Key and Explanation For Cambridge IELTS Reading Tests - ZIM - VN PDF

KEY & EXPLANATION
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CAM 6 TEST 1
Cu 1: B
on B dng 3: AIS scientistsswimming and squash
Cu trn ni v vic cc nh khoa hc apply skills learned in one to another - ng
ngha vi vic exchange of expertise between different sports
Cu 2: C
on C dng 5: To demonstrate how the system works for studying swimmers
Cu trn ni v mt 3D analysis tool, tc dng hnh nh 3D phn tch -> chnh l
dng visual imaging
Cu 3: B
Cu cui cng on B: We cant waste our time chief of science at AIS.
"Reason for narrowing the scope of research activity" y l "We can't waste our
time".
Cu 4: F
Cu u tin on F: Of course, theres nothing to stop other countries copying - and
many have tried.
Vic cc nc khc copy c nhc n chnh l vic "How AIS ideas have been
reproduced" trong bi.
Cu 5: D
Dng 6 on D: With the Cooperative Research Centre an athletes ability to run.
on trn ni v vic dng sensor theo di nhng factor that might have an
impact -> l cch obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated
Cu 6: A
Dng 4 on A: At the Australian Insitude of Sport and nutritional advice.
Cu trn ni khi qut v 2 t chc h tr vn ng vin l AIS v ASC -> an overview of
the funded support of athletes.
Cu 7: E
3 dng u on E: Using data is a complex business winning times.
3 dng ny ni v vic dng data lp a competition model trc nhng cuc thi
(championship) -> l how performance requirements are calculated before an event
2
Cu 8: A
Dng cui cng trang 18: It collects images from digital cameras.
on C ni v Australia v th cu vn l present simple nn l hin ti Australia ang s
dng. Khng c ch no ni cc nc khc cng ang dng -> exclusive to Australia
Cu 9: B
Dng 6 on D: They are developing unobstrusive sensors
on D vn ni v Australia, v are developing c ngha l mi ang pht trin -> s
c Australia dng trong tng lai.
Cu 10: A
Dng 11 on D: After years of experimentation in atheletes saliva.
a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein -> l protein test.
Vn l Australia, v developed c ngha l pht trin ri, tc l c ri -> ang c
Australia dng. Khng c ch no ni v cc nc khc -> exclusive.
Cu 11: C
Dng 4 on F: Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the altitude
tent.
oan ny ly v d nhng pht minh ca Australia m cc nc khc copy, v the
same y l vic everyone uses them -> c Australia v their rivals u ang dng.
Cu 12: (a) competition model

Dng 2 on E: Well before and championship will be the winning times.
Cu ny ni v vic to competition model trc cuc thi vn ng vin c th ln
k hoch.
Cu 13: 2% (p n ghi 20%? ->sai?)

Dng 3 on F: At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per
cent off cyclist and rowers times.
Vy cyclists performance tng 2%.
Cu 14: I
Cu cui cng on I: Bringing these barriers down would even closer.
Cu ny ni vic loi b cc ro cn s gip (v c t would - gi nh) nn kinh t th
gii tr nn gn gi hn -> l mt suggestion improve trade.
Cu 15: F
Dng 2 on F: Computer software can be simply by transmitting it over telephone
3 lines from one country to another
Electronic delivery l vn chuyn qua ng in t -> transmitting over telephone
lines.
Phn sau on F cng ni v cc nh hng ca vic ny (worrying less about the cost
of delivering their output.)
Cu 16: E
Dng 3 t di ln on E: Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas on the
domestic market.
Cu trn l 1 v d v vic transporting a product from abroad (nhp khu t Singapore
n Japan hoc Texas) v from a local supplier (bng domestic market) th c
similar cost (tc will not face hugely bigger freight bills).
Cu 17: D
Cu cui cng on D: As a result, less transportation is required for every dollars worth
of imports or exports.
Cu ny ang ni vic vn chuyn cng ngy cnh t tn km, tc gi tr ca sn phm t
ph thuc vo ph vn chuyn hn (the weakening relationship between the value of
goods and the cost of delivery)
Cu 18: True
Cu th 2 on A: While the global economy of about twice that.
Cu ny so snh s pht trin ca global economy (~3%) v s pht trin ca
International trade (gp i mc -> ~6%). Vy International trade pht trin nhanh
hn global economy.
Cu 19: False
Cu cui cng on B: Cheap labour may make lose its advantages.
y l mt v d ca vic cheap labour khng m bo effective trade conditions.
Cu 20: Not Given

Khng c ch no trong bi so snh nhp khu ca Japan v France.
*Lu : dng 2-3 on C l ni v output ch khng phi imports.
Cu 21: True
Cu u tin on D: Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic
neighbours.
Cu trn ni cc quc gia vn bun bn vi cc nc lng ging nhiu hn.
Cu 22: Not Given

4 Khng c thng tin no trong bi lin h Germany v vic sn xut small computer
components
Cu 23: G - trade.
Cu u v cu th 2 on G: In many countries in cargo-handling.
Vic pht minh cc modern cargo-handling methods gip drive the process along.
V process y chnh l s pht trin giao thng (trade)
Cu 24: B - components.
Dng 4 on E: Computer manufacturers domestic market.
Manufacturers of computers c th nhp khu cc disk drives - l mt thnh phn
trong my tnh -> l components
Cu 25: C - container ships.

Cu u tin on H: The shipping container competitive business. -> container ships
khin vic vn chuyn tr nn efficient.
Cu 26: A - tariffs.
Dng 4 on I: keep the cost of shipping unnecesssarily high.
on I mun ni vic cc quc gia nn gim the cost of shipping help the worlds
economies grow closer, tc khin giao thng gia cc quc gia d hn. The cost of
shipping ng ngha tariffs.
Cu 27: i
4 dng cui cng on B: In Canada, where the Inuit people modern science.
"changing environment" ng ngha "climate change"
"combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science" l "reaction" ca
ngi Inuit
Cu 28: vi
5 dng u on C: The Canadian Artic sea mammals and fish.
C phn u on C ni v s kh sinh sng vng Canadian Artic.
Cu 29: iii
3 dng u trang 28.
Phn sau on D ni v mt ngun cung provisions khc ca ngi Inuit l t bn
ngoi. Provisions tng ng essential supplies -> l alternative sources of
essential supplies.
Cu 30: vii
3 dng u v 1 dng cui on E: While the Inuit been problems. theres a high
5 incidence of depression.
on ny ni v cc nh hng xu n sc khe, t bnh th cht (obesity, heart
disease, diabetes) n tinh thn (depression) -> Negative effects on well-being
Cu 31: iv
Dng 3-8 on F: And Western scientists credibility and weight.
Vic Western scientist are starting to draw on this wisdom v IQ has had much more
credibily and weight chnh l nhng du hiu cho thy respect for Inuit opinion
grows.
Cu 32: ii
Dng 2-4 on G: Others, however, point out are no more than best guesses
"first weather stations... just 50 years" v "still huge gaps in our environmental
knowledge" -> Kin thc v thay i kh hu cn t -> Understanding of climate change
remains limited.
Cu 33: farming
Dng 3 on C: Farming is out of the question
V "farming is out of the question" ng ngha "it is impossible for people to engage in
farming"
Cu 34 - 35: sea mammals - fish

Dng 4-5 on C: surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.
Cu ny ngha l h sng st bng vic sn bt v tn dng sea mammal and fish ->
ng ngha rely on catching
Cu 36: Thule
3 dng cui on C: one group emerged that was iron tools.
Cu ny ni ngi Thule l nhm ngi thnh cng sng st vng Canadian Artic ny.
*lu : p n l ngi Thule khng phi l Inuit v trong bi l successful trong vic
settle there phi l nhng ngi nh c ban u - tc t tin ngi Inuit.
Cu 37: islands
Dng 1-2 on D: Nuvanut is and a handful of islands around the North Pole.
a handful v a few ngha tng ng
Cu 38: nomadic
Dng 4 on D: most have abandoned their nomadic ways
Abandon v give up ng ngha. Trong cu trn t ways cng mang ngha li sng
ging lifestyle
6 Cu 39: nature
Dng cui cng trang 27: they still rely heavily on nature
"Rely heavily on" ng ngha "depend mainly on"
Cu 40: imported
Dng 2-3 t di ln on D: It would cost a family around 7000 imported meat.
Cu ny ni v vic tn 7000 nhp khu tht cho mt gia nh -> vic nhp khu hng
ha rt t -> imported produce is particularly expensive.
CAM 6 TEST 2
Cu 1: ii
Dng 4-5 on A: However, local pressure groups forced on light rail instead.
y l 1 v d cho vic ngi dn thnh cng thay i quyt nh chnh quyn -> A
successful exercise in people power
Cu 2: vii
Cu cui on B: However, public infrastructure commuting times far higher.
Cu ny ni v vic tc nghn giao thng dn n vic tn nhiu thi gian i n ni
lm vic hn -> Increases in travelling time
Cu 3: iv
Dng 2-3, 5-6 on C: The example of European cities refutes that. They are often car
use. v Developing cities in Asia, such as Singapore.
y l 2 v d cho thy cc nc pht trin dng t t hn cc nc ang pht trin
(European cities giu hn American nhng ko dng nhiu t bng, cc thnh ph ang
pht trin nh Jakarta v Bangkok dng nhiu t nhng thnh ph pht trin nh
Tokyo v Singapore) -> Higher incomes need not mean more cars
Cu 4: i
Dng 2-4 on D: It found that pushing everyone railway stations.
on ny ni v vic nn trnh a tt c mi ngi vo trung tm thnh ph, m nn
xy thnh cc lng -> Avoiding an overcrowded centre
Cu 5: iii
Dng 4-5 on E: The explaination for this seems to be related fields together.
on ny ni v li ch ca vic nhiu ngi cng lm vic trong cc thnh ph -> The
benefits of working together in cities
Cu 6: False
Dng 3 paragraph u tin: The study compared the proportion around the world.
ISTP ch xt phng tin giao thng trong 37 thnh ph. Th gii c nhiu hn 37 thnh
ph -> every city of the world l False
Cu 7: True
Cu cui cng paragraph th 2: pointed out that these more efficient cities a better
place to live.
8
Creating a better place to live ng ngha improve the quality of life for their
inhabitants -> ng
Cu 8: Not Given
Khng c thng tin no ni v tram gy nguy him cho car drivers.
*Lu : dng 3 paragraph 3: Melbournes large tram network has made car use in the
inner city much lower. ch ni tram khin car c dng t i ch khng ni l gy nguy
him hay khng.
Cu 9: False
Cu cui cng paragraph 3: The explosion in demand for accommodation where they
live.
Cu ny ni the explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs tc nhu
cu ni trong vng ni thnh tng cao, v recent change in many peoples
preferences as to where they live. -> Ngi dn Melbourne thch sng trong ni thnh
hn ngoi thnh -> prefer to live in the outer suburbs l False.
Cu 10: True
C paragraph 5: Bicyle use was not included in the study reasonable but not special.
Paragraph 5 ni v 2 v d Amsterdam v Copenhagen, ni bicyle friendly v rt hiu
qu mc d h thng phng tin cng cng ch bnh thng. -> Cities with high levels
of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good. l
True
*Lu : trong bi ch ni can nn ch cn 1 vi v d l True. Tr khi trong bi ni
khng h c trng hp no th mi l False.
Cu 11: F
3 dng u paragraph 2: The study found that the Western Australian spent as little
as 5%.
on ny ni vic Perth c t phng tin cng cng v kt qu l tn 17% ti sn vo ph
vn chuyn, so vi 5% nhng ni khc.
-> Perth is inefficient due to a limited public transport system
Cu 12: D
Dng 2 trang 42: Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to
develop a really good rail network.
-> Auckland is hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system
Cu 13: C
Dng 4-5 on A: However, local pressure groups forced worked spectacularly well.
9 Paragraph A ni v Portland, v on trn ni v vic i t road sang light rail
transport system v n work spectacularly well -> profitably
-> Portland profitably moved from road to light rail transport system
Cu 14: B - falling
Dng 3-4 paragraph 1: diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer
people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
-> S ngi mc bnh age-related ang gim -> falling
Cu 15: I - increasing
Dng 5 paragraph 2: And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are
declining continues to accelerate.
Cu ny ni l tc gim st vic mc bnh ang tng ln -> in increasing
Cu 16: F - later
Dng 3-4 paragraph 1: diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer
people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
It is much later in life -> chn later
Cu 17: M medicine
Cu 18: J - nutrition
Paragraph 4: Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical
advances better start in life than their predecessors.
on ny ny ni l do chnh ca s gim st v bnh tt l medical advances ->
medicine; v mt s contributing factors khc bao gm improvements in childhood
nutrition -> nutrition
Cu 19: N - pollution
Dng 2-4 paragraph 5: An increase in some cancers exposed to worse and worse
pollution
Cu ny nu 2 l do khin mt s bnh tng ln l changing smoking habits v poorer
air quality; ngoi ra on trch dn li ni cn gii thch r poorer air quality l
exposed to worse and worse pollution -> in pollution
Cu 20: K - education
Cu u tin paragraph 6: One interesting correlation live longer.
Cu ny ni v vic ngi hc nhiu hn thng sng lu hn -> link between levels of
education and life expectancy.
Cu 21: G - disabled
10 Dng 4-5 paragraph 7: That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old
people in the population.
Cu ny ni v s gim st ca s ngi ln tui b disabled -> in disabled
Cu 22: A - cost
Dng 2-3 u tin trang 45: According to Manton, slowing the trend more than $200
billion
Cu ny ni l nh vic t ngi b disabled hn nn US tn $200 t
this section of the population trong bi l elderly people who are disabled ni
trn -> cost involved in supporting t hn d tnh -> in cost
Cu 23: G
Cu u tin paragraph 2 trang 45: The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is
probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids.
-> Home medical aids allow old people to be more independent
Increasing self-reliance ng ngha be more independent
Cu 24: E
Cu u tin paragraph 3 trang 45: Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help
mental functioning.
A level of daily physical activity tng ng regular amounts of exercise -> p n l
may help prevent mental decline.
Cu 25: H
Dng 3 paragraph 4 trang 45: In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as
driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress
hormones such as cortisol.
challenging activies ng ngha difficult situations
Vy Feelings of control over life s can reduce stress in difficult situations.
Cu 26: C
Dng 1-2 paragraph 5 trang 45: Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally
isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep.
Emotionally isolated l mt dng ca feeling of loneliness
Vy Feelings of loneliness th may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.
Cu 27: B
Dng 7-9 paragraph 2: As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need
for a sophisticated number system became paramount.
Grow plants l farming
-> A developed system of numbering was necessary when people began farming.
11
Cu 28: E
Dng 4-6 paragraph 3: For example, when using the one I am showing you.
y l mt v d v vic dng tay biu din s lng khi t ng cn hn hp -> An
additional hand signal was used when the range of number words was restricted.
Cu 29: A
Cu cui cng paragraph 4: In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to
be able to count to nine!
Cu ny ang ni v Europe, mt ngi phi m c n s chn mi c th lm
chng trc ta -> mt ngha v cng dn (a civic role) -> was necessary in order to
fulfil a civic role.
Cu 30: C
Cu cui cng paragraph 1 trang 49: When the number 4 can be to arithmetic.
Cu ny ngha l khi m s 4 c th c ghi nhn l mt ch s ch khng phi bt buc
gn vi mt vt, th mi c th dn n s hc.
-> Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects was necessary
for the development of arithmetic.
Cu 31: G
3 dng u paragraph 2 trang 49: Traces of the very first stages in the development
according to the class of the item being counted
Cu u tin ni v nhng g cn st li trong vic pht trin s m -> nhng cu sau s
ni v nhng c im ca s m thi xa cn st li n gi. Cu th 2 ni v vic
dng t ring bit m s tng loi vt.
-> Expressing number differently according to class of item was a characteristic of
early numberation systems.
Cu 32: True
Dng 3-5 paragraph 2 trang 48: Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers How
many?
2 cu ny ni v vic nhng b lc thi xa th vic hi khng? quan trng hn Bao
nhiu?.
-> Cu ny l True.
Cu 33: False
Dng 1-2 paragraph 3 trang 48: The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to
count one, two, many
Vy ngi Tasmanian ch dng c ba t l mt, hai v nhiu ni v s vt.
12 -> used only four terms l False
Cu 34: True
Dng 3-4 paragraph 3 trang 48: But in real situations the number and words are often
accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.
Gestures ng ngha vi body language.
Resolve any confusion ng ngha vi prevent misunderstanding.
-> Cu ny l ng.
Cu 35: False
Cu u tin paragraph 4 trang 48: The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large
numbers is not really surprising.
Vy khng phi nn vn ha no cng c th th hin cc s ln r rng.
-> All cultures l False
Cu 36: Not Given

Khng c ch no trong bi ni v s Thousand (1000)
*Lu : Dng 4-6 paragraph 4 trang 48 ch ni n ngun gc ca s 100 ch khng ni
n s mt nghn.
Cu 37: True
3 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 48: The average person in the seventh century to
count to nine!
Cu u tin ni v vic ngi Europe th k 17 khng c kh nng m bng ngi hin
i, v cu sau nu v d (ch cn m n 9 l c th lm chng trc ta)
Cu 38: False
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 trang 49: The numeration system of the Tsimshian for canoes.
Trong cc v d nhng vt c s m khc nhau ca ngi Tsimshian c 2 nhm l
long objects and trees v canoes. Vy t ch s long objects s khc canoes.
-> with the same word. l False
Cu 39: True
Dng 6-7 paragraph 2 trang 49: It seems the last is a later development while the first
six groups show the relics of an older system.
Vy ting Tsimshian c c h thng m mi v c.
Cu 40: Not Given

Khng c ch no so snh m bng si vi bng ngn tay.
*Lu : dng 3-4 paragraph cui: being counted against a group of pepples, grains of
13 corn, or the counters fingers. khng so snh cc cch m vi nhau m ch lit k ->
khng bit c easier hay khng.
CAM 6 TEST 3
Cu 1: A
Dng 1-3 on A: The Lumire Brothers opened their Cinematograpthe, at 14 Boulevard
Des Capucines in Paris
y l a ch ca rp chiu phim u tin.
Cu 2: I
Dng 5-ht on I: But what happened was that it became that remains the dominant
cinematic convetion of today.
Cu u tin bo hiu vic rp chiu phim ch trng vo k chuyn thay v phim ti liu,
v phn sau gii thch v sao.
Cu 3: J
C on J ni v s thay i nhanh chng (trong vng 100 nm) ca cinema.
Cu 4: E
6 dng u on E: One effect of this realism worked and lived.
2 cu u tin ni v vic cinema khin th gii nh li, mi ngi bit r nhng nn
vn ha khc hn. Cu sau l mt v d v iu ny.
Cu 5: G
Dng 5-8 on G: Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the
world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves.
y l l do dn n sc ht ca cc din vin trong phim.
Cu 6: Yes
Dng 4-ht on B: But it is worth trying, for to understand of the 20th century.
Phn ny ni v quan trng ca vic hiu phn ng ca cc khn gi u tin.
Cu 7: Not Given
Khng c ch no trong vn bn so snh b phim v con tu vi cc b phim khc c.
Cu 8: Not Given
Khng c ch no trong vn bn ni v vic c hay khng c s bias trong phim c.
Cu 9: No
Dng 5-7 on H: All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement.
14
Cu ny ni l phim i u ch quan trng vic c hnh nh chuyn ng, vy nhng th
khc (bao gm ct truyn) l khng quan trng.
Cu 10: B
Dng 8-ht on C: As the train approached was about to crush them.
Phn trn ni v nh hng ca phim i u, n mc khin khn gi tng nh l
tht. -> y l ca tc gi khi ly v d v on phim v con tu.
Cu 11: C
Dng 7-9 on D: For Tarkovsky, they key to that magic was the way in which cinema
created a dynamic image of the real flow of events.
Vy i vi Tarkovsky th sc ht ca rp chiu phim l vic dng chy thi gian c
din t.
Cu 12: D
4 dng cui cng on H: Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off,
cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground
attraction.
Phn ny ni v kin ca nhiu ngi lc bt u c phim l phim s mau chng bin
mt, bi sc cun ht ca n ch l mt tiu xo.
-> Tng lai ca cinema khng chc chn.
Cu 13: D
Theo cch loi tr:
A: on vn khng tp trung vo cc cinema star m ch ni trong mt paragraph (G)
B: on vn khng tp trung vo so snh cinema v novel m ch ni trong mt
paragraph (D)
C: on vn khng tp trung vo Hollywood m ch nhc n trong mt paragraph (I)
Cu 14: vii
Cu u tin trong Key Point 2 (KP2): The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that
managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on
how well they are doing in those goals.
Have specific goals ng ngha establish targets.
Receive comments ngha l qun l phi give feedback.
Cu 15: iii
Cu cui cng KP3: For managers, this means that employees must have the capability
of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.
Cu ny ngha l qun l phi chc chn nhn vin c kh nng lm c vic v phi tin
15 vo s nh gi ca qun l -> tc qun l phi chn mc tiu thc t nhn vin tin.
Cu 16: ii
Dng 2-3 trong KP4: Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to
personalise the rewards over which they have control.
Cu ny ngha l qun l phi trao phn thng ty vo mi ngi nu h c quyn quyt
nh phn thng. -> Match rewards to individuals
Cu 17: iv
Cu u tin KP5: Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance.
Cu ny ngha l qun l phi phn thng ph thuc vo kt qu cng vic mi
ngi.
Cu 18: i
Cu u tin KP6: The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that
employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs
given.
Cu ny ngha chung l qun l phi phn pht phn thng sao cho nhn vin thy phn
thng nhn c v kt qu u ra tng ng vi n lc u vo.
-> Tc phn thng phi cng bng.
Cu 19: No
4 dng cui paragraph u phn The Challenge: When an organisation is shrinking, the
best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily The minor employees
remain because their job options are limited.
Vy khi t chc gp kh khn th d mt nhn vin c kinh nghim v cp hn nhng
nhn vin thiu k nng -> ngc li vi bi -> No
Cu 20: Not Given.

Khng c ch no so snh vic qun l mt cng ty nh vi mt cng ty ln c.
*Lu : Trong on The Challenge ch so snh vic qun l mt cng ty growing vi
declining ch khng phi l large v small.
Cu 21: No
Dng 6-8 KP1: High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging
goals and where there is independence and feedback.
Vy high achievers thch hp vi s t lp ch khng phi lm vic nhm.
-> well suited to team work. l No
Cu 22: Yes
16 Cu cui cng KP2: If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely
to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.
Cu trc trong on ni v goal-setting -> participation process y l vic tham
gia vo goal-setting.
Vy nhn vin c th cm thy b iu khin nu b bo phi tham gia goal-setting.
Cu 23: Not Given.

