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Paper 2 Key Notes PDF
Physic 2011
APPENDIX 1
CHARACTERISTIC/PROPERTIES
FOR QUESTION ON MODIFICATION AND MAKING DICISION
Chapter 1/2/3 (FORCES AND MOTION/PRESSURE)
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/
BIL REASON/EXPLANATION
MODIFICATION
More sensitif/more accurate/suitable to measure a
1 The small reading of scale 0.01 cm
small length
to increase time of impact //to reduce impulsive
2 Front and rear crumple zones
force.
will inflate during collision/to prevent driver and
3 Air bags passenger colliding with steering wheel and
dashboard.
to lengthen the time of impact so as to reduce
4 Dashboard - made of soft material
impulsive force.
to prevent passengers thrown foward due to it
5 Seat belt
inertia
6 Headrest to prevent head thrown back due to it inertia
To withstand greater pressure at the bottom as the
7 Thicker wall at the base
pressure increases with depth
The wall is constructed using stronger To avoid the wall from breaking / To increase the
8
materials / Using reinforce concrete strength of the wall / To avoid leaking
Equipped with the water overflow To avoid flooding / To channel away the
9
system overflow water
10 The mass must be high so that the vehicles becomes more stable
11 the types of engine is diesel so the cost is low
the diameter of the tyre must be bigger
12 so the pressure is low // more stable
reduce the resistance of water/ kurangkan
13 Streamline / larus
rintangan air
14 Low Density /ketumpatan rendah higher buoyant force/ daya apungan tinggi
Specific heat capacity high / muatan
15 absorbs heat slowly/serap haba dengan perlahan
haba tentu tinggi
16 High strength / Kekuatan tinggi Difficult to damage / sukar rosak
17 Material made from glass Glass does not corrode with acid
18 Small diameter of capillary tube To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright/lower center
19 High density of shots/added more
of gravity
20 Big diameter of bottom bulb To obtaine a bigger upthrust/stability
21 Aerodynamics / cone shape at top Reducing of air friction
22 Small mass Higher rate of acceleration/easy to carry
Less than half of the bottle filled with Enough space for increasing air pressure/ Big
23
water(water roket) buoyant force
24 3 or 4 wings The stability of the rocket
25 Angle of projection = 45 degree Increase the flight distance
26 Low density of an object So that it is lighter/accelerate faster
27 Higher density Bigger inertia/stability
To produce high acceleration// high resultant
28 High engine power force
1
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Physic 2011
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Physic 2011
Chapter 4 (HEAT)
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/
BIL REASON/EXPLANATION
MODIFICATION
the lid of the pan designed to lower the
the boiling point of water decreased
1 air pressure inside the pan
the lid of the pan made of substance heat will not absorbed by the the lid,so heat will
2 which has weak conductivity of heat not lost to surrounding
Made from material with low specific Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly
3 heat capacity when heated. This saves fuel / cooking gas.
4 Made from a low density material Pot is light and more portable
Made from material that is not easily Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the
5 corroded or oxidized food with dangerous material
The handle of the pot is made from
The handle becomes hot slower and can be held
material with high specific heat
without scorching the hand
6 capacity
The pot is designed to have vertical
This makes the pot versatile because different
compartments which can be added or
food can be cooked at the same time
7 removed
Does not melt easily if there is an increase in
High melting point
8 temperature.
Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all
Liquid that difficult to compress.
9 directions/ flows easily
10 High degree of hardness Can withstand great force / does not break easily
Increase surface area // release heat quickly //
Large numbers of fin blade -
11 engine cools quickly
Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the
Big size of fan
12 engine /Can cool down a larger area
Not easily to vaporize // the volume of liquid
High boiling point
13 reduce slowly // takes a longer time to boil
Takes a longer time to become hot // the rise in
High specific heat capacity
14 temperature is slow
increase the resistance/Can transfer the heat faster
Increase the length/area of cooling coil
15 to the surrounding
A storage tank must be place at a
To give higher pressure
16 higher level
17 Pipe embedded in plate must be long will enlarge surface area will absorbs heat faster
The pipe inside the plate must be made Metal is a good heat conductor,so it will transmit
18 of metal heat to water easily/resistance hih
thermometer is made from strong
so that it is not easily broken
19 transparent glass
the thermometric liquid chosen is
because it easily expands uniformly
20 mercury
the capillary tube is made narrow and
so that it is more sensitive
21 thin
22 the shape of the thermometer is round so that it has a magnifying effect
the thermometer is placed in melting
to obtain the lower point
23 ice
the thermometer is placed in steam to obtain the upper point
Low specific heat capacity of ice cream
Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly
24 box
25 Smaller size of ice cream box Easier to carry // easy too become cool
26 Plastic PVC Poor conductor of heat
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27 Bright colour of outer box Does not absorb heat from surrounding quickly
28 Use insulator behind the absorber panel To prevent the loss of heat energy
Use an absorber panel which is painted A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so
29 black. it will absorb heat faster
Chapter 5 (LIGHT)
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MO
BIL REASON/EXPLANATION
DIFICATION
Allow more light to involve in total internal
Small critical angle.
