e , is a re al de

fect in characte r

For me to f u rn is h him s o large an d e p e n s iv e an ou t t, is
. x
u tterly imp ossib le

H is hav in g b ee n s e en in t he ne ighb o rho o d, w as the
.

r ou d o f s u s icio n H on o r af u e n ce, and
p leasu re , s e du ce the heart
g n p , . .

N ecess ity, that gre at e cu se f o r hu man f x

railty, b re ak s thro u gh all law .

Th er e is a s tr o n g r om b ef
t en d e n cy t o o mit the co mma f o r e the p r e di cat e o fs u ch
sen t e n ce s as the r s t s e v e n o ft he f o r egoing .

Exer c se
i s
e ve r is is right
He w ho f ,

W
alls in lo v e w ith himse lfwill hav e n o riv als

ho doe s n o thing no w s n o thing

co u rs e amid all t he adv e rsitie s o flif
.

e mark s a great min d

That
To main tain a ste ady
hat the design o f
k .

. W
.

t hese men was has n e v er b ee n as certain e d Family fe u ds v iolat e d f

rie n ds hip s .

an d litigatio n s with n eighb ors a re the b an es o fsocie t

y Flames ab o ve aro u nd .

b en eath an d w ithin de vou r t he e dice D ivide an d co n qu er is a p rin ciple .

equ ally j u st in s cien ce an d in po licy

W
.

7 he n the p r e dicat e n o minat iv e is a lo ng clau s e o r in n it ive

.
-

h ras e, an d imm ediat e l f o llo ws t h v e r b be, it is u su all t f

f
p y e
y se o ,

e s e ciall whe n it has the air o fim o r t an ce an d m i ht b e made

p y p , g
the su bj ect .

Ex On e o f the greates t s ecrets in co mp o sition i s to k n o w w hen to b e

S i mp le B la i
/r

h eir r i T
se v ce w as, to grin d the co rn an d carr the b a ga
y g ge
"
I r vi ng B u t the qu e s tio n is, are the e amp le s correct in synta 7
. .
.

. x x
G Br own
. The con se qu en ce is, that mo s t an imals hav e ac qu ire d a f
.
ear o f

man N at His tor y
. . .

Exer ises The great mystery ab ou t the thef

c t was that the do or w as f
ou nd
s till b ef
lo cke d o re A ll that a man ge ts b y ly in g is that he is n ot b elie v ed
as .

sp e ak e rs is W
w he n he sp e ak s the tru th The qu estio n that is t o b e discu ss e d to n i ht b y t he
o uld the E ten sio n o fo u r
.

x
g
e rrito ry e n dan ger o u r L ib ertie s T
-

Ex
No virt u e, n o e minence con f
erre d se cu r it
y
.

, .

H e dge s, tree s, gro ve s, garde n s orchards, arm ho u ses, hu ts halls,

wo o ds, f -

, .

man smn s, p alaces sp ire s, s teeples to wers an d t e m le s all o w av e rin b

, ,
p g g y , as ,

W
,
the s te ed sk i ms alon g to the sw ellin o r sin k in mu s ic o fthe b ou n ds n l
g g ,
,
o w ou d
as a r egi me n tal b an d n o w fi t as an eeho

, a n P ro ilson .
-
f
. .

Far ab o v e u s to w ere d
iron b ou n d co ast, dark, desolate b arr e n, reci i
an
p p
-

,
to u s, a ain st w hich t he lo n r ollin s well o fthe Paci c b rok e wit h a du ll dis
g g, g ,
he arte nin g roar
Ca lifo rn ia .
.

Exer 01 s es A , v irgin o f eighte en

tall an d straight b right bloo min g an d
b almy s e ms to ou r o ld age a v er b e au tif j
e y u l an d de ligh tfu l o b e ct P r of VVil .

s on Bu t i n t ru th that amplit u de an d acu te n es s o fin te ll t h

t at v iv acity o f
.

ec
fan c
y t hat t e n
se an d e n er e tic st le tha t
g y p lacid dign ity half co u rtly half p hi
lo s o plu cal which t he u tmo s t e cite men t o fco n ict co u l
d not f x
or a mome n t de
ran ge b e lo n e d to Halif
g ax and to Halif a alo n e Macau lay x .
32 8 P U N OTU A TI O N .
C O MM A .

Ex . The b en che s, chairs, an d tab les, w ere thro w n d o wn The wheat, .

co rn, an d hay, which it p rodu ce s, are of the b es t qu ality They w ere re .

p i ate , p aymen ts

ce iv e d witho u t dis tin ctio n in p u b lic, a d co
n n se qu e n tly in r v .

M acau lay
S u ch implie d coven ants a s are an ne ed to , and o f co urse ru n with,
. x

the re v e rsio n Chilly . .

Exer c ises The .
b right an d p u re an d s e emed as p re cio us as
w ater w as as

liqu id diamon ds B u t n o su ch ru le had e v er b e en o r e ver wo u ld b e f

. o rmed .

A n d all t hat b e au ty all that w e alth e er gav e

The clas sics p o s s ess a pe cu liar
.

charm f ro m the circu mst an ce that they hav e b ee n t he mo de ls might alino s t I

s ay the mas te rs o fco mpo sitio n an d tho u ght in all age s

W
.

he n a n egativ e an d mativ e phras e s tan d loo sely after an bther p art ,

an af
r
b o th ar e set o f fb y the co mma ; ift he f o r mer p hras e is in clo s e co mb in at io n wit h
fb y the co mma
t he v erb , o n ly the latte r hr as e is s et o f T he e dan t w as the re .

fo r e hear d b y him n o t 0 y with w ear in es s b u t with malign it The pe dant w as

the ref o r e he ar d n bt on ly with w ear in es s, lin t with malign i ty
X .

15 A wo rd, phr ase, o r clau s e, that is paren t hetic, o r that b r eak s

.

the co n n e ct io n o fp arts clo s e ly co n n e ct e d, is s et o f

fby the co mma .

A p art thu s set o f f stan ds mos t f re u e ntly af j

'

q t er a co u u n ctio n , an ad e cti v e , or
an adv er b , b etw e e n a n o min at iv e an d its v e rb , b etwe en t e p arts o fa v er b , o r be
tw e en a v erb an d its ob j ect o r adj u n ct .

Ex . T
hey se t o u t early, an d, befo r e the da wn of day, arriv e d at the de s
.

tin e d place Pru den ce, as well as co u rage, is n ecess ary t o o v erco me o b i
.

B u rn s, to b e rightly j u dged, mu s t b e e stimate d b y t he times in

s tacle s .

A dj ect iv e s, when so methin g dep e n ds o n t he m, o r w he n the

which he live d .
y
have the imp ort ofa dep e n de nt claus e, shou ld, with t heir adj un cts, b e se t o il b y

the comma
.

Exer c ises Her magn icent hair b lack an d glossy as a raven s wing f

, e ll

in thick clu sters almo st t o her k n e es Bodily e e rcis e e sp ecially in the o p en

. x
air is o fthe
greates t imp ortan ce to health N o dis tu rb an ce ho w ev er to o. k
p lace . The mothe r to sav e her in f an t s acric ed he rs e lf Halif a mo rtied by . x
his mischan ces in pu b lic lif e b egan to p in e f o r his seat in N o tt inghams hire .

C ov er yo ur o w ers f
or ifthey are u n p ro te ct e d to n ight the f ros t w ill kill t he m -
.

T hey kn e w their po wers n o t o r as they learn e d to n o w p ervert e d t he m k

W
to e vil .
o

he n the b eginn in g o r t he e n d o f a s en ten ce or me mb er ,

su ch p art s st an d at
t hey are als o ge n era lly set o f fb y t he co mma .

x
T he most co m mon p ar e n t hetic e p res s ion s ar e however , sur ely, in deed, p er hap s ,
also , th en , too , ther or e, likewise, mor eo ver , f
ef u r ther mo r e, co ns e u en tly , never th eless,
accor din gly, u n u es tio nabl
y , dou btless, mea n while, las tly, na l y, namely, of cou r se,

q
i n fa ct, to be su r e, no dou bt, in shor t, i n gen er al, in r ea lity, i n a wor d i n th a t case,
h
in the mem Man e, in the r s t p lace, in ever y resp ect, or the mos t p ar t , witho u t dou bt,
beyond question , no w an athen , on the co ntr a/r y, o n t e other homd, gm er alh / sp eakin g,
as i t wer e .

T he chie fo fthos e s et o f fthat u s u ally s t an d at t he b egin n in g, ar e yes , no , well,

why, n ow , agai n , r st, seco n dly, e tc

W
.

hen p ar e n t het ic p art is s ho r t, o r b u t s light ly in te rru p ts t he ow o fo

a the r
w or ds , it is n o t s et off; as , I t is p er hap s t r u e G lad ly wo uld w e p o u r in to thy
bo om he b alm o fco n s o latio n
s t
.

16 B u t whe n the p art is

. r es ric t tive ,
it is n o t s et o ff
f ro m that
w hich it mo die s
.

Ex H e w as o n e day in a eld n ear a po n d in which several geese were

.

"
s wimmin g T he w ork is n o t worth the care an d lab or exp en ded u po n it
. .

The tree f
ell thu n derin g to the gro un d .
 P U N C TUA T I ON .
-
CO MM A . 3 29

Exer c ises Trces growin g at the b ase o f mo u ntains ar e taller than thos e
,

o n t he s u mmit The carriage an d ho rses n ece ss ary to co n du ct you there will

.

b e here early in the morn ing The ho rs e ran t wo mile s, in v e min u tes an d .

W
t hirty s econ ds H o w dare you b re athe t hat air, w hich w ait ed to H eave n the
.

curses o f those who f ell a sacri ce to yo ur amb ition ? hen stat e s men heroe s
kin gs in du s t rep o se O ur recru its stoo d, shiverin g an d r u b b in g t he ir b an ds
. .

17 . A n ad u n c j t ,
a n ad e c j tive phra e a participial phr se an i
s ,
a ,
n

n itiv e phras e, o r a clau s , n e t hat st a ds b i io n at t he b e in i

y n e
g g
v rs n n

o fa s e n t e n ce o r m e mb e r, is e n e r all set o f
fby t he co mma
g y .

The co mma is als o p lace d af t er a s u rn ame when it r e ce de s the C hris tian name ;
as , P p ,
e e A le a n der a B r itis h p oet x

S mit h, Jo
H

. .

Ex .

To her, man y a so ldi er, o n the p o in t o f acco mp lishin g his amb it io n,

s acri ce s the o p po rtu n ity On that p lain, in rosy yo u th, t hey had f e d the ir
.

f
a the r s ock s

C alm, atten tive, an d cheerf
. ul, he co n fu tes mo re grace f u lly

W

t han o the rs co mplime n t T o mak e

Hav in g n o thing e ls e to do I w e n t .
, .

t his clear, I mu st tell yo u an old sto ry

hen S p rin g retu rns , the owe rs .
w ill blo o m .

Exer c ises Ofmak in g there is n o e n d
,
Large rip e an d de many b oo k s .

licio u s w e r e t he p lu ms L arge ripe deliciou s were t he p lu ms ire d o f his

. . T

to ils o me ight an d p arched with he at he sp ie d at le n gt h a cav e m s co ol retre at

.

k in d . W
T o me et to check t o cu rb to s tan d u p agains t him w e w an t arms o f the same
he ther he is the man do n o t k n o w I .

x
I f the e tre mit ies ar e relate d, o r if the adj u n ct is short an d u n e mp hatic, o r
x
W
s tan ds n e t to the v e rb , t he co mma is

en er al y o m t e d ; as
l i t S u cha hor s e I wo u ld
g
n o t bu y

hat is n o w calle d a min i s try, he di d n o t t hink o fforming
.

For .

them n o m or e t he b lazin g he ar th s hall bu r n

A t the corn er o fthe garden s to o d .

a t all p op lar .

18A p art is o f
. f by the co mma, that it may n o t af
t e n s et o f fe ct

s o methin n e xt to it ; o r t o sho w its de p en den ce o n so methin g r e

g
m o t e, f
ro m w hich it is s ep arat e d b y in t er ven in g m att er ; o r w hen it

st an ds at t he b e in n in o r the en d, an d adds an idea r at he r than

g g
mo dies an ide a .

A n adj u n ct, f ollo win an o the r , o r r e mo v e d f r o m w hat it mod ies , is t hu s f rs

g
tl t ff l s it i ve h r as e , w hen it is r e move d a con s i derab le di s
q u e n y s e o a o a n i n n p

W
t an ce f ro m w hat it mo di es .

