Module PMR

CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

A. Unknown

*An unknown is a quantity whose value has not been determined.

*Letters can be used to represent unknowns or objects.

Example Exercise
1. The teacher gives some 1. I bought some books
pencils to the students Solution :
Solution : The unknown is the
number of pencils 2. There are many monkeys in the garden.
Solution : .
2. There are x students in m class
Solution : x is unknown 3. Azman bought y durian in z shop
m is object yesterday.
Solution : unknown..
object .

4. Mr a sold his car for k ringgit

Solution : unknown ..
object :..

B Algebraic Terms

i) Algebraic Term with one unknown

- is the product of an unknown and a number.
Example : 4y is called an algebraic term 4y = 4 x y = y + y + y + y
4y

Number unknown

* Identify coefficients in given algebraic term

- Coefficient is the number that multiply the unknown

Example Exercise
1) 7m : coefficient of m is 7 1) -3z : coefficient of z is

r 1 2
2) : coefficient of r is 2) x : coefficient of x is ..
4 4 5

3) y : coefficient of y is -1 3) 0.7 h : coefficient of h is

4) p : coefficient of p is ..

Algebraic Expressions 77
 Module PMR

(ii) Like and Unlike Algebraic Terms

* Like term : terms with the same unknowns
* Unlike terms : terms with different unknowns.

Example Exercise
Determine whether each of the
1. 3m and -4m Like term following pairs of algebraic terms are
2. 4x and x (same unknown) like term / unlike term
3. 0.9z and 5z
1. 6s , - t :
1. 2w and 8h unlike term y
2, -5f and g ( different unknown) 2. , 8y : ..
4
3. 1.2q and 3.5g 3. 19 d , 19e :
2
4. , 4e : ..
e

C Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a combination of two or more algebraic

terms by addition, subtraction or both

Examples : 2x + 4y , 6r 3s + 6z

(i) Number of terms in a given algebraic expression

Example Exercise
Determine the number of terms Determine the number of terms
in the algebraic expressions in the algebraic expressions
below : below :

1. 3x + 6y : 2 terms 1. 6m + 8n 9 : ..

2. 7p + 5q 9 : 3 terms 2. 3b + 2e 10b -5e : .

3. w 2z 8y + 1 : 4 terms 3. 2s 4s + 5s + 3 w :.

(ii) Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

- Group all the like terms together
- Add / subtract the coefficient of the terms
- unlike terms cannot be simplified

Algebraic Expressions 78
 Module PMR

Examples Exercise
1. 6m 2n + 4m 5n .1. 2x 7y + 5x y
= 6m + 4m -2n -5n (group like terms) =
= 10m 7n

2. -7x + 4y + 3y + 2x 2. 11z -3w - 8z- 8w

= -7x + 2x + 4y + 3y =
= -5x + 7y

3. ( 12a 4b) + ( 5a + 7b) 3. ( 6r + 9s) + ( 3r 2s)

= 12a+ 5a 4b + 7b =
= 17a + 3b

4. ( 9q + 2p) ( 4q 6p) 4. ( 5k -3) ( 7k + 2)

= 9q + 2p 4q + 6p =
= 9q 4q + 2p + 6p
= 5q + 8p

5. 8x ( - 4x) + x 5. (2t +4s) (7t 3s)

= 8x + 4x + x =
= 13x

6. -3c (- d) +(-2d)
= -3c +d 2d 6. 3s (- 5s + 1)
=-3d -d =

7. -14w (-3w) -7w

=

D. Algebraic Terms in two or more unknowns

Is the multiplying factors of the term

Examples : 3xy , abc, 0.8 def

* Identifying the coefficient of an unknown

Example
In the term 8xy2
* 8y(xy) the coefficient of xy is 8y
* 8x(y2) the coefficient of y2 is 8x
* 8y2 (x) the coefficient of x is 8y2
* 8(xy2) the coefficient of xy2 is 8
Exercise
1. in the term -3ab2c
* the coefficient of abc =..
* the coefficient of ab2 = ..
* the coefficient of ab2c =..
* the coefficient of ac = .

Algebraic Expressions 79
 Module PMR

E. Multiplication & Division of 2 or more terms

(i) Finding the product of 2 algebraic terms

- collect all numbers and similar unknowns together
- then multiply the numbers and the unknown separately.