Khng c thng tin no trong bi ni v vic nhn vin nn thit k vic thm nh nhn
vin.
Cu 24: Yes
Cu u tin KP6: The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that
employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs
given.
Cu ny ni cc phn thng phn pht phi r rng -> tin lng ca nhn vin trong t
chc nn c mi ngi bit.
Cu 25: B
Dng 3-4 KP2: the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers
are already internally motivated.
Vy high achievers cn t external goals hn.
Cu 26: C
Dng 7-9 KP6: The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work
performed and job knowledge near the top of their list.
-> Clerical workers coi trng cht lng cng vic ca h.
Cu 27: A
Dng 5-4 t di ln on KP6: For example, production workers rated advancement
very highly
y advancement ng ngha promotion l thng chc trong cng vic.
Vy production workers coi vic thng tin trong cng vic l rt quan trng.
Cu 28: No
Cu u tin paragraph 1: As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the
market today has been proven to slow human aging.
Vy can delay the process of growing old l No
Cu 29: Yes
Cu cui cng paragraph 1: Those findings suggest that coloric restriction could delay
aging and increase longevity in humans, too.
17 Vy theo nghin cu, vic gim lng calorie tiu th c th gip tng tui th con
ngi.
Cu 30: Yes
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2: Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for
years on end.
Cu ny ngha l c rt t ngi c th theo mt ch n ung khc nghit nh vy.
Cu 31: Not Given

Khng c ch no trong bi ni chnh xc cc bnh diet-related l ph bin ngi ln
tui.
Cu 32: Yes
Dng 3 paragraph 3: when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on
average than free-feeding rats.
Free-feeding ng ngha eat what they want.
Vy vic chut n low-calorie sng lu hn chut n what they wanted l ng.
Cu 33: A
Dng 3-4 paragraph 2 trang 72: and they have more normal blood glucose levels
(pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose
levels).
They y ch caloric-restricted animals.
Vy nhng con kh t b bnh tiu ng hn l nhng con caloric-restricted.
Cu 34: B
Dng 4-6 paragraph 2 trang 72: Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys
kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic
disease.
Cu trn ni caloric-restricted monkeys b t bnh mn tnh hn nhng con kh cn li
(control monkeys) -> control moneys b nhiu hn.
Cu 35: C
Dng 6-8 paragraph 2 trang 72: They and the other monkeys must be followed still
longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and
maximum lifespans in monkeys.
Vy theo cu trn th cn nghin cu lu hn mi bit c loi kh no trong 2 loi trn
s sng lu hn -> cha c nhm no have been shown l sng lu hn c.
Cu 36: A
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 trang 72: For example, they have lower blood pressure and
18 triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease).
They y ch m kh caloric-restricted.
Vy caloric-restricted monkeys th c mt reduced chance of heart disease.
Cu 37: B
Dng 2-3 paragraph 1 trang 72: caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body
temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin.
Nu caloric-restricted monkeys c t insulin hn th control monkeys s c nhiu
hn.
Cu 38: Glucose
Dng 4-5 paragraph cui cng: glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug
prevents most of it from being processed.
Cu 39: free radicals

Dng 7-10 paragraph cui cng: One posibility relates to the ATP0making machinerys
emission of free radicals contrains the damage.
Vy th gim i khin t bo t chu thit hi l free radicals.
Cu 40: preservation.
2 dng cui cng paragraph cui cng: induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode
that emphasizes preservation of the organism.
Emphasizes y ng ngha vi focus on.
19
CAM 6 TEST 4
Cu 1: v
2 dng cui on A: The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have? the
physician asked. He was only have joking.
y l mt v d v iu m cc bc s mong ch cc hiu thuc: a trip (tc qu cp).
Cu 2: vi
Dng 2-4 on B: a car trunk full of hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to
give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next s patients who fit the
drugs profile.
Phn ny ni v cc mn qu mang tnh gi tr vt cht cao.
Cu 3: iii
2 dng cui cng on C: so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of
pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industrys responsibility to decide the
bounderies?
Phn trn a ra cu hi Who is responsible for the increase in promotions?
Cu 4: ix
4 dng cui cng on D: With the huge investment a tremendous advantage in
getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick information.
y l mt mt tch cc ca vic qung co thuc.
Cu 5: i
3 dng cui cng on E: Ive been the recipien of golf balls from one company and I
use them, but it doesnt make me prescribe their medicine. says one doctor. I tend to
think Im not influenced by what they give me.
y l mt v d chng minh khng phi tt c bc s u chp nhn lm theo phng
php qung b thuc kia.
Cu 6: vii
3 dng cui on F: A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns - the
conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs
that differed from their preferred drug choice.
y l mt nghin cu ch ra rng phng php qung b ny c tc dng.
Cu 7: x
20
Dng 2-3 on G: And the patients are the ones who pay - in the form of sky-rocketing
prescription prices - for every pen thats handed out,...
Cu ny ni ngi phi tr tin cho phng php qung b kia l bnh nhn.
Cu 8: No
3 dng cui on B: And she also has a few $1000 honoraria to offer in exchange next
educational lecture.
Honoraria -> khng phi l limited budget
(v c vi nghn t lt th cn limited budget g na?)
Cu 9: Yes
3 dng u on C: Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgement.
Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a
prospects time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs.
Vy phng php qung co ca Schaefer c th b ch trch trn phng din o
c.
Cu 10: No
Dng 3-4 on D: Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to
physicians.
Physicians l mt t khc ch doctors.
Vy nhng thng tin t cng ty sn xut thuc c ch vi bc s.
-> is of little use l No.
Cu 11: Yes
Dng 3-5 on E: Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isnt
emblazoned with a drugs name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical
companys logo.
y l cc v d cho thy vic qung b thuc trong mi trng bnh vin m rt d thy.
Cu 12: Not Given

Khng c ch no trong bi ni v vic drug companies cho bnh nhn free drug
samples c.
Cu 13: Yes
Dng 4-5 on G: In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every
right ot make a profit.
Have every right tng ng It is legitimate.
Vy It is legitimate for drug companies to make money l Yes.
Cu 14: B - men and women

21 Paragraph 3: In 1979, the government of Nicaragua write and use numbers.
Vy Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade dy c v vit cho illiterate adults -
ng ngha illiterate men and women.
Cu 15: F - maternal literacy
Dng 1-2 paragraph 1: Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to
survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write. Experts in public
health accepted this idea decades ago.
Their mothers can read and write l vic c maternal literacy.
Vy iu m public health expert bit l c s lin kt gia child health v
maternal literacy.
Cu 16: C - an international research team

3 dng u paragraph 4: During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institude of Health in Nicaragua, the National
Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institude of Health interviewed
nearly 3,000 women
Vy i nghin cu vic ny n t nhiu ni khc nhau -> an international research
team.
Cu 17: J - family wealth

3 dng u paragraph 2: the fact that a woman has had an education may simply
indicate her familys wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term
study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors.
Vy nhng yu t m bi nghin cu ny loi b c l family wealth v attitudes to
children.
Cu 18: F - maternal literacy

4 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 90: For those women who learnt to read through the
campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousan, an impressive 21 points lower
than for those women who were still illiterate.The children of the newly-literate mothers
were also better nourished than those of women who could not read.
Vy vic ph na c hc c gip ci thin sc khe v s sng ca con h -> th
improve infant health and survival l maternal literacy.
Cu 19: Not Given

Khng c ch no ni r c bao nhiu ngi trong s nhng ngi c phng vn bit
c.
*Lu : Trong dng 3-4 paragraph 4 trang 89 ch ni: some of whom had learnt to read
as children ch khng ni r s lng about a thousand nh bi.
22 Cu 20: No
2 dng u v cu cui paragraph cui trang 89: In the late 1970s, the infant mortality
rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live
births. v For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate
was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand.
*Lu : National Literacy Crusade bt u nm 1979 -> cu ny ni v trc v NLC kia.
C th thy 110 > 80 -> approximately the same levels of infant mortality l sai.
Cu 21: Yes
Cu u tin paragraph 1 trang 90: In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had
ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate and for those
educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged.
Vy sau NLC th t l con cht non ph n m ch vn l nh trc (~110 - on trch
dn cu 20) -> cu ny ng.
Cu 22: Yes
Dng 3-4 paragraph 1 trang 90: For those women who learnt to read through the
campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower
than for those women who were still illiterate.
Vy sau NLC th ch c t l con cht non ph n hc c trong d n l gim, cc
nhm khc gn nh khng i -> y l nhm c the greatest change -> cu ny ng.
Cu 23: No
Trng text vi cu 20 v 22.
T l cht non women who had learnt to read through the NLC l 84/1000, t l
women educated in primary school l 80/1000 -> had the lowest rates of child
mortality l sai.
Cu 24: Not Given

Khng c ch no ni v vic con ca ph n m ch vn b thiu n trm trng c.
*Lu : Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 90 ch ni: The children of the newly-literate mothers
were also better nourished than those of women who could not read. ch khng ni l
con ca ph n m ch b severely malnourished.
Cu 25: C
3 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 90: But we thought that even if we started educating
girls today, wed have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggest
we may be able to bypass that.
Vy cuc nghin cu Nicaraguan cho thy cc chng trnh xa m ch cho m s cho
kt qu sm.
23
Cu 26: E
Cu cui cng paragraph 3 trang 90: The results of the study lend support to the World
Banks recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be
increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child healh.
Vy cuc nghin cu cng dn n vic tin dnh vo vic gio dc ph n s ci thin
sc khe cho tr em.
Cu 27: iv
Dng 3-5 on A: A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary
schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bully, which in about one in ten
cases was persistent.
y l mt research into how common bullying is in British schools.
Cu 28: vi
Cu u tin on B: Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing
it feel unworthy and depressed.
y l mt effect of bullying on the children involved. Cc cu sau trong on cng ni
v cc nh hng khc.
Cu 29: v
Dng 2-3 on C: Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.
The problem y l vic bullying.
Vy on C ny ni v vic cc trng hc s ni g khi c hi v vn bt nt y.
Cu 30: vii
Cu u v 2 dng cui on D: Three factors are involved in this change v found
that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.
Vy on ny nu 3 l do dn n vic cc trng hc thay i cc tip cn vic bt nt.
Cu 31: B
Dng 5 on A: There was less bullying in secondary schools
y ang so snh vi cu trc l ni v primary schools, vy trng trung hc th
t bt nt hn tiu hc.
Cu 32: D
Dng 3-4 on B: Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with
interpersonal relationships as adults.
Vy Children who are bullied th may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.
24
Cu 33: D
Dng 1-2 on C: Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help
was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence
Vy theo tc gi th cu ni There is no bullying at this school l do not much was
known about the topic (tc lack of knowledge) v little help was available to
teachers (tc lack of resources).
Cu 34: A
Dng 5-3 t di ln on D: In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced
nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period,
bullying was halved.
Vy Norway th sau chng trnh chng bt nt, nn bt nn cn mt na (tc gim
50%).
Cu 35: policy
Dng u tin on E: Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on
bullying.
Vy bc quan trng nht l to mt policy.
Cu 36: (explicit) guidelines

Dng 2-3 on E: what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will
be done if it occurs.
What will be done ng ngha how the school and its staff will react.
Vy th c bao gm trong policy kia l (explicit) guidelines.
Cu 37: (school) curriculum

Dng 1-2 paragraph 2 on E: There are ways of dealing with the topic through the
curriculum.
Vy cch khc gii quyt l s dng ci curriculum.
Cu 38: victims
Dng 2 paragraph 3 on E: Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims
is worthwhile.
Assertiveness training gn ngha vi trained to be more self-confident.
Pupils who are liable to be victims ngha l potential victims
Cu 39: playful fighting

Dng 1-2 paragraph 4 on E: One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to
distinguish bullying from playful fighting.
Cu ny c ngha l phn bit gia bullying v playful fighting.
25 Vy p n l playful fighting.
Cu 40: D
Theo phng php loi tr:
A: Trong bi vit khng c mt ch no ni v parents c -> loi.
B: Trong bi vit khng c ni n lin h gia media v bulling -> loi.
C: Trong bi vit khng c ni n academic failure -> loi.
26
CAMBRIDGE
27
CAM 7 TEST 1
Cu 1: B
Dng 2 on B: Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today.
This difficulty l vn cu trc the absence of light.
Cu ny bo hiu phn sau s ni v cc v d cc loi vt phi sng vi the absence of
light: night flying insects, deep-sea fish and whale, fish and dolphins...
Vy cc v d v cc loi vt ngoi di m khng ph thuc vo th gic l on B.
Cu 2: A
Dng 7-9 on A: In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our
mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways
of scraping a living at night.
y l cch cc loi early mammals sng st.
Cu 3: A
Dng 4-6 on A: Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that
alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats
that make a go of the night-hunting trade.
y l l do m di phi sn trong m ti.
Cu 4: E
Dng 5-7 on E: But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very
similar, and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has
come from applying radar theory to them.
Vy on E ni v vic pht minh radar gip con ngi hiu hn v di nh th no.
Cu 5: D
Dng 5-4 cui on D: After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of
time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.
This technique chnh l vic using the echoes of their own footsteps and of other
sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles phn trn, tc l echolocation.
V sau khi weapon designers tn dng echolocation th k thut ny s c dng
trong qun i, v cu sau cu trn ni mt s v d v cc thit b ny trong Th Chin
th 2.
Cu 6: phantom
28
Dng 6-7 on D: like the referred pain in a phantom limb.
Arm or leg l cc loi limb.
Cu ny so snh cm gic sensation of touch on the face vi pain in a phantom limb.
Vy p n l phantom.
Cu 7: echoes/obstacles
Dng 7-9 on D: The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the
ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of
their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles.
Vy kh nng facial vision thc ra l vic cm nhn obstacles qua echoes i vo tai.
Nn p n c th l echoes hoc obstacles u tha mn.
Cu 8: depth
Dng 9-11 on D: Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments
to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship.
Cu ny ngha l trc khi mi ngi bit v vic ngi m cm nhn khong cch bng
tai th nguyn l ca echolocation c dng o su ca bin.
Cu 9: submarines
Dng 11-12 on D: After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time
before weapons designers adapted for the detection of submarines.
Detect ng ngha find.
Vy nguyn l ny c ng dng trong thi chin di dng cc thit b pht hin
submarines.
Cu 10: natural selection

Dng 1-3 on E: The Sonar and Radar pioneers didnt know it then, but all the world
now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the
system tens of millions of years earlier.
Vy iu dn n a sophisticated radar-like system in bats l natural selection.
Cu 11: radio waves/echoes

Dng 4-5 on E: It is technically incorrect to talk about bat radar, since they do not
use radio waves.
Vy p n l radio waves, ngoi ra radio echoes cng c chp nhn v di s
dng echolocation.
Cu 12: mathematical theories

Dng 5-6 on E: But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very
29 similar.
Vy im tng ng gia radar v sonar l underlying mathematical theories ->
tc based on similar mathematical theories.
*Lu : bi c ch based on trong bi nn p n khng c ch underlying
na.
Cu 13: zoologist
3 dng cui on E: The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible
for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the tern echolocation to cover both sonar and
radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.
Coined the term c ngha l t ra thut ng y -> ngi u tin dng t
echolocation l Donald Griffin, mt zoologist.
Cu 14: xi
Cu cui cng on A: At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems of the
industrial world today.
Vy on A c miu t mt s ancient water supplies.
Cu 15: vii
Cu cui cng on C: Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to
20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in
efforts to solve these problems.
Relevance l s lin quan.
Vy on C ni v s lin quan ca ngun nc n sc khe.
Cu 16: v
Dng 3-7 on D: More than 20% of all freshwater fish river ecosystems where they
thrive.
y l 2 v d v nh hng n mi trng.
Cu 17: i
Dng 4-6 on E: Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure
be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly
considered the option of last, not first, resort.
y l mt v d v vic cc nh khoa hc yu cu chnh ph thay i chnh sch.
Cu 18: ix
Cu u tin v cui cng on F: Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for
water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted v And in a few parts of the world,
demand has actually fallen.
30 Vy on F ni v xu hng gim mt cch bt ng trong vic tiu th nc.
Cu 19: ii
Dng u tin on G: What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors
Phn ny bo hiu on G s gii thch 2 l do dn n vic gim tiu th nc.
Cu 20: x
Dng 3-4 on H: But such projects must be built to higher specification and with more
accountability to local people and their environment than in the past.
Vy on H ni v vic cn thit phi raise standards ( y l higher specification v
with more accountability).
Cu 21: No
3 dng cui on A: supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as
is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.
Vy trong industrial world v Ancient Rome th lng tiu th nc trn u
ngi l ngang nhau.
-> higher l sai.
Cu 22: Yes
Dng 5-7 on B: Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly
because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of
40% of the worlds food.
Cu 23: Not Given

Khng c ch no trong bi nhc n vic modern water systems bt chc acient
Greeks and Romans.
*Lu : cu u on C ch ni inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and
Romans, tc so snh h thng hin i vi c, ch khng nhc n vic h thng hin
i c bt chc c khng.
Cu 24: No
Dng 3-5 on F: Although population, industrial output and economic productivity
have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water
from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed.
Vy industrial growth ang khng tng nhu cu v ngun nc.
*Lu : Trong cu hi dng th hin ti tip din (is increasing) nn phi tm thng tin
v hin ti, ch khng phi nh cu u on B: During the industrial revolution
androse dramatically.
Cu 25: Yes
31 Dng 5-7 on G: But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has
actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in
homes and industry.
In homes ng ngha domestic.
Cu 26: Not Given
Vn bn khng h nhc n quyn s hu ca chnh ph i vi cc c s h tng v
ngun nc.
Cu 27: D
Dng 1-2 paragraph 1: Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical
new approaches to learning.
New approaches to learning ng ngha ways of learning which are not traditional.
Cu 28: A
Dng 5-11 paragraph 2: If we think of a book easily than the ideas we went to learn.
y l mt s cc v d v vic d nh cc unimportant details.
Cu 29: B
Dng 5-11 paragraph 2: If we think of a book easily than the ideas we went to learn.
y l mt s cc v d v vic d nh cc th c perceived peripherally -> l ng
theo thuyt ca Lozanov.
Cu 30: C
Dng cui cng paragraph 5 (trang 27): Likewise, the students are instructed not to try
to learn it during this introduction.
Instruct ng ngha train.
Vy theo Lozanov th hc sinh nn c dy l c khng hc trong gi ging -> ngh v
th khc.
Cu 31: False
Dng 4 v 7 paragraph 4: the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly v the
teacher reads the text in a normal speaking voice.
Vy c tc c ca gio vin cng thay i.
-> The only variable that changes is the music l sai.
Cu 32: False
Dng 2-3 paragraph 5: Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they
develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant.
Easy and pleasant ngc ngha vi demanding.
-> the language experience will be demanding l sai.
32
Cu 33: True
Dng 5 paragraph th 2 trang 27: Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.
Paragraph ny ni v ci follow-up class -> follow-up class c cc hot ng ging
vi conventional classes (nhng lp hc bnh thng).
Cu 34: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic hc sinh thy tng kh nng ghi nh.
Cu 35: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v kin ca cc gio vin.
Cu 36: True
Cu cui cng paragraph 2 trang 70: Another difference from conventional teaching is
the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language
during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom.
y l mt cu so snh vi conventional teaching v ni hc sinh c th hc c rt
nhiu t mi -> hc c nhiu vocabulary hn ordinary classes.
Cu 37: F - ritual
Cu 38: H - placebo
Dng 5-6 paragraph 3 trang 27: Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding
suggestion in his own system is also a placebo.
Vy theo Lozanov th mt s ritual cn thit thuyt phc hc nh, mc d n ch l
placebo.
Cu 39: K - well known

Dng u tin paragraph cui cng: While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety .
Gained some notoriety ngha l well-known (theo ngha tiu cc).
Cu 40: G - unspectacular
Dng 2-3 paragraph cui cng: few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results
of Lozanov and his associates.
C rt t ngi c cng kt qu spectacular nh ca Lozanov, vy phn ln nhng
ngi khc kt qu rt unspectacular.
33
CAM 7 TEST 2
Cu 1: Yes
Dng 2-3 paragraph 1: Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400
years.
Cu 2: No
Dng 4-6 paragraph 1: The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people,
toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe.
Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto
unscathed.
Trn ng t Hanshin khng lm sp n Toji.
-> destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple l sai.
Cu 3: Not Given
Bi vn khng nhc n vic xy nh gn Toji pagoda.
*Lu : dng 2-3 paragraph 2 ch ni It was only thirty years ago that the building
industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete
that had more than a dozen floor. tc l nh cao tng ch c xy trong 30 nm gn
y, khng nhc n nh Toji v cng khng ni nh Toji l nh cao tng.
Cu 4: Yes
Cu cui cng paragraph 3 trang 41: The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the
centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after
moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the
column.
Vic trasmitting energy away along the column chnh l mt cch absorb some of the
power.
Cu 5: B
Dng 2-3 v 6 paragraph 4 trang 40: The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone,
with inner staircases v and the staircase was dispensed.
Cu u ni v Chinese pagodas c cu thang, v cu sau ni v vic Japanese
pagodas b cu thang i. -> easy interior access to top ch c Chinese
pagodas.
Cu 6: A
3 dng cui cng paragraph 1 trang 41: choosing to cover these extended eaves not
34
with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware
tiles.
Vy c Chinese pagodas v Japanese pagodas u c tiles on eaves.
Cu 7: B
Dng 3-4 v 6-7 paragraph 4 trang 40: used them in later centuries mainly as
watchtowers v because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but
became more of an art object.
Watchtowers ng ngha observation post.
Vy ch c Chinese pagodas l c dng lm observation post.
Cu 8: C
4 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 40: Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of
buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls.
Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in
Japan.
Vy ch c Japanese pagodas l c overhang eaves. V on sau s c ni by fifty
per cent or more of the buildings overall width -> cu 8 l C.
Cu 9: A
2 dng u paragraph 4 trang 40: The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in
the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were
attached to important temples.
2 cu ny ngha l pagoda vn n Nht Bn t Trung Quc v, ging nh Trung
Quc, gn lin vi o Pht -> original religious purpose c Chinese and Japanese
pagodas.
Cu 10: C
Dng 5-7 paragraph 4 trang 41: More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a
Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to
each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats.
Stacked on one top of another ngha tng ng fitting loosely over each other.
on trn ni n vic ch c Nht Bn l individual storeys are not actually connected
to each other.
Cu 11: D
Cu cui cng paragraph 3 trang 41: The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the
centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after
moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the
column.
35
Cu 12: C
Dng 3-5 paragraph 3 trang 41: Mr Ishida, known to his students as Professor Pagoda
because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested
them on a shake-table in his laboratory.
Vy Shuzo Ishida lm th nghim hiu hn v pagoda.
Cu 13: C
Xem li cu 10.
Cu 14: E
3 dng u on E: The cost included: 120m for removal of pesticidesl 16m for
removal of nitratesl 55 removal of phosphates and soil; 23m for the removal of the bug
cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies;
Removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water l mt vic purify
domestic water.
Cu 15: B
4 dng u on B: First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and
pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic
engineering - the onward march of intesive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last
half-century, as the yields of produce have soared.
Phn ny ni v cc giai on trong s pht trin ngnh nng nghip.
Cu 16: C
Dng 2-3 on C: That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what
economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction.
Outside the main transaction chnh l cc hidden cost.
Vy the term used to describe hidden costs l externatilies.
Cu 17: B
Cu cui cng on B: Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of
continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing
in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.
Vic the growth algae is increasing in lakes chnh l one effect of chemicals on water
sources.
Cu 18: Yes
Dng 5-7 on B: In Britain, for example, many of our bestloved farmland birds, such as
36 the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from
huge stretches of countryside, as have ben more wild flowers and insects.
Vy vic wildlife nng thn Anh b gim l ng.
Cu 19: Not Given
Vn bn khng c nhc n vic cht lng thc phm b gim.
Cu 20: No
Cu u tin on C: Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers
rarely make the connection at the dinner table.
Vic consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table ngha l khng nhiu
ngi bit n vn ny -> widely recognised l sai.
Cu 21: Yes
Dng 6 on E: 169m from food poisoning.
Food poisoning ng ngha illness caused by food.
Cu 22: food bills/costs