Ex .

hy, w ere you n ot there ?
- H e applied f o r t he situ atio n, with

o u t a reco mme n da tion

x
can e is t lo n g
x

. W
N o s o ciety , o fwhich mo ral men are n o t t he stamin a,
ho e ver liv e s wicke dly, mu st p erish
an d in e p erie n ce d in the b u sin e s s, as to b e u n qu ali e d
.

H e is so yo u n g
H e bo u ght u p all .
.

the mu les he co u ld n d, to sell the m again .

Exer ise s T c
h e r e la ti o n s o
,
f n o u n s v er b s o r m o d ify in g w o rds to o the r

w o r ds . The an cie n ts se parate d the corn f

. ro m t he e ar b y cau s ing an e x to

t m l t h h A d w h di d o u n o t g o t h e n ? N o s ir ne ver T o
ra p e o n e s e a ves n y y
.
.

t he s e b ears s eldo m go I s it n o t a melan choly thin g to se e a man clo the d i n

.

f im d d i b li l d d w d w it h i h ti n ofo the r
s o t r a e n t lo g e n a p u c p a a ce an e n o e a r c p o r o

me n s in du stry u s in g all the in u e nce o fhis splen did situ atio n ho we ve r u n co u

scio u sly to de ep en the ign o ran ce or in ame the f u ry o fhis f ello w crea tu re s ? -

19 I n de en de n t o r ab s o lu e t w o r ds , w i h wha t t b elo n gs to t he m,
.
p
e n e rally s et o fby t he
f co mma
ar e
g .

S u ch p art s ar e n o min ativ es in de pe n den t, no min atives ab s olu te , an d so metimes

in terj e ctio ns o r adverb s .
3 30 P U N C TU A T I ON .
C OMM A .

Ex A n d so, Don G omez, yo u will acco mp any u s

. A n d n o w, sir,

. Wh t a

is y o ur con clu sio n ?

N o ctu rn al silen ce reign in g, a n ightin gale b egan . 0,

y es, I do S hame b ein g lo s t, all virt u e is los t
. .

Exer c ises John w hat s wan te d,

Frien d
To you Osman I con sign half

t he city to y ou Mu stap ha t he r emain de r hou w hin in g b u dge t o fqu ack me di . T

cin e s why n o t tak e u p th b o ardin g at o n ce in an apo the cary s s ho p l

y To b e a
merchant t he art co n sis ts mo re in gettin g p aid than in mak ing sale s The w o rk .

b ein g don e w e re t urn ed ho me Front t o f ro n t t he ir ho rn s lo ck e d ev e ry mu scle

s trai n ed they w e re ght in g as b u lls o nly can ght hy what s the matt er ?

A gain w e con ceiv e that natural theo logy tho u ghn ot a demo ns tratige is ye t a p ro
.

. W
W
gre ssxv e s ci e n ce .

20 . he n
p h ras e hav in an a
g an a
pp
pp o si ti
o sitiv e , is a f v e, o r a

fe ct e d b re ce din rb , o r w he n it r at he r co m le te s an ide a than

y p
a
g ve
p
adds an idea, it is n o t s et o f f o therwise it is, e sp e cially whe n pare n
thetic o r explan at o ry .

O fp art s n o t s ep arate d, w e hav en ou n with n o u n o r adj ective as , T he R i e r

Hu ds on ,
R e ad t he artis t, y
A le an de r t he G re at : p r o nou n w ith p r ono u n ; as , x

He hims elfwen t : p r ono u n with n o u n as , Y e men o fA l to rf .

Ex h. T
e y made him cap tain

T he n at io n regarded him as the p rope r .

chiefo fthe administratio n

I my selfsaw it
His E ce llen cy the G o v
. . x
cru o r .T e t e r ms r eason an d ins tinct
h
oo lis h t o lay o u t mo n ey in a
I t is f .

pu rchas e ofre p ent an ce

I t is t hro u gh in ward heal th that w e enj oy all o u t
.

w ard thin gs .

T
I t is relate d of ecu mseh, the I n dian w arrio r, that he wo u ld k eep a p ro mise

e ven to w ard an e n e m

y P au l, the ap ostle o f t he G en tiles
. The greate st
R o man o rator, C ice ro, was distingu ishe d f o r his p atrio tis m

A s a race, t hey .

have w ithered f ro m t he lan d

his v astly mo re s igni can t ide a, t hat t he e arth
. T
i a gloti , had b y n o mean s b eco me in co rpo rate d in to the gen eral in t elligen ce o f
i
t re w o rl s

l
s av es
c
Exer ise s Th
.
dark ness he calle d n ight Plu tarch calls ly in g, the v ice o f
A t Bus hn ell s the b ook seller

the s econ d son is a cap tain in t he n av

,
e

The p o et Bu rn s

A t B u shn ell, the b o okseller s alte r

Matthe w the p u b
.
.

. W
y . .

lican . T
ho u traitor he nce ! M o ses the lawgiv e r, an d G o ds rst p en .

21 . The co mma is o te n in se rt e d wher e

f a n it e v erb is o mitt e d .

Ex From law aris e s

. se cu rity ro m s e cu rity,
; f cu riosity ; an d ro m
f cu rio sity,
k n o wle d e
g .

T he co mma is o m t ted, when the in t erru tio n is b u t sli ht an d when the e llip
i p
t i cal clau s es dep n d i n co mmon o n 9 art se t of
g ,
f b t h co mma ; as , T h w e ather
e
f
y e e .

was n e , the sleigh n ew, an d t he r o a

goo d .

c
E er ise s H amilton w as more declamatory imagin ative an d p o etical
x .

B urr cle ar p i n te d concise an d co m act

o p S ha esp eare wro te his p o e try an d . k
Baco n his p hiloso phy in the reign o fQu e en Eliz ab et h .

22A qu o t at io n clo s ely de p e n din ve rb or o ther w o rd is

g on a
.
,
en e rall s et o f
fby the co mma
g y .

Knowledge is p o wer, s ays t he f

W
Ex .
ather o fmo dern p hiloso p hy

Exer ises, I say u n to all atch Ou t sp ok e the hardy H ighlan d ight W

.

p a

ins n o
gain s


I ll go my chi ef I m ready
I t

h urt
c
s a m

an


T
s
he re is mu ch tr uth in the prov erb
ride to
I do n o t k n o w

itho u t .
.

W
p . sa y .

To f acilitat e the r eadin

g o flarge n u mb ers t hat ar e n o t date s , t he comma is u s e d
s e arate them mto
.

to p eri o ds T he p o p u latio n o f t he U n it ed S tat es is

p
as ,

as ,
$4 5 3
g
I t is en e rally o m it te d w he n t he n u mb er s ar e ex res s e d in wo r ds
Fi ve milli on s i x t hou s and fo u r hu n dre d an d t we n ty p ;
.
332 P U N C TUA T IO N .
EX C L A M A T I ON -
P OI N T .

Ex .

T
I s my n ame alb ot ? an d am I y ou r son an d shall I y S 7iake -

sp eare . I s there n o hon or in ge n erosity ? n or in p r ef e rri n g the le s son s o fco n

s cien ce to the imp ul s es o fp as s io n ? n o r in main tain in g t he s u pre macy o fmo ral

W
'

p rin c i le
p , a n d i
p y g
a n r e ve re n ce t o C hris tian t ru t h? G B rown hat are

t he in te rj e ctio n s ofj oy
. .

o fp raise o fs o rro w o fgrie f I d -

.

Exer c ise s heav e n has gold the p o w er

To p ur chas e

.

C an go ld re mov e the mo rtal ho u r Johns on .

A s the gen tleman has thu s set tle d the den it ion of ar is tocr acy I tru st t hat
o r w ho amo n g u s w o u ld n o t b e w ise
n o man w ill t hin k it a t erm o f rep r o ach f
I / ivings ion
W
w ho w o ul d n ot b e v irtu ou s who w ou ld n o t b e ab o ve w an t
as it n o t a delu sio n had it b e en re ally acco mp lished an d co u ld it b e do n e
.

W
again
A ndr ew Fulton .

6 .hen a qu estio n is n o t co mplet e b ef o re the e n d is r e ache d ;

w he n the who le s en t e n ce is rather o n e qu estio n than se ve r al ; o r

whe n the co mma the s emico lo n , o r the c o lo n , can as we ll b e u s ed
,

w ithin the s e n t en ce, the in t erro gatio n p o in t s ho u ld b e pu t o nly at -

W W
the e n d .

Ex . ill yo u go, or s tay ? hich is more, three~ f

o u r ths o r f
ou r

f ths D o th thy heart heav e w ith e mo t i o n s o f than k f u ln e ss to G o d, for
makin g the e arth so f air, so re do le n t o fb e au ty in i ts garnitu re o f o w ers ; an d
fo r havi n g s catte re d these s ile n t teachers u
p an d do w n t he w orld as o ra to rs o f
p erf u me , an d lin k s ofb eau ty , to b in d o u r so u ls t o n at ure in all time s an d w here
s o e v er w e ma
y b e ? P ar ker H ere so me p u n ctuato rs wo uld hav e p u t an
.

W
in te rrogation p o in t af
-
ter f lower s b u t the se mico lon is b e tte r .

Exer ises Did he

who cheats
songs
c

,

o r he who s te als
o r he alth o r f
trav el f
W
or pleasu re ho is wo rse he
here are yo ur gib es n o w you r gamb o ls yo u r
as hes o fme rrimen t that w ere w o n t to s et the tab le in re ar
y ou r
7 T he in t e r ro gatio n o in t is so m et imes in se rt e d wit h cu r v e s, t o
.

do ub t the t r u th o fs o m e t in g w itho u t f
o r mally s aying s o .

Ex I fthe immortal B aco n the w isest, gr eatest, meanes t o fmank in d

Edinburgh R eview
.

disgraced the j u dgmen t se at

-

,

e ta .

6 . EX C LA MA TI ON P OI N T -
.

1 . The e xc la m a ti o
is pu t af n te r p art s e xp ressin g
-
p o in t
e mo tio n , s u ch as su r rise f mu ch as the
p j y g
o ri e an
g e r e t c ver
y

, , , ,

in terr o gatio n po in t is p u t af
-
t er part s de n o t ing in qu iry .

Ex . L o ! N ewto n , prie st o fn at u re, shin e s af

ar,
S can s t he wide world, an d n u mb ers e very star Camp bell .

Fair s tar o fev en in g ! S p len dor o ft he w e st !
S tar o fmy cou n try ! o n t he ho riz on

s b r in k
T hou han gest .

N o w p re ss the m ! n o w, ye roj an s, s tee d re n o wn ed, T -

B u sh o n ! b re ak thro u gh the G re cian ram art, hu rl

p
A t o nce de vo u rin g ames in to t he ee t ! Co wp er s Homer

.

S u ch a chirpin g an d t witte ring ! S u ch d iv ing do wn f ro m the n e st , an d

yin g u p again i S u ch a whee ling ro u n d in circle s, an d t alk ing t o the yo u n g

o n e s all t he w hile l S ydn ey S mith O thou disco n so late w ido w ! ro bb e d, so
.

cru e lly ro bb e d, an d in so s ho rt a time b o t h o fa hu s b a n d an d a so n ! what mu s t

,
b e the p le nitu de o fthy s uf f e rin !
g D r N o ti F uner al ofHamilto n-
. .

x
,

Hen c e w e se e t hat e clamator

y s e n ten ces may b e e ithe r d e clarativ e , in t e rr oga
t w o , o r i mp erat i ve i n f
o r m ; an d t he
y are als o o f
t e n e llip tical o r f ra m e n t ar v
g .
 P U N C TU A TI O N EX C L A M A T I ON
.
-
PO I N T . 3 33

W
Exer ises c
W
hat w as the cau se o fo u r wastin g f
, orty millio n s o fmon e
y
x
a n d si ty t hou san d live s The A merican w ar hat w as it that pro duce d t he
Fre n ch rescript an d a Fre n ch w ar The A me rican w ar Fo r w hat are w e
a b o u t to in cu r an a dditio n al de b t o f t we lv e o r fou r te e n millio n s his curs e d T
c ru el diab olical A mer ican w a r Fox -
.

