ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

! Force Method of Analysis: Beams
! Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements;
Bettis Law
! Force Method of Analysis: Frames
! Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
! Force Method of Analysis: General
! Composite Structures

1
Force Method of Analysis : Beams

1 Degree of freedom

Compatibility of displacement Compatibility of slope

P P
M1 1 2 M1 1 2
A C B A C B

R1 R2 R1 R2
L L
P P
=

=
A C B
2
1
+

+
1 11
f22 R2 M1

1
2 + f22 R2 = 2 = 0 1 + 11M1 = 1= 0 2
2 Degree of freedom P
1 2
A B C D
Ax

Ay R1 R2 Dy
P
A B C D

1 2

+ f21
A f11 D
xR
R11

1 +
f12

A f22 D
xR
R22
1
1 + f11 R1 + f12 R2 = 1 = 0
2 + f21 R1 + f22 R2 3
= 2 = 0
Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Bettis Law

f21 1 2
1
A B
f11 f21
m2 M 1 mm
1 f 21 = dx = 2 1 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
m2 m1
f 21 = dx
L
EI

1
A B
f22
f12

m2

4
f12 1 2 m2 m1
f 21 = dx
1 L
EI
A B m1M 2 mm
1 f12 = dx = 1 2 dx
f22 L
EI L
EI
f12 m1m2
f12 = dx
m2 L
EI

f 21 = f12

Maxwells Theorem:
1
A B f ij = f ji

f11 f21

m1

5
f11, f22
1 2
1
A B m1M 1 mm
1 f11 = dx = 1 1 dx
f11 f21 L
EI L
EI

m2 M 2 mm
1 f 22 = dx = 2 2 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1

In general,

1 mi m j
A B 1 f ij = f = dx
L
EI
f22
f12 m j mi
1 f ji = f ji = dx
L
EI
m2

6
 1 2

P1
A D

d11 = f11 P1 d21 = f21 P1

P2
A D

d12 = f12 P2 d22 = f22 P2

7
Force Method of Analysis: General
Compatibility Eq.
1 2
w
1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = 1 = 0
2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = 2 = 0
0
1 1

=
f11 f12 R1
w + = 0
2 f12 f22 R
2
2
1 2
f11 f12 R1 1
=-
+

f12 f22 R
2
2
f11 f21
xR1 General form:
1
f11 f12 f1n R1 1
+

f21 f22 f2n R2 2

.. .
f12 .. . = - ..
f22 .
xR2 fn1 fn2 fnn Rn n
8
1
Example 9-1

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN

C B
A
6m 6m

9
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement for find reaction

Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA
B
A C

RA 6m 6m
RB

=
50 kN

fBB x R
RBB

Compatibility equation : ' B + f BB RB = 0 -----(1)

10
1
 Use formulation for B and fBB

50 kN
A 6m C 6m B C

6C B
C
B = C+ (6 m)C

P(6) 3 P ( 6) 2 50(6)3 (50)(6) 2 9000

'B = + ( 6) = + (6) = ,
3EI 2 EI 3EI 2 EI EI

fBB
B
A C

PL3 (1)(12) 3 576 1

f BB = = = ,
3EI 3EI EI

11
 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1): 'B + f BB RB = 0
9000
'B = ,
EI
9000 576 576
+ : +( ) RB = 0 f BB = ,
EI EI EI
RB = 15.63 kN,

50 kN
6m 6m
MA B
A C
15.63 kN
RA

Equilibrium equation :

+ MA = 0: M A 50(6) + 15.63(12) = 0, MA = 112.4 kN, +

+ Fy = 0: + RA 50 + 15.63 = 0, Ra = 34.37 kN,

12
 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

50 kN
112.4 kNm 6m 6m
B
A C
15.63 kN
34.37 kN

34.37
V
(kN) x (m)

-15.63 -15.63

93.78

M
(kNm) x (m)
3.28 6 12

-112.44
13
 Or use compatibility of slope to obtain reaction
Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA 6m 6m
C B
A

=
RA RB
50 kN

A
C B
A

1
+
fAA

A xM
MAA
C B

Compatibility equation :
' A + f AA M A = A= 0 -----(2)
14
 Use the table on the inside front cover for B and fBB
50 kN

A
C B
A
PL2
A'=
16 EI
1 fAA

A
C B
L
f CC =
3EI

Substitute the values in equation: ' A + f AA M A = A= 0

PL2 L
+: + MA =0
16 EI 3EI
3PL 3(50)(12)
MA = = = 112.5 kNm, +
16 16
15
Or use Castigliano least work method