Example Exercise
1. 2ab x 4b2c 1. ab x a2b
=2xaxbx4xbxbxc
=2x4xaxbxbxbxc =
= 8 x a x b2 x c
= 8ab3c

2. 3xy x (-2 yz)

2. 4m2 x mn 2
=4xxmxmxmxnxn =
= 2 x m 3 x n2
= 2 m 3 n2

3.. 6ab2c x ( bc 3)
Exercise
4 1 =
6. pqr ( pqr )
5 2
=

7. (-3m2hk3)x (-7m2hk2) 4. (-8p3qr) x ( -7pqr2)

=
=

2 2
5. w z (9 wz 3 )
3

Algebraic Expressions 80
 Module PMR

(ii) Finding the quotient of two algebraic terms

- Express the division in fraction form
- cancel similar unknowns that are found in both numerator and denominator

Example Exercise
14 xyz 1. 24pq2z 8qr
1. =
7 xz
14 2 x y z
=
7 x z
= 2y
16 x 3 y 2
2.
2. 12m2n 3mn 4x 2 y 3
12 4 m m n =
=
3 m n
= 4m

3. -5cd2e 15c2de 3. 12abc (-18cd)

=
(5) c d d e
=
3 15 c c d e

d
=
3c 4. (- 18sr3t2) 6sr2t
=

iii) Multiplication and Division involving algebraic terms

Example Exercise
1. 4p x 6q2 3pq 1. 6p2qr 3pq x 8pr
4 p 62 q q =
=
3 p q
= 8q

4c 2 de 9cde 2 12 gh (9kh)
2. 2.
6ce 2 6 gh 2
4 2 c c d e 93 c d e e =
=
6 31 c e e
= -2 x c x d x 3 x c x d x e
= -2 x 3 x c x c x d x d x e
= -6c2d2e
3. 10a2b3 x (-2b2c) 5abc

Algebraic Expressions 81
 Module PMR

F) Computations involving Algebraic Expressions

* In Multiplication / division of algebraic expressions by a number, every term
In the expression is multiply/ divide by the same number
Example Exercise
1. 3 ( 2a b) 1. 8 ( 5m -2)
= 3 x 2a 3 x b =
= 6a 3b

1 2. - ( 4a + 12b)
2 (5t + 10 s ) =
5
1 1
= 5t 10 2 s
5 5 3. p 7 ( p -3 )
= t 2s =

3. h 9(h 2)
= h 9h + 18 4. 5 ( t -2) + 8t
= -8h +18 =

5. 3 ( 2s -7) 4( s + 3)
=
4. 2 (4e +y) 5( 2e 3y)
= 2 x 4e + 2 x y 5 x 2e + 5 x 3y
= 8e + 2y 10e + 15y
= 8e -10e +2y + 15y
= -2e + 17y 6. . ( -12pq + 8qr 4pqr) 4
=
5. (6ab 4bc) 2b
= 6ab 2b 4bc 2b
= 3a 2c 3x 9
7. 5y
3
1 3
6 (4 p 2 8 pq ) (4 p 2 12 pq ) =
2 4
= 2 p 4 pq 3 p 2 + 9 pq
2

= 2 p 2 3 p 2 4 pq + 9 pq
1 2
= p 2 + 5 pq 8. (5 p 2 10 pq ) (6 p 2 3 pq )
5 3
=
12 x 4
7. 5(2x 1) -
4
= 10x -5 (3x - 1) 18 24u 2
= 10x -5 -3x + 1 9. + 5(2u 2 3)
6
= 10x -3x -5 + 1 =
= 7x -4

Algebraic Expressions 82
 Module PMR

Common Errors

Errors Correct Steps

1. 7pq x 3pq 1. 7pq x 3pq
= 21 pq =7x3xpxpxqxq
= 21 p2q2

2. 2 ( 4e 3 d) 2. 2( 4e 3d)
= 8e 3d = 2 x 4e 2 x 3d
= 8e 6d

3. (6de2 4ef) 2e 3. (6de2 4ef) 2e

= 3de 4ef = 6de2 2e 4ef 2e
= 3de 2f

4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y) 4. (x 4y) ( 2x + y)
= x 4y 2x + y = x 4y 2x - y
= x -2x -4y + y = x -2y -4y - y
= -x-3y = - x - 5y

