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Mathieu Functions
Mathieu Functions
Mathieu Functions
BLANCH
GERTRUDE *
Contents
page
Mathematical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
20.1. MathieusEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values . . . . . . . . . 722
20.3. FloquetsTheorem and Its Consequences . . . . . . . . 727
20.4. Other Solutions of MathieusEquation . . . . . . . . . 730
20.5. Properties of Orthogonality and Normalization . . . . . . 732
20.6. Solutions of MathieusModified Equation for Integral v . . 732
20.7. Representations by Integrals and Some Integral Equations . 735
20.8. Other Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8
20.9. Asymptotic Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
20.10. Comparative Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Table 20.1. Characteristic Values, Joining Factors, Some Critical
Values (O<q<m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Even Solutions
721
20. Mathieu Functions
Mathematical Properties
20.1. MathieusEquation
*
Canonical Form of the Differential Equation
where a is a constant. The above are equivalent
20.1.1 @+(a-2q cos 2v)y=0
dv2 to 20.1.1 and 20.1.2. The constants c and a are
often referred to as separation constants, due to the
MathieusModified Differential Equation
role they play in 20.1.5 and 20.1.6.
20.1.2 dY (a-2q cosh 2u)j=O
- (v=iu, y=f) For some physically important solutions, the
du2- function g must be periodic, of period T or 2s.
Relation Between Mathieu*eEquation and the Wave
It can be shown that there exists a countably
Equation for the Elliptic Cylinder infinite set of characteristic d u e s a,(q)which yield
The wave equation in Cartesian coordinates is even periodic solutions of 20.1.1; there is another
countably infinite sequence of characteristic values
b,(q) which yield odd periodic solutions of 20.1.1.
It is known that there exist periodic solutions of
period kr, where k is any positive integer. In
A solution W is obtainable by separation of vari- what follows, however, the term churucteristic
ables in elliptical coordinates. Thus, let value will be reserved for a value associated with
x=p cosh u cos v; y=p sinh u sin a; z=z; solutions of period r or 2 r only. These character-
istic values are of basic importance to the general
p a positive constant; 20.1.3 becomes theory of the differential equation for arbitrary
parameters a and q.
20.1.4
d2W
* 7+-----
2 An Algebraic Form of Mathiensm a t i o n
bz p2 (cash 2 ~ - C O2S ~ ) 20.1.7
Assuming a solution of the form (1 -t> dZY
-@-t -+(a+ 2q--4qt3y=O
d3/ (mv=t)
dt
w=v(z)f(4g(v) Relation to Spheroidal Wave Equation
and substituting the above into 20.1.4 one obtains, *
after dividing through by W, 20.1.8 (1-t2) d2Y
z2-2(6+l)t d-+(~-4qt)y=O
Y
dt
1 dav Thus, Mathieus equation is a special case of
- --,+Q=O
(Pdz 20.1.8, with E=-fi, e=a+2q.
where 20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values
A solution of 20.1.1 with v replaced by z, having
period T or 2 r is of the form
Since z, u, v are independent variables, it follows
m
that 20.2.1 y = C (A, cos mz+B,,, sin mz)
m-0
20.1.5 @-v
&z+cv=o
where Bo can be taken as zero. If the above is
substituted into 20.1.1 one obtains
where c is a constant.
20.2.2
Again, from the fact that Q=c and that u, v 0
are independent variables, one sets C [(a-m2)Am-q(Am-2+Am+z)I mz
20.1.6
m--2
+m-
- [(U-~~)B,-~(B,~~+B,+~)]
sin mz=O
-1
A-,, B-,=O m>o
722 *See page n.
MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 723
Equation 20.2.2 can be reduced to one of four 20.2.18 v2=Go4, for odd solutions of period T,
simpler types, given in 20.2.3 and 20.2.4 below along with 20.2.15
m
These three-term recurrence relations among the
20.2.3 yo=C A,,,, cos (2m+p)z, p=O or 1 coefficients indicate that every Gmcan be developed
m=O
m
into two types of continued fractions. Thus
20.2.4 y l = C BZm+p
sin (2m+p)z, p=O or 1 20.2.15 is equivalent to
m-0
20.2.19
If p=O, the solution is of period r; if p=l, the
solution is of period 2r.