Dng 6-7 on E: Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all
this: our food bills are actually threefold.
Vy th higher than most people realise l food bills, ngoi ra p n food costs
cng c chp nhn.
Cu 23: (modern) intensive farming

Dng 2-4 on F: but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent,
and the costs and the damage of intesive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more
feasible.
Vy th ng xut nc Anh gim l intensive farming.
Cu 24: organic farming

Dng 2-3 on G: Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking
and in practices for many farmers.
Vy th m most farmers wowuld be unable to adapt to l organic farming.
Cu 25: Greener Food Standard

Dng 4-5 on G: He is recommending the immediate introduction of a Greener Food
Standard.
Vy th Pretty mun chnh ph thc hin l Greener Food Standard.
Cu 26: consumers - farmers

Cu cui cng on G: It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as
37 farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.
y shifting mang ngha changing the attitudes l thay i thi /quan im.
Vy nhng ngi m ng y mun change the attitudes l consumers v farmers.
Cu 27: ii
Cu u paragraph 2 on B: Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to
be understood.
Vic tm cch hiu cc vn ng ngha indentifying the main transport problems.
Cu 28: v
Cu cui cng paragraph 1 on C: During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a
number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to
transport.
Cu ny l m u cho phn sau s ni tip v cc approaches improve mobility
and access to transport.
Cu 29: x
Cu cui on E: It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and
other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.
District authorities ng ngha district officials.
The support and understanding l co-operation.
Cu 30: i
Cu cui cng on F: The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and
Makete District will act as a reference for future work.
Vic dng Makete District lm reference for future work ng ngha s dng
MIRTP as a future model (V MIRTP c p dng Makete District).
Cu 31: No
Cu cui paragraph 1 on D: Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the
refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.
y l Phase cui cng c nhc n -> ch c 3 giai on.
Ngoi ra cng c th on v Phase III l ci thin v p dng nhng hot ng
trong MIRTP -> l cui cng.
Cu 32: Yes
Cu u tin on B: When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally
isolated during the rainy season.
Virtually totally isolated ng ngha almost inaccessibe.
*Lu : When the project began khng phi l ch khi d n mi bt u th mi th ny,
m c ngha l lc bt u d n th thc trng l nh ny -> t trc th.
38
Cu 33: No
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 on B: so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987,
focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the
district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day
transporting
Vy th c iu tra khng phi expenditure (chi tiu) m l thi gian dnh cho di
chuyn.
Cu 34: Yes
Dng th 2 t di ln paragraph 2 on B: Interesting facts regarding transport were
found: 95% was on foot, 80% was within the locality.
V 80% trong khu vc -> 20% ngoi.
Cu 35: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni g v the countrys capital c.
Cu 36: D
Paragraph 3 on C: Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-
cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey
on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps,
handrails and footbridges.
Vy steps, handrails and footbridges c xy gip transport up and down the
hillsides.
Cu 37: I
Cu u tin paragraph 4 on D: The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing
transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in
the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them.
Hindered ngha l cn tr -> khin existing transport services not very successful.
Cu 38: G
Cu u tin paragraph 3 on D: Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the
request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and
maintenance.
Vy vic ci thin ng ph ch c nhng ni m ngi dn sn sng gip.
Cu 39: E
Cu u tin paragraph 2 on D: The road improvements and accompanying
maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the
year.
39 The district centre accessible throughout the year c ngha l khng cn isolation of
Makete for part of the year nh road improvements.
Cu 40: B
Phng n B v 3 section (BCD) ca bi ni v how MIRTP was implemented v 3
section (DEF) ni v how successful it was.
C th loi phng n A v MIRTP ch c ni l s c dng lm reference ch
khng ni v s cn thit cc nc khc.
Loi phng n C v vic dng donkey ch c 2 paragraph.
Loi phng n D v ch c vn ca MIRTP on E v 1 paragraph on D.
40
CAM 7 TEST 3
Cu 1: False
Dng 3-5 paragrap 2 trang 65: Such chemical communication can be compared to the
human use of visual and auditory channels.
Vy ants th dng chemical cn humans th dng visual and auditory channels.
-> the same channels l sai.
Cu 2: True
Dng 1-3 paragraph 3 trang 66: Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban
lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence.
Urban lifestyles ng ngha city life.
The forcing house of intelligence ng ngha factor that encourages the development
of intelligence.
Cu 3: Not Given
Vn bn khng so snh tc xy thnh ph ca kin v con ngi (ch c ni l kin
xy thnh ph trc con ngi).
Cu 4: True
Dng 3-5 paragraph 6 trang 66: dersert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate
by integrating bearings and distances.
Bearings y mang ngha ging position l v tr.
Vic integrating bearings and distances ng ngha making calculations based on
distance and position.
Cu 5: False
Dng 9-12 pargraph 7 trang 66: Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the
maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the
foraging team using odour clues.
Using odour clues c ngha l phi s dng sense of smell.
Vy trong th nghim c nhc n th foraging teams khng c dng sense of
smell.
Cu 6: Not Given
Vn bn ch nhc n bi lun In the company of ants mt ln cu cui cng: in his
essay, In the company of ants, advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their
kitchen to: Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.
41
Cu 7: C - cellulose
Dng 2-4 paragraph cui trang 65: Ants cant digest the cellulose in leaves - but some
fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests.
Vy th m kin dng nm chuyn ha thnh mt dng d tiu th l cellulose.
Cu 8: M - secretions
4 dng u trang 66: Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might
act as weeds, and spread waste to fertilise the crop.
Th c dng dit weed l th kin tit ra -> secretions (danh t ca
secrete).
Cu 9: F - fertilizers
Thng tin cng phn vi cu 8
Waste ng ngha unwanted materials -> c dng fertilise -> dng lm
fertilizers.
Cu 10: D - exchanging
3 dng cui paragraph 2 trang 66: the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly
swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.
Swapping and sharing ng ngha exchanging.
Cu 11: N - sustainable
2 dng u paragraph 4 trang 65: Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at
least sustainable.
Vy iu m farming methods of ants hn human agribusiness l n sustainable.
Cu 12: O - environment
Dng 2-5 paragraph 4 trang 65: They do not ruin the environments or use enormous
amounts of energy.
Vy th khng b nh hng (hoc hy hoi) l the environment.
Cu 13: E - energy
Thng tin cng phn vi cu 12.
Use enormous amounts of energy dn n waste energy -> y l iu th 2 m kin
trnh c.
Cu 14: iv
Dng 3-7 on A: A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have
42 placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing.
These subjects l origins and distribution of human populations cu trn (ng
ngha early population movements).
Vy on A ni v s pht trin ca the methods used to study early population
movements.
Cu 15: vii
2 dng u on B: Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the
Americas.
First entered tc l ln u tin t chn n -> ng ngha prehistoric migration (s
di c thi tin s).
Vy on B ni v mt trong cc long-standing questions about the prehistoric
migration to America.
Cu 16: x
Dng 5-6 v 3 dng cui on C: immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human
blood v which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since
these population last interbred.
Vy on C ni v cch nghin cu mu c th o c gn gi gia cc nhm dn.
Cu 17: i
2 dng u v dng 8-10 on D: Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over
5,000 American Indians v From this evidence it was deduced that there had been
three major waves of migration.
Vy on D ni v nghin cu v mu v phn sau ni v kt qu ca vic nghin cu ny.
Cu 18: vi
Dng 2-3 v 9-10 on E: Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA v
As would have been predicted by Robert Williams work.
Vy on E ni v nghin cu genetic v vic nghin cu ny khng nh three-wave
theory ca Williams.
Cu 19: ii
5 dng u on F: There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light
on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of
languages.
Cu ny bo hiu cho phn sau s ni v the study of teeth and of languages. C th
thy on G ni v language -> on F s ni v teeth - ng ngha dental.
Cu 20: E
43 Dng 13-16 on D: The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was
ancestral to all Central and South American Indians.
Vy ln di c t hn 15,000 nm trc l n Trung v Nam M -> ng E l tha mn.
(*Lu : Khng th l F v F khng i qua Bering Strait, m theo Williams th c 3 ln di c
qua Bering Strait -> loi F t u).
Cu 21: D
Dng 19-21 on D: who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago.
Vy ln di c t 600-700 nm trc l t Canada xung pha Nam -> D l thch hp.
Cu 22: C
Dng 8-10 on D: Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third
group.
-> Vy ngi Inuit l t third wave.
Cu 23: B
Dng 16-19 on D: The second wave, about 14,000 - 12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene
hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache.
Vy ngi Apache (t tin ca ngi Apache) di c n t t th 2.
Cu 24: A
Cu 25: A
Dng 13-16 on D: The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was
ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. v dng 5-8 v 11-12 on E: Pima-
Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatn peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna
Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. v descended from the same ancestral
(Paleo-Indian).
T on E ta bit c ngi Pima-Papago v ngi Ticuna u bt ngun t ngi
Paleo-Indian.
V t on D ta bit c Paleo-Indian l nhng ngi di c n trong t u.
Vy ngi Pima-Papago v Ticuna u di c n t t u tin.
Cu 26: A
Dng 11-16 on F: Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old
World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric
Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations.
Vy bi nghin cu ca Turner khm nghim rng ca both ancient and modern v
rt ra kt lun Americans are linked to Nothern Asian th hn phi khm nghim c
44 Americans and Asians.
C th loi cc p n khc.
B loi v th nghim xt by crown and root traits (cc phn ca rng) ch khng phi
thousands of people.
C loi v ch xt thousands ch khng phi phn ln ngi prehistoric Americans.
D loi v khng xt the eating habits.
Cu 27: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n the next meeting of experts.
Cu 28: False
Dng 3-2 t di ln paragraph 1 trang 74: Those confined to particular geographical
areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore
had to be discarded.
L do nhng vn the Nordic countries b discarded l v geographical ch
khng phi v ngoi European Economic Community.
Cu 29: True
Dng 4-5 paragraph 2: At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human
activities through their constantly renewed production of wood.
Constantly renewed -> renewable.
Wood l mt dng raw material.
Cu 30: False
Dng 4-2 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 74: The economic importance of forests has
been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects
have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more
important.
Vy ngoi economic th nhng chc nng khc ca rng c nhn thy cc li ch
khc a few centuries -> khng th t twentieth century c (t TK 20 n gi mi
1 century).
Cu 31: False
Dng 2 paragraph 3 trang 74: All European forests are artificial.
Artificial l nhn to, natural l t nhin.
-> Chu u khng cn rng t nhin no.
Cu 32: False
Dng 3 paragraph 3 trang 74: This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must
transcend national frontiers.
National frontiers ng ngha national boundaries.
Transcend l vt qua -> limited by national boundaries l sai.
45
Cu 33: True
Dng 4-5 paragraph 3 trang 74: and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that
take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy.
Vy Strasbourg conference quyt nh rng cn phi sn sng cho thay i trong vn
rng v cc chnh sch lin quan.
Cu 34: J
Dng 2-3 trang 75: The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance
sites to monitor forest decline.
Cu 35: A
Dng 10-11 trang 75: The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at
least to preserve the genetic material of all of them.
Cu trn ang ni v resolution 2.
Cu 36: E
Dng 11-15 trang 75: Although forest fires the experts to propose as the third
resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European
databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national
preventative policies would become generally available.
Establishment of a European databank -> thu thp thng tin.
The subject chnh l forest fires trn.
Become generally available -> c chia s.
Cu 37: B
Dng 19-20 trang 75: Proposed developments include a preferential research program
on mountain forests.
Preferential research program ng ngha be given priority in research programs.
Cu 38: G
21-23 trang 75: Eurosilva should support join European research on tree diseases and
their physiological and biochemical aspects.
Eurosilva l d n c fifth resolution xut ti thc hin nghin cu bnh
cy.
Cu 39: D
Dng 25-27 trang 75: This would also involve harmonising activities in individual
countries as well as indentifying a number or priority research topics relating to the
protection of forests.
Harmonising activities v indentifying l cc hot ng gip research tr nn
46 ng iu hn gia cc nc trn ton chu u.
Cu 40: B
p n B v ton b trang 75 l ni v cc plans to protect the forests of Europe.
C th loi cc p n cn li.
p n A: cc biological, economic and recreational role of forests ch c nhc n
trong mt paragraph,
p n C: ch trng ln nht ca chu u khng phi l vo ecosystems m l bo v
rng.
p n D: vn bn ch ni v chu u, khng ni n world-wide policy.
47
CAM 7 TEST 4
Cu 1: True
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 trang 89: The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of
slaves dragged stones on sledges.
Conventional picture tc l hnh nh thng thng -> ng ngha generally believed.
Cu 2: False
Dng 7-8 paragraph 2 trang 89: While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she
noticed a hieroglyph
Vy ci hieroglyph khng phi on the wall of an Egyptian monument m l trong mt
quyn sch.
Cu 3: Not Given
Vn bn khng nhc n vic experiments on bird flight.
Cu 4: True
Cu u tin paragraph 4 trang 89: Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a
4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the
wind.
-> Gharib and Graff tested their theory.
Cu 5: False
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 trang 90: What they had failed to reckon with was twhat
happened when the kite was opened. There was a huge initial force - five times larger
than the steady state force.
Vy th khin th nghim thnh cng l a huge intial force ch khng phi the high
speed of the wind.
Cu 6: Not Given
Vn bn khng nhc n s tng quan gia cao ca diu v lc gi.
Cu 7: True
Dng 4-6 paragraph 2 trang 90: This jerk meant that kites could lift hugh weights, Gharib
realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so
men and four or five sails.
Cu 8: (wooden) pulleys
48
Cu 9: stone
Dng 2-3 paragraph 4 trang 90: And they are known to have used wooden pulleys,
which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of
stone.
Cu 10: (accomplished) sailors

Dng 1-2 paragraph 4 trang 90: Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for
accomplished sailors like the Egyptians.
Cu 11: (modern) glider

Dng 5-6 paragraph 4 trang 90: A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at
Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider.
Cu 12: flight
Dng 6-8 paragraph 4 trang 90: Although it dates from several hundred years after the
building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been
developing ideas of flight for a long time.
Developing ideas of flight ngha l tm cch pht trin cng ngh flight -> tng
ng experimented with flight.
Cu 13: messages
Cu cui cng paragraph 4 trang 90: And other ancient civilisations certainly knew
about kitesl as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and
dump flaming debris on their foes.
Deliver ng ngha send.
Vy 2 vic ngi Trung Quc dng diu l chin u v deliver messages.
Cu 14: False
Cu cui cng paragraph 1 trang 92: The islands native inhabitants called this land mass
Aleyska.
Vy ngi dn t qun o Aleutian khng renamed their islands m t tn cho mt
land mass khc thnh Aleyska.
Cu 15: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n some of the worlds largest companies.
*Lu : Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 92 ch ni Alaskas commercial fisheries have
developed into some of the largest in the world. -> ch l largest trong s cc
commercial fisheries.
49 Cu 16: True
Dng 4-6 paragraph 3 trang 92: Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska
Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic,
circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.
Animals and people = life.
Blood through a heart -> ph thuc vo salmon.
Cu 17: Not given

Vn bn khng ni v lng sockeye or pink salmon trong tng s salmon c bt.
*Lu : C th thy cu ny sai v ch duy nht nhc n 90% l dng 5 t di ln
paragraph 3 trang 92: and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North
America are produced there, tc 90% c hi Thi Bnh Dng c bt Bc M l t
Alaska.
Cu 18: True
Cu cui cng paragraph 3 trang 92: During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon
in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million.
Exceed l vt qu -> more than l ng.
Cu 19: True
Dng 1-2 paragraph 4 trang 92: Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in
salmon populations so severe.
Crashes in salmon populations ng ngha decrease in Alaskas salmon population.
Cu 20: False
2 dng u trang 93: during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100
million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
Well in excess -> average l sai.
Cu 21: G
Dng 1-3 paragraph 1 trang 93: The primary reason for such increases is what is known
as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state
constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn.
In-Season Abundance-Based Management ch vic qun l nh bt c da theo lng
c.
Cu 22: E
Dng 5-7 paragraph 2 trang 93: but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a
particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt.
Bring to a halt c ngha l dng -> ng ngha stop people fishing.
50 Cu 23: B
Dng 1-2 paragraph 1 trang 93: The primary reason for such increases is what is known
as In-Season Abundance-Based Management.
Vy ISABM gip tng sn lng nh bt c -> gip cc fisheries thnh cng hn.
Cu 24: A
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 trang 93: The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies
fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that
recognises their environmental responsibility.
Meet high environmental standards -> care for the environment.
Cu 25: K
Cu u tin paragraph 2 trang 93: In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)
commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. v cu cui cng paragraph 4
trang 93: However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those
necessary for subsistence purposes.
Vy nm 199 th MSC xt cc xng nh bt c Alaska, v trong paragraph 4 c ni khi
MSC ang xt th c mt thm ha khin lng c hi gim st v bang Alaska cho
ng ca ton b cc fisheries.
Cu 26: F
3 dng u paragraph cui cng: In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska
salmon fisheries qualifed for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon
were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products.
Cu 27: D
Dng 2-4 paragraph trang 96: And yet most of us have had the experience of having to
adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially too quiet,
an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of
noise levels.
Vy l do khin vic mi ngi kh ng vng ni l v n qu yn tnh -> quen vi
ting n.
Cu 28: C
Dng 5-9 paragraph 1 trang 96 For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to
short bursts of very loud noise and then measure their ability to work out problems and
their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after
about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects
who were not exposed to noise.
Vy sau 1 khong thi gian th bursts of noise khng cn l vn .
51 Cu 29: A
Dng 5-6 paragraph 2 trang 96: Similarly, noise did not affect a subjects ability to track
a moving line with a steering wheel.
Track a moving line with a steering wheel l mt v d cho a single task.
Cu 30: B
2 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 97: soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly
more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.
Unpredictable ng ngha unexpected.
Cu 31: D
Dng cui cng trang 96: others heard the same amount of noise overall.
Vy tt c cc nhm u nghe cng mt lng ting n.
Cu 32: F
3 dng u trang 97: Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise
equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise
portion of the experiment.
Vy trong phn u ca th nghim th mi ngi u thc hin c bng nhau.
Cu 33: I
Dng 5-6 paragraph 1 trang 97: As shown in Table I the unpredictable noise produced
more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise.
Vy unpredictable noise th c nhiu li hn predictable noise.
Cu 34: B
Paragraph 2 trang 97: Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than
predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.
Unexpected ng ngha unpredictable.
Cu 35: A
Dng 5-8 paragraph 1 trang 96: For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to
short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and
their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after
about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well.
Vy Glass and Singer l ngi cho thy nhng ngi tip xc vi ting n ch kh
tp trung lc u.
Cu 36: D
Dng 5-3 t di ln ca paragraph 4 trang 97: A follow-up showed that children who
were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later
52 than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981).
Greater distractibility l mt v d ca changes in behaviour.
Cu 37: A
2 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 97: (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one
has control is sufficient.
Has control y l kh nng make it stop.
Cu 38: E
Vn bn khng nhc n high-pitched v low-pitched.
Cu 39: B
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 trang 96: For example, high noise levels interfered with the
performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not
unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957).
Monitor three dials at a time lm mt v d ca perform three tasks at the same
time.
Cu 40: C
2 dng cui paragraph 2 trang 96: but it did interfere with the subjects ability to repeat
numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).
Tracking y l carrying out another task trong bi.
53
CAMBRIDGE
54
CAM 8 TEST 1
Cu 1: D
3 dng cui cng on D: Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the
Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing
weather of northern Europe.
Vic nhng thit b ny b nh hng bi cloudy and often freezing weather l an
early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures.
Cu 2: B
Dng 4-5 on B:In more nothern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was
practised, the solar year became more crucial.
Phn trn l v d v tm quan trng ca a l trong vit pht trin lch trong nc m
nng nghip l quan trng.
Cu 3: F
Cu cui cng on F: By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the
pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.
Cc cu trc trong on F ni v vic sng ch cc thnh phn dn n vic hon thnh
pendulum clock th k 16.
Cu 4: E
Dng 2-4 on E: With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting,
and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved.
Vic when to begin counting s dn n uniform hours (gi ng iu).
Cu ny bo hiu phn sau s ni v a number of systems c dng ln vo u th
k 14.
Cu 5: B
Cu u tin on C: Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated
a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate
the solar year.
Formulate ng ngha devise.
12 months of 30 days tc l months were equal in length.
Cu 6: F
Cu cui cng on E: Eventually these were superseded by small clock, or French,
hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.
55
Cu ny ngha l gi French hours chia ngy thnh 2 na 12 ting -> French sng
ch ra h thng ny (th mi gi tn nh th).
Cu 7: D
Cu cui cng on G: Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum
which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing
case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.
Floor-standing case design l mt thit k hnh t ng trn sn -> ng ngha cabinet
shape.
This invention l the anchor escapement m ngi Anh sng ch.
Cu 8: A
Dng 2-4 on A: the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-
ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to
regulate planting and harvesting.
Co-ordinate communal activities l orgranise public events.
Regulate planting and harvesting l cc v d phn b work schedules.
Cu 9: (an/the/ships) anchor
Dng 2-3 on G: It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device
shaped like a ships anchor.
Cu 10: (escape) wheel