5. -2p ( pq 3) 5. -2p ( pq 3)
= - 2pq 6p = - 2p2q + 6p

6. 10abc 4 abc 6. 10abc 4 abc

=6 = 6abc

7. 3a +6b 8a 3b 7. 3a +6b 8a 3b
= 3a + 8a - 6b -3b = 3a - 8a + 6b -3b
= 11a 9b = -5a +3b

8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2 8. ( - 4rs2t) x 5r3st2

= (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2 = (-4) x 5 x r x r3 x s2 x s x t x t2
= 20r3s2t2 = -20r4s3t3

9. -5s - ( 3t 2) 9. -5s - ( 3t 2)

= +15st -10s = -5s -3t +2

Algebraic Expressions 83
 Module PMR

(G) Expanding single Brackets

* Expanding algebraic expressions by multiplying each term inside the

bracket by the number or term outside

* p(q + r)= p q + p r = pq + pr

Example Exercise
1. 2p (p 3q) 1. y ( w + y)
= 2p x p 2p x 3q =
= 2p2 6pq

2. -4b(2a + b)
= -4b x 2a -4b x b 2. -5e ( 3f + 2g)
= -8ab 4b2 =

2
3. b (6a 9c)
3
2 2 3 r
= b x 6 2a - b x 9c 3. (12 9 s + 3t )
3 3 3
= 4ab -6bc =

4. xy ( 4z 2w + xy)
=

2
5. x( xy 5 yz 2 + 10 z )
5
=

6. - 7ab(2a 4b + c)
=

Algebraic Expressions 84
 Module PMR

(H) Expanding double brackets

* Expanding algebraic Expressions by multiplying each term within the

first pair of brackets by every term within the second pair of brackets

( a + b)(x + y) = a( x +y) + b( x+y)

= ax + ay + bx + by

Example Exercise
1. (x -3)(y+5) 1. (a -2)(b +1)
= x (y + 5) 3(y + 5) =
= xy + 5x 3y 15

2. (2k -1)(k 3)
= 2k(k -3) 1(k -3) 2. (m +3)( 3m n)
= 2k2- 6k k + 3 =
= 2k2 -7k + 3

3. (p 3q)2
= (p 3q)(p -3q) 3. (-2s -5)( 3t + 4)
= p(p-3q) 3q (p-3q) =
= p2 3pq 3pq + 9q2
= p2 6pq + 9q2

4. (2a +b)2
= (2a+b)(2a+b) 4. ( a -3)2
= 2a(2a+b) + b(2a+b) =
= 4a2 +2ab +2ab + b2
= 4a2 +4ab +b2

5. (3m n)2
=

6. ( 5x +2)2
=

7. (y + 4d)2
=

Algebraic Expressions 85
 Module PMR

Common Errors

Errors Correct Steps

1. 2x(x-3) 1. 2x(x-3)
= 2x2 -3 = 2x2 6

2. (a+b)2 2. (a+b)2
= a2 + b2 = a2 +2ab + b2

3. ( a b)2 3.. ( a b)2

= a2 b2 = a2 2ab + b2

4 2m2(3m2n 4 mn3) 4. 2m2(3m2n 4 mn3)

= 6m4n 4m2n3 = 6m4n 8m3n3

5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2) 5. -4 ( 3de 2rst2)

= - 12de 2rst2 = - 12de + 8rst2

6. ( x -3)2 6. ( x -3)2
= x2 9 = x2 6x + 9

7. 4a2 (a + b)2 7. 4a2 (a + b)2

= 4a 2 a2 + b2 = 4a 2 ( a2 +2ab + b2 )
= 3a2 + b2 = 4a2 a2 - 2ab - b2
= 3a2 -2ab b2

8. (2x -3)(x + 4) 8. (2x -3)(x + 4)

= 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4) = 2x( x+4) 3 (x + 4)
= 2x2 + 8x 3x + 12 = 2x2 + 8x 3x - 12
= 2x2 +5x + 12 = 2x2 +5x 12

Algebraic Expressions 86
 Module PMR

(I ) Factorization

* Process of writing an expression as a product of two or more

factors.