50 kN
x1 x2
12RB - 300 = MA
C B
A
50 - RB = RA 6m 6m
RB

M 12RB - 300 M2 = RBx2

diagram
M1 = (12RB - 300) + (50 - RB)x1
x (m)

L
M M
B = 0 = ( ) dx
0
RB EI
6 6
1 1
EI 0 EI 0
0= (12 x1 )(12 R B 300 + 50 x1 R x
B 1 ) dx1 + x2 ( RB x2 ) dx2

2 2 3 3 3
900 x1 24 x1 50 x1 x1 6 x 6
0 = (144 RB x1 3600 x1 + RB + RB ) 0 + 2 RB
2 2 3 3 3 0

RB =15.63 kN, 16
Use conjugate beam for find the displacement
50 kN

112 kNm 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kNm) x (m)
3.28 6 12

93.6/EI
-112

Conjugate Beam

-112/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
MC
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) (6 ) =
EI EI EI
776 VC 2 m
C = M 'C = , 4m 223/(EI)
17
EI
Use double integration to obtain the displacement
50 kN

112 kNm 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kNm) x (m)
3.28 6 12
d 2
EI 2 = 112 + 34.4 x1
-112 dx
d x12
EI = 112 x1 + 34.4 + C1
dx 2
2
x1 x13
EI = 112.4 + 34.4 + C1 x1 + C2
2 6
1 62 63 778
C = (112( ) + 34.4( ) + 0 + 0) = ,
EI 2 6 EI

18
Example 9-2

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

16 kN

B C
A
B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

19
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obain reaction

Principle of superposition 16 kN

B C
A
B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
B

+
fBB
RB
1 kN
Compatibility equation :

B = 0.005m = 'B + f BB RB -----(1)

20
 Use conjugate beam method for B
16 kN

Real A B
C
beam
B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m

24
M 16
diagram
24
24 72 16 32
EI
Conjugate EI EI EI EI
beam MB
40
VB
4 2 40 4 2 EI
56 2m 4m 4
3 3 EI 3 3
EI
32 4 40
+ MB = 0: M ' ' B + ( ) (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
' B = M ' ' B = , 21
EI
 Use conjugate beam method for fBB

fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m 3 3
mB
diagram
-2 vBB 4 4
Conjugate
EI EI
beam + MB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 mB ' ' ( )+ (4) = 0
4 EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = mB ' ' = ,
EI

22
 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1): B = 0.005 m = ' B + f BB RB

117.33 10.67 117.33

+ : 0.005 = + RB 'B = M ' 'B = ,
EI EI EI
10.67
(0.005) EI = 117.33 + 10.67 RB f BB = mB ' ' = ,
EI
(0.005)(200 60) = 117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN

+
xRB = 5.37
1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
=
16 kN

B C
A

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN 23

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve
16 kN

B C
A
B = 5 mm
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m

9.31
V
diagram
-1.32
-6.69
18.62
M
diagram 5.24

Deflected
Curve
B = 5 mm 24
Or use Castigliano least work method
Principle of superposition
16 kN

RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
12 4
+

0.5RB RB 0.5RB 25
 16 kN
x1 x2 x3

RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
x1 2m 2m 4m
x3
M1 = (12 - 0.5RB)x1 (4 - 0.5RB)x3 = M3
V1 M2 = 0.5x2RB + 16 - 2RB + 4 x2 V3
12 - 0.5RB 4 - 0.5RB

V2
RB 4 - 0.5RB
L
M i M i x2 4m
B = 0.005 = ( ) dx
0
RB EI
2 2
1 1
EI 0 EI 0
0.005 = ( 0 . 5 x1 )(12 x1 0.5 x R
1 B ) dx1 + (0.5 x2 2)(0.5 x2 RB + 16 2 RB + 4 x2 )dx2
4
1
+
EI 0 (0.5 x3 )(4 x3 0.5 x3 RB )dx3

26
0.005 EI = 117.34 + 10.66 RB , RB = 5.38 kN,
Example 9-3

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m

A B
4m 4m

27
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
5 kN/m
A B
A=0 B=0
4m 4m

=
5 kN/m

A B

+
1 kNm
MA
AA BA
+
1 kNm M
B
AB
BB
Compatibility equation :
A = 0 = ' A + AA M A + AB M B -----(1)
28
B = 0 = 'B + BA M A + BB M B -----(2)
 Use formulation: A, B, AA, BA, BB, AB,