1 reflection
2 strong material not easily broken.
3 flexible material. Can easily change the shape.
4 fine diameter can enter small holes.
5 High refractive index Total internal reflection can occur easily
Large number of signal/higher intensity of light
Optical fibre in a bundle
6 can propagate
7 Material with weak rigidity The optical fibre can be bent easily
8 Material with great strength The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil
A plane mirror mounted on an Reflects light to the vertical screen, corrects
9
adjustable arm lateral and vertical inversion
Use a converging mirror instead of Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the
10
plane mirror intensity of light.
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect
Place the filament at the centre of
back on the same path // increase the intensity of
11 curvature of the converging mirror //
light towards the transparency // to get brighter
use high powered lens
image
12 Use heat filter To absorb excess heat to the transparency
Electric fan operates during and after Cooling system to stabilize the temperature (heat
13
the lamp is switched on energy produced by filament bulb)
14 Shorter // smaller size of binocular easy to carry
Use prism to make the total internal
15 Produce upright image
reflection occur
16 Higher density Higher refractive indeks
17 Objective lens with larger diameter More light passes through the lens
18 Eyepiece with higher power Shorter focal length
19 Shorter focal length Higher power/increase the magnification
20 Convex lense Can produce real image
21 u a bit bigger than f Produce maximum magnification
22 periscope Cheaper than cctv
23 2 plane mirror/prism Can reflect light from object
24 Casing to hold the mirror Easier to handle periscope
25 Convex mirror Wider field view
Optical fibre with higher densities/
26 refractive index inner compare than To ensure total internal reflection occur
outer
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Physic 2011
Chapter 6 (WAVE)
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/
BIL REASON/EXPLANATION
MODIFICATION
Waves are calmer due to divergence of energy/
Convergence of waves at the cape/The bay is shallower .
1 Build near bay
The speed of waves decreases./The amplitude of waves
at the bay is small.
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore. To
2 Build retaining walls reflect the waves from the shore./Protect the area from
large waves /avoid erosion
Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted in the
Concrete barrier structure with a childrens area/the smaller amplitude of the diffracted
3
gap in between waves causes the sea to be calmer there energy of
waves decreases.
4 Build high retaining wall To ensure the water not overflow.
5 Thick area at the base of the wall To withstand high pressure at the base
6 Long wavelength Easy to diffract
7 Short Slit Diffraction more obvious
8 Ultrasonic wave Can transfer more energy
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/
BIL REASON/EXPLANATION
MODIFICATION
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and
The electric appliances are
1 off independently/Higher voltage
connected in parallel
One appliaces damage the another can still function
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse To stop the flow of current by melting when a high
2 box/Use miniature circuit breakers voltage of electric current flows through the circuit //
(mcbs) switches itself off very quickly if the current exceeds
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault
Earth connection to the metal case occurs and a current flows through the live wire and the
3
of electrical appliances earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will blow and cut
off the supply.
Use low power lamps / install To reduce the energy use/do not waste the electrical
4
fluorescent lamp energy
Regularly cleaning and removing
5 dust from the air filters of air To make sure the appliaces function effectively
conditioners
6 Low power lamp Safe cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less power
7 High efficiency
wastage
8 Long life span No need to replace often
9 Low price/cost Save money/cost
10 Smaller surface area the resistance is higher
11 High melting point not easy to melt
12 Long (coiled) metal to increase the resistance
Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer
13 Low rate of oxidation
period
14 Low resistance Current will increase / more heat will be produced
15 Low resistivity To reduce heat loss in the cables
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16 Low rate of thermal expansion The cables will not expand under hot weather
17 use thin diaphragm Easy to vibrate
18 Use strong material Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //
19 More number of turns of coil The magnitude of the induced current or is also
increased
20 Thicker diameter of wire of coil reduce the resistance of the coil
Using more powerful magnet to Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
21 increase the strength of the //The magnitude of the induced current or induced
magnetic field electromotive force is also increased
Change slip rings with To reverse contact with brushes so that the current flow
22
commutator in same direction in external circuit
23 Use stronger magnet To increase the magnetic field strength
Use more number of turn for the Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase
24
coil/ Increase the speed of rotation the induced current
25 Diameter should be large to reduce the resistance of the cables
The rate of expansion should be So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables
26
low during hot days
To smoothen the current produced/to store electric
27 Use capacitor
charge
Produce radial magnetic field to ensure smooten
28 Using concave surface soft iron
rotatation
29 Using a laminated iron core Reduce Eddy current in iron core
30 Thick copper wire reduce the resistance of the coil
Using soft iron for the core Reduce the hysterisis loss.