- List out common factors for each alg. term , determine the HCF of
the terms .
- Write as the product of 2 factors

ab ac = a ( b c) a = common factor

Example Exercise
1. st sr 1. 6a 24c
= s( t r ) =

2. 4m + 12mn 16m2 2. 4m3 6m2

= 4 xm + 4 x 3x mxn- 4 x 4 x m x m =
= 4m ( 1 + 3n 4m)

3. 6d2 3d 3. 8ax + 4bx 2cx

= 3 x 2 x d xd 3 x d =
= 3d ( 2d 1)

4. 10mn 15m2 4. x2yz xy2z

=5x2xmxn5x3xmxm =
= 5m ( 2n 3m )

5. 3st2 15 stw
=

6. 2yz 4yz2 + 6xyz

=

Algebraic Expressions 87
 Module PMR

*Factorize an expression by using the difference between 2 squares

i) expressions which consist of 2 terms :

a2 b2 = ( a b)( a + b)

Example Exercise
1 9 a2 1. w2 25
= 32 a2 =
= ( 3-a)(3+a)

2. 4x2 25y2 2. 5x2 -5

= 22 x2 52 y2 =
= ( 2x)2 (5y)2
= ( 2x 5y)( 2x + 5y)

3. 8g2 18h2 3. 12d2 75

= 2 ( 4g2 9h2 ) =
= 2 [ ( 2g)2 ( 3h)2 ]
= 2 (2g -3h) (2g + 3h)

4. 36c2 -100e2
=

ii) expressions which consist of 3 terms

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2

Example Exercise
1. 9x2 + 6xy + y2 1. a2 + 4ab + b2
= (3x2) + 2 (3x)(y) + y2 =
= ( 3x + y)2

2. p2 4pq + q2
= p2 2(p)(q) + q2 2. 4x2- 20x + 25
= (p q)2 =

3. 16p2 24pq + 9q2

= (4p)2 2(4p)(3q) +(3q)2
= (4p 3q)2 3. 9e2 12 ef + 4f2
=

Algebraic Expressions 88
 Module PMR

iii) expressions which consist of 4 terms

ax + ay + bx + by ax + ay - bx - by
= (ax + ay) + (bx + by) = (ax + ay) -(bx + by)
= a( x+y) + b(x+y) = a( x+y) - b(x+ y)
= (a+b)(x+y) = (a -b)(x + y)

Example Exercise
1. w2 + wz + 6w + 6z 1. pq + qr + ps + rs
= (w2 + wz) +( 6w + 6z) =
= w(w+z) + 6(w+z)
= (w + 6)(w+z)

2. a2b2 + a2b + b+1 2. 2ab + bc + 6ad + 3cd

= (a2b2 + a2b) + (b+1) =
2
= a b (b + 1) + 1(b+1)
= (a2b +1)(b+1)

3. 2x2 - 4xy + 6y 3x 3. de de2 + 7de 7d

=(2x2 - 4xy) + (6y 3x) =
= 2x (x -2y) + 3 (2y- x)
= 2x(x 2y) 3(x - 2y)
= (2x - 3)( x - 2y)

4. ab + bc ad dc 4. 10 + 3ab 15a 2b
= (ab + bc) (ad + dc) =
= b(a+c) d(a+c)
= (b d)(a+c)

Algebraic Expressions 89
 Module PMR

Common Errors

Errors Correct Steps

2m 2 2m 2
1. 1.
6m 2 6m 2
m2 2(m 1)
= =
3m 2 2 3 m2
m 1
=
3m 2

x2 9 x2 9
2. 2.
x3 x3

( x 3)( x 3) ( x 3)( x + 3)
= =
( x 3) ( x 3)

= x3 =x+3

3. x2 9 3. x2 9

= (x + 9 ) ( x 9) = x2 - 32
= (x + 3 ) ( x 3)

4. y2 - 62 4. y2 - 62

= ( y 6 )2 = ( y 6 )( y + 6)

J) Factorizing & Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

* Algebraic Fractions are fractions with either its numerator or

denominator or both having algebraic expressions
x p q 2a
Examples : , ,
y + 1 x 2 4 3b

Algebraic Expressions 90
 Module PMR

I) Simplifying algebraic Expressions

* divide the numerator and denominator by their common factors.

* factorizing the numerator or denominator or both and then divide the
numerator and denominator by their common factors.