G e n tlemen w hat do es this mean C ho p s an d to mato sa u ce Y o u rs Pick
w ick C ho p s G racio u s he ave ns A n d to mato sau ce I s t he happ iness o fa se ns i
t ive an d co n din g f e male to b e trie d aw ay b y su ch shallo w artic e s as t hese

2 . I t is u s ed a t er
f u n u s u all
y s o le mn an d e ar n e s t in vo ca io n s t or
a ddr e ss es .

0 b le ssed H ealth! thou art ab ov e all gold an d t re asu re! S p are me,

Ex .

me rcif
ul G o d I

C on scrip t Fathers ! I do no t rise t o s p e n d the n ight in words
.

Exer c ises Thy doo m is se ale d presu mptu ou s slave T ru th f
.
rie n dshi
p my
co u n t ry s acre d o bj ects s en timen ts dear to my heart acce pt my las t sacrice

3 . T he po in t is gen e rally u se d a f
te r an in t e rj ect io n .

Ex Y oho ! yo ho ! throu gh lan es, gro ve s, an d v illages

.
D ickens .

.

B u t that the po in t m u s t b e p lace d af ter e v e ry in t erj ecti o n e ce t 0 , eh, an d key , x

p
i s n o t tr u e
all y no p o in t
.

Wx
0, i m me diat ely p r e ceding the n ame o fs o met hin g ad re s s e d, has u su
he n in t e rj e ctio n s are s p o k e n o f as m or e w o rd s , they s ho u ld n ot
.

Wt
be f o llo we d b y t he e clam at io n p oin t ; as , A li , 0 , a la s, h
-
o .

ra me n ts
fe n n d f u o t e d an d m ade e xclamat o r y o r in t e r e c
4 . eo g q j
t io n al ; and s o met im es parts are qu o t e d wit hthe ir e x clam at o ry se ns e
W
.

W
Ex T
rie d an d co n v icte d t raito r l
. ho s ays this


raito r !

I go T

b u t I return e s hou ld re aliz e , b y act, the w o rds
.
aw ak e ! aris e ! in as
ick a n d imm e diat e su cce s s io n as t he y w e re u ttere d b y t he p o e t
q u .

Exe r c ise s the gu illotin e t o the gu illo tin e e claime d the f e male

x
hey mme they
W
.

p art o ft he rabble

T
hen the rst s ou n d w en t f o rt h

T
c o me

Tramp t ram

w as s u ddenly he ard on the stairs
p ho coul d it be

5 I t is so me times dii cu lt to de te rmin e w hethe r the e clamatio n p oin t

. x -

s ho u ld su p erse de o ther p o in ts ; b u t t he w rite r, n o w in g his o w n m e an in ,k g

c an be s t de cide f o r himse lf H e sho u ld rs t co nsi de r w h
.
e the r the se n

o r the p o in t ; an d the n , in w hat p ar , o r in

t e n ce is su f cie n tly e mo tio n al f t
ho w mu ch o f t he sen te n ce , the e mo tio n is chi ey co mpri s e d, p u ttin g the
.

o in t at the e n d o fs u ch p ar t
p .

A s to the le n gth o f the s e n te n ce , o r as t o ho w m u ch shall b e p u t in to o n e e x .

l m t i t h m i i l w ill l h e re t hat app ly t o i n t errogat i v e s e n

c a a o n , e s a e p r n c p es app y

W
t e n ce s .

e ll, to b e su re , ho w mu ch I hav e f agge d t h h t he o n ly w o n

Ex .
r o u g
d er is , t hat on e he ad can co n tain it all !

A n d the n there are my I talian
s o n gs ! w hich e v e ry b o dy allo ws I sin g with taste
W
.

St ran e
g ,

m u r m u rs the d i
y gn in v a lid ,
lo o ki n g o u t f ro m h i s in d o w u pon

t he w orld s tran ge ! ho w t he b e au y t a n d m y s t e ry o f a ll n a t u re a re h e i g h t e ned

b y t he n e ar p ro sp e ct o fthat co m i d ar k n e ss w h ic h w ill s w e e p t h e m a l l a w ay I
n g
Exer ise s c Ho w g y p l n w h e re p u t a tio n so m e awk
W
e a r s u p o o s
u a ers on a pp
l hi t l i th hl S
w ard as p ersio n ha gs n a n d h o w su d d e n y s c o un e n a n ce c e a rs u p
c haracte r 0 ho me magical all p o w e rf u l h o m e h o w s t ro n g m u s t h av e b ee n th y

in u e n ce w hen t hy f ain te st me mo ry co u ld c a u s e t h e s e b r o n z e d h e roe s o f a the n

s an d ghts t o w e e p lik e te arf ul w o men

W
l f t
To j u s tif er e ach o f h t s en e n ce
u s e o ft his o in t af t r s o a
y t h e t e s e v e r a p a

b h d an ct i o n o t G o
the m u s t b e de ep ly e mo t io n a h ! t
a t a t t r i u e t e s a c r e s
as ,
k i f t h n ib al s a
g a
l i t g e,
n atu re t o t he mas s acr e s o fthe I n dian
n e o e ca n
an s c a p g n

h b l d f l m le d V i c t i m s
t o r tu r in g, m u rd e rin g, de v o u rin g, dr in k in g t e g
o o o l lS an .
334 P U N C TU A T I O N .
EX C L A M A 1 I O N
' -
P O IN T .

6 W
hen an in te rj e ctio n o r o ther e mo tio n al w o r d is to b e e xp r essiv e

W
.

chie y in co n n e ction w ith o ther w o r ds, it is b e t te r to de f e r the e x clama

t io n po in t as n e arly as p os sible t o the e n d

- he n dee p e mo tio n b e lo n gs .

c hie y to the w ho le o fa p h ras e o r s e n te n ce , it is ge n e rally b e tter e x p re ss e d

b y o n e p o in t at the e n d, t han by the hitchin g an d in te rru p tin g cau se d by

a mu ltitu de o fp o in ts w ithin .

Ex C harge, C hes ter, charge !

. On, S tanley, o n ! Ho w meek, ho w r

p a t ie n t,
t he m ild cre at ure lie s l B u t, O tho u b e s t o fp are nts ! w ip e t hy

t e ars

.

A h me ! n o t,

A h! me . H a, ha, ha ! A las , my n o ble b oy l
t hat t ho u s ho u ldst die 1

Oh! yo u went w ith him, did yo u G oo drich

E
.

0, w hat a s w e e t p lace gran dmo ther s o rchard is ! S argent

. .

Exer c ises U n der .
s u ch circu mstan ces w o u ld lay do w n my arms
I n eve r

Macb eth Macb e th M acb eth b e ware M acdu

W W

n eve r n e ve r n ev e r Frie nds

R o mans co u n try men lend me yo u r e ars illiam illiam (can t y o u he ar

me b ring the gu n A las s ir ho w f

e ll yo u b es ide y ou r v e wi ts

R ej oice ! j
re o ice ! t he su mme r mo n ths are co ming ;

R ej o ice ! rej o ice ! t he b irds b e gin t o sin g l

G en tle riv e r, gen tle rive r ! tell u s w hither do y o u glide,

T hro u gh the gre en and su nn y meado w s, w ith y o u r s we etly mu rmu rin g tide
I n t he for mer co u plet , o n e e clam at o r
y x
w o r d r e qu ir es as great a p au s e as t he
x
o ther , an d t he p ar ts e p re s s m u c h j o y ; I I] t he lat t e r , t he s e co n d p hr as e r e qu ir e s
a gre ate r p au s e t han t he rs t , an d t he p ar t s e p r ess les s e mo tio n t han t ho s e o f x
the o t he r .

7 The exclamat io n
.
p o in t is
p e rre d to the in te r ro at io n
re f
g p o in t, -

when the idea o fe mo tio n p re do m in at es o ve r t hat o fin qu iry

W
.

Ex here is the man , where is t he philosop her, w ho cou ld

. so live, su f
fe r,

an d die, w ithou t w e ak nes s an d w ithou t ost e n tatio n l R ous seau -
.

T hi s is n ot addres s e d to for an an s w er ; the au tho r e x

an y p art icu lar p erso n
e cts n o an s we r , an d m e an s to giv e n o n e hims elf T he se n te n ce e p r es s es his . x
ee lings r at he r t han his d o u b ts , o r t he in t erro gat ive arran ge me n t is b u t a s tr o n ge r
mo de o fs tating a d e clarative e clam at io n ; he n ce mar k e d x an d n o t 2 .

T
he r e is s o metimes n ice cho o s in g b e t we e n t hese two p oin t s , an d it is then a
matt er o flittle co n s e qu e n ce w hich is p r e f erre d .

C an s t tho u co mman d t he L i ht i
g n n gs , that t he y m ay go , an d s ay u n t o the e, H er e w e ar e
C a n s t tho u co mman d t he L gh i
i tn n gs , tha t the y m ay go , an d sa y u n to t he e, H er e w e ar e

l
P er haps t he latte r p u n ct u atio n is p r ef
e rab le , f o r m o ft he sen t e n ce is
o r t he f
b u t a s t ro nger mo de o fs ayi ng, Y o u can n o t d o t his .

To mak e a declarat iv e se n te n ce a little more e mp hatic t han u su al, it is so me

times s ta ted in the int erro gative o r e clamato ry f x
or m, w itho u t t he in te rro gat io n
x
o r e clamat io n po in t S ee p 3 1 7 . . .

To e xpr ess great wo n der, iro ny, o r co n t e mpt , t wo

8 . or m o re ex

clamat io n p o int s are s o m etime s u s e d t o e the r

g
-
.

A rrest a gen tleman l

W

Ex S elling o b elo w
'

. 1 gre at sacri ces ! c o st !

tak e a warra n t o u t again st a gen tle man ! y o u v illain hat do yo u mean

R e duce Pro v iden ce to an alte rn ative ! l

S ydn ey S mith .

9 T he . e xcla matio n po in t is
-
m e t im e s lik e the int er
a ls o u se d so

ro
ga t io n -

p o in t ,
t o de n o te s n e erin l
gy t he u nb elie fo ft he s pe ak e r .

Ex The me as u re s which he intr odu ce d to C on gress , an d w hich o u ght in

.

hav e b e e n carried b y o ve r whelmin g maj o ritie s p ro ve d him t o hav e b e e n to

eve ry se nse a great s tates ma n

3 36 P U N C TUA T I O N D A S H . .

S o metimes it is adde d mer ely to le ngthe n the p au s e a little, or to

m ar k t r an sit io n
Ex He saw w hatev er thou hast s e en
;

.

Enj oy e d, b u t his delights ar e e d .Mon tgomery .

I t thu n ders ;
it thu n de rs to p res erve b u t
You n g .
-
.

S u ch dou b le p o in t s as the f o r e goin g are n o w o f te n av o ide d b y u sin g S i mp ly

the das h o r t he n e t gr e ate r co mmo n p o in t xT he co m ma wit h th e das h is m o r e .

e mp hat ic than t he s em ico lon ; t he s e micolo n w ith t he das h is mor e e mp hatic t han
t he co lon ; b u t t he sem ico lo n an d t he co lon ar e n eate r p o in t s .

He l t was

said ; p ro du ce d the b east, an d 10
then f
ull b ef
or e the ir sight

Mer rzok or a re p ly N o n e he n n o n e have I o ff T

white I p au se f e nde d
'

. .

I hav e done n o mo re to C aesar, than y o u shou ld do t o Bru tus S halreep ear e . .

W

A n d en te r rises o
p fgreat p ith an d mo me n t ,
ith this regard t he ir cu rre n ts tu rn a w ry,
A n d lo s e the n ame o factio n S o f t, yo u n o w !
T he fair Op helia N y mp h, in t hy o riso n s

Be all my sin s re me mb ered S hak Hamle t . . .
(
T ransition )
T he das h her e av o ids t he m men ceme n t o fa n e w agrap h.

W
co ar
p
ho n e t x
O, my lit tle f rie n d, y o u are j u st le t loo se f ro m schoo l, an d

co m e hithe r t o scru b y o u r bloo min g f ace , and dro wn the me mo ry o fce rtain t a p s
o fthe fer u le, an d o fo the r s cho olb o ro m t he
y tro u b le s, in a drau ght f o wn P u mp

T .