Recurrence Relations Among the Coefficients
2 1 1 1
20.2.14 Ge2= Vo; Ge4= V2-- 20.2.23 Va-- --. . .
Ge2 v4- vu- v,-
20.2.15 Gm=1J(Vm-Gm+2) (m23), 20.2.24
for even solutions of period r.
Similarly
20.2.16 If a is a root of 20.2.21-20.2.24, then the corre-
Vl - 1 = Ge,; for even solutions of period
2u, along with 20.2.15 sponding solution exists and is an entire function
of 2, for general complex values of p.
20.2.17 Vl+1=Go3,for odd solutions of period If p is real, then the Sturmian theory of second
2a, along with 20.2.15 order linear differential equations yields the
*See page n.
724 MATHIEU F " I 0 N S
@ -
a&) =IS+-+ 433p'
- 5701q'
30 864000 2721600000+ * * *"
@ 187~' 5861633q'
6'(~)=36+%+43904000-92935987200000+ . * *
@ l87q' 6743617 p6
ac(b=36+%~43~4000+92935987200000+ . . .
}
For r27, and Iql not too large, a, is approxi-
mately equal to br, and the following approxima-
tion may be used
20.2.26
ar n" (59+7) q4
b, "+2(rr-+203!2(*-1)3(?-4)
a (9T4+589+29)$ + ...
20.1. Charadcrislic Valuea a,, b,
FXQVBE r=O,l(l)5 T64(T?-l)6(+-4) (9-9)
The above expansion is not limited to integral
2 - p ~ + Psin62
8ez(z, * ) = s i n 2 Sin42 ( ~ - xsin22)+ . . .
values of T, and it is a very good approximation
for T of the form n+3 where n is an integer. In
case of integral values of T=n, the series holds 20.2.28
only up to terms not involving 9-na in the COS (T+2) 2-p 3
denominator. Subsequent terms must be derived d=cos(T2-P(x/2))-p "I
specially (as shown by Mathieu). Mulholland
cer(2*
d z , a> { [
4(~+1)
1
and Goldstein [20.38] have computed character-
istic values for purely imaginary q and found that -COS [(T--2)2--P(d2)1
a0 and a2have a common real value for 191 in the 4(T- 1)
neighborhood of 1.468; Bouwkamp [20.5] has
computed this number as q o = f i 1.46876852 to 8 COS [(T+~)Z-P(X/~)] COS [(?'-4)Z-p(?r/2)]
decimals. For values of -@>--iq0, a. and a, +@{ 32(~+1)(~+2) + 32(~-.1) (T-2)
are conjugate complex numbers. From equation COS [TZ-P(?r/2)] 2(9+1)
20.2.2.5 it follows that the radius of convergence - 32 [-]}+-*'
for the series defining a. is no greater than Iqo\.
It is shown in [20.36], section 2.25 that the radius with P=o for cer(z, q), P=l for Ser(2, Cr>, 7'23.
of convergence for %,,(q), n 2 2 is greater than 3.
Furthermore
a, -br =o(ff/f-'),T+ a.
yI
726 MATHIEU F u " S
where
34 9
di=i5+-+-
zos w'
33 410 405
FIQURE
20.4. Even Periodic Mathieu Functions, Order8 0-6 d2=-+-+-
q= 10. W d d
MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 727
63 1260 2943 486
--+-+-+- proportional to F, (- z); the second, independent
da-d WI we we solution of 20.3.1 then has the form
0
527 15617 69001 41607 20.3.6 y2=zce7(z,q)+C
&k+p sin (2k+p)z,
d 4 = 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 k =O
associated with ee,(z, q)
20.2.31 b,+* -a,-247+b~upt7+*e-4fi/?'!, p+== 0
Solutions having the property 20.3.4 will hereafler Then it can be shown that
be termed Floquet solutions. Whenever F,(z) 20.3.10 cos uv--y,(r)=O
and F,(-z) are linearly independent, the general
solution of 20.3.1 can be put into the form
20.3.5 y=AF,(z)+BF,(-z)
Thus v may be obtained from a knowledge of
If ABZO, the above solution will not be a Floquet
solution. It will be seen later, from the method yl (T) or from a knowledge of both y; 6) 6)and yz
for determining v when a and q are given, that For numerical purposes 20.3.11 may be more
there is some ambiguity in the definition of V ; desirable because of the shorter range of integra-
namely, .v can be replaced by v+2k, where k is an tion, and hence the lesser accumulation of round-
arbitrary integer. This is as it should be, since off errors. Either v, -v, or fv+2k (k an arbi-
the addition of the factor exp, (2ikz) in 20.3.2 still trary integer) can be taken as the solution of
leaves a periodic function of period a for the 20.3.11. Once v has been fixed, the coefficients
coefficient of exp ivz. of 20.3.8 can be determined, except for an arbitrary
It turns out that when a belongs to the set of multiplier which is independent of z.