Example Exercise
4a 2 b 5rs
1. 1.
2ab 2 10r 2 s
4 a ab =
=
2 a bb
2 a 2a
= =
b b

21c 2 de 3
12m n
3
2.
2. 14cde 2
20m 2 n 2 =
4 3 m m m n
=
5 4 m m n n
3 m 3m
= =
5 n 5n

b+c 3d
3. 3.
b2 c2 9d2
(b + c) 1 =
= =
(b c)(b + c) b c

e2 f 2
x2 9 4.
4. 3e 3 f
2x 2 6x
=
x 2 32
=
2 x x 2 3 x
( x 3)( x + 3)
=
2 x( x 3)
x+3
=
2x

Algebraic Expressions 91
 Module PMR

ii) Addition & Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

a) Algebraic Fractions with same denominator
Example Exercise
2x 4 rt 5s
1. 1.
y y 9k 9k
2x 4 =
=
y
2m 1 m + 4
2.
3n 3n x 4 3x + 2
2.
(2m 1) (m + 4) 6 xy 6 xy
=
3n =
2m 1 m 4
=
3n
2m m 1 4
=
3n
m5
=
3n

b) Algebraic Fractions with different denominator

Example Exercise
1 2 4x y
1. + (LCM = 5b) 1 +
b 5b 2 5
1 b 2 =
= +
5b 5b
b+2
=
5b

5y 3
2. 2
( LCM =4x2y)
4x 2 xy 4q 5q
5 y y 3 2x 2.
= a b 2ab 2
2

4x 2 y 4x2 y =
5 y 2 6x
=
4x 2 y

2 d 3 5d + 1
3. (LCM = 6ab)
2a 3b
3b (2d 3) 2a (5d + 1)
=
6ab 6ab
6bd 9b 10ad + 2a
= ab + 1 2 a
6ab 6ab 3.
6bd 9b (10ad + 2a ) 4r 18rs
= =
6ab
6bd 9b 10ad 2a
=
6ab

Algebraic Expressions 92
 Module PMR

iii)Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions

a) Multiplication 2 algebraic fractions involving 2 types :

* Denominator with one term

Example Exercise
1. 2 p 3q 7 2
1.
7 5a 3r 9 y
2 p 3q =
=
7 5a
6 pq
=
35a 3x 18 y
2.
6 yz 15 x 2
2
6m 2 4 n 2
2. =
2n 3m
2 3 m m 2 2 n n
=
2 n 3 m
2 m 2 n p+r 3
= 3.
1 12 x q
= 4mn

* denominator with two terms

Example Exercise
1. x y
2 2
x 3x x3
1. 2
2x x y x 9 6x 2
=
( x y )( x + y ) x
. =
2x ( x y)
x+ y
=
2

2x 2 + x x 2 y 2 2x 2 x + 3
2. 2.
x+ y 2 xy + y x 2 9 4x 4
=
x(2 x + 1) ( x y )( x + y )
=
x+ y y (2 x + 1) .
x( x y )
=
y

Algebraic Expressions 93
 Module PMR

Division of Algebraic Fractions

* Denominator with one term

Example Exercise
a 2c a e ae 5 10 z
1. = = 1. 2
d e d 2c 2cd x x
=

m n 2( m n )
2.
4c 2c
( m n) 2c
= a + b 2a + 2b
2 4c 2( m n ) 2.
cd 3c 2 d
1
= =
4

x 2 16 y 2 x + 4 y
3.
2x 2 xy
x (4 y )
2 2
x + 4y
= 2

2x xy
3b 3a a 2 b 2
( x 4 y )( x + 4 y ) x y 3.
= 4d 2 2d
2 x x ( x + 4 y) =
y( x 4 y)
=
2x
.

m 5 m 2 25
4.
4 pq 6q

Algebraic Expressions 94
 Module PMR

*Denominator with 2 terms

Example Exercise
1 2p p 1.
5

10m
. q + 2 q2 4 n 3 3n 9
2 p q 2 22 =
=
q+2 p
2p (q 2)(q + 2)
=
( q + 2) p
= 2( q 2)
3g 2 27 gh
2.
ab 2 2a y x
2 2
yx
2. 2 =
( a b) ( a b 2 )
ab 2 2a
=
(a b) (a b)(a + b)
ab 2 (a b)(a + b)
=
( a b) 2a
s 2 + st rs + rt
b ( a + b)
2
3.
= 2 w 3 12 8w
2 =