Dng 3-4 on G: The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and
then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise
amount.
Vy th c nhiu rng l (escape) wheel.
Cu 11: tooth
Cng thng tin vi cu 10.
Cu 12: (long) pendulum
Cu 13: second
Dng 6-7 on G: Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which
could beat once a second.
Cu 14: ii
3 dng u on A: An accident that occured in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956
resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate
56 and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States.
An accident that occured in the skies ng ngha aviation disaster.
Action trong p n l establishment of the Federal Avation Administration.
Cu 15: iii
Dng 3-6 on C: It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of
Americas airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine
suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots margin of error
and practically demanding some set of rules.
Fortuitous ng ngha coincidental -> vic FAA c hnh thnh v pht minh jet
engine l 2 s kin tnh c.
Cu 16: v
3 dng u on D: Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting
in front of their radar screens at the nations airports, telling arriving and departing traffic
what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture.
A very incomplete part of the picture (gc nhn khng ton din) ny cng l mt
oversimplified view (quan im gin th qu mc).
Cu 17: iv
3 dng u on E: First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general,
from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled
airspace.
y l gii hn v altitude zones c t ra trn ton nc M v t 365m tr ln.
Cu 18: viii
Dng 1-3 v 4 on F: In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted
under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) v Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental
Flight Rules (IFR).
y l vic setting rules to weather conditions.
Cu 19: vii
Cu u tin on G: Controlled airspace is divided into several different types,
designated by letters of the alphabet.
Vic airspace is divided into several different types chnh l defining airspace
categories.
Cu 20: False
Thng tin cu 15, vic thnh lp FAA v pht minh jet engine l tnh c.
Cu 21: False
57 Cu u tin on B: Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand
Canyon disaster.
Well before -> after l sai.
Cu 22: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v beacons and flashing lights khi ni v hin ti.
*Lu : phn duy nht nhc n 2 th trn l dng 3-4 on B (ni v as early as the
1920s): while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to
establish the earliest airways.
Cu 23: True
Dng 2 on C: improved radio communication brought about by the Second World
War.
Second World War ng ngha World War II.
Cu 24: True
Dng 2-3, 5-6 on E: from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is
blanketed by controlled airspace, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way
down to the surface v dng 3 on G: Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F.
Controlled airspace bao gm bu tri t 365m tr ln v trong phm vi gn airport,
v uncontrolled airspace is desginated Class F -> Class F bao gm bu tri di 365m
v khng gn sn bay.
Cu 25: False
Dng 9-10 on G: The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all
operations are IFR.
Vy Class E khc Class A ch A th bt buc phi dng IFR -> E khng bt buc ->
must use IFR l sai.
Cu 26: True
Dng 12-14 on G: Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity
of airports. These correspond roughly to small munipical, medium-sized metropolitan and
major metropolitan
Vy Class C s l medium-sized metropolitan (ng ngha average-sized city).
Cu 27: E
Dng 3-5 paragraph 3 trang 26: Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue,
however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called
ganzfeld experiments.
Reseachers with differing attitudes chnh l sceptics and advocates.
58 Cu 28: B
Dng 5-6 v 8-10 paragraph 3 trang 26: Reports of telepathic experiences had by people
during meditation v In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those
experiencing meditation-like tranquility in a laxing whole field of light, sound and
warmth.
Vy reports of experiences during meditation dn n th nghim cn phi c mi
trng thch hp.
Cu 29: A
2 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 27: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The
problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.
Vy iu dn n thi ca cc nh khoa hc l the lack of any plausible mechanism -
> iu c th thay i l the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy.
Cu 30: F
Dng 8-10 paragraph cui cng: Some work has begun already, with researchers trying
to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trails. Early resutls
show that creative and artistic people do much better than average.
Vy vic chn ngi th nh hng n success rates ca th nghim.
Cu 31: sender
Cu 32: picture/image
Cu 33: receiver
Dng 5-6 paragraph 3 trang 26: The idea was that a person acting as a sender would
attempt to beam the image over to the receiver relaxing in a sealed room.
Cu 34 - 35: sensory leakage - (outright) fraud

2 dng u trang 27: These ranged from sensory leakage - where clues about the
pictures accidentally reach the receiver - to outright fraud.
Vy 2 vn c th nh hng n kt qu l sensory leakage v (outright) fraud.
Cu 36: computers
Cu 37: human involvement

Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 trang 27: technique which used computers to perform many of
the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human
involvement.
Minimise ng ngha limit the amount.
59 Vy th c dng trong key tasks l computers v th c gim thiu l human
involvement.
Cu 38: meta-analysis
Dng 4-5 paragraph 2 trang 27: In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests
were studied by Honorton in a meta-analysis.
Subjected to trong trng hp ny ng ngha studied by.
Cu 39: lack of consistency

Cu u tin paragraph 3 trang 27: Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the
lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies.
Vy th b ch trch l lack of consistency -> cng l th m nhng defenders of
telepathy bc b trong cu sau.
Cu 40: Big/large enough

Dng 6 paragraph 3 trang 27: the group is just not big enough.
60
CAM 8 TEST 2
Cu 1: spinning
Dng 3-4 paragraph 1 trang 41: The first successful method for making clear, flat glass
involved spinning.
Vy early method u tin l spinning.
Cu 2: (perfectly) unblemished
Dng 5-6 paragraph 1 trang 41: so it stayed perfectly unblemished.
Stayed ng ngha remained.
Cu 3: labour/labor intensive
Cu cui cng paragraph 1 trang 41: However, the process took a long time and was
labour intensive.
Vy nhc im th 2 ca phng php ny l labour intensive (cng c th vit l
labor).
Cu 4: thickness
Dng 3-4 paragraph 2 trang 41: This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made
non-stop.
Virtually any thickness ngha l gn nh mi dy -> of varying thickness.
Cu 5: marked
Dng 4-5 paragraph 2 trang 41: but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass
marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished.
Vy nhc im u tin ca phng php ny l khin knh b marked.
Cu 6: (molten) glass
Cu 7: (molten) tin/metal
Dng 2-3 paragraph 4 trang 41: Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the
molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat.
Vy th c vo l (molten) glass v c ln (molten) tin (p n metal)
cng c chp nhn thay tin v on trn c ni l dng 1 loi metal).
Cu 8: rollers
Dng 5-6 paragraph 4 trang 41: Once the glass cooled to 604C or less it was too hard to
mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers.
61
Vy th a knh ra khi cooling zone l rollers.
Cu 9: True
Dng 5-7 paragraph 3 trang 41: The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the
hardening point of glass (about 600C) but could not boil at a temperature below the
temperature of the molten glass (about 1500C).
Cu trn ni v nhng c tnh v nhit ca kim loi dng trong phng php float
-> had to have specific properties l ng.
Cu 10: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni chnh xc l tin ca ai c dng dng nh my.
*Lu : paragraph 1 trang 42 ch ni he had convinced his company to build a full-scale
plant ch khng ni ng c t dnh tin ca mnh ra khng.
Cu 11: False
Dng 2-3 paragraph 1 trang 42: However, it took 14 months of non-stop production,
costing the company 100,100 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass.
Vy lc u nh my b l -> instant commercial success l sai (commercial y l
thng mi -> phi kim c tin).
Cu 12: True
Dng 1-3 paragraph 3 trang 42: However, the product has changed dramatically, from a
single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon
frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection.
sn xut c sn phm tt hn -> process c ci thin. on vn trc cng
ni v mt s cc k thut mi.
Cu 13: True
Dng 3-1 t di ln paragraph 3 trang 42: Inspection technology allows more than 100
million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided
eye would be unable to see.
Inspection technology y ang ni n cc computers.
Unaided eye ch mt trn ca con ngi.
Cu 14: ii
Dng 4-6 on B: The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the
modern world. They are deeply important context for the current unprecedented global
warming.
Vic shape the modern world v are deeply important context l cc l do khin
Little Ice Age c lin quan hin ti (relevance today).
62
Cu 15: vii
Dng u tin on D: This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past
ten centuries.
Ten centuries l 10 th k = 1000 nm -> y l a study covering a thousand years.
Cu 16: ix
Cu cui cng on E: The increased productivity from farmland made some countries
self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
Protection against famine tc l c thc n -> enough food at last.
V y l cu cui cng -> cc cu trc s ni v s thiu thc n trc khi c increased
productivity from farmland.
Cu 17: iv
Dng 7-9 on F: The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon
dioxide into the atmostphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global
warming.
Humanly caused global warming chnh l cch m con ngi gy nh hng n kh
hu (human impact on the climate).
Cu 18 - 19: B (ice cores) - C (tree rings)

Dng 4-5 on C: For the time before records began, we have only proxy records
reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores.
The time before records began chnh l the distant past.
Vy 2 ngun kin thc ch yu t thi k ny l tree rings v ice cores.
Cu 20: A - climatic shifts

Dng 6-8 on B: The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an
irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century.
Seesaw l ci bp bnh -> y l mt thi k m c rapid climatic shifts bp bnh qua
li (lc nng dn lc lnh dn).
Cu 21: H - storms
Cu 22: G - heat waves

Cu cui cng on B: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly
winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild
winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly
winds, and summer heat waves.
Vy thi k ny chia ra 2 loi: 1 bn chu mild winter, storms, summer rains v 1 bn chu
droughts, notheasterly winds, summer heat waves.
63 Vy cu 21 l storms v cu 22 l heat waves.
Cu 23: C
Dng 1-3 on F: with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast
migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others.
Vy khi nng dn chu u i di c tm t trng trt l thi Modern Warm Period.
Cu 24: C
Dng 5-6 on F: Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the
newcomers axes between 1850 and 1890 v dng 7-9 on F: The unprecedented land
clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmostphere, triggering for
the first time humanly caused global warming.
*Lu : Modern Warm Period bt u khong nm 1850 -> on ny ni v thi k
MWP ny.
Vy vic cht cy nh hng mi trng trong thi MWP.
Cu 25: A
Dng 2-5 on D: Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200.
During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern
seas, settle Greenland, and visited North America.
Cu 26: B
Dng 9-11 on E: Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish
trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore.
on E ny ang ni v the Little Ice Age v cu ny ni v nh hng n lung c (xa
b hn).
Cu 27: viii
Dng 2-3 on A: It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional
responses.
Strong emotional responses l lin quan n feelings.
Cu 28: ii
Cu u tin on B: Odours are also essential cues in social bonding.
Social bonding l personal relationships.
Cu 29: vi
Dng 2-4 on C: The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that,
in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble
and undeveloped.
64 The low regard in which smell is held l sense of smell is not appreciated.
Vy on C ang ni ln l do dn n iu ny.
Cu 30: i
Dng 1-3 on D: Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many
languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesnt exist.
Vy khng c t ng din t thng mi -> kh khi ni v mi.
Cu 31: iii
Cu cui cng on E: Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell
is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.
Set to play -> sp xy ra.
For researchers -> lin quan n nghin cu
Vy on E ni v future studies into smell.
Cu 32: v
Dng 3-2 t di ln on F: Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can
help distinguish us from other cultures.
Vy vic interprete mi khc nhau c th dng phn bit cc nn vn ha khc
nhau.
Cu 33: C
Cu cui cng phn m u: It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some
reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of
well-being.
The faculty of smell is impaired ng ngha ability of smell is damaged.
Cu 34: A
4 dng cui on B: Most of the subjects would probably never have given much
thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the
test, but as experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells
register.
Even when not consciously considered ng ngha without realising it.
A cue for indentifying family members l mt v d ca vic make use of smells.
Cu 35: C
Dng 2-6 on C: The reason often given for the low regard While it is true that the
olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain
animals, they are still remarkably acute.
The reason often given l mt common belief.
Vy on C ni ln l do thng thy ca vic mi b coi thng v bc b iu ny ->
65 rejecting a common belief.
Cu 36: D
Dng 4-6 on E: Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -
one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the
air.
Cu ny ni l smell vn cha c quyt nh r rng l 1 hay 2 sense -> Smell is
yet to be defined.
Cu 37: clothing
Dng 4-6 on B: In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by
smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners.
Vy th c recognize l clothing.
Cu 38: vocabulary
Dng 1-3 on D: Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many
languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesnt exist.
The specific vocabulary simply doesnt exist ng ngha lack the appropriate
vocabulary.
Cu 39: chemicals
Dng 4-6 on E: Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -
one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the
air.
Odourless chemicals chnh l chemicals which do not smell.
Cu 40: cultures
Dng 2-4 on F: Odours are invested with cultural values,: smells that are considered to
be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others.
66
CAM 8 TEST 3
Cu 1: D
Theo phng php loi tr.
p n A sai v US golf courses and golf players ch c nhc n trong on 1.
p n B sai v power supplies in the US and in Japan ch c nhc n trong on 2.
p n C sai v trong vn bn ch c 2 phng php nhc n (rockets v laser). y
cng khng phi chnh v ton b trang 66 ni v 1 trong 2 phng n (laser).
Cu 2: A
Dng 4-5 paragraph 1: And there is damage to property too.
Property l building.
C th loi cc p n cn li v:
B: golfers ch c ly lm v d ch khng so snh c phi phn ln thng vong l
ngi chi gn khng.
C: 500 ngi l ring nc M
D: Khng c thng tin 100 American power companies.
Cu 3: A
Dng 4-5 paragraph 3 trang 65: the University of Florida, with support from the
Electrical Power Research Institude (EPRI) v 2 dng cui trang 65: Jean-Claude Diels
of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI.
Vy nghin cu c University of Florida v University of New Mexico u c
EPRI h tr.
Cu 4: power companies
Dng 5-6 paragraph 3 trang 65: EPRI, which is funded by power companies.
Is funded by ng ngha receives financial support from.
Cu 5: safely
2 dng cui trang 65 v 2 dng u trang 66: Diels is leading a project, which is backed
by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lighting safely - and safety is a basic requirement
since no one wants to put themselved or their expensive equipment at risk.
Vy li th ca k thut ca Diels (iu m ai cng coi trng) l s an ton -> used
safely.
Cu 6: size
Dng 1-2 paragraph 3 trang 66: However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is
67
no nifty portatble: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down
the size.
Vy vn ca the laser equipment l n qu to -> its size.
Cu 7: B - atoms
Cu u tin paragraph 2 trang 66: The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-
powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create
ions.
Extracts electrons out of ng ngha vi removing electrons from.
Cu 8: C - storm clouds
Dng cui paragraph 2 trang 66: to be taken to international sporting events to beam
up at brewing storm clouds.
Beam up at ng ngha directed at.
Cu 9: G - rockets
2 dng cui trang 65: Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use
lasers to discharge lighting safely.
Vy so vi ci k trc l rockets th laser an ton hn.
Cu 10: D - mirrors
Dng 5-6 paragraph 2 trang 66: To stop the laser itself from being struck, it would not
be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there
into the sky.
Stop the laser itself from being struck ng ngha a protection for the lasers.
Directed at ng ngha aimed at.
Cu 11: No
Dng 1-3 paragraph 4 trang 66: Bernstein says that Diels system is attracting lots of
interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million
that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system.
Vy Diels vn cha c tin -> given Diels enough money l sai.
Cu 12: Yes
Dng 4-6 paragraph 4 trang 66: He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the
turning point - and hes hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts an avalanche of
interest and support if all goes well.
Phn ny ngha l th nghim tip theo thnh cng th s dn n nhiu interest and
support -> h tr trong kinh ph.
68 Cu 13: Not Given

Trong vn bn khng nhc n weather forecasters.
Cu 14: B
Dng 4-5 paragraph 2 trang 70: that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out.
Burn out tng ng are soon exhausted.
Cu 15: C
Dng 4-3 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 70: that people with gifts have a responsibility
to use them.
Cu 16: F
Dng 6-7 paragraph 2 trang 70: That genius runs in families.
Run in family ng ngha inherited.
Cu 17: H
Dng 5 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 70: that genius goes unrecognised and
unrewarded.
Unrecognised and unrewarded tc l never appreciate.
Cu 18: J
Dng 4 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 70: that adversity makes men wise.
Adversity ng ngha difficulties.
Cu 19: True
Dng 7-10 paragraph cui trang 70: However, the difficulty with the evidence produced
by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent
similarities and exception, is taht they are not what we would today call norm-
referenced.
Norm-referenced ngha l xt n s uniqueness trong tng trng hp (tc l bnh
thng hay bt thng).
*Lu : phn sau ca paragraph ly v d gii thch t norm-referenced ny.
Cu 20: True
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 71: It was only with the growth of paediatrics and psychology
in the twentieth century that studies could be carried out on a more objective, if still not
always very scientific, basis.
Vy th nghim TK20 hn TK19 l objective hn, nhng vn cha scientific -> th
nghim TK19 va thiu objectivity (danh t ca objective) v proper scientifc
approach.
69
Cu 21: False
Dng 9-10 paragraph 2 trang 71: We may disagree with the general, for we doubt if all
musicians of genius could habe become scientists of genius or vice versa.
Vy general powers capable of excellence in any area l ngc li vi vn bn.
Cu 22: True
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 71: What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of
genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which
are similar to, but so much superior to, our own.
Our own y l skills of ordinary individuals.
In essence tc l v c bn -> similar to, but so much superior to.
Cu 23: True
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 71: This does not minimise the supremacy of their
achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute millers outstrip our
jogging.
This y l cc v d ca vic bnh thng ha nhng pht minh, tc phm ca
genius.
Vy vic taken for granted khng lm minimise the supremacy of their achievements
(ng ngha lessen their significance.)
Cu 24: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic giftedness and genius deserve proper scientific research
v vng khng ni v vic all talent may be retained for the human race.
Cu 25: True
Dng 7-9 paragraph 4 trang 71: but we should also recognise the price they may have
paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their
personal lives, the demans upon their energies and time.
on ny ly cc v d cho the price they may have paid, vy often pay a high price l
ng.
Cu 26: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni n vic high price kia c ng hay khng.
Cu 27: ix
Dng 4-5 on B: Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this
law is not inexorable in the same way.
Cu ny bo hiu on B s ni tip v s khc bit gia living organism v products
cu trn (ng ngha objects).
70
Cu 28: ii
2 dng cui on C: Immortality would disturb this system - it needs room for new and
better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.
Vy s bt t gy nh hng n evolution -> dying is beneficial.
Cu 29: vii
Dng 4-6 on D: Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of
developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most
remains 80 years.
Developments in medical care and better nutrition l cc improvements.
Theo cu ny th mc d c ci thin nhng tui th cong ngi vn khng i nhiu
upper limit for most remains 80 years.
Cu 30: i
2 dng u on E: If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is
logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock.
Vy on E ang ni v an internal clock m determine biological characteristic ->
biological clock.
Cu 31: viii
Cu u on F: Animals which behave frugally with energy become particularly old,
for example, crocodiles and tortoises. v dng 4-5 on F: Animals which save energy
by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which
are always active.
C th thy theo cc v d trn l on F ni nhiu v tiu th energy.
Cu 32: iv
Cu u tin on G: It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves
should tend to extend life.
Cu ny bo hiu on G s ni v cc cch extend life -> prolonging your life.
Cu 33 - 34: physical chemistry - thermodynamics

Dng 3-4 on B: Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical
chemistry and of thermodynamics.
According to ging in accordance with.
Trong trng hp ny laws ng ngha principles (lut v nguyn l).
Cu 35: adapt
Dng 6-9 on C: Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have
new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal
71 or better adaptation to the environmental conditions.
Vy mutations gip sinh vt c optimal or better adaptation -> can adapt better.
Cu 36: immortality
2 dng cui on C: Immortality would disturb this system - it needs room for new and
better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.
This cu cui l Immortality nhc n cu trn.
Vy th gy tr ngi cho evolution l immortality.
Cu 37: No
Cu cui cng on A: But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical
objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
Wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects c tch ring vi the death
of living organisms -> wear and tear ch p dng cho objects.
Ngoi ra cu hi ny c tr li qua c on B l khng -> wear and tear khng c
p dng cho biological systems.
Cu 38: Yes
Dng 6-8 on B: At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it
could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system
through which new material continuously flows.
Cu 39: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic about 90% of a human body is replaced as new v cng
khng ni n l trong bao lu c.
Cu 40: Yes
Cu u on G: It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should
tend to extend life.
Conserving energy ng ngha sparing use of energy reserves.
72
CAM 8 TEST 4
Cu 1: vii
Cu u tin on B: Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from
the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15).
Lower secondary schools -> trng cp THCS -> middle-years.
T cu ny tr i on B ni v cc thng tin chung ca lower secondary schools ->
Background to middle-years education.
Cu 2: i
Cu cui cng on C: Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly
centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.
Vy on C ni v tm nh hng ca Monbusho.
Cu 3: v
3 dng u on D v dng 5-6 trang 90: Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the
beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachters
comment, correct or elaborate as necessary v Only rarely are supplementary
worksheets distributed in a maths class.
Vy on D ang ni v pattern ca mt tit hc (ng ngha format) v c ni v
tit ton.
Cu 4: ii
Dng 4-5 on E: In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher
or quietly seek help from their neighbour.
Strugglers l nhng ngi ang gp kh khn -> ng ngha less successful
students.
y l cch helping less successful students.
Cu 5: viii
2 dng u ca 2 paragraph on F: So what are the major contributing factors in the
success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. v Other relevant points
relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack on competition
within a class,...
Vy c 2 phn trong on F u ni chnh v cc l do m Nht Bn thnh cng trong mn
ton -> The key to Japanese successes in maths education.
Cu 6: Yes
73
Dng 4-6 on A: but there was also a larger proportion of low attainers in England,
where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.
Attainment scores l mt dng achievement.
Variation in ... was much greater ng ngha wider range of ....
Cu 7: No
Cu cui cng on A: The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is
reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent
attainment in maths achieved?
y l mt v d v vic GNP dnh vo dy hc khng nh hng n attainment in
maths.
Cu 8: Not Given
Vn bn khng so snh private schools vi state-run lower secondary schools.
Cu 9: No
Dng 3 on D: Pupils mark their own homework.
Vy teachers mark homework l sai.
Cu 10: B
Dng 5-6 on C: These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to
produce, but well set out and logically developed. v dng 7-8 on C: he felt this
would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.
Well set out ng ngha well organised.
More accessible to pupils l adapted to the needs of the pupils.
Cu 11: C
Cu u tin trang 90: After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the
topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration.
With a lot of repetition and elaboration -> carefully and patiently.
Cu 12: A
Dng 5-6 paragraph 2 on E: sending them to Juku (private evening tuition) if extra
help is needed and encouraging them to work harder.
Vy mt trong cc cch gip students who experience difficulties l private tutition
(hc ring -> supplementary tuition (hc b tr).
Cu 13: C
3 dng cui paragraph 1 on F: Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is
recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis
74 is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.
Vy 2 l do hc sinh Nht thnh cng hn trong mn ton l maths is recognised as an
important compulsory subject -> cn much effort; v a focus on accuracy ->
correct answers are emphasised.
Cu 14: B
Dng 2-3 paragraph 1 trang 93: Apart from engendering widespread ecological
disorders.
Widespread -> around the world.
Ecological disorders ng ngha imbalance in many ecologies.
Cu 15: A
Cu u paragraph 2 trang 93: According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed
resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.
Developed resistance ng ngha no longer responding
Cu 16: D
4 dng u paragraph 4 trang 93: what happened to cotton farmers in Central America.
In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the
farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.
Boost crop yield l tng nng sut -> ng nhigax ensure more cotton was
harvested.
Vy cotton farmers in Central America dng thuc dit su boost crop yield.
Cu 17: D
Cu u paragraph 5 trang 93: By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn
with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an
extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by
pesticides.
Vy 50% y l ni v lng tin tn vo pesticides.
Cu 18: Not Given