characteristic values ar and b, of 20.2, then v is The characteristic exponent can also be com-
zero or an integer. It is convenient to associate puted from a continued fraction, in a manner
v=r with a7(p),and v=-r with b,(q); see [20.36]. analogous to developments in 20.2, if a sufficiently
In the special case when v is an integer, F,(z) is close first approximation to v is available. For
Corresponding to q=O, yl=cos Gz, y2=sin &iz;
the Floquet solutior,s are exp(kz) and exp(-&). FIOIJRE 20.7. Characteristic Exponent i n First Unstable
Region. Differential equation: y+ (a-29 cos 22)y=O.
As a, q vary continuously in the q--a plane,
The Floquet solution y=e+=P(z), where P(z) is a periodic
v describes curves; v is real when (91 a), qZo function of period Z. I n the first unstable region, v = i p ;
lies in the region between -ar(q) and br+l(q) and p is given for u 2 -5. (Constructed at NBs.)
MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 729
20.8
FIQURE
-4
FIQURE
20.9
-
+ &
Charts of the Characteristic Exponent.
(From 8. J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based on numerical solu-
tions, Ballistic Research Laboratory Memo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1965. with permission.)
s=e*r= constant; i n unstable regions
- - - - v=constant; i n stable regions
- . - . - Lines of constant values of -9.
730 MATHIEU FCT1ONS
(9v+58v2+29) + . . . (v#1,2,3).
+64(~~-1)~(v~-4) (~~-9)
For the coefficients Q~ of 20.3.8
20.3.16
c / ---
-4(v+l)
- (v2+4v+7)n3
128(~+1)~(~+2)(v--l)
. . . +
(vfl,2)
c,/e,=$/32(v+1>(v+2)+ - * *
(v not an integer)
Tt follows that 20.4.4 converges absolutely and El); (z)=2:) 'l; (z)=zp (z)
(5); E
uniformly in every closed region where
If z is replaced by -iz in 20.4.5 and 20.4.6
/cos(z-b)l>d,>l. solutions of 20.1.2 are obtained. Thus
20.4.8
There are two such disjoint regions: m
yjj)
(2)= czn(- 1) 'Zk;)+(2 & cosh 2)
n=-m
(1) Y(z-b)>dz>O; (Ices (z-b)l>d,>l)
(Icosh Zl>l)
(11) J(z--b)<--dz<O; (/cos(Z--b)l>dI>l) 20.4.9
m
If v is an integer 20.4.4 converges for all values of (2 & sinh z)
yP (z)=ns--0 cznZif,:,
2. Various representations are found by special-
(Isinh z(>l, j = l , 2, 3, 4)
izing b.
The relation between yjj)(z) and yk')(z)can be
20.4.5 determined from the asymptotic properties of the
Bessel functions for large values of argument. It
can be shown that
((cos zl>l, larg 2 & cos zI Sir) 20.4.10
20.4.6
yjj)(z)/yij)(z)= (9z>O) :
[F.(o)/F,~)I~~~~/z
20.4.12 20.5.4
MXZ,
1
a>=-;- 55
C2s n---
C~,(-l)nZ~r!y+*(~ez>J,-,(~e-? 2&+A:+. . . =A:+&+. . .
. .=@+E+.
=G+Ba,+. . . =l.
It can be verified from 20.4.8 and 20.4.12 that 20.5.5
2r
A2=-lrce28(z,
1 q)dz;A:=IJ ce,(z, p) cosnzdz
20.4.13 2n n . 0
20.6.4
20.6.5
20.6.8 2k + 1 (a)1Jt-I
Mc&~(z,p ) = E (-l)r+LA2r+1 (a) 1 (%)+JL+#+l
Zi!r+ (u1)zit*(%)
k-0
associated with ( ~ l ~ + ~
(-l)k+re;:
0
20*6-10 1(z, n) =E
M&+ :(q)[Jk-#(%)zii# + I(%)-Jl+#+l (%)zi% ]/E:$!
k-0
associated with b2r+l
where
ul=l/Tie-,%=fie, Fd$;, A2S;#O,p=O, 1.