7 x 2 14 x 2 x 4
3,
2x + 2 x +1
7 x ( x 2) 1
( x + 1)1
=
2( x + 1)1 2( x 2)1
7 x 1
= d 2 e 2 (d e) 2
2 2 4.
12b 6a 3a 6b
7x
= =
4

ab 2 2a
5. 2
( a b) ( a b 2 )
=

Algebraic Expressions 95
 Module PMR

Common Errors

Errors Correct Steps

3b + 6 3b + 6
1. 1.
9b 9b
3b1 + 6 3(b + 2)
= =
9b3 9b3b
1+ 6 7 b+2
= = =
3 3 3b

1 2 1 2
2. + 2. +
x 3x x 3x
1+ 2 1 3 2
= = +
x + 3x 3x 3x
3 3+ 2 5
= = =
4x 3x 3x

2 p 3q 2 p 3q
3. 3.
9q 6 p 9q 6 p
(2 p 3q )1 1 (2 p 3q )1 1
= = = =-
3(3q 2 p )1 3 3(2 p 3q )1 3

1 h 1 1 h 1
4. 4.
hk h hk h
1 (h 1)(k ) 1 (h 1)(k )
= =
hk h(k ) hk h(k )
1 kh k 1 kh + k
= =
hk hk

2x 2x
5 xy 5 xy
y y
2x 2x 1 2
= xy = = 2
y y xy y
= 2x 2

6 m + 4 2x m + 4 2x
. m m 6
m m
4 2x
= m + 4 2x
m m =
m
4 2x 2x
= =
m m

Algebraic Expressions 96
 Module PMR

Questions based on PMR Format

(A) Simplify each of the following expressions :

1) 4a (a 5) 11. (a 3)2

2) 10q + ( -6q) -5 12 ( 3x + 2)2

3) 6p ( -3p) 2p 13. (5d t)2

4) 4a a( b+4) 14. (x 2)2 x( x -6)

5) -5m 4(m 2) 15. ( 2y + 3)2 ( 5y - 2)

6) 6b (b +3) 16. ( 3w z)2 + z(2w z)

7) 5x 3(2 - x) 17) (k-2)2- 8 + 3k

8) 4k(k 3m) 3m(m 4k) 18) ( 6s -1)2 ( 4s + 1)

Algebraic Expressions 97
 Module PMR

9) 3(x y ) 2 ( y x) 19) 2 ( 3y- 4) + ( y -5)2

10) -3 ( c d) + 2 ( 4c -2d) 20) (2p +q)2 - q(4p 2q)

(B) Factorise completely each of the following expressions :

1. 12xy 4x2 11. 4x -3y xy 12

2. 6e 18ef 12, a2 b2 + a2b + b + 1

3. 4x2 -100 13. 2m2 m + 2mn

4, 75 3m2 14 9c2 100d2

5. 3y + 12 15 uv + wv ux wx

6. 20 5x2 16 ab+ bc ad-cd

Algebraic Expressions 98
 Module PMR

7. 3st 15st2u 17. k2-14k + 49

8. 36x2 81y2 18. g2 -12g + 36

9. m3 9m 19. 3x-4y-6wx+8wy

10. 4p2 -1 20. 2pq- 6pz 3rq + 9rz

(C) Express each of the following expressions as a single fraction in its

simplest form
2 x p 1 p
1. 9.
3 x 12 3m m

4q 3 2m 3 m + 2
2. 10
p pq 4 6

4 1 s 2 m 3
3. 11
s 2s 2 3m 12m 2

Algebraic Expressions 99
 Module PMR

5 x 1 8 1 4w
4. 12.
2w t 5n 10n

x+3 2 y 3( p + 1) 6 n
5. 13.
2e 4 3np n

p 1 p 7 m4
6. + 14.
3f f 12m 4m 2

1 2z 1 9 y
7 15.
4 n 8n 2 y ( y + 3) y + 3

5 p p2 + 6 2 4n
8. 16.
6q 12 pq 3n 9n 2

(D) Expand each of the following expressions

1. 2 (m+1) 10. (p + 2z )( p x)

Algebraic Expressions 100

 Module PMR

2. 3b (b 3) 11 (n -7)2

3 -2a ( x 4) 12. ( r t)2 -4rt

4. 2k2 ( k 7) 13 (4m -2)2 + 7m

5. 5x ( x 2y) 14 (a+ 2d)( a+ 2d)

6. 2e( 4e f + 7) 15 (3 +b)(2a- 2c)

2 16 ( x 3y)( x + 3y)
7 s (6 x 12 y + 9)
3

8. -6pq(2pq + 4p 3q) 17 . (2a + 1)( b- 3)

9 4 ( - 3s + 5h) 18. (x -2)( y + 3)