Vn bn khng so snh thi gian phn ng vi thuc tr su ca disease-spreading
pests v agricultural pests.
Cu 19: Yes
2 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 93: many pests are known to withstand synthetic
chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.
Offspring l con ci -> born.
Built-in resistance to pesticides ng ngha innate immunity to some pesticides.
75
Cu 20: No
3 dng paragraph cui trang 93: a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of
biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population.
Vy biological control l s dng thin ch ca con trng ch khng phi synthetic
chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up
Cu 21: Yes
Cu cui cng trang 93: When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and
self-dispersing.
When handled by experts l under certain circumstances (trong iu kin nht nh).
Safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing ng ngha free from danger.
Cu 22: D
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 94: CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding
parasites that prey on disapene scale insects - notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the
US and India.
Defoliant l dit c -> loi ny n v lm cht nhiu fruit trees.
Vy disapene scale insects n fruit trees.
Cu 23: H
Dng 4-5 paragraph cui trang 94: Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in
controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts
of the US.
Cu 24: C
Dng 2 paragraph cui trang 94: In the late 1960s, when Sri Lankas flourishing coconut
groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides.
Plagued by l b nhim bnh, blighted l tn ph.
Cu 25: E
Dng 4 paragraph 2 trang 94: is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication
of water hyacinth.
Trying out -> ang th nghim -> may be successful.
Eradicate (ng t ca eradication) ng ngha wipe out.
Cu 26: B
3 dng cui trang 94: freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed
Salvinia molesta, popularly called African Payal in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice
fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.
Infest ng ngha plague.
76 Vy Salvinia molesta gy nhim rice fields.
Cu 27: True
Dng 4-7 paragraph 1 trang 97: For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single
nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, in present,
queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species.
Determination of variation within species l nhn bit s khc bit (gia c th) trong
loi -> phi c comparing members of one group of ants.
Cu 28: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic nhn bit new species of ant.
Cu 29: True
Dng 7-8 paragraph 1 trang 97: For ecological studies, the most important factor is
collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible.
As many of the different species present as possible tc l cng nhiu loi cnh tt ->
range l quan trng nht.
Cu 30: False
Dng 8-9 paragraph 1 trang 97: Unfortunately, these methods are not always
compatible.
Vy 2 phng php ny khng tng thch -> mt collecting of ants khng tha mn
c c 2 phng php.
Cu 31: A
Dng 6-7 paragraph 2 trang 97: When possible, collections should be made from nests
or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected.
Nests or foraging columns l cc groups of ants.
on ny ang ni v hand collecting -> hand collecting th nn bt t nhng
groups of ants.
Cu 32: C
Dng 7 paragraph 1 trang 98: This method works especially well in rain forests and
marshy areas.
This method l gather the leaf little dng 3 cng paragraph -> l sampling ground
litter.
Cu 33: B
Dng 1-2 paragraph cui trang 97: This often increases the number of individuals
collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive.
77 Otherwise elusive l bnh thng d ln trnh -> hard to find.
Paragraph ny ang ni v baits.
Cu 34: D
Dng 3-2 cui paragraph cui tran 98: One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be
used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention.
Minimal maintenance and intervention -> tn t thi gian v cng sc bo tr v thc
hin.
Cu 35: A
Dng 4 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 97: Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass
tubes.
Paragraph ny ni v hand collecting.
Specimens y l insects.
Plastic or glass tubes l mt s cch dng containers.
Cu 36: D
Dng 7-8 paragraph cui cng trang 98: The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol
or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.
Paragraph ny ni v pitfall traps v cu trn ni alcohol will evaporate quickly ->
phi dng cc cht bn qun khng cn (non-alcoholic).
Cu 37: heat
Cu 38: leaf litter
Cu 39: screen
Dng 4-5 paragraph u trang 98: This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a
screen over a large funnel, often under some heat.
Vy c th on phng php ny l sampling ground litter.
ng leaf litter c t trn mt screen v di some heat.
Cu 40: alcohol
Dng 6-7 paragraph u trang 98: are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel.
Vy di ci funnel (phu) l alcohol.
78
CAMBRIDGE
79
CAM 9 TEST 1
Cu 1: False
Dng 3-5 paragraph 2 trang 17: His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by
his teacher, Thomas Hall.
Vy ngi u tin nhn ra ti nng ca Perkin l Thomas Hall, khng phi Michael
Faraday.
Cu 2: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v vic Michael Faraday c bo Perkin i hc Royal College of
Chemistry hay khng.
Cu 3: False
Dng 6-7 paragraph 3 trang 17: within two years, he became Hofmanns youngest
assistant.
Vy Perkin l tr l ca Hofmann, khng phi ngc li.
(Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant c ngha l Perkin tuyn
Hofmann lm tr l).
Cu 4: True
Dng 7-10 paragraph 3 trang 17: Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific
breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.
Scientific breakthrough l mt discovery.
Bring him both fame and fortune ng ngha made him rich and famous.
V cu trc ni Perkin cn tr (Hofmanns youngest assistant) m cu trn ni not
long after that -> lc ny Perkin vn cn tr.
Cu 5: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni cy dng lm quinine c mc u khc khng.
*Lu : Dng 2-4 paragraph 4 trang 17: The drug is derived from the bark of the
cinchona tree, native to South America ch ni l cy ny bt ngun t Nam M ch
khng ni c trng c ni khc hay khng.
Cu 6: True
Dng 3-6 paragraph 5 trang 17: He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline,
an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product.
Quinine l mt loi drug, aniline l mt coal tar waste product -> cu ny ng.
80
Cu 7: Not Given
Louis Pasteur ch c nhc n mt ln trong vn bn v l cu trch dn chance
favours only the prepared mind -> khng th ni ln l Perkin c inspired by the
discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur hay khng.
Cu 8: (the/only) rich
Dng 6-9 paragraph 1 trang 18: Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was
once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it.
V ch c the rich mi mua c tm -> tm tr thnh biu tng cho (the/only)
rich.
Cu 9: commercial (possibilities)
Cu cui cng paragraph 2 trang 18: But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkins
reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial
possibilities.
Recognize (ng t ca recognition) ng ngha understand.
Nearly instant recognition -> immediately understand.
Cu 10: mauve (was/is)

3 dng u paragraph 3 trang 18: Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it
later became commonly known as mauve.
Vy cui cng th tn c dng l mauve.
*Lu : Trong bi hi finally used nn phi l tn cui cng (mauve) ch khng
phi tn m Perkin t lc u (Tyrian Purple).
Cu 11: (Robert) Pullar

Dng 5-7 paragraph 3 trang 18: He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert
Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye woud be
Consulted with ng ngha asked adviced of.
Manufacturing the dye -> Perkin ang c nh setting up his own dye works.
Cu 12: (in) French

Dng 8-13 paragraph 4 trang 18: The company received a commercial boost from the
Empress Eugnie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon,
mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country.
That country l France ni trc.
Cu 13: Malaria (is)

81 Cu cui trang 18: And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.
The search for a vaccine against -> bnh ny ang b targetted by reseachers.
Their y ch synthetic dyes ni trn.
Cu 14: iv
Cu u on B: In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scienties adopt two
ground rules.
SETI l search for extra-terrestrial intelligence.
Cc ground rules c nhc n l cc assumptions underlying trong bi.
Cu 15: vii
Dng 5-2 t di ln on C: in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the
little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate
that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it.
Vy on C ni v kh nng c s sng trn cc hnh tinh khc.
Cu 16: i
Dng 5-7 on D: so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves
in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups
around the world.
Vy on D ang ni v vic tm kim radio signals t cc hnh tinh khc.
Cu 17: ii
2 cu u on E: There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a
signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately.
Reply ng ngha response.
Vy on E ang ni v cch phn ng li trc signal from an alien civilisation.
Cu 18: several billion years

Dng 11-12 on A: Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years.
A planet like ours -> our planet (Earth) cng c tui several billion years.
Cu 19: radio (waves/signals)

Dng 5 on D: so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves.
Cu 20: 1000 (stars)

Dng 14-17 on D: One part is a targeted search using the worlds largest radio
telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French
telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely
stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz.
82 Vy the worlds most powerful radio telescope tm the nearest 1000 likely stars.
Cu 21: Yes
Cu cui on A: It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits
of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global
pollution and other threats that we havent yet discovered.
Dealing with threats l mt phn ca overcome serious problems.
Cu 22: Yes
Dng 5-8 on B: Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking
for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not
recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it.
Is pretty well like us ng ngha resembles humans in many ways.
Cu 23: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic c hay khng c s hp tc ca Americans and Australians.
Cu 24: No
Dng 8-9 on D: Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred
stars which have been searched.
Vy vic have picked up radio signals from several stars l sai.
Cu 25: Not Given

Trong vn bn khng ni v vic c thnh vin Quc Hi ch trch d n ca NASA hay
khng.
*Lu : Dng 10 on D: the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year ch ni l
Quc Hi ni chung bu cho NASA $10 triu mi nm, ch khng ni c hay khng c
thnh vin no khng ng h.
Cu 26: No
Dng 8-9 on E: Its not important, then, if theres a delay of a few years, or decades.
Vy vic tr li ngay l khng quan trng.
Cu 27: plants
4 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 25: And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose
prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.
Invasion of land ng ngha transfer from sea to land.
Other migrations y l cc cuc di c ni trn ca cc loi ng vt.
Vy th phi transfer from sea to land trc ng vt l plants.
83 Cu 28: Breathing (and) reproduction

Cu u paragraph 2 trang 25: Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of
every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction.
Major redesign ng ngha make big changes.
Cu 29: gills
Dng 2-5 ct 2 trang 25: They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed
anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation.
Their earlier marine incarnation y ch their ancestors.
Cu 30: dolphins
Dng 7-3 t di ln paragraph 3 trang 25: Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they
surely lived like dolphins, in the water.
Resemble l ging -> look like v live like.
Cu 31: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v sm hoc mun m turtle di c v bin.
Cu 32: False
Dng 9-13 paragraph 3 trang 25: You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil
animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its
obvious.
Only fragments are found -> fossilised remains are incomplete.
on trn ni l i khi k c ch tm thy fragments th vn rt r rng. -> always
difficult l sai.
Cu 33: True
Dng 5-3 t di ln paragraph 3 trang 25: The fossils look like dolphins and they surely
lived like dolphins, in the water.
Vy theo on ny th t vic fossils look like dolphins, ngi ta tm ra c
ichthyosaurs lived like dolphins, in the water.
Cu 34: 3 measurements
3 dng cui trang 25 v dng u trang 26: Walter Joyce and Jacques Gautheir at Yale
University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living
turtles and tortoises.
Cu 35: (triangular) graph

Dng 2-4 u trang 26: They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three
measurements against one another.
84 Plot the three measurements against one another tc l so snh 3 kt qu vi nhau ->
comparing the information.
Cu 36: cluster
Dng 4-6 u trang 26: All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in
the upper part of the triangle.
In the upper part ng ngha towards the top.
Cu 37: amphibious
Dng 8-11 u trang 26: There was no overlap, except when they added some species
that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show
up
Vy cc loi c thm vo l species that spend time both in water and on land, hay
cn gi l amphibious species.
Cu 38: half way

Dng 11-14 u trang 26: these amphibious species show up half way between the wet
cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises.
Cu 39: dry-land tortoises

Dng 6-2: The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their
points of the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-
land tortoises.
Cu 40: D
Cu u tin paragraph cui cng: Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double
return.
Remarkable ng ngha vi mt iu significant.
Double return l vic transition from sea to land more than once.
Vy iu ng ch v loi tortoises l chng c double return.
85
CAM 9 TEST 2
Cu 1: H
Cu u tin on H: The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand
Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process.
y l mt v d v a national policy initiative.
Cu 2: C
Cu cui cng on C: The International Institude of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE),
on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working
party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for
school rooms.
International working party l mt global team. Vy vic evaluate noise and
reverberation control for school rooms l mt global team effort.
Cu 3: B
Dng 5-7 on B: Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent
trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as
much as individual possession of information.
Suggested -> cha chc chn -> hypothesis.
Vy y l mt hypothesis v mt nguyn nhn ng sau vic ting n trong lp tng.
Cu 4: I
Cu cui on I: It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account
in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.
International standards ng ngha worldwide regulations.
Cu 5: D
Cu cui cng on D: The auditory function deficits in question include hearing
impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders
(ADD/ADHD).
y l mt danh sch cc bnh cu trc (be extremely vulnerable -> gp nguy him
-> ng ngha at risk).
Cu 6: A
Cu cui cng on A: The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research
carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by
hearing loss.
86
y l mt estimated proportion v s nm trong khon 6-10%.
Affected by hearing loss tc l c auditory problems.
Cu 7: two decades
Cu cui cng on A: The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research
carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by
hearing loss.
Cu 8: crowd (noise)
Dng 2-3 trang 42: Those experiencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd
noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing.
find sounds painful and distressing -> thy n kh chu -> upset them.
Cu 9: invisible (disabilities/disability)
Dng 3-2 t di ln on G: It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the
education system with invisible disabilities.
Undiagnosed ngha l have not been diagnosed.
Cu 10: Objective 3
Dng 4-7 on H: Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to Provide the
Best Education for Disabled People by improving education so that all children, youth
learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their
aldreading existing local school.
Cu 11 - 12: A - C
Dng 2-5 on B: Modern teaching practices, the organisation of desks in the classroom,
poor classrom acoustics, and the mechanical means of ventilation such as air-
conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the
teachers voice.
Modern teaching practices ng ngha current teaching methods.
Mechanical means of ventilation l cooling systems.
Cu 13: C
p n A loi v vn bn khng ni v cc different methods of dealing with auditory
problems.
p n B loi v vn bn khng nhc n cc solutions.
p n D loi v dng 2-3 on I: New Zealand will probably follow their example -> c
cc nc khc New Zealand hc theo ri th sao lm model for other countries to
follow c.
87
Cu 14: F
Dng 4-3 t di ln on F: The parallax principle can be extended to measure the
distances to the stars.
y l mt v d v different way in which the parallax principle has been applied.
Cu 15: D
Dng 6-8 on D: Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw
a wonderful transit - but the ships pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making
accurate observations.
Cu 16: G
Cu cui on G: But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one
of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos - detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting
other stars.
Breakthroughs ng ngha discoveries.
Vic transits have paved the way for c ngha l transits c th s dn n cc khm
ph khc.
Cu 17: E
Cu cui on E: While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick
layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain
accurate timings.
Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases l mt description of physical states
connected with Venus.
Made it impossible to obtain accurate timings -> early astronomical instruments failed
to overcome.
Cu 18: D
Dng 2-4 on F: Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally
determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000
km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to todays value.
The AU c nh ngha on B l the distrance of the Earth from the Sun.
Cu 19: A
5 dng cui on B: By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of
astronomers could calculate the parallax angle - the apparent difference in position of an
astronomical body due to a difference in the observers position. Calculating this angle
would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of
the Earth from the Sun.
on ny ang ni v Edmond Halley.
88 phn ny l vic o thi gian transit t 2 ni khc nhau c th tnh c mt
parallax angle m t s tnh c khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri.
Cu 20: B
Dng 2-4 on C: Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the
distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily
measurable.
Oribtal speeds l tc qu o -> to go round the Sun.
Cu 21: C
Dng 6-8 on D: Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw
a wonderful transit - but the ships pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making
accurate observations.
Vic khng th make accurate observations (quan st) dn n khng th make any
calculations (tnh).
Cu 22: False
Cu cui cng on C: Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the
face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 - though he didnt survive to see either.
Vy Halley cha tng quan st c transit no ca Venus -> observed one transit l
sai.
Cu 23: False
Cu cui cng on D: Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was
clouded out at the last moment, a very dispiriting experience.
His view was clouded out -> khng quan st c -> managed to observed l sai.
Cu 24: True
Dng 2-3 on E: When Venus begins to cross the Suns disc, it looks smeared not
circular - which makes it difficult to establish timings.
Looks smeared not circular (b m v khng trn) ng ngha distorted (bin dng).
Cu 25: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v c hay khng c toxic.
*Lu : dng 2 t di ln on E ch ni: Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of
gases refracting sunlight around it ch khng ni kh y c c hay khng.
Cu 26: True
Dng 7-8 on F: The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the
stars.
Distances to the stars y l ch khong cch (t chng ta - Earth) n cc distant
89 stars.
Cu 27: C
Dng 3-5 paragraph 1 trang 49: These discoveries have led to the field known as
neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic
environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from
competitors.
Success in an economic environment.. from competitors ngha l thnh cng trong
mt mi trng i hi nhiu cnh tranh -> achievement in competitive fields.
Cu 28: B
Cu 1 paragraph 1 trang 49: This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from
other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways:
perception, fear response, and social intelligence.
Vy l do iconoclasts khc bit l v their brain.
Cu 29: D
Dng 5-7 paragraph 3 trang 49: Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other
source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing.
This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever
aware of them.
Vy cc no lm works efficiently l dng past experience v other source of
information -> u l nhng th xy ra trc -> previous events.
Cu 30: C
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 49: More than the physical reality of photons or sound
waves, perception is a product of the brain.
Product of the brain -> ng ngha result of brain processes.
Cu 31: B
Dng 1-2 paragraph 4 trang 49: Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as
the average persons brain.
Do not fall into pitfalls ng ngha avoids traps.
y l cognitive traps v ang ni v by trong t duy.
Cu 32: Yes
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 trang 50: Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains
of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments.
Exposure to different events (gp phi s kin khc bit) ng ngha novelty (s
mi l).
90 Think differently ng ngha make new judgments.
Cu 33: Yes
Dng 3-4 paragraph 2 trang 50: Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness
to be exposed to what is fresh and different.
Willingness to be exposed ng ngha receptive.
What is fresh and different -> new experiences.
Cu 34: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni l do mi ngi avoid new things l v h shy hay khng.
*Lu : cu cui paragraph 2 trang 50 ch ni: most people avoid things that are
different ch khng ni l do, v cu u paragraph 3 trang 50: it tends to trigger the
brains fear system khng ni n s lin quan gia fear system v shy.
Cu 35: Yes (p n trong l No nhng c thng tin l ng)

Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 50: It is simply a common variant of human nature, one
which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.
It y l fear of public speaking ni trn.
Do not let inhibit their reactions -> c th overcome fear.
Cu 36: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni n vic embarrassment matters less hay nhc n cc other
fears.
Cu 37: No
3 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 50: This makes it too common to be considered a mental
disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts to do not
inhibit their reactions.
Mental disorder ng ngha psychological illness.
Vy fear of public speaking khng phi l illness m l a common variant of human
nature.
Cu 38: A
Cu cui paragraph 4 trang 50: Understanding how perception becomes intertwined
with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.
Successful iconoclasts are so rare (... rt him) ng ngha thinking like a successful
iconoclast is demanding (rt kh ngh nh ).
Vic perception becomes intertwined with social decision making ng ngha cn c
perceptual skills v social intelligence skills.
91 Cu 39: B
Dng 3-5 paragraph 4 trang 50: In the last decade there has been an explosion of
knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate
decision making.
Vy social brain ch trng vo how groups decide on an action.
Cu 40: C
Cu 1 v cu 3 paragraph cui cng: Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area
from artistic expression to technology to business. v Iconoclasts face alienation and
failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization.
92
CAM 9 TEST 3
Cu 1: Yes
Ton b paragraph 1 gii thch l do arguments occur about language, v it is not easy
to be systematic and objective about language study, language belongs to everyone,
so most people feell they have a right to hold an opinion about it, when opinions
differ, emotions can run high.
Cu 2: No
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 63: Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage
as over major policies of linguistic education.
Cu ny ni kh nng c ci nhau v minor points of usage (ng ngha small
differences in language usage) cao nh kh nng ci nhau v major policies of
linguistic education (ng ngha language education), v theo cu trc l do ci
nhau l v emotions can run high
Mi ngi cm thy v 2 iu trn nh nhau
Cu 3: Yes
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 trang 63: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality,
intelligence, social status,...
Judge ng ngha assess (nh gi, ng t ca assessment).
Vy intelligence c b nh gi bi linguistic factors (ng ngha the way he or she
uses language.
Cu 4: Not Given
Vn bn khng nhc n gi thnh ca prescriptive grammar books.
Cu 5: Yes
Cu u tin paragraph cui cng trang 63: These attitudes are still with us, and they
motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained.
These attitudes l prescriptivism nhc n 2 paragraph trn.
Cu 6: Yes
2 dng cui trang 63 v 2 dng u trang 64: This approach is summarised in the
statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe - to record the
facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating
language variation or halting language change.
Vy descriptivists ngh l khng th halt language change (ngng vic ngn ng
93
thay i) it is pointless to try to stop language change (c ngng ngn ng thay i
l v ch).
Cu 7: No
Dng 2-3 u trang 64: In the second half of the 18th centruy, we already find advocates
of this view.
This view l descriptivism ni trn.
Vy after the 18th century l sai.
Cu 8: Yes
Cu u paragraph cui trang 64: In our own time, the opposition between
descriptivists and prescriptivists has often become extreme, with both sites painting
unreal pictures of the other.
Paint unreal pictures ng ngha vi misrepresent, u l trnh by sai lch v 1 vn
.
Cu 9: H - prescriptivists
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 63: In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that
one variety of language has inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be
imposed on the whole of the speech community.
Has inherently higher value v ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech
community l nhng du hiu ca only one correct form of language.
Cu 10: F - rules
Dng 6-7 paragraph 4 trang 63: The authoritarian nature of the approach is best
characterised by its reliance on rules of grammar.
Vic c reliance (ph thuc) ng ngha place grace importance (coi trng).
Cu 11: A - descriptivists
Dng 3 u trang 64: we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley.
This view l descriptivism ni trn -> Joseph Priestley l mt descriptivist.
Cu 12: C - popular speech

Dng 4-5 u trang 64: the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of
any language.
The custom of speaking ngha l phong cch ni -> tng ng popular speech
(cch ni ph bin).
Cu 13: B
Theo phng php loi tr.
94 Phng n A loi v tc gi khng nghin v mt trong 2 approaches no c.
Phng n C loi v vn bn khng ni v s khc bit gia spoken and written
language.
Phng n D loi v khng c view of language no b discredited (chng minh l
thiu tin cy).
Cu 14: C
Dng 2-4 on C: The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon
shortly to test the techonology in a venture
Vy on C c ni v mt test site Lynmouth in Devon.
Cu 15: E
Cu cui on E: The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than
needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-
imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.
Via the cable under the Channel l mt cch bringing the power produced on one site
back into Britain.
Cu 16: A
Dng 4-3 t di ln on A: Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and
then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry.
Vy wind power l mt previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of
energy.
Cu 17: C
2 dng cui trang 67 v 2 dng u trang 68: The technology for dealing with the hostile
saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and
much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship
propellers.
Vy technology from another industry l dealing with the hostile saline environment
under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry.
Cu 18 - 22:
A v: Dng 3 on A: but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is
constant.
Vic predictable v the power input is constant ng ngha reliable.
D v: Dng 4-5 on A: The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-
sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions.
Vic reducing its carbon dioxide emissions ng ngha cut down on air pollution.
95
E v: Dng 6-7 on A: If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be
able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants.
Power plants ng ngha power stations.
F v: Dng 7-8 on A: and export renewable power to other parts of Europe.
Vic export renewable power s em n increasing national income.
J v: Cu cui on C: The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented
coasts where there are strong tidal currents.
Cu ny ni v vic nn xy gn cc coastlines with particular features.
Cu 23: maintenance
Cu cui on D: The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and
also designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean sea weed from
the blades.
Cu 24: slow (turning)