31
Easy to magnetize and demagnitize
Winding the secondary and Reduce Leakage of Magnetic Flux
32
primary coils on top each other.
Chapter 9 (RADIOACTIVE)
BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/
REASON/EXPLANATION
L MODIFICATION
The half-life should be a few days This allows for the location to be detected and
1 long thereafter the radioactive contamination is reduced
The source should emit particles This enables the radiation to be detected above the
2 ground/high penetrating power
The detector should be able to
High ionising particles like and particles are
detect particles (low ionising
absorbed by the ground
3 particles)
4 Has a long half-life Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
Emits beta
5 dangerous than gamma
6 Solid form Easy to handle and contain.
7 Low ionising power Does not change the state and taste of juice
8 Higher ionising power Easy for the medium to conduct electricity
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APPENDIX 2
QUESTIONS ON UNDERSTANDING
4. Can you explain why a maximum speed of
FORM 4 supertanker might need to stop its engine
over a distance of about 3 km before it can
CHAPTER 1 come to stop.
Higher mass, higher inertia 6. Diagram (a) shows two identical spherical
To accelerate an object, need to plasticine balls before being released from
overcome the inertia first. the same height. Diagram (b) shows the
Therefore, more force is needed for
heavier object.
7. Explain how the forces between the 11. Explain why the boat moves away from
molecules caused the elasticity when the the jetty as a boy jumps out of the boat
spring is compressed and stretched. onto the river bank.
There are two types of force; attraction When the boy jumps onto the river
and repulsive force between the particles bank, his momentum is forward.
of the solid. Using the Principle of conservation of
When the solid is stretched, the momentum
molecules displaced away from each the total momentum before and after
other jumping is equal
Attractive forces are acting to oppose the The boat moves backward to balance
stretching the forward momentum
When the solid is compressed, the
molecules displaced closer to each other 12. Explain why the need of steel structure
Repulsive forces are acting to oppose the and the separate compartments to build in
compression lorry carrying heavy load.
8. Terangkan bagaimana anda boleh The inertia of lorry and load is very big
menentukan ketumpatan bagi penyumbat when it is moving
gabus. The separate compartments make the
load divided into smaller mass, thus
timbang jisim gabus reducing the inertia of each unit.
ikat gabus dengan pemberat dan The momentum of lorry and load is
masukan dalam silinder penyukat very big when it is moving and
perubahan isipadu air bersamaan dengan produce a bigger impulsive force.
isipadu gabus The steel structure will prevent the
ketumpatan gabus = jisim perisipadu loads from smashing into the drivers
compartment during emergency
9. Using the principle of conservation of braking.
momentum, explain the working principle
of the rocket. 13. Why we feel easier to pull the wheel
barrow compared to push the wheel
Fuel burns in the combustion chamber barrow?
Hot gases expelled at high speed
backwards The object on the wheel barrow has a
A large backwards momentum is weight
produced When we push the wheel barrow there
The rocket gains forwards momentum is a force acting on the ground in the
of equal magnitude same direction as the weight.
So the total force acting on the ground
10. Why the boy with mass 40kg slides down is the weight and the force produced
the flume when the angle of inclination is when we push the wheel barrow.
30 o and remains stationary when the When we pull the wheel barrow the
angle of inclination is 17.5o.(the frictional force produced is in opposite direction
force is 120N) with the weight.
So the total force acting on the floor is
Boy slide down when component of a weight less the force produced when
weight parallel to the slope is higher we pull the wheel barrow
than frictional force
Resultant force acting to produced
acceleration
Boy remain stationary when
component of weight parallel to the
slope is equal to frictional force
Resultant force is equal to zero make
the boy in force equilibrium
CHAPTER 3
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Physic 2011
14. Explain why the wooden block move 18. Explain why a balloon filled with helium
upwards and then float on the water gas rises up in the air.
surface when it release from the above of
the water surface. The balloon acted by two forces:
Upthrust and the weight of the balloon
Buoyant force increase when the The density of helium gas is less than
volume of water displace increase. the density of surrounding air
Buoyant force higher than weight of Upthrust equals to the weight of the air
block. displaced by the ballloon
Boyant force pushed the wooden block Upthrust is higher than the weight of
upward. the balloon
The wooden block then float because
the buoyant force is equal to the 19. Diagram shows a copper block and a bowl
weight of the wooden block shape
The concept involve is archimedes copper
principle sheet of
same
15. Exlplain how the brake system operates when mass.
the car needs to slow down.