5 kN/m

A B

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
'B = = =
1 kNm 384 EI 384 EI EI 1 kNm

AA BA AB
BB

M o L 1(8) 2.67 M o L 1(8) 2.67

AA = = = BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 3EI 3EI EI
M o L 1(8) 1.33 M o L 1(8) 1.33
BA = = = AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 6 EI 6 EI EI

Note : Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacement is AB = BA 29

 Substitute A, B, AA, BA, BB, AB, in Eq. (1) and (2) 60
'A =
EI
5 kN/m
2.67
A B
AA =
A=0 B=0 EI
4m 4m
1.33
AB =
EI

=
A = 0 = ' A + AA M A + AB M B -----(1) 46.67
'B =
EI
B = 0 = 'B + BA M A + BB M B -----(2)
1.33
BA =
60 2.67 1.33 EI
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B 2.67
EI EI EI BB =
EI
46.67 1.33 2.67
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B
EI EI EI

Solving these equations simultaneously, we haave

MA = -18.31 kNm, +

MB = -8.36 kNm, +
30
 MA = -18.31 kNm, +

MB = -8.36 kNm, +

5 kN/m
18.31 kNm A B 8.36 kNm

RA 4m 4m RB

+ MA = 0: 18.31 20( 2) + RB (8) 8.36 = 0, RB = 3.76 kN,

3.76
+ Fy = 0: + R A 20 + RB = 0, Ra = 16.24 kN,

31
 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

5 kN/m
18.31 kNm A B 8.36 kNm

16.24 kN 4m 4m 3.76 kN

16.24
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.76

M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.31

Deflected
Curve
32
Force Method of Analysis : Frames

Principle of superposition
fCC C x
B CH
C 1 kN
Cx

Cy
w w
= +

A Ax

Ay

Compatibility equation :

CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x

33
Example 9-4

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the Frame shown below.EI is constant.

B 6m C

2 kN/m

6m

34
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
fCC C x
B 6m CH
C 1 kN
Cx

Cy
2 kN/m

2 kN/m
6m
= +

A Ax

Ay

Compatibility equation :

CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x -----(1)

35
 Use Castiglianos method for CH
CH x2 M2 = (6 + P)x2
B 6m
C P P

2 kN/m
V2 x2
3m
2 kN/m

Cy 6+P 6+P
6m 12 kN M1 = (12 + P)x1- x12
3m
x1 V1
Ax -12 - P
2x1 x1
A
-12 - P
Ay -6 - P

-6 - P
6 0 6 0
L
M 'i M 'i 1 1

2
'CH = ( ) dx = ( x1 ) (12 x1 + x1 P x1 )dx1 + ( x2 )(6 x2 + x2 P) dx2
P EI EI 0 EI 0
0
6 6
1 1

2 3 2
= (12 x1 x1 ) dx1 + ( 6 x 2 ) dx2
EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 12 x1 x1 6 1 6 x2 6
972
= ( )0+ ( ) = ,
EI 3 4 EI 3 0
EI 36
 Use Castiglianos method for fCC
fCC m2 = x2P
x2
B 6m
C P P
1 kN
v2 x2
Cy P P
6m m1 = x1P

x1 v1
Ax -P
A x1
-P
Ay -P

-P
6 1 6 1
L
m' m' 1 1
f CC = ( i ) i dx =
P EI

EI 0
( x1 )( x1 P)dx1 +
EI 0
( x2 )( x2 P )dx2
0

3 3
1 x1 6 1 x2 6
144
= ( ) + ( ) = ,
EI 3 0 EI 3 0
EI

37
 Substitute CH and fCC in Eq. (1) CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x -----(1)

972
972 144 CH = ,
+: 0= + Cx EI
EI EI 144
f cc = ,
EI
Cx = -6.75 kN,

1 kN B C 6.75 kN

2 kN/m
2 kN/m

6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
+ C x = 6.75kN =
12 kN 1 kN 5.25 kN
A
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN

38
 Or use Castigliano least work method:
x2
M2 = (6-Cx)x2
B 6m C Cx
Cx
V2 x2
2 kN/m

6 - Cx 6 - Cx
6m
M1 = (12 - Cx)x1- x12
x1
A 12 - Cx V1
2x1 x1
6 - Cx
L 12 - Cx
U i M i M i
= ( ) dx = CH = 0
C x 0 C x EI
6 - Cx
6 6
1 1
EI 0 EI 0
2
0= ( x1 )(12 x1 C x
x 1 x1 ) dx1 + ( x2 )(6 x2 C x x2 )dx2