See 20.4.7 for definition of Zg)(x).
Solutions 20.6.7-20.6.10 converge for all values of z, when q#O. If j=2, 3, 4 the logarithmic terms
entering into the Bessel functions Y,,,(uJ must be defined, to make the functions single-valued. This
can be accomplished as follows:
Define (as in [20.58])
20.6.11 In (fie) =In (d?) +z
See [20.15] and [20.36], section 2.75 for derivation.
734 MATHIEU FUNMONS
Other Expressions for the Radial Functions (Valid Over More Limited Regiona)
20.6.12 Mc!!)(z, n)=[ce&, q)I-g
(-l)&E(q)Zi)(24j cash
k-0
2)
OD
+ p) =[cezr +I (0, d I- kC
M c ~:(z, -0
(-- 1)+& Ti (dZii)+i
(24i cash z>
OD
FIQURE 20.12. Derivative 0 thc Radial Mathieu Function F~~~~~ 20.14. ~ a d i * Ma&,, ~ ~ of he
- Third
i Kind.
~
of the d irst Kind.
(From J. C. Wfltse and M. J. King, Derivatives. zeros, and other data per (From J. C. Wiltse snd M. J. ging, Valuer of the Mathieu h&im,The
W i n g to Mathleu functions, The Johns Hopkina Univ. Radiation Lab- Johns Hopldns Unlv. RadlatiOn Lebaatory Tech. RePt. AF-58, 1968,
oratory Tech. Rept. AF-67.1968, with permlssl~n) with permbsioa)
MATHIEU FUNCTIONS 735
If j= 1, Mcj'!,, and MS$;)+~,p=O, 1 are solutions 20.6.19
of the first kind, proportional to CeZr+pand Se2r+p. MCP' (- 2, q) = -Me?' (2,q)-2fe. ,MCy (2, q)
respectively.
Thus 20.6.20
20.6.15 MsP' (-2, q) =MsS2'(2, q)-2f0. ,Msy (2, a)
cezr Gpp) cear(O, q> where
cezr(z, q)= (- l)r&r
Mca!')(z,q)
ceir+l G i q ) cezr+l(O,
ceh+l(z,a)= (- i)r+l&A;r+I MCP+l(Z,a)
R See [20.58].
sei, (0, q)seir (9 !I) (z,q)
M8~:) In particular the above equations can be used to
Se*(z, d= (-l)rqBp,' extend solutions of 20.6.12-20.6.13 when .%<O.
For although the latter converge for Wz<O,
seir+l(O,q) a e z r + l G , p) provided only Jcosh zl>l, they do not represent
Se2r+l(z, d= (- 1)r f i B r + 1 M88+1 (z the same functions as 20.6.9-20.6.10.
20.7. Representations by Integrals and Some
The Mathieu-Hankel functions are Integral Equations
20.6.16 Let
M$8'(z,q)=M$1'(z,q)++iM:*'(Z, q)
Mp(z, q)=M?)(z,q)-iM$*)(z,q)
20.7.1
f
G(u)= K(u,t)V(t)dt
c
M?=Mc? or Ms!". be defined for u in a domain U and let the contour
From 20.6.7-20.6.11 and the known properties C belong to the region T of the complex t-plane,
of Bessel functions one obtains with t=yo as the starting point of the contour
and t=yl as its end-point. The kernel K(u, t)
20.6.17 and the function V(t) satisfy 20.7.3 and the
Mi?+,(z+inr, q) hypotheses in 20.7.2.
= (
- -
)l
W
"
?+
i
, (
,
z dl
!21+2n+iM4:)+P(z, 20.7.2 K(u, t) and its first two partial derivatives
with respect to u and t are continuous for 1, on C
W)+,(z+inr, q)
dv
=(-l)nwi:'+P(z, a)- 2nMi?+,(z, q)l and u in U; V and - are continuou. in t.
dt
Mi?+p(z+inr,q) 20.7.3
n)+2nM::)+,(z,all
= (--l)"P[W)+,(z,
where M=Mc or M s throughout any of the above
equations.
pg dt Yo
dV
V - g K] 'l=O; -+(a-Zq
dt2 cos 2t)V=0.