When the brake is pressed ,a force is Explain why the copper block sink in water but
applied to the piston and pressure is the bowl shape copper sheet floats on water
exerted.
Pressure is transmitted uniformly two forces act on the copper block and
throughout the brake fluid. bowl are uptrust and weight
Force is exerted on the piston of the Uptrust small because small volume //
brake pads vise versa
Brake pads will press against the Block sink because weight > uptrust
brake discs. Sheet float because weight = uptrust
16. The toothpaste flows out of its tube while 20. Diagram shows a cross-sectional of a wing
squeezing at the bottom end of a moving aeroplane. The wing of the
Explain how the toothpaste flows out and aeroplane experiences a lift force. Explain
name a physics principle related to it. why the lift force acts on the wing of the
aeroplane.
Force is applied to the toothpaste
(tube)
Will produced a pressure
The toothpaste carry the pressure
and apply the pressure of the equal
magnitude to the whole tube
17. Explain how a submarine is able to Higher velocity on the upper surface
submerge into deep sea water and lower velocity on the lower surface
Thus produced lower pressure on the
Valve release air from ballast tank. upper surface and higher pressure on
Sea water flooded ballast tank the lower surface
The weight of water displaced is Lift force = difference in pressure x
smaller. area of surface
Buoyant force < Weight of the
submarine
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21. Explain the principle of Insect Piston 25. Explain why the hovercraft moves with
Spray constant velocity in terms of the force
acting on it
When the piston is pushed, air is
forced out through the jet of gas at a The forward force = friction // forward
high speed. thrust = drag
According to Bernoullis Principle , the The resultant force is zero
pressure of the moving air decreases The hovercraft is in force in equilibrium
as the speed of the air increases .
The higher atmospheric pressure in CHAPTER 4
the insect poison container will push
the insect poison liquid up through the 26. Water is used as a cooling agent in a
narrow metallic tube. radiator. Explain how water is used as a
cooling agent in the radiator.
22. Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to
remove dust from the floor Water has high specific heat capacity
When water in tube passes through the
the fan blow air out of the vent engine it can absorb large amount of
produce a partial vacuum area in the heat energy
vacuum cleaner Once water reach the radiator, the
difference in pressure heat of the water absorbed by the fin
occurs/atmospheric pressure is higher blade of the radiator
than the pressure inside the vacuum The same time the fan in the radiator push
cleander the heat out of the car.
forced is exerted in/pushed in the dirt.
27. Terangkan bagaimana proses sejatan
23. Bunsen burner burning with yellow flame . mengakibatkan suhu cecair berkurang.
Explain how a blue flame can be
produced. Di dalam air terdapat molekul yang
sentiasa bergerak pada halaju berbeza
High velocity of gas produce low Dipermukaan air molekul-molekul
pressure at the jet berhalaju tinggi memperolehi tenaga
Higher atmospheric pressure pushes kinetik tinggi
the air inside and mix with the gas Ikatan antara molekul diatasi dan
Complete mixture of combustion will terbebas ke udara
produce blue flame Air kehilangan molekul berhalaju tinggi
Enlarge the orifice to allow more air jadi TK air rendah, suhu berkurang
24. The roof of a house being lifted by strong 28. According to the principle of thermal
winds. Explain why. equilibrium and the working principle of a
thermometer, explain how a doctor can
the strong wind above the roof is moving check his patient temperature during
very fast medical treatment.
While the air in the house is at rest
according to bernaoulli principle the higher Thermometer is placed in the mouth of
the velocity, the lower the pressure patient,
pressure inside the house is higher than Heat is transferred from patients body
the outside. to the thermometer.
a force is generated by the difference in Thermal equilibrium between the
pressure which is strong enough to lift the thermometer and patients body is
roof. reached when the net rate of heat
transfer is zero.
The thermometer and the patients
body are at the same temperature.
The thermometer
reading shows the temperature of the
patients body.
10
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29. Explain the changes which occur in the In the process of evaporation the
liquid naphthalene when it is cooled until it change of phase of matter from liquid
changes from the liquid to the solid state. to steam occur.