Dng 4-6 on D: Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the
relatively slow-turning blades.
Fish and other creatures ng ngha sea life.
Comparatively trong trng hp ny ng ngha relatively (l tng i).
Cu 25: low pressure
Cu 26: cavitation
Cu u on F: One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a
turning blade causes air bubbles.
Cu 27: D
Dng 3-5 on D: In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at
which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free.
y l vic gii thch v mt factor affecting the transmission of information.
Cu 28: F
Cu u on F: Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing
information, by stripping out superfluous (redundant) bits from data which contributed
little real information.
Redundant ng ngha unnecessary.
Vic stripping out superfluous (redundant) bits from data l mt cch how
unnecesssary information can be omitted.
96
Cu 29: B
Dng 6-7 on B: While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory,
but shunned the resulting acclaim.
Shunned ght, kh chu.
Acclaim ng ngha fame.
Cu 30: E
Dng 6-7 on E: which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket
check-out lasers can read the price.
y l mt machine capable of interpreting incomplete information.
Cu 31: A
Cu u on A: In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many
applications of information theory.
Cu ny bo hiu on A s ni chi tit v event ny.
Cu 32: C
Dng 3-5 on C: He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise
meaning of the concept of information.
Vy y l iu Shannon initially intended to achieve in his reasearch.
Cu 33: Jupiter - Saturn
Cu 34: Solar System

Dng 2-4 on A: The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back
spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a
one-way mission to the stars.
Sent ng ngha transmitted.
Soared out of l left.
Cu 35: sensors - circuit

Dng 5-6 on A: Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing.
On the brink of failing about to stop working.
Cu 36: spares
Dng 7-8 on A: The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use
spares to change the failing part.
Change ng ngha replace.
Cu 37: radio dish

97 Dng 9-10 on A: By means of a radio dish belonging to NASAs Deep Space Network,
the message was sent out into the depths of space.
Vy th c dng transmit the message l radio dish.
Cu 38: True
Dng 7-8 on C: Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining
otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place.
This fundamental unit l the concept of describing something as true or false trn.
Transmit it from place to place l sent messages over distances.
Cu 39: True
Dng 5-6 on D: This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise
travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its bandwidth).
Vy 2 th nh hng n the amount of information that can be sent in a given time
period l signal strength v noise level.
Cu 40: False
Dng 4-2 t di ln on E: As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough
by discovering so-called turbo codes - which come very close to Shannons ultimate limit
for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably.
Vy hin gi vn cha th convey information nhanh bng tc ti a m Shannon
d on.
98
CAM 9 TEST 4
Cu 1: False
Dng 3-2 t di ln paragraph 1 trang 87: and then was the sole winner of the 1911
Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
Ln th 2 Marie Curie nhn gii Nobel mt mnh.
Cu 2: Not Given
Vn bn khng nhc n s thch hi nh ca Marie Curie.
Cu 3: True
2 dng cui paragraph 2 v 2 dng u paragraph 3 trang 87: on the understanding that
Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. v In 1891, this promise was
fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (The University of
Paris).
Vic Bronia later help her to get an education l tr gip v mt ti chnh (v c in
turn cch tr gip ging cch Marie lm cho Bronia l finance her studies).
Cu 4: False
Dng 1 paragraph 2 trang 88: The births of Maries two daughters, Irne and Eve, in 1897
and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientifc work.
stopped doing research for several years l sai.
Cu 5: True
Dng 3-4 paragraph 3 trang 88: On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the
professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death.
took over the teaching position her husband had held.
Cu 6: Not Given
Vn bn khng a thng tin v vic Bronia c studied the medical uses of
radioactivitiy.
*Lu : dng 5 paragraph 2 trang 87: her sister Bronias medical studies khng ni r
c lin quan n radioactivity khng, v dng cui paragraph 5 trang 88: the Radium
Institude, where her sister Bronia became director. khng ni v vic nghin cu ca
Bronia m ch ni chc v.
Cu 7: thorium
2 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 87: Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity
99
discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was
true for thorium.
Cu 8: pitchblende
Dng u v dng 3-5 paragraph cui trang 87: Turning her attention to minerals, she
found her interest drawn to pitchblende v Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she
had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new
elements, polonium and radium.
two new elements l polonium v radium.
Cu 9: radium
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 88: In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry
for the isolation of a pure form of radium.
The isolation of a pure form of radium chnh l mt work on the element radium.
Cu 10: soldiers
Cu u paragraph 4 trang 88: During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her
daughter Irle, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography,
including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the
treatment of wounded soldiers.
Medical technique ng ngha treament.
Cu 11: illness
Cu u paragraph 6 trang 88: One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to
have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat
illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research.
Vy 2 l do collect radioactive material l research v cha illness.
Cu 12: neutron
Dng 4-5 paragraph 6 trang 88: made a decisive contribution to the success of the
experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the
discovery of the neutron.
Vy th c tm ra l neutron.
Cu 13: leukaemia/leukemia
Dng 7-8 paragraph 6 trang 88: A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a
result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation.
Cu 14: G
Dng 4-6 on G: In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red
100 powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then
observed how often they touched their nose.
One experiment l a particular study.
Cu ny ni v cch thc thc hin th nghim an account of the method.
Cu 15: C
Cu u on C: Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects
they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.
Powerful source of information for infants about the effect they can have on the world
l cch develop a sense of identity.
Mimic ng ngha imitate (ng t ca imitation).
Cu 16: G
Cu cui on G: On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are
generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are
present.
Identify a image of themselves ng ngha recognize themselves.
Other cues such as movement are present c chuyn ng khng static.
Vy sau 15-18 thng th tr mi identify a static image of themselves c.
Cu 17: D
Cu cui on D: Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are,
however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants
can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of self directly.
Scarce l khan him ng ngha limited (tnh t ca limitations).
y l l do khin nghin cu v self-as-subject b gii hn.
Cu 18: H
Cu cui on H: Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the
sense of self and of ownership is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.
y l mt v d v vic c th c s lin quan gia ownership v Western societies.
Cu 19: E
Cu cui on E: This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most
influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother,
colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction
with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
This y l sense of self-as-object ni trn.
Cu ny ni v rt nhiu nhng features that contribute cho mt ny ca con ngi.
Cu 20: D
101 Cu cui on F: Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world
as inextricably bound together: The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in
social experience it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social
experience.
Social experience ng ngha relationships with other people.
Cu 21: B
Dng 6-8 on B: Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was
primarily concerned with being able to exercise power.
Exercise power l th hin quyn lc mastery over things and people.
Cu 22: E
Dng 3-5 on H: Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in
their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years.
Between the ages of 1 and 2 years l at a certain age.
Frustration and anger l cc aggressive behaviour.
Cu 23: C
Dng 7-9 on C: However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants
developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on
their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.
Vic observing their own reflection l see in the mirror.
Self awareness l awareness that they are distinct from other people.
Cu 24: mirror
Dng cui on C: This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the
mirror.
The reflection l mt image.
Cu 25: communication
Cu cui on D: Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are,
however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants
can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of self directly.
Vy iu khin kh nghin cu v self-awareness l do difficulties of communication
- ng ngha communication problems.
Cu 26: ownership
Dng 5-8 on H: Often, the childrens disagreements involved a struggle over a toy
that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to
be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it.
Disagreements involved a struggle tc l disputes.
102
Cu 27: ii
Cu cui on B: Such developments have been criticised as an intolerable vulgarisation,
but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the
majority of the public does not share this opinion.
Vy y l mixed views on current changes to museums.
Cu 28: vi
Cu u on C: In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and
heritage sites on one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating.
Museum, heritage sites, theme parks l cc public attractions.
The sharp distinction is gradually evaporating ang mt dn fewer
differences.
Cu 29: i
Dng 4-5 on D: They are also operating in a very competitive environment, where
visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time.
Cu ny bo hiu on D s ni v vic people in charge s phi gp nhiu commercial
pressures (p lc thng mi) v lm vic trong mt competitive environment.
Cu 30: iii
Cu u on E: It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more
real, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered.
Vic make everthing in heritage more real l meet visitor expectations, v real
y l theo ng tng tng ca khch tham quan.
Cu 31: B
Dng 6-9 on A: Museums used to look - and some sitll do - muhc like storage rooms of
objects parked together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle
differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whome it all looked alike.
Vy bo tng thi cha khng phi cho ordinary visitor - tc the public.
Cu 32: A
Dng 2-3 on B: The key word in heritage display is now experience, the more
exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the sense.
Experience y mang ngha tri nghim ng ngha personal involvement.
Cu 33: D
Cu u on C: In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and
103 heritage sites on one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating.
Vic sharp distinction is gradually evaporating (s khc bit ang mt dn) s dn
n less easy to distinguish (kh phn bit hn).
Cu 34: D
Dng 8-11 on D: Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting
history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the
demands of evidence and attractiveness, especially given the increasing need in the
heritage industry for income-generating activities.
Vic steer a narrow course between ng ngha balance gia 2 th.
Evidence v attractiveness l 2 conflicting priorities.
Cu 35: C
Dng 5-7 on E: Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of
the world than about our ancestors.
Contemporary perceptions l cc present beliefs.
Cu 36: B
3 dng u on F: Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the
representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials
themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical
process.
Vic not everything from history survives c ngha l ch mt s th cn st li ch
nhng very durable objects remain.
Cu 37: False
3 dng u on D: Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to
present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This
development is a response to market forces.
Vy cc theme parks ang phi present more serious social and cultural issues
cu khch.
Cu 38: Not Given

Vn bn khng so snh lng khch museums vi theme parks.
Cu 39: False
Dng 5-8 on F: In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century
was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived
within the walled town, and area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden.
Vy din tch Leyden tng 5 ln t TK 17 the bounderies of Leyden has changed
little l sai.
104
Cu 40: True
Cu u on E: It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more
real, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered.
Vic historical accuracy must be increasingly altered c ngha l s tht b sa i sai
s tht false impression.
on E cng ly cc v d v hin vt bo tng cho thy sai s tht v qu kh do
bias ca con ngi.
105
CAMBRIDGE
106
CAM 10 TEST 1
Cu 1: False
Cu u paragraph 2 trang 17: Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally
complex and vary widely in size and shape.
V unique to this region (ch ring vng ny c) nn khng th found all over the
world.
Cu 2: True
Dng 3-6 paragraph 2 trang 17: During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of
leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.
Vy ngoi nhng ng dng related to water collection th cn c gathering, leisure
and relaxation, worship.
Cu 3: Not Given
Vn bn khng so snh hp dn ca cc ging.
Cu 4: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v thi gian xy.
Cu 5: True
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 17: When the water level was high, the user needed only to
descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be
negotiated.
When the water level was high v when it was low l cc thi gian khc nhau trong
nm -> the course of a year.
Cu 6: pavilions
Dng 7-8 paragraph 4 trang 17: they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from
the relentless heat.
Sheltered visitors from the relentless heat provided shade for people.
Cu 7: drought
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 18: Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells:
southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.
Cu 8: tourists
Dng 6-10 paragraph cui trang 18: Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north-
107
western India to gaze in wonder a these architectural marvels from hundreds of years
ago.
Flock l lt ko n frequent visitors.
Cu 9: earthquake
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 18: Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure
survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.
This ancient structure l Rani Ki Vav ni trn.
Cu 10: 4/four sides

Dng 8-10 paragraph 4 trang 18: including four sides of steps that descend to the
bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
Geometrical formation ng ngha geometrical pattern.
Cu 11: tank
Dng 4-6 paragraph 4 trang 18: It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or
pond) rather than a well.
Cu 12: verandas/verandahs
Cu cui paragraph 7 trang 18: On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by
ornate pillars overlook the steps.
Provide a view of the steps ng ngha overlook the steps.
Cu 13: underwater
Dng 2-4 paragraph 8 trang 18: Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with
the last two being underwater.
Storeys l tng ng ngha levels.
Cu 14: viii
Dng 4-5 on A: For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular
growth in car use.
Car l private transport.
Cu 15: iii
Cu u on B: As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent
to changes in the European economy and its system of production.
Cu ny bo hiu on B s ni v s thay i ca goods transport v cc l do.
Cu 16: xi
Cu u on C: The strong economic growth expected in countries which are
108 candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road
haulage traffic.
Countries which are candidates for entry to the EU ng ngha countries awaiting EU
admission.
Increase transport flows l mt traffic trend.
Cu 17: i
Cu cui on D: The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but
proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport
system which will ideally be in place in 30 years time, that is by 2040.
Essential step important.
In 30 years time long-term.
Cu 18: v
Cu u on E: In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for
28% of emissions of CO2, the leading greenhouse gas.
The leading greenhouse gas nh hng n mi trng Environmental costs.
Cu 19: x
Cu u on G: The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely
through pricing.
Through pricing l cc charging policies.
Cu 20: ii
Cu u on H: The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is
accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of other modes (better quality of
services, logistics, technology).
Other modes y l cc other transport methods.
Cu 21: iv
Dng 3-4 on I: This integrated approach would allow the market shares of other
modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance.
Integrated l tch hp all the steps necessary.
Return to their 1998 levels l mt cch change transport patterns.
Cu 22: True
Dng 2-4 on A: Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand
for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for
transport continues to increase.
Requirement for transport ng ngha need for transport.
109 Cu 23: False

Cu cui on B: This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some
industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even
though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the
final assembly plant or away from users.
Users y ng ngha relevant consumers.
Vy reduce production costs th cc cng ty a nh my away from users.
Cu 24: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic cars are prohibitively expensive hay khng.
*C th tm thng tin ny d v ch c mt on ni v EU candidate countries.
Cu 25: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n nm thnh lp ca Gothenburg European Council.
Ni duy nht trong vn bn nhc n 30 years l in 30 years time trong tng lai.
Cu 26: False
Dng 3-5 on E: CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase around 50%
to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with 739 tonnes recorded in 1990.
Vy cui thp k ny (nm 2020 - c th bit bi bo vit trong khong 201x v trong vng
30 nm sau l n 2040 theo cu cui on D) th CO2 emissions from transport s ln
ti 1,113 t tn, ch khng phi 739 t tn (l nm 1990).
Cu 27: C
2 cu cui paragraph 3 trang 25: Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instrinctively
understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and
only ever achiveve one hit with the Sun label.
Vic understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it ngha l c a shared objective.
V vic Orbison khng inspired by the goal l mt v d ca s khng c shared
objective tht bi.
Cu 28: A
Dng 7-3 t di ln paragraph 1 trang 26: He said he and Crick had succeeded because
they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the
answer.
Vic aware that they werent the most intelligent ng ngha conscious of their own
limitations.
Cu 29: D
Cu cui paragraph 3 trang 26: The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe
110 it.
Vic more likely to believe it ng ngha strenthen commitment to an idea.
Cu 30: B
Dng 6-9 paragraph cui trang 26: assure all concerned that every recommendation is
important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.
All concerned l tt c nhng ngi lin quan nhng nhn vin.
Vic every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given
full attention c ngha l mi ng gp u quan trng v s c xem xt
contributions are valued.
Cu 31: G
Dng 5-10 paragraph 2 trang 25: Research shows that the fit between an employees
values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and
whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company.
Vic vic values ca nhn vin v cng ty nh hng n whether, two years after
they join, theyre still at the company (tc vic remain in their jobs).
Cu 32: E
Dng 4-6 paragraph 4 trang 25: When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.
Hard-wired tc l c nh sn.
Play it safe ng ngha avoid risk.
Cu 33: A
Cu cui paragraph 4 trang 25: Studies show that we invariably take more gambles
when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.
Threatened with a loss tc l aware of what they might lose.
Take more gambles ng ngha take chances.
Cu 34: F
Dng 2-6 paragraph 4 trang 26: The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini
calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team
responsibilities that are properly theirs.
The wrong kind of leadership y c gii thch phn sau l the leader is
overbearing dominant boss.
Opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs ng ngha ignore their
duties.
Cu 35: B
Dng 3-6 paragraph 5 trang 26: for whom the only rule was that there were no rules.
This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas.
111 A free interchange of ideas ng ngha share their ideas d dng hn.
Cu 36: No
Dng 4-10 paragraph u trang 25: There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious,
state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their
environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have
a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.
y l 1 v d cho thy physical surroundings khng play a key role in determining
their creativity.
Cu 37: Yes
2 dng cui paragraph 2 trang 25: almost every individual can be creative in the right
circumstances.
Cu 38: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic cc i c lm vic tt nht khi members are of equally
matched intelligence hay khng.
Lu : Dng 4-7 paragraph 1 trang 26: Its been scientifically proven that three people
will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest
person in the field. ch ni v vic 3 ngi hn 1 ngi thng minh nht, ch khng so
snh tr thng minh ca 3 ngi kia.
Cu 39: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic cng ty nh c d innovative hn hay khng.
Cu 40: No
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 26: Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not
vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech.
Manager ng ngha boss, colleague ng ngha peer.
112
CAM 10 TEST 2
Cu 1: iv
3 dng cui on A: Why did this particular Big Band - the world-changing birth of
industry - happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?
2 cu ny gin tip ni thi gian (cui TK 18) v a im (Britain) ca Industrial
Revolution.
Cu 2: viii
Dng 1-2 on B: There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present
before the revolution can happen.
Factors m need to be present c ngha l cc conditions (iu kin).
Cu ny bo hiu on B s ni chnh v cc factors.
Cu 3: vii
Cu th 2 on C: Tea and beer, two of the nations favourite drinks, fuelled the
revolution.
The nation y l Britain.
Fuelled the revolution l ng lc cho cuc cch mng l keys.
Cu 4: i
Cu cui on D: Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to
draw a blank.
Vic reduction in child deaths l iu dn n increase in population.
Efforts to explain ng ngha the search for the reasons.
Cu 5: vi
3 dng cui on E: But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic
ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate
began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?
Vic the poor turned to water and gin tc l mt s change in drinking habits.
Cu 6: ix
Cu u on F: Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities
about the same time, and also had no sanitation.
Looked to Japan c ngha l xt n Nht Bn compare.
Cu 7: ii
113
Dng 3-5 on G: it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by
giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of
work.
Vy on ny ni v vic Nht lo s industrialisation s dn n put people out of
work, tc tht nghip.
Cu 8: Not Given
Vn bn khng nhc n transport system ca China.
Cu 9: True
Dng 2-5 on C: The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of
hops in beer - plus the fact that both are made with boiled water - allowed urban
communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases
such as dysentery.
Cu 10: False
Cu cui on C: Macfarlanes case has been strengthened by support from notable
quarters - Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable
appraisal of his research.
Favourable appraisal ng tnh disagree l sai.
Cu 11: False
Dng 3-4 on D: Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But
then there was a burst in population growth.
But then sau khong 1650-1740 sau nm 1740.
Burst in population growth bng pht dn s reduction l sai.
Cu 12: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic ngi Anh c make beer at home hay khng.
Cu 13: True
3 dng cui on E: But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic
ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate
began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?
Mortality rate ng ngha death rate.
Vy tax on malt the poor turned to water and gin mortality rate began to
rise.
Cu 14: A
Dng 6-9 on A: The higher the childrens IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better
114 the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal
interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc.
In their home domestic background.
Cu 15: D
Dng 2-3 on D: Conversely, teachers who have a tendency to overdirect can diminish
their gifted pupils learning autonomy.
Overdirect y chnh l too much guidance.
Vy what can be lost l learning autonomy.
Cu 16: F
Dng 3-5 on F: Fear, for example, can limit the development of curiosity, which is a
strong force in scientific advance, because it motivates problem-solving behaviour.
Fear ng ngha anxiety.
Vy limit the development of curiosity l mt damaging effect of axiety.
Cu 17: D
3 dng cui on D: There are quite a number of new methods which can help, such as
child-initiated learning, ability-peer tutoring, etc. Such practices have been found to be
particularly useful for bright children from deprived areas.
From deprived areas ngha l t cc vng ho lnh socially-disadvantaged.
Particularly useful favour.
Cu 18: B
Dng 1-3 u trang 46: (Shore and Kanevsky, 1993) put the instructors problem
succinctly: If the [the gifted] merely think more quickly, then we need only teach more
quickly. If they merely make fewer errors, then we can shorten the practice.
Make few errors ng ngha produce accurate work.
Shorten the practice ng ngha Less time can be spent on exercises.
Cu 19: D
Dng 4-6 on E: Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to
the conclusion that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence
seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise.
Independence ng ngha self-reliance.
Cu 20: E
Dng 5-7 on F: In Boekaerts (1991) review of emotion in the learning of very high IQ
and highly achieving children, she found emotional forces in harness.
In harness y ngha l c s dng, tn dng channel their feelings to assist
their learning.
115
Cu 21: A
Dng 4-6 on A: For example, a very close positive relationship was found when
childrens IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman,
2010).
Home educational provision s tr gip hc tp nh appropriate support
from close relatives.
A very close positive relationship benefits.
Cu 22: C
Dng 2-3 on E: individuals who know a great deal about a specific domain will achieve
at a higher level than those who do not (Elshout, 1995).
Know a great deal about a specific domain ng ngha have learnt a considerable
amount about their subject.
Cu 23: books - activities

Dng 6-9 on A: The higher the childrens IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better
the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal
interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc.
Cu 24: internal regulation

or self-regulation
Dng 4-7 on B: There appears to be a qualitative difference in the way the
intellectually highly able think, compared with more average-ability or older pupils, for
whom external regulation by the teacher often compensates for lack of internal
regulation.
External regulation by the teacher chnh l direction from teachers.
Cu 25: emotional awareness

Cu cui on B: Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition, so children should
be helped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned, feelings of
curiosity or confidence, for example.
Be aware of their feelings around the area l vic developing emotional
awareness.
Cu 26: spoon-feeding
Dng 3-4 on D: Although spoon-feeding can produce extremely high examination
results.
Extremely high examination results ng ngha sets of impressive grades in class
116 tests.
Cu 27: B - mass production
Dng 5-9 paragraph 2 trang 49: This might be explained by the fact that novel has
evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print
out huge number of texts.
technological developments that made it possible to print out huge number of texts
chnh l mass production.
Cu 28: H - underlying ideas