Algebraic Expressions 101

 Module PMR

PMR past year questions

2004

1. Simplify (3x-1)2 (7x + 4) (2 marks)

2. Factorise completely
a) 9xy -3x2 b) p2 6(p+1) (8 p)
(3
marks)

1
1 p
3 2 as a single fraction in its simplest form
3. Express
2m mp


( 3 marks)

2005

4. Simplify (2p- q)2 + q(4p q) ( 2marks)

5. Factorise completely each of the following expressions :

(a) 4e 12ef b) 3x 2 - 48
( 3 marks)

Algebraic Expressions 102

 Module PMR

1 m+2
5. Express as a single fraction in its simplest form.
2 m 6m 2
( 3 marks)

2006

6. Factorise completely 50 2m2 (2 marks)

7. Simplify 3 (2p -5) + (p 3)2 ( 2 marks)

1 5 2v
8. Express as a single fraction in its simplest form
5m 15mv
(3 marks)

2007

9. Factorise completely each of the following expressions :

a) 2y + 6 b) 12 3x2 ( 3 marks)

Algebraic Expressions 103

 Module PMR

10. Expand each of the following expressions :

(a) q(2 + p) (b) ( 3m n)2
( 3 marks)

5 2 3w
11. Express + as a single fraction in its simplest form
3n 6n
(3 marks)

2008

12. Simplify 2p 3q (p + 5q) ( 2 marks)

13. Expand each of the following expressions :

(a) 2g ( 5 k) (b) ( h 5)(3h + 2)

( 3 marks)

1 n4
14. Express as a single fraction in its simplest form
n 3n
( 3marks)

Algebraic Expressions 104

 Module PMR

CHAPTER 7 : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

ANSWERS

A unknown
1. Number of books ii) find quotient of 2 alg. Terms
2. number of monkeys 3 pqz 2ab
3. unknown : y 1) 3)
r 3d
Object : z 4x
4. unknown : k 2) 4) -3rt
y
Object : a
iii) Multiplication &Division of alg
B Algebraic terms terms
(i) 1) -3 1. 16p2r2
2 2 18k
2) 3. -4ab4
5
3) 0.7 F. Computation involve Alg Exp.
4) 1 1. 40m 16
(ii) 1) unlike term 2. -2a 6b
2) like term 3. -8p + 21
3) unlike term 4 10 + 3t
4) unlike term 5 2s - 33
6 -3pq+2qr pqr
C) Algebraic Expressions 7 x 3 5y
i) Number of term 8. -3p2
1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 9. 6u2-12
ii) simplify Algebraic Exp.
1) 7x 8y G. Expanding single Brackets
2) 3z 11w 1. wy + y2
3) 9r + 7s 2. -15ef 10eg
4) -2k-5 3 4r 3rs + rt
5) -5t+7s 4 4xyz 2xyw + x2y2
6) 2s -1
7) -18w H. Expanding double brackets
1. ab + a -2b -1
D) Alg Terms in two or more terms 2. 3m2-mn + 9m -3n
* Identify coefficient of unknown 3. -6st 8s 15t -20
-3b , -3c, -3, -3b2 4. a2 -6a + 9
5. 9m2 -6mn +n2
E) Multiplication & division of alg 6. 25x2+20x + 4
terms 7. y2+8dy+16d2
i) find product of 2 alg terms
1) a3b2 I. Factorization
2) -6xy2z 1. 6( a 4c)
3) 3ab3c4 2. 2m2( 2m -3)
4) 56p4q2r3 3. 2x ( 4a + 2b c)
5) 6w3z4 4. xyz( x -y)
2 5. 3st (t-5w)
6) - p 2 q 2 r 2
5 6. 2yz( 1- 2z +3x)
7) 21m 4 h 2 k 5

Algebraic Expressions 105

 Module PMR

9abs + 9b 4 + 2a
3.
36rs
i) expressions which consist of 2
terms iii) Mul & division of Alg Exp
1) (w 5)(w + 5) a) Multiplication of 2 alg
2) 5(x 1)(x + 1) fractions
3) 3(2d-5)(2d +5) * Denominator with one term
4) (6c -10e)(6c +10e) 14
1.
27 ry
ii) expressions which consist of 3 3
2.
terms 5 xz 2
1) (a + b)2 p+r
3.
2) (2x 5)2 4 xq
3) ( 3e 2f)2

iii) expressions which consist of 4 * denominator with 2 terms

terms 1
1) (q +s)(p + r) 1.
2 x( x + 3)
2) (b+ 3d)(2a+c)
3) (de 7e)(1- e) 1
2
4) (5 b)(2 3a ) 2( x + 3)