The heat is needed to change this
As liquid naphthalene cools, it loses phase is call the latent heat of
energy to surroundings vapourisation.
Its temperature begins to fall until it So we feel cool when evaporation
reaches freezing point 800C occur due to the release of heat in our
At its freezing point, naphthalene body.
begins to solidify. Factor influence the process: air
Although it is losing its energy to velocity, temperature and humidity.
surroundings, its temperature remains
constant because the average kinetic 33. We cannot use a cooling system of a
energy remains constant refrigerator to cool the hot room. Explain
why?
30. Why the ice cube stick to the wet finger.
Not to dry Finger? Cooling system of a refrigerator is
smaller
Ice cube melt will absorb the heat Less cool air from refrigerator flow out
The heat is known as latent heat of compare to the hot air flow in
fusion Position of refrigerator is on the floor
When our finger wet it has a small The cool air does not flow upward
amount of heat and it will absorb by
the ice cube.
The heat release from water cause it 34. Why we put the fishes in the ice cube
to be frozen. rather than cold water?
So the ice cube and finger will stick Ice melts need heat known as latent
together due to the frozen of water heat of fusion
Further more finger have a rough Heat is absorb from the fish.
surface and it helps the ice stick to our Fish will release it heat until the
finger temperature equal to 0
Cold water not experience a change of
31. Apabila beberapa titik ether terkena phase
tangan seorang pelajar, tangannya So just the process of thermal
merasa sejuk. Terangkan bagaimana ini equilibrium happen when they in
berlaku. thermal contact.
The lower temperature not to be 0
takat didih eter adalah rendah degree.
suhu tangan lebih tinggi dari suhu eter
menyebabkan haba mengalir dari 35. Cuaca yang paling sejuk dialami pada
tangan ke eter penghujung musim sejuk, iaitu apabila
eter meruap//membawa haba pendam salji mulai melebur. Jelaskan kenapa?
pengewapan
menyebabkan suhu tangan turun dan salji perlukan haba untuk melebur
terasa sejuk haba tersebut adalah haba pendam
tentu iaitu untuk menukarkan fasa
32. Your body sweats when you are feeling pepejal kepada cecair
hot.How does sweating helps to cool down lebih banyak haba diserap dari
your body? persekitaran
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36. Using kinetic theory of gasses, explain The light refract away from the normal
how the pressure increase when the When the angle of incidence exceed
temperature increase in the pressure the critical angle, total internal
cooker. reflection occurs
Molecules moving freely in random 40. Diagram shows a ray of light directed
motion perpendicularly at a side of the semi
When temperature increase, kinetic circular glass block. The ray passes
energy//velocity increase through the glass block to a point O
Molecules strike the walls of pressure before leaving the glass block. The angle
cooker more frequently of incidence in the glass block is 30 .
The rate of change of momentum
increase
Force exerted on the walls increase,
pressure (P = F/A) increase
Focal length = distance between the The wave will bend and change their
screen and the lens direction(refraction occurs).
So, wave front of sea water will follow
43. It is known that the sky is red during the shape of the shore.
sunset and the formation of rainbow on
the sky always appeared after raining. 47. Explain why strong double-glazed glass is
Explain these phenomena. used as walls of the observation tower in
an airport.
Light consisting of seven colours. All particles in a material/matter/glass
Red has the longest wave length and vibrate at its natural frequency
the last to refracted during sunset. The airplane engine produces noise
A droplet of water trap in the which cause the air to vibrate
atmosphere after raining acts a lens. Due to resonance, the glass vibrate at
Light travel through this water droplet a higher/maximum amplitude
and undergo the process of refraction Need strong glasses to withstand the
,total internal reflection and dispersion effect of resonance which vibrate with
of light occurred. high amplitude
so that it does not brek easily
44. The sound wave from the train(etc) can be
heard loudly and clearly at night. Why? 48. How can when the oprah singer sing can
make the glass break.
Air near the ground colder tha above
air The singer sing with a certain
Air layer the ground more denser frequency and produce sound energy
Sound travel slower in cold The energy is transferred to the glass
air/wavelength decrease in cold air Resonance occures when the forced
Sound bend toward the frequency made by the singer is the
observer/sound bend away to normal same as the natural frequency of the
glass
FORM 5 The glass will vibrate with maximum
amplitude
CHAPTER 6 Increase in energy transferred may
cause the glass to break
45. Terangkan bagaimana kedalaman laut
boleh diukur.
13
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CHAPTER 8
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***********************************************
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Physic 2011
APPENDIX 3
KNOWLEDGE/DEFINATION
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