Dng 13-16 paragraph 2 trang 49: With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning
of words rather than the way they are printed on the page.
Meaning of words chnh l cc underlying ideas.
Cu 29: L - assistants
Dng 5-11 paragraph 3 trang 49: artists seemed perfectly content to assign the
reproduction of their creations to their workship apprentices as regular bread and
butter work.
Workshop apprentices ng ngha assistants.
Cu 30: G - size
Dng 15-16 paragraph 3 trang 49: production of high-quality prints made exactly to the
orginal scale.
To the original scale replication of size.
Cu 31: D - public
2 dng cui paragraph 4 v paragraph 5 trang 49: museums continue to promote the
special status of original work. Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on
the kind of experience offered to visitors.
Vy nhng ngi chu thit l visitors public.
Cu 32: C
Dng 4-9 t u trang 50: In a society that judges the personal status of individual so
much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by ones own
relative worthlessness in such an environment.
Londons National Gallery khin khch cm thy worthless negative effect
on visitors opinions of themselves.
Cu 33: D
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 50: Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is
117 going to alter that value, and so todays viewer is deterred from trying to extend that
spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the
work.
That spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading chnh l criticism th
khin ngi xem t ch trch l v h ngh nhn xt ca h v dng.
Cu 34: A
5 dng u paragraph 3 trang 50: The visitor may then be struck be the strangeness of
seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an
environment for which they were not originally created. This displacement effect.
Such diverse c rt nhiu the variety.
In an environment for which they were not originally created l the way the are
arranged.
Cu 35: D
Dng 3-6 paragraph 4 trang 50: A fundamental difference between paintings and other
art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which a painting is viewed.
No prescribed time over which a painting is viewed khng c u cui nht nh
does not have a specific beginning or end.
Cu 36: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic c hay khng nn focus on discovering the meaning of art
using a range of media.
Cu 37: No
Dng 5-6 paragraph 5 trang 50: This is in perfect harmony with the museums function.
This l approach ca art historian.
Vy conflicts l sai.
Cu 38: Yes
Cu u paragraph cui: The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical
practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed.
Cu ny ni v kt qu t ca vic n p nhng li ch trch mi ngi nn c
quyn ln ting v kin ca mnh.
Cu 39: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic bn reproductions of art.
Cu 40: No
Cu cui paragraph cui: Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those who
118 seek to maintain and control the art establishment.
Those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment l those with power,
v vic too much to ask l khin cho the public feel somewhat less in awe of them
(cng chng t khip s hi ha hn) those with power t c kh nng encourage
more people to enjoy art.
119
CAM 10 TEST 3
Cu 1: ii
Cu u on B: Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentied-
century phenomenon.
Tourism in the mass form ng ngha mass tourism.
Cu ny bo hiu on B s ni v s pht trin ca mass tourism.
Cu 2: i
Cu u on C: Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social
importance.
Economic and social importance ng ngha economic and social significance.
Cu 3: v
Cu u on D: However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that
have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the
industry itself.
Have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact tc l lm che mt tc ng v kinh t
khin to difficulty in recognising the economic effects.
Cu 4: vii
Dng 2-5 on E: In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has
become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a
significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third.
The largest commodity v ranks second or third tm nh hng ca tourism.
Cu 5: True
Dng 5-7 on C: According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and
tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including
value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions.
Vy travel and tourism dn u th gii v employment l ng.
Cu 6: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v tourism chim bao nhiu phn trm ca Australian gross
national product.
Cu 7: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v vic promotes recreation c phi l mt trong cc social
120
impact khng.
*Lu : Cu cui on C: Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world
economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment,
on a society itself. ch ang ni n mt social impact l v educative effect (nh
hng gio dc) ch khng ni c hay khng vic promote recreation.
Cu 8: True
Cu u on D: However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that
have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the
industry itself.
The diversity v fragmentation l 2 main features of the travel and tourism
industry.
Difficult to ascertain ngha l kh nh gi hidden, or obscured.
Cu 9: Not Given
Vn bn khng so snh v lng tin tiu ca visitor vi residents.
*Lu : dng 6-8 on D: Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the
impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. cu ny ch
ni v vic kh nh gi economic impact ca du khch ch khng ni du khch hay
ngi bn x tiu nhiu tin hn.
Cu 10: False
Dng 5-2 t di ln on E: However, because of problems of definition, which directly
affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide
precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its
economic impact.
Cu ny ni v vic rt kh cho thy economic impact thng qua statistical
measurement it is easy to show statistically l sai.
Cu 11: source of income/ industry

Dng 5-6 on E: For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda,
Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries.
Major l ln gn ngha most important.
Cu 12: employer
Dng 8-11 on E: suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked
employer in the Bahams, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, The United Kingdom and the United States.
Vy Jamaica th travel and tourism l mt employer (tc to nhiu vic lm).
121 Cu 13: domestic tourism

Cu cui on E: In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to
measure domestic tourism.
Similar difficulties l cc problems of difinition world-wide tourism nhc n
trong cu trn.
Vy domestic tourism cng chu cng vn vi international tourism.
Cu 14: C
Cu u on C: The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins,
water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum.
Substance y l anthocyanins.
Cu 15: B
Dng 4-7 on B: For many trees - evergreen conifers being an exception - the best
strategy is to abandon photosynthesis until the spring. So rather than maintaining the
now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and
discards them.
y l l do trees drop their leaves in autumn.
Cu 16: H
Cu u on H: Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when
leaves turn red, there are clues out there.
Cu ny bo hiu on H s ni v cc clues, hay cc evidence xc nhn l do
c nu 2 on F v G trn.
Cu 17: B
Cu u on B: Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the
molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for
the tree.
Cu ny ni v chc nng ca chlorophyll.
Cu 18: E
Cu u on E: It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to
convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able
to mount chemical defences against infestation.
Vy y l 1 gi thuyt v vic cy to mu lm warning signal.
Cu 19: sun(light)
Dng 2-3 on H: One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest
are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun.
122 The side of the tree which gets most sun chnh l the side of the tree facing the
sun(light).
Cu 20: upper
Dng 3-4 on H: Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf.
Brighter contain more red pigment.
Cu 21: dry
Dng 4-6 on H: It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for
intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights.
The best conditions for intense red colours ng ngha red leaves are most
abundant.
Cu 22: north
Dng 3-2 t di ln on H: And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder
the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere.
Get much redder ng ngha intensity of the red colour of leaves increases.
Cu 23: False
Dng 3-5 on F: because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is
made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too
much light.
Vy red pigment l bo v l khi too much light ch khng phi freezing
temperatures.
*Lu : cui on H ni v vic cng i v Bc l cng nhng l v Its colder there,
theyre more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock
ch khng phi l v n lnh nn cn red pigment chng rt.
Cu 24: True
Dng 3 on F: It sounds paradoxical.
Paradoxical l mang tnh nghch l contradict.
Cu 25: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic leaves which turn other colours c b damaged by
sunlight hn hay khng.
Cu 26: B
4 dng cui on B: As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been domianted
by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn
colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of tress such as the
maple or sumac.
123 Vy y l quy trnh khin leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn.
Cu 27: B - plantation
Dng 6-7 paragraph 1 trang 72: An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a
derelict plantation, scraped open a grave.
Derelict ng ngha Abandoned.
Cu 28: F - archaeological discovery

4 dng u paragraph 1 trang 72: An important archaeological discovery on the island of
fat in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring
people.
Important ng ngha significant.
Vy ngha trang ny l mt archaeological discovery.
Cu 29: I - animals
Dng 3-6 paragraph 2 trang 72: They were also pioneers who carried with them
everything they would need to build new lives - their livestock, taro seedlings and stone
tools.
Livestocks l cc animals.
Cu 30: G - burial urn

Dng 6-10 paragraph 3 trang 72: Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled
birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside.
Its an important discovery, says Matthew Spriggs.
Vy Spriggs tin rng ci burial urn l quan trng.
Cu 31: D - bones
2 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 72: for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.
Remains l hi ct bones.
Cu 32: C
2 cu cui paragraph 5 trang 72: No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging,
which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions
of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as
far back in time as the Lapita.
Vy c rt t thng tin, ch c oral histories (truyn ming) m tr thnh myths
(huyn thoi) kh c th relied upon for accuracy.
Cu 33: A
Dng 9-14 paragraph 1 trang 73: The real adventure didnt begin, however, until their
124 Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This
must habe been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today.
Vic so snh vi landing on the moon for us today cho thy s extraordinary trong
vic ny ca ngi Lapita.
Cu 34: D
Dng 9-10 paragraph 2 trang 73: This is what would have made the whole thing work.
This y l vic they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade
winds vic h c th return home.
Cu 35: C
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 73: For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography
of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net.
A safety net y l ko explorers no b lc provided a navigational aid.
Cu 36: No
Dng 3-6 paragraph 4 trang 73: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing
against the wind. And theres not proof they could do any such thing, Anderson says.
Against the wind ng ngha into a prevailing wind.
Vy n by gi vn cha chc chn ngi Lapita c th sail into a prevailing wind hay
khng it is now clear l sai.
Cu 37: Yes
Dng 2-5 paragraph 5 trang 73: El Nio, the same climate disruption that affects the
pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests.
Helped scatter the Lapita ng ngha played a role in Lapita migration.
Cu 38: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic Lapita c bit predict the duration of El Nio hay
khng.
Cu 39: Yes
Cu u paragraph cui trang 73: However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a
third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them.
Called it quits l dng li halted their expansion.
Vic reasons known only to them c ngha khng ai khc bit it remains unclear.
Cu 40: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n ni no m the majority of Lapita settled on.
*Lu : cu cui paragraph cui trang 73: They probably never numbered more than a
few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds
125 of islands - more than 300 in Fiji alone. th 300 y l s o, khng phi s ngi.
V y cng khng ni h c settled Fiji khng m ch l encountered (bt gp).
CAM 10 TEST 4
Cu 1: spread
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 88: The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally
hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past.
Erractically ng ngha unpredictably.
Cu 2: 10/ten times
Dng 3-5 paragraph 2 trang 88: 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years
ago.
Cu 3: below
Dng 3-5 paragraph 3 trang 88: has had significantly below normal precipitation in many
recent years.
Precipitation c ngha l lng ma rainfall.
Cu 4: fuel
3 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 88: halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the
primary fuel for megafires.
Act as ngha l ng vai tr nh.
Cu 5: seasons
Dng 5-7 paragraph 4 trang 88: Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days
longer than they were 20 years ago.
Longer ng ngha extended.
Cu 6: homes/housing
2 dng u paragraph 5 trang 88: We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone
ecosystems.
Fire-prone ecosystems l cc h sinh thi d chy l cc vulnerable places (khu
vc nguy him).
Cu 7: True
Dng 4-7 paragraph 6 trang 88: What once was open space is now residential homes
providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity.
Vy cc open space ang b thay th dn bi residential homes diminished.
Cu 8: False
126
4 dng u paragraph 2 trang 89: That said, many experts give California high marks for
making progress on preparedness in recent years.
Give California high marks c khen ngi little progress l sai.
Cu 9: True
Dng 7-12 paragraph 2 trang 89: Stun in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed
fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the
peculiar challenges of neighborhood.
Bungling ngha l thc hin mt vic g mt cch lng tng ng ngha
mishandling.
Allowed fires to spread c ngha mishandling fire containment.
Cu 10: True
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 89: State promises to provide more up-to-date engines,
planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled.
Have been fulfilled vic provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters
c thc hin.
Provide more up-to-date l cung cp thit b mi replace.
Engines, planes, and helicopters l cc firefighting tools.
Cu 11: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic c thu thm firefighters hay khng.
Cu 12: False
Cu cui paragraph 4 trang 89: There is a sense among both government officials and
residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states
and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations.
Residents l cc citizens.
Greater efficiency kin tt disapprove l sai.
Cu 13: False
7 dng cui paragraph cui trang 89: Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue
to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past
because of fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he
says.
He y l Randy Jacobs c nhc n cu trn.
Cu 14: transformation/change
Dng 1-2 on A: Psychologists have long held that a persons character cannot undergo
a transformation in any meaningful way.
127 Personality ng ngha character.
Cu 15: young age
Dng 2-3 on A: and that they key traits of personality are determined at a very young
age.
Cu 16: optimism
Cu u paragraph 2 on A: Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others,
optimism being one of them.
Less challenging ng ngha easy.
Cu 17: skills/techniques
Dng 2-3 paragraph 2 on A: However, developing qualities requires mastering a range
of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.
Mastering a range of skills which are diverse ngha l learn a wide variety of different
skills.
Cu 18: negative emotions/feelings

Dng 3-4 paragraph 2 on A: For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life,
you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.
Bring more joy and passion ng ngha increase their happiness.
Cu 19: E
Dng 4-6 on F: Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking a
new passion: As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own
ignorance.
Ignorance l s thiu hiu bit.
Tolerate and laugh as your own ignorance l chp nhn s thiu hiu bit
accept that they do not know much.
Cu 20: C
Dng 3-5 on D: She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune
by writing down three positive things that come about each day.
She y l Suzanne Segerstrom.
Pay attention to good fortune l notice when good things happen.
Cu 21: G
Dng 6-9 on H: According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University,
Pedeleoses story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by
moral obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage.
128 Moral obligation ng ngha sense of responsibility.
Cu 22: A
Ton b on B.
on B ni v mt tri nghim ca Christopher Peterson, ngi inherently introverted
learned to be more outgoing y l mt trng hp overcome shyness.
Cu 23: E
Dng 5-7 on E: The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the
psychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her
fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do.
Vy y l mt trng hp dng thinking achieve physical goals.
Cu 24: C
Cu cui on C: He took action despite his own pain - a typical response of an
optimist.
Vic took action despite his own pain l cch overcome a sad experience.
Cu 25: G
Dng 5-6 on G: When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid
nourishes the developing nervous system.
Vic switch labs l mt cch rethink their academic career path.
Cu 26: H
Dng 4-6 on H: Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually
took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be
threatened.
His own job security would be threatened ng ngha risked his career.
Cu 27: C
Dng 9-13 paragraph 3 trang 97: Early 20th-century biologists cane to a similar
conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason
why evolution cannot run backwards - it is just very unlikely.
Vy biologists in the early 20th century sa thuyt ca Louis Dollo t cannot
thnh very unlikely.
Cu 28: D
Dng 5-2 t di ln paragraph 4 trang 97: Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at
the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor.
Vy l do c voi c nhc n l v vic n c chn c gii thch l a throwback to a
land-living ancestor.
129
Cu 29: C
Cu cui paragraph 5 trang 97 (hoc paragraph 1 trang 98):If these silent genes are
somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear.
Reappear ng ngha re-emerge (ng t ca re-emergence).
Traits ng ngha characteristics.
Cu 30: B
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 98: As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole
salamanders of Mexico and California.
The team y l i nghin cu ca Raff
Vy mole salamanders c nhc n chng minh cho thuyt ca Raff.
Cu 31: A
6 dng cui paragraph 4 trang 98: According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree,
the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and
gain has occured on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.
On more than once occasion ng ngha several times.
Toes l certain features c nhc n.
Cu 32: F
Dng 3-6 paragraph 1 trang 97: For the better part of a century, most biologists have
been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that says evolution
cannot run backwards.
Cu 33: G
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 97: While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian
palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite
conclusion.
Opposite conclusion y l cc opposing views.
Cu 34: A
6 dng u paragraph 5 trang 97: Since then, so many other examples have been
discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible.
And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago
suddenly reppear?
Cu 35: B
Dng 3-6 paragraph 5 trang 98: in much the same way that similar structures can
independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer
whales.
130 Cu ny ly v d shark v killer whales ni v mt b phn xut hin nhng loi
unrelated different.
Cu 36: D
Dng 6-11 paragraph 5 trang 98: Another more intriguing possibility is that the genetic
information needed to make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of
millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated.
Vic the genetic information needed to make toes somehow survied ng ngha
continued existence of certain genetic information.
Cu 37: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v vic c ai do research on South American lizards trc Wagner
hay khng.
Cu 38: Yes
Dng 6-3 t di ln paragraph 4 trang 98: According to his analysisc of the Bachia
family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors.
Toed species ng ngha Bachia lizards with toes.
Cu 39: No
Dng 4-5 paragraph cui trang 98: Early embryos of many species develop ancestral
features.
Many species rare l sai.
*Lu : cu hi ch ni temporary occurence ch khng phi l mi mi khng phi
him.
Cu 40: Yes
Cu cui paragraph cui trang 98: If for any reason this does not happen, the ancestral
feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
Atavism l evolutionary throwbacks.
Cu ny ang ni v vic developmental programs that say lose the leg trong
womb in the womb.
131
CAMBRIDGE
132
CAM 11 TEST 1
Cu 1: tomatoes
Cu u paragraph 2 trang 18: The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse
production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time.
Cu 2: urban centers/centres
Dng 3-6 ct 2 trang 18: Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically
reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers.
Cu 3: energy
Dng 8-4 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 19: Although the system would consume
energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-
edible parts of plants.
Vy th c to ra t methane l energy.
Cu 4: fossil fuel
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 19: It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by
cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.
Tractors v ploughs l cc agricultural vehicles.
Cu 5: artificial
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 19: A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that
the plants would require artificial light.
Drawback ng ngha disadvantage.
Cu 6: (stacked) trays
Cu u paragraph 4 trang 19: One variation on vertical farming that has been
developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails.
Move on rails c th di chuyn not fixed.
Cu 7: (urban) rooftops
Cu cui paragraph cui trang 19: While it is possible that much of our food will be
grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we
will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.
Far more likely c kh nng xy ra cao hn the most probable development.
Cu 8: Not Given
133
Vn bn khng nhc n methods for predicting the Earths population.
Cu 9: True
Dng 5-3 t di ln paragraph 1 trang 18: Historically, some 15% of that has been laid
waste by poor management practices.
Laid waste ngha l b ph hy the destruction to food-producing land.
Cu 10: False
Dng 3-6 paragraph 2 trang 19: For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as
they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions.
All year round khng ph thuc vo season.
Cu 11: True
Dng 4-6 u trang 19: However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing
climate, that is not what happens.
What happens l vic thi tit tt em n ma mng tt Vic Climate change
khin damage to food crops.
Cu 12: False
Dng 9-11 paragraph 2 trang 19: All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the
need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers.
Vy vertical farms s khin khng cn s dng fertilisers na.
Cu 13: True
Dng 12-15 paragraph 2 trang 19: The system would greatly reduce the incidence of
many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface.
Reduce the incidence ng ngha make plants less likely to be affected.
Cu 14: False
Dng 4-9 paragraph 2 trang 21: Historically, the two canals had been joined near the
town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water
level could be raised or lowered - that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km.
Vy trc the Falkirk Wheel c a sequence of 11 locks lin kt 2 knh o ny.
Cu 15: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n vic c opposition hay khng.
Cu 16: True
Cu u paragraph 4 trang 21: The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all
constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineerings
134 Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk.
Vy lc u cc b phn ca The Falkirk Wheel c lm ra v lp (th) Butterley
Engineerings Steelworks in Derbyshire.
Cu 17: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v s c nht ca The Falkirk Wheel khng c thng tin c hay
khng c nhng boat lift c bolted together by hand ging The Falkirk Wheel.
Cu 18: False
Dng 7-9 paragraph 5 trang 21: These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not
they are carrying boats.
Vy the weight of the gondolas varies l sai.
Cu 19: True
Dng 3-9 paragraph cui trang 22: The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats
over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owning to the presence of the
historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second
century AD.
A nearby ancient monument l the historically important Antonine Wall.
Cu ny ni ci The Falkirk Wheel khng nng thuyn ln 35 mt v c Antonine
Wall vic xy The Falkirk Wheel c n Antonine Wall.
Cu 20: gates
Dng 4-6 paragraph 2 trang 22: Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the
gondola off from the water in the canal basin.
Two a pair.
Raised ng ngha lifted.
Seal the gondola off from the water ngha l bt gondola li chn nc shut
out water from canal basin.
Cu 21: clamp
Dng 8-11 paragraph 2 trang 22: A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the
Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn.
Removed ng ngha taken out.
Cu 22: axle
Dng 11-13 paragraph 2 trang 22: In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic
motors then begins to rotate the central axle.
Vy th c quay (drive) l axle.
Cu 23: cogs
135 Dng 9-4 t di ln paragraph 2 trang 22: Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed
inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite
direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.
Remain level ng ngha keeps upright l dng thng.
V th c different-sized l cogs.
Cu 24: aqueduct
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 22: When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes
straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.
Passes straight onto ng ngha move directly onto.
Cu 25: wall
Cu cui paragraph cui trang 22: Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through
the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.
Cu 26: locks
Cu u paragraph cui trang 22: The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the
Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks.
Cu 27: D
Dng 3-5 on D: The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of
Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global
temperatures by 0.5 C.
Historica volcanic explosions l mt loi earlier natural phenomenon.
Cu 28: B
Cu u on B: Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised
scale.
Cu ny bo hiu phn sau on B s ni v vic geo-engineering has been shown to
work, tc a v d v mt ln successful use of geo-engineering.
Cu 29: A
Dng 6-8 on A: Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to
explore the alternative of geo-engineering - a term which generally refers to the
intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.
Generally refers to y l a common definition.
Cu 30: sunshade
Dng 5-7 on B: His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each
weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit
1.5 million km above the Earth.
136
Cu 31: iron
Cu 32: algae
Dng 1-2 on C: The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which
include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the
growth of algae.
Depositing iron in the ocean ng ngha placing iron in the sea.
Stimulate the growth of algae l encourage algae to form.
Cu 33: clouds
Dng 2-3 on D: This would involved using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so
that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming.
Global dimming ngha l lm ti i ton cu reduce the amount of light reaching
Earth.
Cu 34: cables
Dng 5-7 on D: Scientists have also scruntinised whether its possible to preserve the
ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from
moving into the sea.
Reinforced high-tension ng ngha strong.
Cu 35: snow
Dng cui trang 25 v u trang 26: birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus
enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.
Vy th reflect radiation l snow.
Cu 36: rivers
Cu cui on D: Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming
areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.
Vic re-routing ng ngha change the direction.
Cu 37: B
5 dng cui on E: And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: I think all of us agree
that if we were to go end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return
to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years.
Return to its pre-engineered condition ngha l tr v trng thi trc khi sa not
be long-lasting.
Cu 38: D
137 Cu cui on H: According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the
World Wildlife Funds International Arctic Programme, Human-induced cliamte change
has brought humanity to a position where we shouldnt exclude thinking thoroughly
about this topic and its possibilities.
We shouldnt exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities geo-
engineering c tim nng worth exploring.
Cu 39: C
Cu cui on G: To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angels project would have to
operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid
the need for geo-engineering altogether.
Operate at half strength ng ngha limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering
projects.
Cu 40: A
Dng 2-3 on E: Angel says that his plan is no substitute for developing renewable
energy: the only permanent solution.
Renewable energy chnh l non-fossil-based fuels.
Vic no substitute c ngha l khng thay th c cannot be replaced.
138
CAM 11 TEST 2
Cu 1: True
Dng 10-16 paragraph 1 trang 41: Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while
witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was
outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by
undisciplined crew.
y l cc gi thuyt v l do chm tu there is some doubt l ng.
Cu 2: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni c tu nu khc b chm trong trn chin 19 July 1545 hay khng.
Cu 3: True
Dng cui ct 1 v dng u ct 2 trang 41: Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all
of the starboard half survived intact.
Nearly all of the starboard half ng ngha most of one side.
Survived intact ng ngha lay undamaged.
Cu 4: False
Dng 5-9 paragraph 2 trang 42: McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had
found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of
beautifully preserved artefacts.
Vy knew that the wreck would contain many valuable historical objects l sai.
Cu 5: C - 1965
Dng 2-10 paragraph cui trang 41-u trang 42: But in 1965, military historian and
ameteur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated
a project called Solent Ships. While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of
know wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose.
Vy nm 1965 l khi mt search for the Mary Rose was launched.
Cu 6: B - 1840
5 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 41: Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until
1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and
various other small finds.
Deane khm ph Mary Rose mt mnh one persons exploration.
Until 1840 kt thc nm 1840.
139
Cu 7: G - 1982
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 42: While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all
feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the
necessary information was available.
Given the go-ahead c nht tr agreed.
Cu 8: A - 1836
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 41: Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent
found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out
to be the Mary Rose.
Turned out to be h khng c tnh tm by chance.
Cu 9: (lifting) frame
Dng 6-8 paragraph 3 trang 42: The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of
bolts and lifting wires.
Vy th gn vi hull l (lifting) frame.
Cu 10: hydraulic jacks

Dng 8-10 paragraph 3 trang 42: The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards
into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks.
Cu 11: stabbing guides

Dng 22-25 paragraph 3 trang 42: This required precise positioning to locate the legs
into the stabbing guides of the lifting cradle.
Vy legs c t vo stabbing guides.
Cu 12: (lifting) cradle