J) Factorising & simplifying Alg b) Division of Alg Fractions

Expressions. * Denominator with one term
i) Simplifying alg Expressions x
1 1.
1. 2z
2r 3c
3ce 2.
2 2
2 3
1 3.
3. 2d ( a + b)
3+ d 3
e+ f 4.
4 2 p (m + 5)
3
ii) Addition & Subtraction of alg
Exp. * Denominator with 2 terms
a) Alg Fraction with same 3
denominator 1.
2m
rt 5s
1. g
9k 2.
3 x 9 h( y + x )
2 4s
3 xy 3.
b)Alg Fraction with different r
d +e
denominator 4
10 x + y d e
1.
5 b 2 ( a + b)
5.
8bq 5aq 2
2.
2a 2 b 2

Algebraic Expressions 106

 Module PMR

C) Express expressions as a single

fraction in its simplest form
8 x2
1. .
12 x
Questions based on PMR Format
4q 2 3
2.
A. Simplify expressions pq
1. 3a+ 5 9s 1
3.
2. 4q -5 2s 2
3. 7p 5t 2 wx + 2 w
4. ab 4.
2 wt
5. -9m+8
2 x + 6 2e + ey
6. 5b -3 5.
7. 8x 6 4e
8. 4k2 - 3m2 p + 3 3p
6.
9. 5x 5y 3f
10. 5c d 2n 2 x + 1
11 a2 - 6a + 9 7.
8n 2
12 9x2+ 12x +4
9 p2 6
13 25d2 -10dt + t2 8.
14 2x + 4 12 pq
15 4y2 + 7y + 11 4p 3
9.
16 9w2 - 4wz m
17 k3 k -4 4m 13
18 36s2 16s 10.
12
19 y2 -4y + 17 7m + 3
20 4p2 + 3q2 11.
12m 2
B. Factorise Expressions 15 + 4 w
12.
1 4x( 3y x) 10n
2. 6e( 1 3f) 3 15 p + 3 pn
13
3 (2x 10)( 2x + 10) 3np
4. 3 (5 m)(5+m) m+3
5. 3( y + 4) 14.
3m 2
6. 5(2-x)(2+x)
3 y
7. 3st(1 5tu) 15.
8 9(2x -3y)(2x+3y) y
9 m(m-3)(m+3) 7n 4
16.
10 (2p-1)(2p+1) 9n 2
11 (x+3)(4-y)
12 (a2b+1)(b+1) D Expand expressions
13 m(2m-1+2n) 1. 2m+2
14 (3c-10d)(3c+10d) 2. 3b2 -9b
15 (v-x)(u+w) 3. -2ax+ 8x
16 (b-d)(a+c) 4.. 2k3 14k2
17 (k -7)2 5. -5x2+ 10xy
18 (g 6)2 6. 8e2 -2ef +14e
19 (3x -4y)( 1-2w) 7. 4sx -8sy +6s
20 (2p-3r)(q-2) 8. -12p2q2 -24p2q +18pq2
9. -12s +20h
10. p2 px + 2pz 2zx
Algebraic Expressions 107
 Module PMR

11. n2 -14x +49 16. x2 + 9y2

12. r2 -6rt +t2
13. 16m2 -9m + 4 17. 2ab- 6 + b -3
14, a2 +4ad + 4d2 18. xy +3x -2y -6
15. 6a2 -6ac+2ab-2bc
PMR Past Year Questions

2004

1. 9x2 -13x -3
2. a) 3x(3y-x)
b) p2- 7p -14
2 p 1
3.
mp

2005

4. 4p2
5. a) 4e(1-3f) b) 3(x-4)(x+4)
6.
m 1
7.
3m 2

2006

6. 2(5 m)(5 +m)

7. p2 6
v 1
8.
3mv

2007

9. a) 2(y+3) b) 3(2-x)(2+x)
10. a) 2q+pq b) 9m2- 6mn +n2
4w
11.
2n

2008

12. p -8q
13. a) 10g -2gh b) 3h2 -12h -10
7n
14.
3n

Algebraic Expressions 108

 Module PMR

Algebraic Expressions 109