The prin cip al p arts o fa se n te n ce are u s u ally thre e ; n amely, the S U JEC , B T
o r no min at iv e , t he attrib u te, o r n ite V ER , an d t he cas e p u t af
te r, o r t he OH B
Cr imes des erve p u nishment)
W
JEC T go v ern e d b y the v erb : a s G oold B r ow n .
,

The p o ss e ssiv e cas e may den ote the r elation o fp ers o n s ; as , m
'

illia s
T m
g do n e ; as, S olo mon s
co u sin ; o r the relat io n o fthe do er t o the t hin

p le

e
or t he re latio n o fa wh o le to its p arts ; as, a ho rse s he ad

Gr een e

. .

Here Mr B ro w n .
p o in t gr e at er t han the co mma an d le s s than the s e m i
n e e de d a
co lo n , an d so he adde d t he das h t o t he co mm a M r G re e n e n e e d e d a po in t gr e at e r . .

t han t he se mico lon , an d s o he add ed t he das h to i t : he m i ht b e t te r hav e u s e d t he

g

W
co lo n . T
her e is a t en de n cy t o av o id do u b le p o in ts .

4 . he n tical o r het e ogen eo

e llip r us
p t
b r o u ht e mo tio n all
ar s ar e
g y
t
i n o o n e se n t e ce t hey a e ge e rally
n ,
r n s e arat e d b
p y t he das h .

Ex .

C ame ho me so lu s v e ry high w in d lightn in gmoo n shin e s o lita ry -
s traggle rs mu f e d in clo ak s w hit e ho u s e sclo u ds hu r r in
v e r t he s k
y g o y

alto ge the r v er
y p o e tical B yron . .

.
Exer ises c
B u t you are hu n gry w ant a b re ak fast t u rn in to a restau ran t
,

call fo r ham e ggs an d co f f

ee then yau r b ill s ix doll ars Califor n ia .

5 . I t is u s ed to s ho w su s
p en se o r de lay
th
.

Ex The p uls e u tte re d s to p pe d w e n t o n

. m
ro b b e d -
sto p p e d again
mo v e d sto pp e d S hall I go o n N o S ter n e
.
.
-
.

Exe r ise s c On e presse d his an tagon ist b ack b ack b ac

.
-
k till th ere w as b u t
ano ther s te p o fp lan k b e hin d him b e t we en him a n d n o thin
g .

6 . met imes imit at ive, an d has, b eside s, the e mo t io n al se n s e

I t is so

which was rst me n t io n e d .

Ex
Po p l Ther e the co rk s drawn G u r Z e wr le u r le ood

g g g g g g

.
.

goo d good N o l i t is in v ain ; the re is n o typ e the re are n o p rin t e d so u n ds

(allo w me the concetto
)
to des crib e the me lo dy the cade n ce o f the o u t o u rin
p g
-

, ,
bo ttle D Jerr old
. . .
 P U N C TU A T I O N .
-
D A S H. 337

Exer c ises The clo c kw ent tic k t ic k tic k ti k c an d I we n t n id nod n o d -

ding p iddin g till s u dden ly the door b ell -

ran g an d star tle d me f ro m m
dr o wsmess y

7 . I t is ho w hesit atio n o r f
u se d to s alte rin
g .

Ex . I I my self
was in lov e withPR I S C I L L A l -
Hawthorne
Exer c ises H e was
.

, v ery s o rry f
o r it w as e xt remely con ce rn e d it should
hap pe n so b ut as it was n e ce ss ar
y a

0
8 . It
i s
p u t at the e nd o fa s e n e n ce t t u nn ishe d, whether f
lef ro m
t
i n e rr u
p t o i n, alt er in ,
f g o r an
y o ther cau se .

S he was
A great f o ol, said a tro ope r

.

L GR T
W
HE R E I ES TH E EA

False marb le l whe re You ng -

I t w as to in qu ire b y what title G e n e ralb u t cat chin M self

.

g Mr ash
ingto n chose to b e addre ssed I r ving
, .

. .

Exer cises T hes e these w e re the gazette ers are ah n o .

G il B las Y o u r G race s s ermo n s ne ve r f

. ail to he a dmire d b u t

A r chbishop I t lack ed the stren gth the D o yo u n o t agree with me
.
sir

I t is als o
9 . u s ed b ef t e r each int erru ptio n ,
o r e an d af an d b ef
o re
e cho es, t hat is, e x r e ssio n s e m hat ica ll re s u m e d
p p y .

Ex
I take e h! o hlas mu ch e ercis e e hl as I can , Madam G o u t x
A ll se e med v e ry w e ll b u tf
.

Y ou k no w my se den tary s tate Fr anklin . or .

there w as o n e o f those dre adf b u t s in t he case b u t he had a ve ry s mall

ul
a mo u n t o f mo n e

y to p ro v ide a ho m e N o ,
s ir ; I alw ay s t ho u ght R o b e rtso n .

wou ld b e cru she d b y hi s o wn w e ight wo u ld b e b u rie d u n de r his o wn orna

me n ts Qua/r ter ly R eview
. .

1 0 I n its . t ran sitio en e it is u sed to e clo e a pa e the i

n s s ,
n s r n s s, e s

p e cially w he n this is rat he r lo g a d ha o t h r po int w ith it

n ,
n s e s in .

Ex Their female co mp a n ion f

ade d thou gh s till you n g p osse ssed,
-
n ev er
B u lwer
.
,

theless, a f f
ace whos erequ e ntly dre w my gaz e
e xp re s sio n .

.

Exer ises c
To m Moo re wr ot e p olitics at times p o inte d b itte r rankling
,

lit ics b u t he w as r eally n o p o litician at heart S e t ti n g as ide a rar e V i rt u e

p o
o r the p u bhc
.

in t his clime he r aris to cratic ant ecede n ts she set u p as a b aker f

11I fthe se n t e n ce is b ro k e n by the paren thesis w here it re qu ired

.

s o m e o r din ar o in t , this o in t is p lace d bef o r e e ach

p ar e nt het i c
y p p
dash o t he r wis e, simp ly the dashes are u s e d .

Ex I f the immo rt al Bacon the wi se st, greate st, m ea nes t o fman

k in d dis g rac ed

.

the j u dgmen t se at
d h i w gr a t n a me n o t, w e
stain e d
a n - s o n
e
e , w as n ot b ri b e y, w hich ta i ne d
, ,
x
.

b eliev e , t o p re v e n t b u t t o e p e dit e j u s tic

r s
the e r min e
, ,

o n in n itely meaner sho ulde rs, also the v i ce o f h i s t im e Edi nbwrgh

.

I w as an au dit o r au ditr es s ,
I mean o f on e o f his lectu r e s .
Haeot7wr ne .

H er e the lat t er das h has s u p ers e de d t he co m m a

g
i v e n e ig ht .

T
ho u gh I hav e
o u n ds a y e a r w o u ld y o u b e lie v e it I hav e n ev e r o n ce s u cce e d ed J err o ld . .

p B u t t he cu rat ealas , p o o r man l he has b ee n t o coll ege, an d is a gentleman

,
.

I d The in t err ogat io n an d e clamat io n p o m ts ar e n o t s u p e rs e de d

.
x .

12 . I t s ho w s the t ra sit io
n n o fst ru ct u re whe n a s e n e n ce t is dro p

p ed in o ne f o r m, an d resu me d in an o ther .

The n ob le in dign atio n with which Emmett rep elled t he charge o f

Ex .
3 38 P U TU T
N C A I ON

.
DASH .

t reason again st his cou n try, the elo qu en t vin dication ofhis n ame , an d h is p a

the tic ap p eals to p o s terity , -
all t hese e n ter e d dee ply in to e v ery ge n ero u s b re as t .

I r ving .

A t t he se min atin g p o int s o fs en t e n ces , t he colon w as f

cu l o rme rly o f
te n u s e d .

c
Exer ises The crisp sn o w an d the w oolly clo u ds the delight ful ru s tle o f
,

the su mmer f o re s t an d t he w av in g o fthe au tu mn co rn the glo ry o f the su n s et

an d the w o n der o fthe rain b o w t he w o rld w o u ld hav e w an te d thes e had no t

the w in ds b een tau ght to do t heir Master s b iddin g

D icken s .

13 I t is . u se d whe r e tha t is o r na mely can be co n ce ive d to b e

o m itt e d

Ex The s to ry is n o t decien t in that which all st o ries shou ld hav e , to b e

.

p e rf
ectly de lightf u l, a f o rtunate co n clu sion -
.

c
Exer ise s Ou this w as he will in g to sta e all he had char acter an d lif e k
I t had lit e rally n o thin g to do b eyo n d what I have said to o w to b u b b le to loo k
limp id to mu rmu r amid o w ers an d s wee t p erf u mes
I n this s e n s e it is als o o ften u se d alon e I t is j u s t w hat might hav e b ee n
5 as ,

W

e x
ri e ct e d fom its au tho r a v ery j u v en i le p e rf
r or man ce Edin bu r gh R eview . .

li e n t he p arts ar e lo n g, t he s em i co lon is o fte n p r e f

erre d .

14 I t is place d with t he co mma, af

. ter a lo o s e
, s er ie s o fn o min a
ti ve t erms leading to an impo rtant pre dicat e .

Ex The orm o f e x p ress ion

same v igor o ftho u ght ;
me f t het he
short sa
.
;
se n te n ce s ; t he calm, b o ld, an d co lle cte d man ne r
; t he air o fso lemn dign ity ; t he
deep , s ep u lchral, u n imp as s io n e d vo ice , hav e all b een dev elo p ed, n ot chan ge d ,
e ve n to the in t en se r b ittern e ss o fhis ir o n
y

ilde b bster . W W .

15 . O n the same p rin ciple it is s o metime s placed b efo re a t e rm

t i g to
r e la n a s eries o fo the rs, t o sho w its co mmo n de e n de n ce o n all
p
o ft hem .

Ex . A ll b usin ess ce ase d, t he to w n s in silen ce lay,

M e n b roo de d de e p in v en gean ce an d dismay,
A n d n au ght w as he ard sav e wo man s w ail o fw oe,

W
A s s pread the tidings f ro m the A lamo

.

itho u t t he das h, it m ight s eem that the las t line r elates o n l to t he lin e re

y p
ce di n g i t .

B u t w hen the p ar ts o f a s e ries are v er lo n o r v e r n u mer

a
y g y
.

ou s it may b e b e st to u s e the dash af

, t er eacho ft he m to sho w thei r
co mmo n de e n de n ce o n s o me t hin r e mo t e
p
Wg .

Ex hen law y ers t ak e what the w ou ld ive

y g
.

W
,
A n d do cto rs give w hat t hey wo uld t ak e
,
he n city fa thers e at to liv e
,
S av e w he n they f ast f

o r co n scie n ce s ak e
,
e tc H ol mes .

T his st an za, w ith s e v en o ther s lik e it, d ep e n ds o n a co n clu din g o n e .

16 T he dash is so metimes u s e d at the b e in n in o fr e n e w e d dis

g g
.

co u rse v i e w e d as t he co n tin u an ce o f r e v io u s dis co u r

p s e le f
t n u
ni she d o r af ter a di res sio n

W
g .

etc S ee S ter ne s

Ex Bu t to my mothe r,
; Holmes s
re tu rn to
o rks


.

A u to cr at I t he re has its tran s itio n s e n s e

.
.

W
I n imit at io n o fa Fren ch c u s t o m, w e n o w o f te n s e e it at the le ft o f n ew s p ap e r
p ar a rap hs , t o s ho w t hat t he y are n e w hen thu s u s e d , it has b o th its e m o
.

t ion a an d t r an s it io n s en se o r is s im l a lit tle mo re m de

p y o s t t han the han d u se d
i n s ho w b il ls e tc
O

, .
3 40 P U N C TL A T I O N

.
C URVES .

8 . C U R VES .

The c u r v e s are u s e d t o e n clo s e so m et hin g hastily thro wn

1 .

in w hich is m er e ly in cide nt al o r e xplan at o ry, an d m ay b e o mitt e d

,

w it ho u t inj u rin g the grammatical c o nst ru ctio n hat is e n clo s e d, . W

is calle d a p a r en thes is A p are n t hesis is lik e a b y p ath to t he
.
-

m ain ro ad .

Ex Mr Plau sib le (to b o r ro w a n ame f ro m Jo hn B u n y an ) w ishe s the Ho n

.
. .

Mr S p e ndthrif
. t to r e p re s en t t he co u n ty o f E clec tic M agazin e .

x
N e t day the lan dlo rd in qu ire s (an d all lan dlo rds ar e in qu isitiv e ), an d af t er
in qu iry talk s (an d all lan dlords are talkativ e ), co ncer n ing the p rivate b u s ine ss o f

his n e w gu e st Ih . .