Kernels &(z, t) and Kz(s, t) where Fv(t)is the Floquet solution 20.3.8. The
20.7.6 t)]-v'2J
K1(z,t)=z;')(u)[M(~, (gz>O) path C is chosen so that G(z, t, a) exists, and
20.7.2, 20.7.3 are satisfied. Then it may be
where verified that K3(z,t, a), considered as a function
of z and t, satisfies 20.7.4; also, considered as a
20.7.7 U= J2q(cosh ~ Z + C O S 2t)
function of a and t, K3 satisfies 20.7.5. Conse-
20.7.8 M(z, t)=cosh (z+d)/cosh (2-3) quently G(z, q, a)=Y(z, q)y(a, q), where Y and y
satisfy 20.1.2 and 20.1.1, respectively.
To make M-4, single-valued, define Choice of Path C.Three paths will be defined:
20.7.9
20.7.16
cosh (z+ir)=e" cosh z
Path C3:from -dl+ia to d2-ia , d,, d2 real
cosh (z-i?~)=eWk cosh z
M(z,O)=l -dl<arg [&{cosh (z+ia) f l } l < ~ - d ~
[M(z,~ ) ] - f ~ = e - ~ ~ M0)( z , -d2<arg [&{cosh (z-k) &l}l<~-d2
Let
20.7.17
20.7.10
Path C,: from d2-ia to 2?r+ia-d,
where F,(t) is defined in 20.3.8. It may be verified
(same dl,d2 as in 20.7.16)
that KIFvsatisfies 20.7.3, K satisfies 20.7.2 and
20.7.4. Hence is a solution of 20.1.2 (with. z 20.7.18
replacing u). It can be shown that Kl may be re-
placed by the more general function
20.7.11
&(z, t)=Z'?)+2s(~)[M(z,t)l-trt.,
s any integer.
where M?(z,q) is also given by 20.4.12.
See 20.4.7 for definition of Z(?+z8(u).
20.7.19 Path C,: from -d,+ioJ to 2r-d1+ia
From the known expansions for Z(?'+,,(u) when
W z is large and positive it may be verified that
20.7.12
My (2,q)=
See 120.361, section 2.68.
If is an integer the paths can be simplified;
Y
20.7.22 se,(z, q ) = p , r 2 sin (2& cos z cos t+p sin z sin t se,(t, q)dt
20.7.23 se,(z, q ) = u r r sinh (2fi sin z sin t)[(l-p) cos z cos t+p]se,(t, q)dt
where
2
2007.24 pr=-ceza
" 6, q) /&'(q); /dijAY+'(q)if p=l, for functions ce,(z, q)
2 4
u,=- ce2,(0, q)/&(q) if p=O; ur=- ce2,+l(0,q)/A:'+'(q),if p = l ; associated with functions ce,(z, q)
n- "
4 2
ur=; sela(0,q)/fi@(q), if p=O; ur=; seL,+l(O,q)/fiB;l'+'(q), if p=l; associated with ser(z, q)
Integrals Involving Bessel Function Kernels
Let
20.7.25 u=d2q(cosh 2z+cos 2t), (B'cosh 22>1; if j=1, valid also when z=O)
20.7.26
w
20.7.27 M&)(Z,$=
(-1)'+'8q sinh 22 f Zjj)(u) sin 2t Selr(t, p)dt
rP27 U2
Msj!)+l(z,a)=
(-1),8fi sinh z f Z:j)(u) sin t seg,+l(t,q)dt
U@r+l U
In the above the j-convention of 20.4.7 applies and the functions Mc, M s are defined in 20.5.1-
20.5.4. (These solutions are normalized so that they approach the corresponding Bessel-Hankel
functions as B'z+ Q).)
Other Integrals for M&)(z, q) and M#)(a, q)
20.7.28
20.7.30
20.7.31
20.7.32
20.7.33
Integrals With Infinite Limits
r=2s+p
In 20.7.38-20.7.41 below, z and p are positive.