Dng 20-22 paragraph 3 trang 42: the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed
and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle.
Vy th m hull c t vo l lifting cradle.
Cu 13: air bags

Dng 27-29 paragraph 3 trang 42: and was fitted with air bags to provide additional
cushioning for the hulls delicate timber framework.
Additional cushioning ng ngha extra protection.
Cu 14: ii
Dng 8-9 on A: The identity of the moai builders was in doubt until well into the
140 twentieth century. v dng 5-3 t di ln on A: Modern science - linguistic,
archaeological and genetic evidence - has definitively proved the moat builders were
Polynesians.
Vy a question about the moai l the identity of the moai builders.
Has definitively proved chc chn undisputed answer.
Cu 15: ix
Dng 8-11 on B: When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the
forests didnt grow back. As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct
wooden canoes for fishing, they ate birds. Soil erosion decreased their crop yields.
on ny ang ni v vic mt dn ngun thc n diminishing food resources.
Cu 16: viii
Cu u on C: The moai, he thinks, accelerated the self-destruction.
The moai chnh l cc bc tng (statues).
Cu 17: i
Dng 4-6 on D: Archaeological excavations indicate that the Rapanui went to heroic
efforts to protect the resources of their wind-lashed, infertile fields.
Vic went to heroic efforts to protect the resources ng ngha environment
management practices.
Archaeological excavations chnh l cc evidence.
Cu 18: iv
Dng 3-4 on E: One that issue, Hunt and Lipo say, archaeological evidence backs up
Rapanui folklore.
Backs up Rapanui folklore ng ngha supports a local belief.
Cu 19: vii
Cu u on F: Moreoever, Hunt and Lipo are convinced that the settlers were not
wholly responsible for the loss of the islands trees.
The loss of the islands trees l destruction.
Settlers l inhabitants.
Cu 20: vi
Dng 3-4 on G: Rather than a case of abject failure, Rapu Nui is an unlikely story of
success.
Vy two opposing views l abject failure v unlikely story of success.
Cu 21: farming
Dng 8-9 on B: When the islanders cleared the forests for firewood and farming, the
141 forests didnt grow back.
Cu 22: canoes
Cu 23: birds
Dng 9-10 on B: As trees became scarce and they could no longer construct wooden
canoes for fishing, they ate birds.
Construct ng ngha building.
Cu 24: wood
Dng 4-5 on C: Diamond thinks they laid the moat on wooden sledges, hauled over
log rails, but that required both a lot of wood and a lot of people.
Cu 25 - 26: B - C
B v: Dng 2-3 on E: They also believe that moving the moai required few people and
no wood, because they were walked upright.
Vy tri ngc vi both a lot of wood and a lot of people.
C v: Cu u on E: Hunt and Lipo contend that moai-building was an activity that
helped keep the peace between islanders.
Vy tri ngc vi theo Diamond l moai dng rival chieftains th hin s thng
tr.
Cu 27: C
Dng 4-6 paragraph 2 trang 49: When asked to make simple perceptual decisions such
as matching a shape to its rotated image, for example, people often choose a definitively
wrong answer if they see others doing the same.
Often y l mt tendency.
Cu 28: D
Dng u v cu cui paragraph 3 trang 49: Angelina Hawley-Dolan, of Boston College,
Massachusetts, responded to this debate v It seems that the viewer can sense the
artists vision in paintings, even if they cant explain why.
Perceive the intention ng ngha sense the artists vision.
Cu 29: B
Dng u v cu cui paragraph 4 trang 49: Rober Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff
University v It would seem that the brain sees these images as puzzles, and the
harder it is to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the moment of recognition.
The more rewarding is the moment of recognition ng ngha satisfying to work out
what a painting represents.
142
Cu 30: A
Dng 2-4 paragraph 1 trang 50: Mondrians works are deceptively simple, but eye-
tracking studies confirm that they are meticulously composed, and that simply rotating a
piece radically changes the way we view it.
Meticulously composed ng ngha carefully put together.
Cu 31: C - emotions
3 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 49: The blurred imagery of Impressionist paintings seems
to stimulate the brains amygdala, for instance. The the amygdala plays a crucial role in
our feelings, that finding might explain why many people find these pieces of moving.
Find these pieces of moving the impact on our emotions.
Cu 32: B - complexity
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 50: In another experiment, Alex Forsythe of the University of
Liverpool analysed the visual intricacy of different pieces of art, and her results suggest
that many artists use a key level of detail to please the brain.
A key level of details ng ngha precise degree of complexity.
Cu 33: H - images
Dng 4-7 paragraph 3 trang 50: Whats more, appealing pieces both abstract and
representational, show signs of fractals - repeated motifs recurring in different scales.
Fractals are common throughout nature, for example in the shapes of mountain peaks or
the branches of trees.
Motifs y ng ngha images.
Cu 34: Not Given

Vn bn khng nhc n previous beliefs on the function of fractals in art.
Cu 35: Yes
Dng 4-5 paragraph 4 trang 50: This may be down to our brains mirror neurons, which
are known to mimic others actions. The hypothesis will need to be thoroughly tested,
however.
Need to be thoroughly tested ng ngha require further verification.
Cu 36: No
Cu cui paragraph 4 trang 50: While the fashions of the time might shape what is
currently popular, works that are best adapted to our visual system may be the most
likely to linger once the trends of previous generations have been forgotten.
143 V c cc works that are best adapted to our visual system vn ang linger once the
trends of previous generations have been forgotten depends entirely l sai.
Cu 37: No
Dng 2-3 paragraph cui trang 50: It would, however, be foolish to reduce art
appreciation to a set of scientific laws.
A set of scientific laws ng ngha define the precise rules.
Cu 38: Yes
Dng 3-4 paragraph cui trang 50: We shouldnt underestimate the importance of the
style of a particular artist, their place in history and the artistic environment of their
time.
Their place in history and the artistic environment l cc cultural context.
Cu 39: Not Given

Vn bn khng so snh kh d ca vic find meaning trong field of science vi
art.
Lu : Cu cui paragraph cui trang 50: In some ways, its not so different to science
ch ni v vic c 2 iu u cn phi find meaning, khng ni bn no kh hn, d
hn.
Cu 40: A
p n B loi v vn bn khng ni v studies focusing on the neural activity of abstract
artists (cc studies trong bi phn ln l v ngi xem ch khng phi artist).
p n C loi v vn bn khng so snh abstact vi representational art.
p n D loi v vn bn khng ni v vic public opinion about abstract art b thay i
cht no.
144
CAM 11 TEST 3
Cu 1: tea
Dng 13-17 paragraph 1 trang 65: It just so happened that while she was sipping some
tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to
unravel into a fine thread.
Landed in y ng ngha fell into.
Cu 2: reel
Dng 21-25 paragraph 1 trang 65: She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from
the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into
fabric.
Draw the fibres from the cocoon ng ngha pull out silk fibres.
Cu 3: women
Cu u paragraph 2 trang 65: Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to
women, and it was they who were responsible for the growing, harvesting and
weaving.
Growing, harvesting and weaving l cc bc trong vic produce silk.
Solely restricted ng ngha only were allowed.
Cu 4: royalty
Dng 4-7 paragraph 2 trang 65: Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally,
only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk.
Entitled ng ngha allowed.
Have clothes made of silk ng ngha wear silk.
Cu 5: currency
Dng 12-16 paragraph 2 trang 65: silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of
currency. Government officials were paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes
in grain and silk.
Vy vic farmers taxes consisted partly of silk l v d cho vic used as a unit of
currency.
Cu 6: paper
Cu cui paragraph 2 trang 65: The earliest indication of silk paper being used was
discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD.
145
Cu 7: wool
2 dng cui trang 65 v dng u trang 66: taking silk westward and bringing gold,
silver and wool to the East.
Gold, silver l cc precious metals.
Vy th cn li c mang v l wool.
Cu 8: monks
Dng 9-15 paragraph 2 trang 66: According to another legend, monks working for the
Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in
moder-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow bamboo walking canes.
Concealed ng ngha hide.
Cu 9: nylon
Dng 6-10 paragraph cui trang 66: Then in the twentieth century, new manmade
fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products.
Vy th thay th silk l nylon.
Cu 10: False
4 dng u trang 66: It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity,
which was considered to be worth more than gold.
Vy gold was the most valuable material l sai.
*Lu : cu hi dng t material l vt liu nn s bao gm c silk.
Cu 11: True
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 66: Few merchants travelled the entire route; goods were
handled mostly by a series of middle men.
Merchants ng ngha tradesmen.
Few merchants travelled the entire route tc l t thng nhn i ton b qung
ng phn ln thng nhn ch i mt phn ng most tradesmen only went
along certain sections.
Cu 12: False
Dng 15-19 paragraph 2 trang 66: The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese,
however, and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict
imperial monopoly.
Cu ny ni vic Byzantines cng gi kn cng thc lm silk spread the practice of
silk production l sai.
Cu 13: Not Given

146 Vn bn khng so snh lng xut khu ca silk vi silk yarn.
Cu 14: False
Dng 5-7 paragraph 2 trang 69: While local gulls will dive voraciously for such a
handouts, the tern flies on.
Vy local gulls v migrating artic terns s phn ng khc hn nhau.
Cu 15: True
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 69: But migration is complex issue, and biologists define it
differently, depending on what sorts of animals they study.
Cu 16: Not Given

Vn bn khng ni v s lng ngi coi movement of aphids l migration.
*Lu : paragraph cui trang 69 - u trang 70 ch ni v movement of aphids so
snh vi other forms of movement.
Cu 17: True
Cu cui trang 69 v u trang 70: They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will
become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when its time to takeoff on their big
journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when its
appropriate to land.
Vy y l v d v vic aphids journeys b nh hng bi nh sng m n nhn c.
Cu 18: False
3 dng cui paragraph u trang 70: therefore helps guide researchers towards
understanding how evolution has produced them all.
Vy iu Dingle mong l gip cc nh nghin cu hiu how evolutions produce
(migrations) ch khng phi phn bit migratory behaviours ca cc loi khc nhau.
Cu 19: G
Dng 13 paragraph 1 trang 69: they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy.
Be linear tc l theo mt ng thng follow a straight line.
Cu 20: C
Dng 13-15 paragraph 1 trang 69: they involved special behaviours concerning
preparation (such as overfeeding).
Overfeeding ngha l vic eat more than they need for immediate purposes.
Cu 21: A
4 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 69: which keeps them undistracted by tempations and
147 undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.
Vic undeterred by challenges ng ngha unlikely to be discouraged by difficulties.
Cu 22: E
Cu cui ct 1 trang 69: Right now it is totally focused on the journey, its undivided
intent is arrival.
Vic totally focused on the journey ng ngha ignore distractions.
Phn trn ca paragraph cng a ra v d v distractions l nice smelly herring
offered from a bird-watchers boat.
Cu 23: speed
Dng 4-6 ct 2 trang 70: Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep
safe from predators.
Distance vision ng ngha eyesight.
Cu 24: plains
Dng 6-11 paragraph 2 trang 70: One population, which spends the summer in the
mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route
from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto the plains.
Vy h th nhm ny sng national park, v ng th di c xung the plains.
Cu 25: bottlenecks
Dng 7-4 t di ln ct 1 trang 70: These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of
their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks.
Vy migration route ca loi ny phi i qua three bottlenecks.
Cu 26: corridor/passageway
Dng 7-11 ct 2 trang 70: At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V,
leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private home.
Vy private homes c xy mt corridor (cng c th in p n
passageway).
Cu 27: D
Cu u on D: Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-
scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the
foundation of their theories.
Vic omit the mathematics ngha l b i phn ton hc coi ngi c lack of
mathematical knowledge.
Cu 28: B
Cu u paragraph 2 on B: In that respect, this book differs from most books on
148 mathematics written for the general public.
Vy y l cch m quyn sch no is not a typical books about mathematics.
Cu 29: G
2 paragraph u on G: A physician wrote v a lawyer made the same point.
y l 2 personal examples ca vic ton gip cng vic ca h.
Cu 30: C
Cu cui on C: To illustrate our human potential, I cite a structural engineer who is an
artist, an electrical engineer who is an opera singer, an opera singer who published
mathematical research, and a mathematician who publishes short stories.
y l cc v d ca people who each had abilities that seemed incompatible
(incompatible ngha l khng tng thch cc k nng c v khng lin quan nh
opera singer v electrical engineer).
Cu 31: B
3 dng cui on B: Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Other describe
the important applications of mathematics. Yet others go into mathematical procedures,
but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.
y l lit k cc different focus ca sch v ton hc.
Cu 32: E
Dng 4-5 on E: You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a
novel or a newspaper.
A novel v a newspaper l cc other kinds of publication.
Cu 33: A
Cu cui paragraph 1 on A: Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning.
Every step mi bc the whole of the book.
Cu 34: F
Cu u on F: As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers.
Vy y l different categories of intended readers.
Cu 35: beginner
3 dng u on A: Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, there are
beautiful, but easy parts - parts so simple a beginner could play them. So it is with
mathematics as well.
Cu 36: arithmetic
Dng 3-5 on A: There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not
149 depend on specialized knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry.
Instead they may involve, at most, a little arithmetic.
Cu 37: intuitive
Cu cui on A: Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical
experience, to appreciate the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its
logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.
Analytical (phn tch) ng ngha logical (hp l) iu cn li l intuitive.
Cu 38: scientists
Cu u on D: Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-
scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the
foundation of their theories.
Vic omit the mathematics ng ngha leave out the mathematics.
Provides the foundation ng ngha central to their theories.
Cu 39: experiments
Cu cui on E: It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry
out experiments.
Carry out experiments ng ngha perform experiments.
Cu 40: theorems
Dng 2-4 paragraph 2 on G: I attribute much of my success there to having learned,
through the study of mathematics, and, in particular, theorems, how to analyze
complicated principles.
In particular c bit l phn ny even more than other.
Vy th trong areas of mathematics m gip nhiu nht l theorems.
*Lu trong bi dng l other areas of mathematics p n cng l mt area of
mathematics.
150
CAM 11 TEST 4
Cu 1: False
Cu cui paragraph 1 trang 87: Any differences between them - one twin having younger
looking skin, for example - must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent
in the sun.
Vy differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks l do environmental
factors ch khng phi genetic.
Cu 2: Not Given
Vn bn khng so snh kh nng mc bnh ca twins vi non-twin.
Cu 3: Not Given
Vn bn khng ni v vic Bouchard c advertised in newspaper hay khng.
Cu 4: True
Cu u paragraph 2 trang 88: Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to
neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a thir
component.
Nature y l genetic v nurture l environmental processes.
Cu 5: A
Dng 3-5 ct 2 trang 87: when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the
approach (and coined the phrase nature and nurture).
Coined the phrase ngha l t tn cho cm t invented a term.
Cu 6: C
Cu u paragraph cui trang 88: Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in
epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further.
Take our understanding even further ng ngha increase our knowledge.
Cu 7: A (p n sai ?)
4 dng u paragraph 4 trang 87: The idea of using twins to measure the influence of
heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the
approach.
The approach l vic measure the influence of heredity.
Cu 8: B (p n sai ?)
151
3 dng u paragraph 6 trang 88: Reed credits Thomas Bouchards work for todays
surge in twin studies. He was the trailblazer, she says.
Trailblazer l ngi tin phong ng ngha pioneered.
*Lu : nu khng bit t trailblazer th c th on c qua vic credits Thomas
Bouchards work for todays surge in twin studies do ng ny m vic twin studies
tr nn nh by gi.
Cu 9: B (p n li sai ?)
Dng 7-13 paragraph 4 trang 87: with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had
been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins
eventually visited Thomas Bouchards lab in what became know as the Minnesota Study
of Twins Reared Apart.
Separated at birth and reunited as adults ng ngha who had lived apart.
Cu 10: D - chemicals
Dng 1-2 paragraph 2 trang 88: Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions.
Trong epigenetic processes th th gy nh hng l chemicals.
Cu 11: B - organs
Cu cui paragraph 4 trang 88: Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly,
while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart,
brain, or liver cells, for example.
Heart, brain, or liver cells l cc internal organs.
Cu 12: E - environment
Cu u paragraph 4 trang 88: One way the study of epigenetics is revoluntionizing our
understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly
impacts on genes.
The environment directly impacts on genes ng ngha genes can be affected by our
environment.
Cu 13: F - behaviour/behavior
Dng 6-10 paragraph 4 trang 88: when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can
cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows
up.
Behavioral problems ng ngha problems in its behaviour/behavior.
Cu 14: B
Cu u paragraph 1 trang 91: Though we might think of film as an essentially visual
experience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound.
152 Cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound ng ngha vi p n B.
Cu 15: A
Dng 7-10 paragraph 2 trang 91: Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the
character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge.
Film personality and life personality seem to merge ng ngha actor and character
appearing to have similar personalities.
Cu 16: B
Dng 9-12 v 4 dng cui paragraph 3 trang 91: For example, in the highly successful
science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of little
intrinsic interest. v inadequacy of human responses when compared with the
magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe.
Vy y l mt v d v vic li thoi phim c v nht nho nhng mang mt dng khc.
Cu 17: D
Dng 4-8 paragraph 4 trang 91: This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy
quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film
itself and thus its humor.
The absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor chnh l key elements of the film.
Cu 18: C
4 dng cui paragraph 1 trang 92: the sound mixer may call attention to the click with
an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.
y l vic chnh sa m thanh (sound mixer) thay i phn ng ca khn gi.
Cu 19: True (p n ghi l D???) (p n t y trong sch b lch 1 cu)

4 dng u paragraph 3 trang 92: We are probably all familiar with background music in
films, which has become os ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.
Noticable in its absence d nhn thy khi khng c be surprised if a film lacks.
Cu 20: True
Dng 9-10 paragraph 3 trang 92: In addition, background music often foreshadows a
change in mood.
Foreshadows a change in mood ng ngha anticipate a development in a film.
Cu 21: Not Given

Vn bn khng so snh effect ca background music gia ngi vi ngi.
Cu 22: True
153 Cu u paragraph 4 trang 92: Background music may aid viewer understanding by
linking scenes.
Cu 23: False
Dng 6-9 paragraph cui trang 92: The effects of sound are often largely subtle and
often are noted by only our subconscious minds.
Often are noted by only our subconscious minds be aware l sai.
Cu 24: C
Dng 10-13 paragraph 1 trang 91: These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as
to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects.
Vic create desired effects y ngha l to tc ng thch hp (ln khn gi) the
audiences response.
Cu 25: A
4 dng u paragraph 2 trang 91: As is the case with stage drama, dialogues serves to
tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well.
Cu 26: E
Cu u paragraph 3 trang 91: When voice textures fit the performers physiognomy
and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges.
Voice textures fit the performers physiognomy and gestures ng ngha the actors
appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.
A whole and very realistic persona emerges ng ngha a character seems to be a real
person.
Cu 27: vi
Dng 3-5 on A: Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since
everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.
All other inventions pale in significance language is the most important invention.
y l l do m language is the most important invention of all.
Cu 28: iv
Dng 1-2 on B: In its own right is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on
an idea of ingenious simplicity.
Extraordinary sophistication v ingenious simplicity l 2 apparently incompatible
characteristics.
Cu 29: ii
Cu cui on C: But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine,
let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these
154 meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of
existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.
From sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental
order of the universe convey a huge range of meaning.
Cu 30: vii
Cu u on D: The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one
doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion.
Vy ai cng c th dng c language the universal ability to use language.
Cu 31: i
Cu u on E: Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many
exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design.
Estrangement y l s khc bit differences.
Brings home the wonder of languages design ng ngha highlight their
impressiveness.
Cu 32: v
3 dng cui on F: The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when
carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function.
Non-sound l silence.
Invested with a specific function ng ngha be meaningful.
Cu 33: E - material
Dng 2-3 on A: Other inventions - the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread - may have
transformed our material existence.
Transformed our material existence ng ngha had a major impact on material
aspects of life.
Cu 34: G - fundamental
Dng 3-5 on A: Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since
everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.
Everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it ngha l
mi th chng ta t c u ph thuc hoc bt ngun t ngn ng Language l
fundamental (c bn).
Cu 35: B - complex
2 dng u on B: In its own right is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based
on an idea of ingenious simplicity.
Ingenious simplicity c gii thch phn sau l v c t twenty-five or thirty sounds
155 composed of just a small number of sounds.
Extraordinary sophistication ng ngha complex.
Cu 36: F - easy
Cu u on D: The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one
doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion.
Doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion d dng easy to use.
Cu 37: No
Cu cui on A: Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to
unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.
Unparalleled power over all other animals chnh l their present position.
Vy might have achieved l sai.
Cu 38: Yes
Dng 6-8 on B: This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-
Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language.
Distilled the essence y ngha l nm c bn cht ca ngn ng did justice to
the nature of language.
Do justice to something ngha l th hin mt th g ng, chnh xc.
Cu 39: Not Given

Vn bn khng so snh s r rng ca vic explained in a sentence v in a single
word.
Cu 40: Yes
Cu u on F: And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the
language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who
invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history.
Enabled the documentation of history ngha l cho php s ghi chp lch s
responsible for starting the recording of events.
156

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KEY & EXPLANATION

Cu 12: (a) competition model

Cu 13: 2% (p n ghi 20%? ->sai?)

Cu 20: Not Given

Cu 22: Not Given

Cu 25: C - container ships.

Cu 34 - 35: sea mammals - fish

Cu 36: Not Given

Cu 40: Not Given

Cu 20: Not Given.

Cu 23: Not Given.

Cu 31: Not Given

Cu 39: free radicals

Cu 12: Not Given

Cu 14: B - men and women

Cu 16: C - an international research team

Cu 17: J - family wealth

Cu 18: F - maternal literacy

Cu 19: Not Given

Cu 24: Not Given

Cu 36: (explicit) guidelines

Cu 37: (school) curriculum

Cu 39: playful fighting

Cu 10: natural selection

Cu 11: radio waves/echoes

Cu 12: mathematical theories

Cu 23: Not Given

Cu 34: Not Given

Cu 35: Not Given

Cu 39: K - well known

Cu 22: food bills/costs

Cu 23: (modern) intensive farming

Cu 24: organic farming

Cu 25: Greener Food Standard

Cu 26: consumers - farmers

Cu 35: Not Given

Cu 27: Not Given

Cu 10: (accomplished) sailors

Cu 11: (modern) glider

Cu 15: Not Given

Cu 17: Not given

Cu 10: (escape) wheel

Cu 12: (long) pendulum

Cu 34 - 35: sensory leakage - (outright) fraud

Cu 37: human involvement

Cu 39: lack of consistency

Cu 40: Big/large enough

Cu 10: Not Given

Cu 18 - 19: B (ice cores) - C (tree rings)

Cu 20: A - climatic shifts

Cu 22: G - heat waves

68 Cu 13: Not Given

Cu 24: Not Given

Cu 26: Not Given

Cu 33 - 34: physical chemistry - thermodynamics

Cu 39: Not Given

Cu 18: Not Given

Cu 28: Not Given

Cu 38: leaf litter

Cu 10: mauve (was/is)

Cu 11: (Robert) Pullar

Cu 12: (in) French

Cu 13: Malaria (is)