I s e n d y ou , my dear child, (and y o u w ill n o t do u b t) v e ry s in cerely, t he
wishes o fthe se aso n 0hes ter eld .

x
T he rst an d the las t e am ple t e n d t o s ho w that cu r v e s ar e s o me times in dis
e n s ab le , fo r set tin g o tfw hat m i ght o t her wis e b e v ie we d as a p art o fthe s e n t e n ce
p
i t s elf .

2 . L ett ers
gu r es, u s e d as m ar k s o fre f
or ere n ce o r f
o r n u mb e r

ten e n clo s ed b y cu rve s, e spe cially whe n t heir meaning

in g, ar e o f
m ight o the r wis e b e u n ce rt ain o r ambigu o u s .

W W

Ex By u sing dif fe re n t w o r ds ; By dif e re n ce o ft er min atio n ,
f e tc .
S S Gr een e
.

. .
(a ) hat it doe s ; (b )
. . . hat it is Id C u rv e s thu s
. . u se d
are o f
t en u n ne cess ary ; an d w hen e ve r the y are s o , t he y s ho u ld b e o mitte d .

The cu rves ar e n o w o f
3 te n p r e fe r re d t o b ra ck e ts , f o r e n clo sin
.
g
e x lan atio n s o r in cide n tal r e mark s, w he t he r i v e n b y t he au tho r o r
p g
t he co pyist, e sp ecially w he n t hey st an d w ithin the p aragraph S ee .

u n der B rack et s .

Ex Or tho ep y a w or d de rive d f ro m the G reek or th on (u p right) an d c pd

,

T he C o mma

(I sp e ak) signie s the right u tteran ce o fwo rds
,
S ar gen t de . .

e tc I d ro m T e n n esse e Mr G ru n dy)
Bu t it is o bj ecte d b y t he S e nato r f
n o tes,
(
Cong
. . .
,

t hat t he co nst ru ctio n which I co n t e n d f '

o r, &c , &c
. . . G lo be .

I fthey p e rsist in r e adin g this b o o k t o a con clus io n , (imp oss ible 1) t hey
w ill n o do u b t have t o s tru ggle w ith f e elings o fa w k war dn ess (ha ! ha ! ha !
)
t hey w ill loo k ro u n d fo r p o e try
, (ha ! ha ! ha ! ) an d w ill b e in du ce d t o in qu ire
b y w hat s p ec ies ofco u rte sy the s e a tte mp ts have b e e n p ermitte d to as su me t hat

H a ! ha ! ha l

t itle . E A P oe, lau ghi ng as he rea ds . .
.

The dash is now of

te n u s e d, an d als o the co mma, in s s tead o f the
cu rv e s .

The dash sho u ld b e p re f e rr e d w hen the p ar e n the sis co ale sces r ather
clo se ly , in s e n s e an d
grammatical co n s tr u ctio n , w ith th e re s t o f the se n
te n ce ; o r w hen i t i s rat he r e m o tio nal o r e mp hat ic .

The cu rves sho u ld b e p re f e rre d w he n the a t h i c l e s little o r

p r e n e s s o a e sc
le ast, in s e n s e an d gram matic al co n s tru ctio n w it h t he re s t o f th e se n
,
or w h e n the
te nce ; p ar e n t he sis is t o b e r e ad in a ve ry p er ceptible
nude r to n e .

Th m /ma sh o u ld b e re f
e rre d w he n it w ill serv e as w ell as e ither o f
?
co p
1i e t e r mank s
t g z .

Ex I ha iven a t hird p art o fmy w e alth f o u r ce n ts f m

d
.

g
o nal o r e mphati c : it dra ws the a tt e n t io n st ro n l
o r it (E o .

o ho w gre at t he su m w as
p g y t ) .
 P U N C TUA TI ON .

C URV E S .

a third p art o fmy w ealth (f o u r cen ts) f o r it his t a es t he .

T k
e s u m ; it may e ven imp ly that the p e r so n addre ssed, alre ady

that third w as .

a t hird p art o f my w e alth, f o u r cen t s, fo r it

his is in te r . T

an o the r ,
cu rv e s ar e u s u ally

r ; t he le ss co ale s cen t on e

o fthe large

w hich I ols, readin g in

sp ellin g o fo ur lan gu age a rm, s ightly , le gible han d wr itin g, an d -

ai ru le s o farit li me t ic, are o fgre ate r v alu e than all t he re s t which

school E Ever ett
. . .

e
p ar st e mb o s o ming a
p ar e n the sis , ar e
p u nc u a et t d as if
it not .

The go o d man (an d go o d men n ot o n ly thin goo d thou ghts, b u t do k

eds) liv es mo re in a y e ar, t han a self is h, co v e to u s man in a cen t u ry

.

d man lives , e tc ) .

behoo ves me to say that the se thre e (w ho , b y the w ay, are all dead) p o s

;reat gen eral ab ility , an d had re spe ctively re ce ive d a go od ed u cat io n .

3 Magazine .

f a p o in t is re qu ir e d at the e n d o fthe rst p art, it m ay b e

b efo r e e ach cu rv e , if the st r u ct u r e w ill allo w it Tho u gh .

u n ct u at o rs e r t o ins e r t t he
r ef o in t b u t o n ce, an d im me
p p p
after the latt e r cu rv e .

T his book is writte n , o r su pp osed to b e w ritt en , (fo r w e w ou ld s p ea k

o ft he mys terie s of s u p e rior b e in gs, ) by t he celeb rate d M rs H annah .

w e n t to the b e st s cho ols in to wn ; (an d here let m e ack no wl

S iste rs
'

iat, kn o w in g o u r f o r me r p osit io n an d p re sen t dif cu lties, e v e ry w here

u rn e d u p f ar as b o ok s an d mast ers
, or u s
; ) the y had all t hey w an te d, as f

ncern e d Eclectic R eview

W
. .

de, in s o me disgu ise or o ther (o f te n a se cre t to the p ro u d man himself ),

o s t or din ary s rin
p g o factio n amo n g me n John ilson . .

Bu t when the p are n the sis is t o o clo s e ly r elate d t o the f o r mer

b e cu t o f
ff ro m it b th e o in t , t he n the in t m u st b e
y p p o
after t he latt er cu rv e .

G ladiato r (L at gla diu s , a s w ord) ; a s w o rdp layer , a p riz e ghter
. .

The N o min ativ e in de p e n de nt or ab so lu te (ab solu tu s, r ele as ed, f

r ee,
i mmatical st r u ctu re S S Gr eene
) . . . .

t
I he p ar e n hesis i s p u n c u a e d, w i hin i se lf

,
as u s u a l ; a n d if t t t t
i ir e s, at i ts e n d, an in e r ro at io n o r e xclama io n
g p o in t, o r a t t
at
p o in t f ro m hat o ft he par bef t
o r e it, each p ar akes its t t t
p o in a t
n d b ef
o re t he cu rv e .
342 P U N C TU A T I O N BR A C K ET S . .

EX . Fo r the b ee n e ver idles, b u t lab o rs all day,

A n d think s (w ise little b e e 1) w o rk b ette r than play
m
.

I gave (an d who w o u ld n o t hav e given ?) my last dollar to the i se rab le

g
be a gar .

The Fren chman , rs t in literary f ame,

W
(M e n t io n him ,
if y o u p le as e V o lt air e

ith s p irit, ge n iu s, e lo qu e nce, su pplie d,

The same

L iv e d lon g, w ro te mu ch, lau ghed heartily, an d die d

.

. C owzaer .

My mo ther gre w w orse, and Fran ce also (Mo sco w 1 8 1 3 0; w e w ere in
e x treme Eclectic R eview The p u n ctu ation o f the f
-
or ego in g s en te n ce .

W
is qu e st io n ab le, ye t I b elieve it b rin gs ou t the s en s e t o the b est adv an tage .

9 . dash, r elatin g t o e ither the rst b ro k en p art o r the

hen a

ar e n the sis, is l d ft t h t b ro k e n t it i l n er all

p p a ce a er e rs p ar ,
s a s o
ge
y
p ace d b ef
l o re t he s e co n d b r o k e n art
p .

ce as j u nior clerk in (o n e n ame w ill do as w e ll as

W
Ex I receiv e d an o f
.

an o ther) in H er M aj est s h R eview
(S i i

y as t e P a per Of ce B r itis gn can t -
.

W
.

or e mphatic dash, re lat in

g t o the p arts s eparate d, and sho wing reiterat io n ) .

10 he n an e n tir e an d dist in ct se nt e n ce o r phras e is m ade

.

ar en the t ic, the r io d o r o the r i t h ld b l d b f

o r e, n o t
p p e
p o n s o u e p ace e
af ter, the latte r cu rv e S e e t he last example . .

9 B R A C KETS
. .

l . The b ra ck e ts ar e
p ro
p erl y u s ed to e n clo s e wha t o ne
p e rs o n

p t
u s in t o the w r itin g o fan o the r .

Ex Y [ he B ritis h is o f u nb o u n de d res o u r ce s, n ation

. o u rs t ] a n ation -
a
ro m who s e e m ire
f it has b ee n you r p rou des t b o as t) the dis
p (
an d su n n e ve r

(E x p lan atio n )

app ears .

Do you k n o w if [w hether]
he is at home ? (C o rrec tio n )
o rd, May 1 2 th
A b b otsf m ss io n )
(O i
L WLLY
,

L ES SON L V L E E

N A N D HI S Do e . .

[ A tr u e s to r y , s how in g the lam en tab le fe c ts o fha sty

ef wr a th ]
The S p earman he ard the b u gle s o u n d, an d chee rily smile d t he mo rn,
A n d many a b rach an d many a ho u nd att en d L le wellyn s ho rn, e tc

.

[Here M r C lay was in te rru p te d by the S e n ato r f

. ro m

2The w rit e r hims elfm ay so metimes u se the b rack et s t o e n clo se

.

s o me e x lan atio n , di t i b t i i ll w h it
p r e c o n ,
o r o s e r v a o n ; e s
p e c a
y e n

stan ds a art b it lf d h li t t l t i wi t h t h t t
p y s e , a n as s o e c o nn e c o n e e x

that it can hardly b e co n sidered a part o fit

w
.

Elm [Bet we en the sce n e s ] To w ork, my hearts ofoak , to o rk 1

R os ina .

Here the su n 18 halfan ho ur high, an d no t a s t ro k e stru ck ye t .

Enters s in gin o
o
,
f
o llo we d b y re ap ers .
J
Bu t thu s in the lat es t b ook s

D on L u is R ep o se aw hile, I w ill
.
retu rn with sp e e d .

[Exit has tily]

(A dva ncing) Boker
W
Oliver . How f
ell D o n L u is to su ch p o ve rty ? .

S o met imes b u t on e b rack et is u se d , as in hite

s S hak e s p e ar e .

N o w, lik e to w help s , w e cryin g r u n aw ay .

W

[A shor t ala ru m
N
.

DI S MI S S I ON , -
mish
-
nu , ) n .
[L at dis miss io
] . ebs ter .
344 P U N C TU A T I O N .
H Y P H EN .

4 p . A ar t co mmo n t o t w o o r mo re co n s ecu tiv e co mp o u n ds,

sho u ld e it her b e t s ep arat e , o r, t o av o id amb igu ity, b e m ade a
lef
ar t o fe ach
p .

Ex . R idin g an d dan cin g s cho ols o r, R idin g scho ols an d dan cing s cho ols ; - -

n ot , R idin g an d dan cin g s cho o ls , n o r , R i di n g an d dan ci n g s cho o ls
- -
.

A
water m a r k
n e p it he t already co mp o u n d, is
hen the r e is a b u n ch o fco mpo u n ds , it is o ft e n
wha lebon e

r od .

m as ter , gu ar ter fmas ter ,

Wm n o t u s u ally j o in e d t o i ts n o u n ; as , high

b e t t e r t o s e p ar at e o r to co n s o lidat e s o e o f t he m ; as , -

u ar ter master gen er al ; cr eek, mill cr eek, mill cr eek coal f

ield, M i ll cr eek ca n nel
q
- - -
- -

coal, m itt cr eek ca n n elcoalzf -
ield .

P ro n u n ciatio n r e lates to the le te rs, t syllables, a n d acce n s t .