3 3 4 3 3
12 x1 C x x1 x1 6 6x C x 6
0 = ( + + ) 0 + ( 2 + x 2
3 3 4 3 3 0

0 = -972 + 144Cx , Cx = 6.75 kN, 39

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve
B 6m C B C
6.75 kN - 0.75 - 0.75
- 6.75
2 kN/m

0.75 kN
6m V, (kN)

2.63 m
5.25 kN 5.25 A
A
0.75 kN

B C B -4.5 C
1.33 m
-4.5

Deflected curve 6.90 M, (kNm)

A A
40
Force Method of Analysis : Truss (Externally indeterminate)

E D

A Ax Cx 'CH + f CC C x = CH = 0
B C
Ay Cy

P
=

E D E D

+
A A C 1
x Cx
B C B

P C fCC 41
Truss (Internally indeterminate)

P
D 3
6 C
1 2
5
A 4 B
'6 + f 66 F6 = 6 = 0

= P
D D
C f66 C
6
+ 1
xF6

A B A B

42
Example 9-5

Determine the reaction at support A, C, E and all the member forces. Take E
= 200 GPa and A = 500. mm2 .

E 40 kN

4m D

C
A B
5m 5m

43
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
RE
E 40 kN

4 m Ay D

Ax C
A B
5m 5m
RC

=
40 kN
Cy
fCC
+
C

1 kN
Compatibility equation : C = 0 = 'C + f CC RC -----(1)
44
 Use unit load method for C and fcc
5.39
m
20 niNiLi
53.85 5.39 C =
m AiEi
E 40 kN
50 +53
.85 (53.85)(-2.69)(5.38)
D =
4 m 20 kN (200x106)(500x10-6)
85 0
-53. 0 =- 7.81 mm,
C
50 A 0 B 0 C
niniLi
5m 5m fCC =
AiEi
N i (kN)
1 2(-2.69)2(5.385)
53.85 =
E
2.5 -2.6 (200x106)(500x10-6)
9
D 2(2.5)2(5)
0 -2.6 fCC +
0 9
0 (200x106)(500x10-6)

2.5 A +2.5 B +2.5 C = 1.41 mm,

1 kN
ni (kN) 45
 Substitute Cv and fCC in Eq. (1): C = 0 = 'C + f CC RC 'C = 7.81 mm,

+ : 7.81 + 1.41RC = 0 f CC = 1.41 mm,

RC = 5.54 kN ,
20 1
53.85 53.85
E 40 kN E
+53 -2.6
50 .85 9
2.5 xRC = 5.54 kN
D

+
20 kN D
0 -2.6
53.85 0 0 9
- 0 0
C C
50 A 0 B 0 A +2.5 B +2.5
2.5
N i (kN) 1 kN
ni (kN)

=
38.93 kN 14.46 kN
E 40 kN
+38
36.15 kN .95
D -1
20 kN 53.85 4.90
- 0 21.8o
36.15 kN
C
A +13.85 B +13.85
5.54 kN 46
N i (kN)
Or use Castigliano least work method:
5.39
m
-2.7 RC + 53.85 = RE 5.39
E -2.7 R 40 kN m
C +5
3.85
D
4m 5 -2.7
. 8 RC
-53
0 21.8o
Ax = -2.5RC +50 = Ax C
A 2.5RC B 2.5RC
RC
Ay = 20
5m 5m
Castiglianos Theorem of Least Work :

N i N i Li
CV = 0 = ( )
RC AE
1
0= [(2.7)(2.7 RC + 53.85)(5.39) + ( 2.7)(2.7 RC )(5.39) + 0 + 0 + 2[(2.5)(2.5 RC )(5)]]
AE
0 = 39.3RC 783.68 + 39.3RC + 62.5 RC

RC = 5.55 kN, 47
Example 9-6

Determine the force in all member of the truss shown :

(a) If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
(b) If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by
1 mm.
(c) If (a) and (b) are both accounted.
Each bar has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

D C

2m
A B

3m

48
 SOLUTION Part (a) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.

Principle of superposition
6 kN
D 1
6 C
3 4 2m
5
A 2 B

3m
3m

=
D C 6 kN D C
6 1 E
1
E E
2m + E f66 F6
A B A B

Compatibility equation : 6 + f66 F6 = 0 ----------(1)