20.7.38 Mcj)(z,q)=rrLm
sin (2 fi cosh z cosh t+p
/T&, if p=o -yr=2ce;,+l (;, q) /& TA?+~, if p=l
20.7.39 q)=rr
MsJ)(z, sinh z sinh t 2& cosh z cosh t-p i)] Msj(t,p)dt
yr=-4se;, (;, p) /fi?r~s, if p=o yr=-4se2s+l (;, p) /lr~;ll+l,if p = l
20.7.40 MC~(Z,
q)=.rlm COS (2fi cash 2 cash t-p 2> Mcj(t, n)dt
yr= -2cezs(3x, p)/lrAa,,
if p=O yr=2ce;8+1(3r,~)/T&A?++,
if p = l
20.7.41 Msj2(zlp)=rr sin (2& cosh z cosh t+p sinh z sinh t Msil)(t,q)dt
Kozr+t(z,q>=C
k=O
[It-s (ut)Kt+s+l
(UZ)
+Ik+s+l(~dKt--s(uz)l/Azs+t
where I,,,(x), K,(z) are the modified Bessel func-
tions, ut, uz are defined below 20.6.10. Super-
scripts are omitted, es=2,if s=O, e,=1 if sZ0.
Then for functions of first kind:
20.8.10
Mcif'(2,-a> = (-1IrIezr(2, 9)
Msif)(2, -a> = (- 1 )rlozr (2, q>
M&)+~(Z, -a> = (- l)riIezr+t(Z, a)
1(z, -a> = -1 )'iIoZr +t (2, q>
Msij)+
For the Mathieu-Hankel function of first kind:
20.8.11
2
Mc:? (z, -q) = (- I)r+li- Kezr(z, q)
A
2
M&) (Z, -a) - Kozr(Z,
= (- l)'+'i
A
a)
2
M&)+1 (Z, -a) = (- - Kezr+1( Z,
A
a)
2
M&)+1 (Z, -q) = ( - - Kozr+t(z,
A
a>
For M?)(z, -q), j=2, 4, one may use the defini-
tions
My)=-i(MS3)-MMI')); Mr=Mcror Ms,
also
M:)(z, -q)=2M:)(z, -q)-M$3)(~, -q)
7r 17
In the strip --<z,<-t 2 2 the imaginary zeros of
ce,(z, q), se,(z, q) are the real zeros of Ce,(z, q),
Se,(z, q), hence also the real zeros of Mcp)(z, q)
and Ms:)(z, q), respectively.
For small q, the large zeros of Cer(z,q), Se,(z, q)
approach the zeros of Jr(2&cosh 2).
Tabulation of Zeros
2 >
zero (i.e. different from 0, IJ?r or ce,(z), se,(z),
r=2(1)5 and for se6(z)to within OlO-, for q=O(l)
10(2)40. He also gives the turning points
(zeros of the derivative) and also expansions for The functionsf,,,, go,r,jc.r,
gC.,are tabulated in
them for small q. Wiltse and King [20.61,2] tabulate [20.58] for q225.
the &st two (non-trivial) zeros of A4cs(z, q) and
Msy)(z, q) and of their derivatives r=O, 1, 2 for 20.9. Asymptotic Representations
6 or 7 values of p between .25 and 10. The graphs
reproduced here indicate their location. The representations given below are applicable
Between two real zeros of Mcp)(z, q), Msj(z,q) to the characteristic solutions, for real values of q,
there is a zero of Mc;~)(z, q), Msy(z,p), respec- unless otherwise noted. The Floquet exponent v
tively. No tabulation of such zeros exists yet. is defined below, as in [20.36] to be BS follows:
Available tables are described in the References. In solutions associated with a,: V=T
The most comprehensive tabulation of the char- In solutions associated with b,: v=-r.
acteristic values a,, b, (in a somewhat different
notation) and of the coefficients proportional to For the functions defined in 20.6.7-20.6.10:
A, and Bmas defined in 20.5.4 and 20.5.5 can be
found in [20.58]. In addition, the table contains 20.9.1
certain important joining factors, with the aid Mc?(zJq)
of which it is possible to obtain values of (-l),MSp(z, q)
Mc$j)(z,q) and Ms;j)(z, q).as well as their deriva-
tives, at s=O. Values of the functions ce,(z, q)
and se,(z, q) for orders up to five or six can be
found in [20.56]. Tabulations of less extensive
character, but important in some aspects, are out- where D-l=D-z=O; Do=l, and the coefficients
lined in the other references cited. In this Dmare obtainable from the following recurrence
chapter only representative values of the various formula :
functions are given, along with several graphs. 20.9.2
Special Values for Arguments 0 and
2
20.8.12
[16q(l-u2)-8i&j mlD,-l
+4q (2m-3) (2m--l),(l -U2)Dm--2=0
20.9.3
McP(z, a)
(-l)~Msy(z, q)
-f 2 qcoshr-lrr-~r]
N e [ J !a 4 dm
?r+q(coshz-a)+ $0 [4i&j(cosh z-a)]
d-1=d-2=O; do=l, and
20.9.4
In the above
-2r<arg
+4q(2m-3)(2m-1)(1
fi cosh z<r
lcosh z-cJ>lcfll, Wz>O,
but u is otherwise arbitrary. If u2=1, 20.9.2 and
20.9.4 become three-term recurrence relations.