I fthe part s co a les ce w it h t he s mo o th o w o fsyllab le s m ak in g

5 .

o n e w o rd ; ift he r e is n o liab ility o fimpr o p e rly j o in in g le t te rs o f

o n e to the o t he r ; ift h e r e is o n e chiefa cce n t , the o the r b e in g n o

st ro n e r than an o rdin ary s e co n dary acce n t ; ift he p arts a r e n o t

g
t o o lo n g ; an d ifthe p arts are n o t t o o n ew in co mbin atio n to b e
e asi l t
u de s o d t h a r e c o n s o lidat e d
y n r o ,
e
y .

Ex .
Ev erlastin g
grav eyard 7 e n tle m en , highw ay man , f
D ,
or thco ming, b ar e
e e p ho le , s an d e el, r e main der m an k n it

f
ace d B u t, S o u l s tirri n g, an t hi l,
p
- - - - -

Ho me s ick n es s , accen t yielde d lay the

.

t in g n ee dle , s p ellin g b o o k , c hee s e p r e s s
- - / -
.

lo n ge r w o r d t o t he s ho rter co un cil r oo m ,

acce n t n o t y ielde d, n o r n e t t o t he -
x
hyp he n p lace .

a . A phrase made an e ithe t

p ,
is alw a
ys co mp o u n de d .

Ex . A twofoo t -
r u le r The tr ee -
a n al- elo n cl sh
a dowed riv er .

Bu t whe n t he f o r me r w o r d can n o t b e ad v e rb

co n ceiv e d o the r wis e t han as an

mo dif y in g t he n e t w o r d , t he t wo are n o t

x c o m p o u n de d ; as , N ewly var n ished f
ur
n it at e L o ve ill r egai ted

b I dio m atic p hrase s

. ar e u s u all
y n o t co mp o u n de d .

Ex .
~
By an d by ; to an d f
ro ; t it f
o r tat ; o u t an d o u t .

oA f
. o r e ign phrase t hat is ma de an e p ithe t, o r that has s o los t t he m e an
in g o fits p ar ts as t o b e A n gliciz e d, is hyp hen e d ; b u t ifits w o r ds r e main
s e parat e ly s ign i can t as t he s tan d, it is le ft m d d an d o f
t e
y u n co p o u n e
,
n .

e x press e d in I talics .

Ere -

7

Pian o f
o r te , -
c am era ob s cure , -

b illet do u -
x ,
ex -

p o s t
facto law s hab e as co r
pus ; s crre f
aci as
; n u x vo mi ca .

d A p hrase , having a p o sse ssiv e , an d u se d as a p r op er n ame , r e main s

.

u n co mp o u n de d
; ifi t i s a so me w hat u n u s u al co mmo n n ame , w ith a chan ge
o fthe o r i gi n al m e an i n
g, he apo stro p he an d hy phe n ar e u se d an d ifit is
t
a v e ry co mmo n te r m t he
, p rts are co n so lidate d, an d the hyp he n is o mitte d
a .

Ex C ook s I n let, Barr o ws S trait ; R u p er ts dr o s , lamb s w o ol rats b an e ,

p
. - -

x or t he hyph

b ees wa C ap i tal le tt er s are so m e times a s o r t o fs u b s ti t u te f

W
.
en .

6 . C ar din al n u me r als hyp he n e d f

are ro m tw en t
y to hu n dr ed ith .

o r din als u se d as n o u ns t hey are u s u ally co mp o u n de d tho u h s o me t ime s

, , g
n e e dles sl
y .

Ex
On e . t ho u s an d t w o hu n dre d an d e ighty -
s ev en

Tw o thirds , thr ee~
x th
-
.

f
o u rt hs ve t we n t
, y si
-
s .

f C e rtain
. w o rds co ns istin g o f rhy me s, o r o fs llab le s co mb in e d f
y o r the
sa k e o ft he s o u n d are
, g e n e rall
y co n so lida te d if t he parts are tw o mo no
 P U N C TU A TI O N H Y PH EN

an d so me time s ifthey ar e dissy llable s . They are hyp hen e d in

ge , o w w o w , zigzag, chit chat, hu ggerm u gger , helter

-

gu r y , g n in n y -
hammer .

the r e st o fthe w o r d .

w ith the r e st o fthe

fo llo w e d b
y a gre ater
u s e sho w m
a
p a
g the

te r mak e s a n e w co mp o u n d, o r cho o se s o n e that he su p

own to his r e ade r
,
he sho u ld
ge n e rally u se the hy phe n .

e n eral u sage , co mp o u n d w o rds te n d to lo se t he h h

g yp e n .

hav e kille d br own an d

us

baclcs gello w Z egs [b ir ds ] , o n t he
-

railroad s an d s tea mboats hav e driven all t he ro man ce o u t o f

f
u b t u l cas e s , e s p eciallw he n the p arts ar e m o n o s yllab les , it is b e t ter to
i t e t he m
; f
o r t he an a ogy o f so me e min e n t fy o r e ign lan gu a es t he G e r
g
t he G re e k f av o rs t his mo de o fwr i t in g w o r ds .

li li a r E p la n a t i o n s Many co lo red bir ds hav e man y co lors e ach;

x .
-

lor ed bir ds are n u me ro u s, t ho u gh t hey may all b e o fo n e co lo r A light .

rldier is a li ht s o ldie r w it h ar m s
g ; a light ar m ed s oldier has light a rm s
-
.

tic is simp ly a livin g o ak ; a live oak is a s pe cie s o f e v e rgre en o ak -

A .

ae is made o f s u gar ; a su gar tr ee is a map le that y ie lds s u gar -

S o, a .

use is made o f glas s ; a glas s h ous e is a ho u se in w hich glass is man u f

-
ac

A da ncing m as ter is a maste r that dan ce s ; a da nci ng mas ter te ac he s -

A boa r ding hou se has b o arders ; a bo ar din g hous e may se e m t o b o ard

-

Zipp er is a s ho e ; lady s slipp er is a p lan t A do g s ear is the corn e r o fa

- -
.

i e d e v er ; a dog s ear is t he e ar o fa do g A bu ll s ey e is a s mall ro u n d

-
.
.

a bu ll s eye is the e e o fa b u ll A cro w is a black bir d, b u t n o t a

y
S ix a nd s even teen= 2 3 ; s ixteen and seven teen==
. .

l . 33 Twen ty ve ce n t .
-

2 5 cen ts ; t w en ty ve cen t p iece s = $ -

A ho r se r acing is a horse in

>fru n n in g
; a ho rse r acing is a r u n n ing o fho rs e s Tu n e tu tor ed age a n d
-
.

lied you th,

is v ery dif fe re n t fro m,

Ti me tu to red age an d lo ve exalted - -

W

S o is tou ch me no t f ro m to uch me n ot The deep tangled w ild - -
.
-

Ba ttle hym ns an d dirge s i t ho u t t he hyp he n , deep w o u ld
qu ali f
y
-
.

t, n o t tan gled ; and B attle w o u ld also re f e r to d irge s H e n ce w he n t w o .

as s tan d b e for e a n o u n , e ach o fwhich might qu alif y it, they mu st b e j oine f

W
t hat o n e is u s e d adver bia lly t o m o dif
.
y t he o ther .

rcise s
There are f
our f
o o te d an i
gla ss cu t mals . at ch mak ers an d

T x
,

ie is a f re e mas on e as a b o u n ds in hu mmin g b irds an d mo ck in g b irds

. .

eade d high te mp ere d wo man The co rn e lds an d t he w al nu t trees

. A .

ill is n o t made o f pap e r, no r a tin p e ddle r o f t in A w hi te o ak, a b lack .

l a go car t Fiv e ga llo n k e gs an d t hre e f

. oo t meas u re s The t we n ty .

df o u rt h t re e s a re t he b e s t in t he ro w The twen ty thir d a nd twen ty .

-

ees , &c S te amship s an d bo ats are p ro pelle d b y s te am The w hat an d

C rop s have be e n mu ch inj ured by the cu t w o rm
. .

ch . N ewsp ap er .
346 P UN C TU A TI O N . Q U O TA T I O N M A RK S -
.

11 QU OTA TI ON MA R KS -
.

1 .
Q u o ta t io n m a r k s e n clo s e what is to b e p r es e nte d
-
as the
i de n t ical w o rd o r w o rds o fs o m e o the r p e rs o n o r w rit in g .

Ex . I r ise o rmatio n ,
or in f
f
me mb er o fC o n gres s
s aid a . I a m v ery glad
or n o o n e n ee ds it more

t o he ar it, crie d an o the r s itt in g b y ; f .

2 . A qu o t atio n w ithin an o the r ,

is e n clo s e d by s ingle qu o t atio n
mark s .

I fI w ishe d t o repre sen t the en tire f o re going p aragrap h as so me thin g qu o te d

b y me , I sho u ld w r ite it t hu s
o rmatio n , said a me mb e r o fC o n gre ss
o r inf
I ris e f

I am v ery glad to hear .

o r n o o n e n e e ds it mo re

W
it, crie d an o t her s ittin g b y ;

f .

3 h e n t he do u b le an d the sin gle mark s have bo t h b ee n u s e d,

.

t hey are, ifn eeded, rep eate d in the s am e o rder

W
.

4 he n many qu o tatio n s o ccu r within on e an o the r, it is b e tt e r

.

t o le a ve the in n e r o n e s u n dis tingu ishe d by qu o t atio n m ar k s ; e sp e -

c iall ifcap itals ca n be u s e d to s ho w t he b egin n in g o fe ach

y .

Jesu s an s w ered t he Je w s, I s it n o t w ritte n in yo u r la w, I said,

Ex .

Y e are go ds ? N ew Tes tamen t : John x 3 4

,

W

. .

Mr f t he f o rego in g m o de o fp o int in g t o t he f
o llo w
l
ils o n v eryp ro
yp p er r e ers

J
.

in g : es u s an s we r e d t he l e ws , Is it n ot writte n in yo u r law , I s aid , Y e ar e

W
? 77 n
go ds r Q

5 . he n t
an e x rac t o ft wo or m o re paragrap hs is qu o t ed, the ih
t ro du ct o ry qu o a io n mar s are t t -
k p lace d befo r e e ac h
p a rag ra h, an d
p
t he clo sing o n es o nly after the las t

Ex S o me o fJ ef
ferso n s ru les o flif

. e are the se
N eve r s p e n d yo u r mon ey b efo re y o u ha v e it .

o r what y
N e ve r tro u b le o t hers f o u can do y o u rs elf .

W
N ever p u t o f ftill to mo rro w what you can do to day
- -
.

6 . me thing alre ady in t er ro gative o r excla mat o ry is qu o t ed,

he n so

t he clo sing qu o t at io n m ark s f

o llo w the
p o in t ; b u t w hen s o m et hin
-

g is

u o t ed, an d made in t er ro at ive o r e xclam at o r ft r w ards, the clo s in

q g y a e g
m ark s p re ce de the p o in t The f o u r co mm o n
p o in ts , to a vo id u n
.

c o u t l b lan k s ac e s, ar e alwa s lace d b e f t h l s in u o t at io n

p
;
y p o r e e c o
g q
marl s
W W
.

Ex .
H e ask e d me ,
hy do yo u w ee p ? hy did you n o t s ay at o n ce ,

W

I can n o t go ?
Ban ished f ro m R o me 1 hat s b an is he d b u t se t ee

F o m daily co n tact o fthe thin gs I lo athe

r
.

W W

C an you spe ll phthis ic

e n t ho me y es te rday ?

he n I mu st write to him T .

Or
e n t ho me y e s te r day ?

he n I mu s t w rite to him T .

A qu otation is p u n ctu ate d within its e lfas ifit s to o d alon e .

7 . Q t
mar ks ar e o f
u o at o n t en u s e d in s p eak ing o fw o r ds, phras es,
i -

o r s e n t e n ce s S o me w rit e rs, w he n qu o ting wo rds f ro m o u lar

'
.
p p
u s a e , in s e r t b u t s in le u o t atio n mar k s I t a lics a n d u o tatio n m ark s
g g q q
- -
.

a re o fte n u s e d arbit rarily, as me an s o fdist ingu ishing w o rds o r p hras e s .

3 48 P U N C TU A T I O N .
O B S ERV A T I O N S .

mmon English Bib le, I talics show w hat wor ds were n ot in the or i ginal
W
I n the co .

he n a s en te n ce o r p aragrap h is to b e e xpre sse d in I talics, R o man o r

cap ital le tte rs mu st b e u se d t o dis tin gu ish an y p ar t o fit .

Ex . TI ME is a m easu r ed p or tion ofinde nite dura tio n .