49
Note : AE + E ' C = L
 Use unit load method for 6 and f66
3m
D +6 C 6 kN D -0.832 C 3
6 1 6 1
1 3.
+4 E E 0 -0.555 3.6 2
+6 2 m -0.555 1 2
1
-7.
A 2 1 B -0.832 3
6 0
A B
N i (kN) ni (kN)
4 0 Li (m)
4 0
-14.98 2.08
n'i N 'i Li
1 '6 =
0 6
3. Ai Ei
-4.44 -2 0 0.616 3.6 0.616
6. 0 1 1
3 = [4.44 26.03 2(14.98)]
-14.98 2.08 AE
60.43
=
niN iLi (kN2m) ni2Li (kN2m) AE

2
n' L 1 12.61
f 66 = i i = [2(0.616) + 2(2.08) + 2(3.61)] =
Ai Ei AE AE 50
 Substitute 6 and f66 in Eq. (1)

60.43 12.61
+ ( F6 ) = 0
AE AE
F6 = 4.80 kN, (T)
3m
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
6 1
+4 E E 0 1
+6 -7.
2m + -0.555 1
-0.555 x F6 = 4.80 kN
2 1 -0.832
6 0 A B
N i (kN) ni (kN)
4 0
4 = 0
+2 6 kN
D
. 80 C
+4 -
+1.34 2.4 -2.66
1
A +2 B
6
Ni (kN) 4 51
4
 Part (b) : If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm.

12.61 12.61
f 66 = = = 1.26(10-4) m = 0.126 mm
AE (500)(200)
1 mm
F6 = (1 kN ) = 7.94 kN
0.126 mm

D -0.832 C -6.61
D
1 . 94 C
1 +7 7
-0.555 -0.555 -4.41 .94 -4.41
1

0 A -0.832 B x F6 = 7.94 kN = 6
-6.61 B
ni (kN) A Ni (kN)
0 4
0 4

52
 Part (c) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C and the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm are both accounted.

+2 6 kN -6.61
D D
. 80 C . 94 C
+4 - +7 7
+1.34 2.4 -2.66 -4.41 .94 -4.41

+
1
A +2 -6.61
6 B 0 B
(Ni)load (kN) A (Ni)short (kN)
4 0
4 0

=
-4.61 6 kN
D
. 74 C
1 2
-3.07 5.5 -7.07
3
-4.61 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
4
53
Or use compatibility equation :
6 + f66 F6 = 6 = 0.001
60.43 12.61
+ ( F6 ) = 0.001
AE AE
0.001AE + 60.43 0.001(500)(200) + 60.43
F6 = = = 12.72 kN, (T)
12.61 12.61
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
1 1
6 1
0
+4 -7
. 21 + -0.555 f66 -0.555
x F6 = 12.72 kN
6 +6 A -0.832
0 B
N i (kN) ni (kN)
=
4 0
4 0
-4.58
D 6 kN
2 C
.7
12 5.5
-3.06 -7.06
1
-4.58 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
54
4
Composite Structures
Example 9-7

Find all reaction and the tensile force in the steel support cable. Consider both
bending and axial deformation.

Steel cable
Ac = 2(10-4) m2 C
Ec = 200(103) kN/m2

2m
A
B
Ab = 0.06 m2
5 kN
Ib = 5(10-4) m4
Eb = 9.65(103) kN/m2

6m

55
 SOLUTION
C RC = T
m
6.32

2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
0.316T
T By Castiglianos Theorem of Least Work ;
M = 0.316Tx - 5x
C = 0 = (U ib + U in )
N = -0.949T T
0.949T L
M M
L
N N
V C = 0 = ( ) dx + ( ) dx
0
T EI 0
T AE
5 kN
6 6 6.32
1 1 1
Eb I b 0 Ab Eb 0 (1)(T )dx
0= ( 0 . 316 x )( 0 . 316 xT 5 x ) dx + ( 0 . 949 )( 0 . 949T ) dx +
Ac Ec 0

1 0.316 2 x 3 (0.316 5) x 3 6 1 6
1 6.32

0= [( T) ]0+ (0.949 xT ) 0 +
2
( xT )
Eb I b 3 3 Ab Eb Ac Ec 0

0 = (1.49T - 23.58) + 9.33(10-3)T + 0.158T ; T = 14.23 kN, (tension) # 56

 4.5 kN
C RC = T = 14.23 kN
m
6.32 13.5 kN

2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By

+ F = 0: Bx = Rc cos = 13.5 kN,

x

+ Fy = 0: By = 5 - Rc sin = 0.5 kN,

+ MB = 0: MB = 13.5(2) - 5(6) = -3 kNm, +

57