Formulas 20.9.1 and 20.9.3 are valid for arbi-
trary a, p, provided Y is also known; they give
multiples of 20.4.12, normalized so as to approach
the corresponding Hankel functions HL1)(&ez),
HF)(Ge'), as z--.
20.9.6 Mc$"(z,p)=-2
a
-U~)G?,_~=O.
p)-Mcj"(~,a)]
[Mc$~)(z,
20.9.10
20.9.11
cer(5, a)
20.9.12
ser+1(2,
1
'2048p
+16384$12
-(2wb+124d+1122w)
COS^^ z
+
&%
[
[
{
w4+8SzoZ+105-w4+22d+57
cosh' z
-(wb+14d+33w)
+ (we+505w4+12139w2+10395)
-ce,(O,
FO(O)
12 cosh' z
n) -se:+I(O,
p)2'-*
cosh2z
3wb+290d+1627w
-}I+.
Goshs z
5W4+34w2+9
W P O ( 4 -P1(2)1
+W2[P0(4+P1(411
!?>.l+l W 1 [ ~ 0 ( ~ > - ~ 1 ( 4 1
-W2[Po(4 +PI
741
I+...
1
. .
(41 1
the above, Po(z) and P1(x) are obtainable
20.9.7
MC:3) (2, p) - ~ M.5":s (Z, q)
= [Fo(z)-iFl(z)]ei+/lr*q*(cosh z)*
I n
20.9.14 20.9.20
8,-@'q%/(r % [1-w
2r+ 1
20.9.22 For r = l :
+ 315
-A81
D,-* I+. ..
20.9.18
+-k+
1 D,+( (9--25~-36)
16!? 64 D?+2
+
r(r-1) (-9-27~+10)
64 D,-2-- ()
45 r
4 6
D,-n+ . . .]
Formulaa Involving ce,(O,,b) and se,(O, q)
20.9.19
20.9.23
[20.401 F. W. Schiifke, Uber die Stabilitatskarte der. (20.561 E. L. Ince, Tables of the elliptic cylinder functions,
Mathieuschen Differentialgleichung, Math. Proc. Roy. SOC.Edinburgh 52, 355-423; Zeros
Nachr. 4. 175-183 (1950). and turning points, 52,424-433 (1932). Charac-
[%I411 F. W. Schiifke, Das Additions theorem der teristic values aa, al, . . ., as, bl, bz, . . ., bs,
Mathieuschen Funktionen, Math. Z. 58,436-447 and coefficients for O=O(l) 10(2)20(4)40; 7D.
(1953). Also ce,(z, e), se,(z, e), e=o(l)lo, ~ = 0 ~ ( 1 ~ ) 9 0 ~ ;
[20.421 F. W. Schiicke, Eine Methode aur Berechnung des 5D, corresponding to characteristic values in
charakteristischen Exponenten einer Hillschen the tables. a,=be,-Zq; b,=bo,-2q; @=q.
Differentialgleichung, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. [20.571 E. T. Kirkpatrick, Tables of values of the modified
33. 279-280 (1953). Mathieu function, Math. Comp. 14, 70 (1960).
[20.43] B. Sieger, Die Beugung einer ebenen elektrischen CeAu, q), r=0(1)5, Ser(u, q), r=1(1)6;
Welle an einem Schirm von elliptischem u= .1(.1) 1; q = 1 (1)20.
Querschnitt, Ann. Physik. 4, 27, 626-664 (1908).
120.441 R. Sips, Reprhsentation asymptotique des fonctions i20.581 National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to
de Mathieu et des fonctions dondesphhroidales, Mathieu functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New
Trans. Amer. Math. SOC.66, 93-134 (1949). York, N.Y., 1951). Characteristic values be,(s),
120.451 R. Sips, Reprbentation asymptotique des fonctions bo&) for 0 5 s 5100, along with P*, interpolable
de Mathieu et des fonctions sph6roidales 11, to 8D; coefficients Dek(s), Do&) and conversion
Trans. Amer. Math. SOC.90, 2, 340-368 (1959). factors for ce,(q), sel(q), same range, without
(20.461 R. Sips, Recherches sur les fonctions de Mathieu, differences but interpolable to 9D with Lagran-
Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege 22, 341-355, 374-387, gian formulas of order 7. Joining factors
444-455, 530-540 (1953); 23, 37-47, 90-103 sirgg,.,, s*rgo,v,sf..,, sf.,. along with P*; inter-.
