Chapter 2 Vector Analysis

2.1 Introoductory

a. (EM)!

Radio microwave IR (infrared) Visible UV X-ray -rays

() (eg. 122mm) (400nm-800nm)

b. EM wave E-wave M-wave !

E-field E-field E-field

M-field ()

c. E-Field M-Field (vector field)! ()

e.g.

(vector analysis)

1
2.2 Vector Analysis

(scalar): (operation)

1.& =

2.&(scalar or dot product)

(vector):
3.&(vector or cross product)

4.
(scalar field):
(gradient)+

(divergence)

(vector field)
(curl)

Az
Ay
2-2-1 = + + = (Ax, Ay, Az) y
Ax
x

norm = 2 + 2 + 2 (unit vector): = =

= ( ) + + ( )
+

2-2-2 (dot product)

cos = + + (for )
B cos
() (rectangular coordinates) (Cartesian )
(work)
2

1

= ()
2
+ =
+ ()

2-2-3 (cross product)

sin () area:

AB sin

(moment)
= (for )

(angular momentum)

1
=
E
A ()
A

2 E
+ =
A
+

A

3 E
(
A
)

2-2-4 (scalar triple product)

STP (
)



= sin

= sin cos

() ()

=
= ( )
()

2-2-5 (vector triple product)

VSP

VSP

Ex.
=

Sol. = + + ,
= + + , = + +

LHS=RHS proven!

2-2-6 (scalar field) (gradient)

(x, y, z, t)

E.g.: V(x, y, z, t), P(x, y, z, t), T(x, y, z, t)

,
E, ,

they are all point function (not continuous)!
3

(derivative) (x) = , (x, y, z, t)= ? We need a vector to express the
trend of change of the scalar field!

e.g. Let V(x, y, z, t) be a distribution of electric potential

a
V2=V1+dV d
gradient d
1 E A where : del = + +

d d

V1
d, d 1 , d d

s.t. d = d
2 A E

d d d
pf.: RHS = d d = d d cos = d = d = LHS

= d + d + d = ( + + ) (d + d + d )

V =
+ +
3 A E A ()

d = d + d + d
4 A E

d
= d 2 d = d

d
(directional derivative) d
=
5 E

2
Ex. (, , ) = 24 cos( 3 ) sin( 3 )(a) V , (b) V(3,2,1)=?

2 2
Sol: (a) from
3 = 8 sin( 3 ) sin( 3 ) + 16 cos( 3 ) cos( 3 )
A E A

(b) (3, 2, 1) (3, 2, 1) = 6 + 4

Ex. (, , ) = 2 + 2 , (a) = 2 + 3 2 (),

(b) (1, -1, 2)

4
 3 = 2 + 2 + 2
Sol: from A E A

2 +3 2
(a) = =
22 +32 +22
d 1
from
5 d
= (4 + 6 2 2 )
17
A E A

d 10
(b) =
d (1,1,2) 17

2-2-7 (divergence)

For a vector field (, , ), (flux) d where S is a closed surface of entire volume dv

d = + +
(for )
d

A S A +
d
P
d d
d
or = lim
0

+
d dd +

( = ddd
= = )
d

dv0 (i.e.,)

E.g. > 0 flow source, < 0 sink, = 0 +

= , no sources or sinks.

* Gauss divergence Theorem: d = d () ()

Ex. = 3 2 + 2 + 2 , (a) div. =? (b) div. at (2, -2, 0) = ?

Sol: = 6 + 2 , (2, 2, 0) = 16

5
2-2-8 (curl)

For a vector field (, , ), (circulation) d where C is a closed path.

Note: = , C circulation
(
= , C
)E.g.
d
lim where S
0

a
=
(for )

p C
()

p P

S curl vortex

source ()

E.g. 0 vortex sources.t.

of ......[
c
*Stokes Theorem: ( ) d = d ()
or
c