OLM S TED .

To de n o te still greate r e mphas is o r dis tin ctio n t han I t al ics w o u ld e p res s, x

cap ital le tt e rs sho u ld b e u s e d I talic s s ho w w hat is e mphatic ; s mall cap it als,
.

w hat is mo re e mp hatic ; an d cap itals, w hat is v e ry e mphatic D raw t he lin e u nder .

o n ce , to de n o te I talics ; t wice , to den o te S M L AL C A PI T LS ;

A thre e t ime s, to de

n o te C A PI T A L S ; an d o u r times, t o den o te I TA L I C CA P I TA L S ,
f o r o rna

men tal lett ers .

OB S ER V A T I ON S .

T here is p in t he co mp ass o fhu man k no wle dge, a more chao t ic

rob ab ly n o t,

s ubj e ct than p u n ct u ation ; an d w e might p re se n t man y c ritical an d u se f u l re

mark s u p o n it, b u t o u r wan t ofsp ace VVl lI allo w o nly a f ew .

P u nc tu at io n is inf luen ce d l By the sen se ; 2 By the deliv ery, o r the p ause

. .

r e qu ired ; 3 By the p o in ts else whe re requ ire d ; 4 By the co n n e ct iv es o r su p

. .

p re ss e d w ords ; By t he le n gth o fthe p art s to b e p u n ctu at e d ; 6 By t he p o si .

t io n o fthe p arts 1
The tr0 0 p s lande d an d ille d a hu n dre d I n dian s, im
. . k
p lie s that t hey b ro u ght t he I n dian s w ith them ; The tro o ps lan de d, an d k illed
a hu n dre d I n dian s,

x
e p re ss es the tr u e me an in g

A lp ho nso Karr, a ce le b rate d
.

w rite r, dis tin gu ishe d f o r his tas te an d k n o w le dge in b o t an y

imp lie s t as te in ,

b o tan y ; A lp ho n s o Karr, a ce leb rate d w rite r, d is tingu ished f o r his t ast e, an d

k n o wle d e in b o tan
g

y, r e f e rs o n ly t he n o w le dge to b o tan y k

I s aid he is dis .

ro m,

ho n est, it is tru e ; an d I am sorry f o r it, diffe rs w idely f I s aid he is dis
hon es t ; it is tr u e, an d I am so rry f o r it

I can n o t v io lat e my o ath t o su ppo rt
.

W

the C o n s titu tio n , implies t hat the o ath relat es to the C ons titu tion ;

I can n ot
v io late m
y o ath, to su p p ort t he C o n st it ut io n , imp lies so me othe r o ath

hy .

W
did yo u n o t co me t o us in the b e gin n in g o f t he n ight in qu ire s ab o u t the

c au se ; hy, did y o u n o t co me t o u s in t he be gin n in g o f the n ight ? in qu ire s

ab o u t the f act The gre at p rin ciples o fgo ve rn me n t w hich are eas ily u n de r
.

s to o d, are k
n o w n e v e r w he re ,
y ref e rs t o so me o ft he gre at p rin cip les o nly ;

The
gre at p rin ciple s o fgo vern me n t, w hich are e asily u n ders too d, a re k n o wn e v ery
e rs to all o f the m

w here , ref O S hame ! w here is t hy b lu sh? is an address
.

t o shame O, shame ! w here is t hy blus h? is an address to so me thin g e lse
.

.

2 . Y e s, you shall Y e s ; an d f
. or y o u too Y es : he has do n e all t his,
.

an d ye t you are n ot sat is e d 3 S in ce o u r j o u rn ey b egan , it had rain ed in
. .

to rre n ts ; an d n o w b o th ho rse an d rider ref u se d t o go a ste

p fart her : t he b eas t,
b ecau se he san u p to his

k k
ne es in mu d ; an d the ride r b e cau se he w as w e t to
,
t he b o n e 4. S tu dy to p ro mo te the happ in e ss o fmank in d : it is the tru e e n d
.

f
o y o u r creatio n ; S tu dy to p ro mo te the happ in ess o fman k in d ; f or it is the

t u e en d o fyo u r creat io n
r L et it app ear so ; mak e you r vau n tin g t ru e ;
.

L et
it ap p e ar s o , an d mak e yo ur vau nt in g tru e The co ol, s e qu este re d p aths o f.

lif e ;

The coo l a n d se queste re d p at hs o flif

e 5 her e w as re abo ve a n d
. . T
below the hou se ; G o o d me n are n o t always f ou n d in u ni on with, b u t so me

W T
t ime s ih o pp o s itio n to, t he v ie w s an d con du ct of o n e an o ther
e ach, u rge, .

t hreate n le ctu re him

, e l
w o u d o p p o se, res is t, re p e l, su ch in trus ion .

6 . To G od, n o thin g is impo ssib le ;

N o thing is imp o s ible to G od
s
1b .

s ecu r e his electio n, it is s aid t hat vo tes we re b o u ht I t 13 said that vo tes w ere

g ;
b o u ght to s ecu r e his election .

I n disco u rse o ccu rs f requ ently w hat is called the r hetor ica l
p a u se ,
a sli ht
g
 P U TU T
NC A I ON .
O B S ERVA T I O N S . 349

te n mis tak en f
requ irin g n o p o in t, b u t o f o r the s e ns e

W

The lo ve o f lib erty, is in e v ery b reast,
shou ld b e,
in b re as t
e ve ry he n e mp has is o r t he rheto rical
.

e grammatical se n se , it may in du ce the ins er tio n o f a

is co mp o un d, w he n it co n tain s t wo o r mo re clau s e s .

re du n dan t a n d also a s arin

p g mo de o fp u n ctu at in g,
fr ee p u nctu a tion o fw hich t he dif
,
fe re n ce is p ar tie n
the co mma The f .o llo win g are e t re me s ec ime n s :
p x
d id, b y s hee r st re n gth, mo ve t he mass f ro m the p o

to o ne, at le as t f o rty y ards dis ta n t, an d, b u t f o r im

b e e n giv en him, hav e mo v e d it, w ith e as e , a nd
e re , f o r the p ro gres s o ft he w o rk, it w as re qu ire d .

A coo l an d p hilo s o phical o b s e rve r w ould u n
that all t he e v il aris in g f ro m t he in to le ran t la ws

co mp are d to the e vil w hich w o u ld

p o w e r f ro m t he P arliame n t to t he
a me diu m b e t we e n the t w o
; but
b y p o in t ing p are n t he t ic pa rts o n
e su m

11 , p ay t h Either in s e rt a .

hes ita tio n The do g havin g s e en
.

hav ng see n him, w e n t in p u rs u it

i
.

o f t he sa me se n t en ce o n ly ; b ut
is w ar, may ref er t o all t he dis co u rse b ef o re it T he p ride o fw ealt h
.

1 ptible ; t he p ride o fle arn in g is p itia ble ; t he p r ide o f dign it

y is ridica

t tho p ride o fb igo try is in s u pp o rtable H e re t he das h wo u ld have
.

1 se n time n tal
; the co mma w o u ld hav e slu rred t he matte r o v e r too
the colo n w ould have s u gge ste d a dif fe re n t co n ne ctio n in t h o u ght
; t he
ou ld hav e b e e n t oo de lib e rate ; b u t t he s e mico lo n give s du e dis tin c
he p arts, an d the gre atest e n e rgy t o t he w ho le s en t en ce
e rs the co mma

My co mrade, o n t he co n trary, made himself
Mr ils o n , . . W
p ref o .

a mily ; lau ghe d a n d c ha tt e d w it h t he m

l o t the f H e re the in se rt io n
.

ef o re

lau ghe d, w o u ld requ ire t he co mma ; t he in s e rt io n o fhe, the
'

T he b ill p ass e d w itho u t a me n dment ; tho u gh it n e v er rece ive d the

3n t ;

T he b ill p ass e d witho u t amen d men t, t ho u gh it n eve r re ce ive d

ass e n t
.

The se micolo n rather gives tho u gh the s e n s e o fho wever ;
o mma, the s e n s e o fn o twith stan ding N o ne b u t t he b rav e, n o n e b u t

.

3, n o n e b u t t he b rave des e r ve s the f air D r yden Ordin ary re p e ti

Arm l arm l it isit is t he can n o n s o pe n in g ro ar l B yr on
. .

W

S us .

l e mo tio n here v e r he [the b o b olin k] go e s, p o p ! p op l p 0 p l the

.

alo ck s o fthe co u n try are cracking o n e very side I r o ing G reat e r

. .

Ob ser v e ho w t he re p e ate d p arts ar e dif fe re ntly p u n ctu ated as t he

ts the scho o n e rano the r f e arf ul cras h s he

'
ise s A no the r w ave lif
he r decks are re n t asu nde r he r cre w are stru gglin g in t he w ate r
.

Harp er s M agazine A dre ss o fb lu e s ilk ; p la in , high b o dy ; s k 1r t

ri -

it e le n th e tc I o T h e d as h if in se rt e d in t he la tte r s e nt e n ce, wo u ld
g , .
,

1 matt e r o fw o n der that t he re is su ch a t hin g as a b lue s ilk dre s s .

as h an d the cu rv es are e n e rally u s e d to s e t o f f a p are n thes is b e tw een a

g
its reit er atio n
hey call u s an gels
T (t h o u gh I am
p r o u d t o say, n o

.

an gels, t hat the y may mak e u s slav e s !

so in su lte d my u n ders t an din g)

I n gen e ral, t he p u n ctu at io n sho ul d stan d r ight w he n the e n t ire p a

is e mi tte d .

ho u idol o ft hy p are n ts (Hang t he b oy ! t here go e s
T
A n d dou ble p o in t s sho u ld n o t b e u se d n ee dlessly C u rv es an d .

so mu ch b r e ak the co n n ectio n that they hav e al mos t t he f o rce o fa p o in t .

a t mid or m iddle,
] is fro m a an d mid

G o old Brown
.

A MI S . DT
mids t ] is f ro m a an d mids t Id
"

I think, b e tt er thu s : A I [i e ,
. MD . .

r middte is f m n d mid I DS r [i e , a t mid st] is f ro m a and

] A M
'

ro a a . .
350 P U N C TU T A I ON .
=O B S E RV A TI O N S .

The highes t classes are rich an d hau ghty [b u t the lowes t classe s are

m ids t .

o or an d h u m b l e] T h e most cer tain plan o fs u ccess ( I h av e it f ro m a w o man ,

p .

x
an d, I b e liev e , an e celle n t au tho rity , ) is an y w ay to in te r es t the m I n my o w n
we ll, n eve r min d, )
.

case(I t hou ght y ou r p o o r mo t he r had a deal o fmo n ey, b u t

I at last affect ed co n su mpt ion Jerr old
. H ere I sho u ld hav e o mitted t he
.

co mma f ro m the lat te r cu rv e ; an d the das he s an d cu rv es to ge the r are p e r hap s

n o t b o th n e e de d The p o in t is o f te n b e tte r p u t af ter t he latter c urve o n ly A nd
t he w orse the case is ab o u t my co mpan io n smy f
. .

e llo w p au p e rs (f o r I mu st b e ar
-

t he w o rd) t he gre ate r a re my chan ce s o f n din g so me thin g f o r the mso me

e e li n g my se lfu t t erly u s ele ss in the w o rld

t hing w hich may p rev e n t 1n y f L o rd .

Macau lay , I b e liev e , has n e ve r u s e d a p are n thesis .

A wo rd is f re qu e nt ly s e t o f f b y the co mma, o r n ot se t o f f by it, accordin g as

it has the s e n se o fa co nj u n ctio n o r that o fan adv e rb Y o u did no t se e him,
.

Y o u did n o t s ee him then Ho wever , I w ill n o t s hrin k , however

then f

r e a t t h e res p o n s ib ility may b e H e gav e t he ideal, too o ftr u th an d b e au ty
g .
,

Ther ef or e hav e I w rit te n t o him

He is too b ad t o b e se n t t here too . l

hav e, ther ef or e, w ritte n to him S o p le as ed at rs t, the t o w e rin g A lps w e ;

T he p o in t in g s o met imes

t ry S o, p le as e d at rs t, t he to w e rin g A lp s w e t ry .