(1954). polable to 85.
120.471 M. J. 0. Strutt, Die Hillsche Differentialgleichung [20.591 J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
im komplexen Gebiet, Nieuw. Arch. Wisk. 18 Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
31-55 (1935). functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
(20.481 M. J. 0. Strutt, Lam&che, Mathieusche und N.Y., 1941). Theory and tables for bo, bl, bz,
bt, bd, b;, b;, bj, b;, and coefficients for Ser(s, z)
verwandte Funktionen in Physik und Technik,
Ergeb. Math. Grenageb. 1, 199-323 (1932). and So,(s, 2) for c=0(.2)4.4 and .5(1)4.5; mostly
55; c-aqt, b,=a,+2q, b:=b,+2q.
120.491 M. J. 0. Strutt, On Hillsproblems with complex
parameters and a real periodic function, Proc. [20.60] T. Tamir, Characteristic exponents of Mathieu *
Roy. SOC.Edinburgh Sect. A 62, 278-296 (1948). equatisns, Math. Comp. 16, 77 (1962). The
Floquet exponent v, of the first three stable
[20.50] E. T. Whittaker, On functiorw associated with
regions; namely r=O, 1, 2; q=.1(.1)2.5; a=r
elliptic cylinders in harmonic analysis, Proc.
(.l)r+l, 5D.
Intl. Congr. Math. Cambr. 1, 366 (1912).
(20.511 E. T. Whittaker, On the general solution o f [20.61] J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu
Mathieusequation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. SOC. functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation
32, 75-80 (1914). Laboratory Technical Report AF-53, Baltimore,
Md. (1958). (Notation of [20.581 used:
(20.521 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
ce,(v, q)/A,sen(o,q)/B for 12 values of q betwe2
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
.25 and 10 and from 8 to 14 values of u; dr/2
Cambridge, England, 1952).
M&(u, q), Mg(u, q), j = 1 , 2 for 6 to 8
Tables values of q between .25 a n d 1 0 and about 20
values of u, r=O, 1, 2; dr/2 M C S Y - I U ~ , q),
[20.53] G. Blanch and I. Rhodes, Table of characteristic dT/2 M s ! ~ ( - ~ uq),~ ,r=O, 1, 2 for about 9 values
values of Mathieusequation for large values of of u and q, 2 to 4 D in all.
the parameter, J. Washington Aced. Sci. 45, 6,
166-196 (1955). Be&) =a,(q) +2q-2(27+ 1) f i [20.62] J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Derivatives, zeros,
Bo&) = b,(q) + 2q-2(2r- 1) at= 1/2fi r =0(1) and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions,
15, O l t 5 . 1 , with PI a*; 8D (about); inter- The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
polable. Technical Report AF-57, Baltimore, Md.
[20.54] J. G. Brainerd, H. J. Gray, and R. Merwin, Solu (1958).
tion of the Mathieu equation, Am. Inst. Elec. (20.631 S. J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the
Engrs. 67 (1948). Characteristic exponent over Mathieu-Hill equation of real variable based on
a wide range. p, M foi c=1(1)10; k=.l(.l)l, numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Labora-
5D; g(t), h(t) for t=0(.1)3.1, z, 5D; e=l(l)lO, tory Memorandum Report 878, Aberdeen
k=.l(.l)l, where g(t), h(t) are solutions of
y+c(l+k COS t)y=O, with g(O)=h(O)=l, Proving Ground, Md. (1955). Chart of the
g(O)=h(O)=O, cos 2*p=2g(*)h(r)-11 M= characteristic exponent.
[- 8(*) !?(TI/h(4h ( 4111. See also [20.18]. It contains, among other
[20.55] J. G. Brainerd and C. N. Weygandt, Solutions of tabulations, values of a,, b, and coefficients for
Mathieus equation, Phil. Mag. 30, 45-77 ce.(z, q), se& q), q=40(20)100(50)200; 5D,
(1940). r 52.
*See page 11.