W W

dep en ds o n ho w s mo o thly t he p art o w s w ith the o the r w o rds P er hap s w e .

s ha ll n e v e r s e e him again ap s n ever see him again

. e shall p er h e .

s hall n e ve r, p er hap s, s e e him again A ls o, to o, p er hap s, an d ther ef
. or e, o f ten do
n o t r e qu ire a p o in t .Her e an d ther e are so me time s s et o f f , w
he n e mp hatic o r
co n traste d . A s we ll as w it h a n o minativ e, b et wee n an o ther n o min at iv e and the
v erb , is se t c d Parts co mp are d o r slightly co n trast ed, an d clos ely de p e n din g o n

I t is a small bu t thr if
W

so methin g af t er the m, are o f t en n o t se parate d ; as, ty t re e .

A n in termediate p hrase b eginning w it h ifno t, is alw ays se t o f f he n tw o or .

more mo dif yin g p art s are p are n the tic, the less co alesce n t are se t o f f A n d her . .

e y es o n all my mo tio n s, w ith a mu te o b se rvan ce , hu n g

G oold Brown B e tter
. .

A n d he r eye s, o n all my mo tio n s, w it h a mu te o b se rv an ce hu n g
A rest rict iv e .

relat iv e clau se seldo m n e e ds a co mma b e f o re it, e v e n w hen s e p arate d f ro m its

W
an te ce de n t ; as ,

H e preac hes s u b hme ly who lives a r ighteous an d p io us lif e

.

I t was the scarcity o ft he peache s tha t m ade them so dear

he n that b egin s a .

clau se de p en din g clo s ely o n i t, p rece din g it, o r o n a go v e rn in r c o t ro l lin

g o n g
v e rb , o r o n s o o r su ch, the clau s e do e s n o t req u ire t he co mma I t is re p ort e d .

W
that he is coming H e do es it that you may p r ais e

. I k n o w that he is hones t .

W
him . I t w as so heavy that I co u ld no t carr y it
he n s u ch or s o b egin s the
.

p rev iou s clau s e, the lat te r is se t o f f; als o, w he n t he latt e r is e mp hatic hen .

t wo co nn e cte d p hrases, o fmo derate le n gth, b egin w it h art icles, or are b ou n d to

g e th e r

t we en t he m
b y b o

.
th
Wa nd ,
e i the r ar ,
n ei th er nor , t hey seldo m n ee d the co mma b e
he n or con n e cts adj ectiv e s o r adver b s that are alterna tiv e in

W

s e n s e , the y n e e d n o t b e s e p arate d .A n s w ers that are given in a careles s, or ih
e ren t man n e r

d if f .

i lls on s R eader s Omit the co mma A n o u n qu alie d o r go v
. .

ro m the m
e rne d by adj ectiv e s o r v e 1 b s b ef
o re it, is n o t us u ally se t 0 6 f I t w as a .

W

b r 1ght, lo ve ly day .

H e so ils, te ars, an d lo se s his b oo k s ; S o , adve rb s w he n .

f o llo w e d b y w ha t t he y mo dif e are f e arf ully, w o n derf m d

Al h
y

.
t a e s o ,
t e .

a nte ce den ts o f adj un ct s

; as , The l e ave s, b lo ss o ms, an d roots o fthe t re e .

Bu t w hen the conn ect in g w ord is o mitted b e f o re an adj un ct o r o bj e ct, t he co m

ma is ins erte d ; as,
H e so ils, t e ars , lo ses, his b oo ks
The leave s, blos so ms,
.

r oo ts, o ft he tree . Bu t adj ective s lik e the f o llo w in g, an d s e p arate d n o minat iv e s,

muscles
to hap p 1 n ess
,

W W
s ho u ld b e s e t o f f .

The f
i lls on s R ea der s

John
orme r are calle d v o lu n t ar

ils on
.

y ,

H ere a co mma sho u ld b e p laced af

an d t he la t te r
I n du st ry, hon es ty, an d temp e ran ce are esse n t ial
in v olu n tary

. . ter in v o lu n

tary, a n d also o n e af te mp eran ce

te r The p u nctu at io n o ft he f
. o r mer s e n t e n ce
is so co mmo n an e rror, and t hat o ft he latte r is so we ll au tho riz ed that w e shall
,

q u o te so me s tro ng au t l1o r 1ty agains t b o th

I pe rce iv e o ne mistake in yo u r man ner o f o in tin
p g hen there are se v . W
 35 2 P U N C TU A T I C N .
M I S C E LL A N E O U S M A RK S .

4
My w ords, ifyo u f
W
ear e d to t ru s t yo u r o w n !
as
hy do yo u
Blank
re p eat

sp ace, at the
b eginnin g or t he e n d o fa lin e o fp o etry, b e s t sho w s o miss io n .

W
C o lu mb u s ! t is day, an d t he dark ne s s is o er !

hat
o clo ck ?

Dan iel O C o nn el

. M c D o n ald

. M cD o nald .

(C o n tractio n s
)
f ie the e v il
o r the day is l t hereo f
S q ic A n t f .
(A cciden tal o miss io n
1 0 lb s ofcof f
ee,
. 1 0 cts p er p ou n d, .

W
H
8% H
U u H
12 su gar,

have co me into the de n o fa

e
B ut he marrie d y et ifhe had marrie d
A n d M rs S is s he as b e au tif
u l as e ve r ?

Dn the v agab o n d said he, in su ch a t o n e t hat I p o sitiv ely startled

.

Poo r Mrs C (w hy shou ld I n o t
.

Declare her n ame her n ame w as C ross)

as o n e o ftho se
H ad le f
W

the co mmon lo t
t t o mo u rn n o co mmo n lo ss

Hood .
.

x
The n e t shall tell thee, b it terly shall tell,
T hou ghts that a: as

a a a x
-
x
- x
-

T hou ghts that ce hold t we re b e tte r f

-
c o u ld
p at ie n ar ,
To leave s till hid and b u rning w he re they are .
-
T Mo or e
.

W
I p romise to p ay to

or b ear er, dollars, etc .

Mr . ils on s eems t o r eco mm en d the das h f or o mit t e d lette r s , t he p e rio ds f

or
o mit te d w o r ds , an d the or o mi tte d s e n te n ce s
s tar s f B u t t he di s tin ctio n is n ot .

alw ays r egar d e d .

2 M ar k s ofPr onun ciat ion U tt eran c e

W
. or .

ebster s
N o ta tio n ,
A cu te l Dioeresis ( )
n

H yp hen
W h
A ccen ts ; G r ave (S e e is D ictio n ary , )

C ircu meac
'
A
S ep a r a tr iaz or cester s N o ta tion
,

M acr o n C edilla (u n de r cz s), (S ee his D i ct io n ar

y )
=
.

Br eo e Tilde ( y),
W
u o v er n n

Ex . To co n i tc ,
a c n ict ill y ou w alk ,
. o r ride

M adam, y o have athe r mu ch o f
my f fe n de d

.
(S tress, in e ction
,
mo du la
tion, e tc .
)
M achine, M io ngo, Mo ntreal, f "
ete 1s (L ong so u n d ) , . .

Y e shephe rds, so cheer f
u l an d gay Fo wler . .

Holy, hOly, holy, all the saints a d6 re t he e Br own .

-
.
(Poe tic ao

ce n ts an d f
eet ) .

G lo ri o iis,
- -
sou l -
dis e ased, im p r d nt - -
.

(Qu ant ity)
A n d heark en to the b ird s lo ve learn ed son g lov e le arn ed so ng

R eap - -
.

p e ar, re a
pp e ar ; co o rdin ate , cc o rdinate ; aerial, Men e laus, A n t in ou s, D an ae
- -
,

T hes e mark s sho w that a s u pp re sse d syllab le mu st b e p ron ou n ce d, or t hey

ro m b ein
p re v e n t t wo syllables f g imp rop erly made o n e The hyphen is o f ten .

p ref x
W
e rre d w hen t he rs t p art is a
p re , o r whe n e ach o fthe p art s is signican t .

Facade, chais e, garco n , (gen erally placed b ef

o re a o r o, ) s eno r .

he re
the tro o p o fMino n [ Minyu n ] wheels .
 P UN C TUA T I ON M I S C E LL A N E O US M A RKS
. .

3 M ar k s
. ofR ef
er en e. c
k 1 s t re f P ar agrap h
'

e re n ce

o belisk 1 2d T he n do u bled H, e tc ) .

r diesis I Then tr ebled i H, e tc )

.

A ls o sup er io r s letter s o r gur es C

,
b
,
(3 1 2 3

ar e
place d, in the o rde r w e hav e sho w n, o v e r w o rds f
r om
is m ade , an d als o at t he head o fth o se , in t he margin, to

n ce i s m ade .

M ar k s Dir ect in g A tt en t ion

W
4 . .

r han d dir e cts sp e cial atten tio n to so me thing .

A ll o rders b y mail mu st b e mp anied b y the cash

acco .

thr ee s tar s re ce de s a n o te that has a e n e ral

p g

T
The e acher sho u ld re quire his p u p ils t o sp ell an d den e t he

t w ords in e ve ry lesso n that is re ad .

u n it e s tw o or mo re p ar ts , an d ge n e rally r ef
er s the m in

co mmon to s o me t hing e ls e I t sho u ld o p e n t o w ard .

nu mero u s p ar ts .

N u mb e rs

at that my ble mish all the f

v ers e sho u ld air

at so me are b ad, tis w isdo m t o b ew are ,

nd b et te r to avo id the b ait, t han s tru ggle in the sn are .

Dryden .

ple t in tr o du ce d a mo n g co u ple ts ) .

paragr ap h Tl ) u s u ally mar s the lo n ge r divisio n s k o fa large divi

s ho w s w he re so me thin g n e w b e gin s .

eetio n u su ally marks the s maller div isio ns ofa lo ng div is io n .

these marks are co n ve n ie n tly u se d w ith n u mb e rs , to ab r id

ge

as.

1T5 7

Pu r e Ver bs S econd A or is ts Cr os by
I d
. . . .

9 A p ro n o u n is a w o rd u sed in ste ad
. o fa n o u n, e ta .

le ad the ey e ro m
f one ar t to an o t he r o ve r a
p

N aple s,
Po mp eH erC ll lan e u m, o o o o o o

G eor ge is a n ou n , it is a na me , e tc .

Has been r ewar ded is a v e rb , e tc

5 Mar k s U se d in C or r e cti n g Pr oofS heet s

.
-
.

P e te r S cho c e r to be the pe rs o n w ho
'

1 5 s ai d C ap s .

in v e nted ca s t me t a l typ e s , havin g le arn ed

(
Q the art c
-
fo fc u tting the lette rs f
r 111 the G ut a

te mbergs , he is al s o su
/
p o se d to have be en 9
11 : the rs t w h e n grav e d o n co ppe r p lates T he
q
35 4 MA R KS US ED IN CO RRE C T I N G P ROO F S H EET S -
.

ollo w in g tes timo n y is p res e

f amily ,
in the f
e 1

Jo Fred Fau stu s f A sche e nb ur

by 3
, o :
n
. .
d

Peter S cho e er fG em s he im, p erce ivin g his S wap s

'

o .

W
maste r Fans ts des ign , an d be in g hims elf
/

tr . (de arde n tl
y ) t o imp ro v e the art, f
o un d

of G od) the
(by the go o d pro viden ce

m
o ut

e thod o fcu ttin g ( W ) the characte rs

in a ma trix , that the le tte rs might e asily be

/
sin gly ca s t z in stead f bie n g He p ri
,
l /
o cu t.

V vatel
y cu t ma tr ice s lf
o r the

Fau st w as so please d w ith

/
[ th at he pro mised Pe ter to g
I
o nl
y w .
f
u ghte r C hris tina in p ro mise I ta l
da
.

he metal be ing by mi ing

A
x ou t

me ta l whichharden ed it 0
;
nd w hen he s how e d his m as ter the le tte r s

ca s t fr o m the s e ma tr i ce s ,

E XP L A N A T I O N S .

de le tak e o ut the su p er u ou s wor d

of .

0
) t ur n the r everse d lett er p .

ins er t a sp ace b etween who an d engraved .

less sp ace b etwe en the wor ds .

7] mak e a n ew p ar agraph .

tr tr an sp ose the wor ds desir ou s an d ar den tl

.
y .

s tet . let in ciden di ( acciden tall

y erased ) re main .

w .
f .

wr on g f
ou n t typ e to b e changed .

ou t 3 . 0 .

ou t, see cop
y . The wor ds o mitt ed b ein g to o
nu mer ou s for the margin , the co mp ositor is
ref
err e d to the origin al co y or them
f
p .

The o ther mark s are selfe -

x pla n atory .