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Agma Information Sheet: Inspection Practices - Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
Agma Information Sheet: Inspection Practices - Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Symbols and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Accuracy of gear blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Center distance and parallelism of axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tables
1 Symbols and terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Form tolerances for datum and mounting surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Tolerances on runout of mounting surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figures
1 Datum axis defined by two short datum surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Datum axis defined by one long datum surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Datum axis defined by one cylindrical surface and one end--face . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Internal ring gear datum axis defined by cylindrical surface and end--face . . . 4
5 Center holes as manufacturing surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 High quality gear with reference bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Shaft parallelism deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 915--3--A99, Inspection Practices -- Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and
Parallelism.]
In the course of revising ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88, Gear Classification and Inspection
Handbook -- Tolerances and Measuring Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears,
the AGMA Inspection Handbook Committee agreed that the ISO information from ISO/TR
10064--3:1996, relative to the inspection of gear blanks, shaft center distance and
parallelism of axes should be published under separate cover as an AGMA Information
Sheet.
For the general replacement of ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88, a system of documents as listed
below, together with this information sheet, has been established:
-- AGMA 915--1--AXX, Inspection Practices for Cylindrical Gears -- Tangential
Measurements
-- AGMA 915--2--AXX, Inspection Practices for Cylindrical Gears -- Radial
Measurements
-- AGMA 915--4--AXX, Inspection Practices -- Recommendations Relative to Surface
Texture
-- AGMA 2015--1--AXX, Accuracy Classification System for Cylindrical Gears --
Tangential Measurements
-- AGMA 2015--2--AXX, Accuracy Classification System for Cylindrical Gears -- Radial
Measurements
ISO/TR 10064--3:1996 was prepared by ISO Technical Committee TC 60, Gears.
AGMA 915--3--A99 is not identical to ISO/TR 10064--3:1996, Cylindrical gears -- Code of
inspection practice -- Part 3: Recommendations relative to gear blanks, shaft centre
distance and parallelism of axes. It was agreed to be sent directly to committee comment in
May of 1998, after project approval by the TDEC. The Committee, during comment
resolution, made the following changes to the original ISO Technical Report:
-- Addition of reference to ISO 1101 in clause 4;
-- Changed the wording of the first paragraph of 4.3;
-- Revised figure 4, reversing the datum and runout callouts;
-- Changed 4.11 and figure 5, replacing datum surfaces with reference bands.
The Committee decided that these changes were sufficient enough to require an additional
committee comment in February, 1999.
It was approved by the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee on May 20, 1999.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
ACTIVE MEMBERS
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
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AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
1
AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
2
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
--A-- --B--
flatness tol.
--B--
--A-- --A--
cyl. tol.
circ. tol.
Figure 2 -- Datum axis defined by one long Figure 3 -- Datum axis defined by one
datum surface cylindrical surface and one end--face
A shaft with an integral pinion will often have a 4.4 Datum surface form tolerances
section on which a gear wheel will be mounted. The
tolerances of the mounting surface should be The required accuracy of the datum surfaces
selected appropriate to the quality requirements of depends on:
the gear wheel.
-- the specified gear accuracy; these surfaces
4.3 Use of center holes should be defined to limits significantly tighter
A common (and satisfactory) method of dealing with than those of the individual gear teeth;
gears which are integral with a shaft is to mount the
component between centers during manufacturing -- the relative positions of the surfaces; in
and inspection. In this case, there needs to be a tight general, the greater the distance spanned, in
tolerance on the runout of these mounting surfaces proportion to the reference diameter of the teeth,
relative to the functional axis, see figure 5. the more relaxed can be the tolerance.
Proper care should be given in alignment of the The accuracy of the surfaces must be specified on
center hole contacting angles, i.e. 60_ inclusive. the component drawings.
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AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
--A-- --B--
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
4.7 Mounting surfaces used during gear cutting near to datum surfaces and duplicated as appropri-
and inspection ate at each step in the manufacture of high quality
gears.
To manufacture the teeth to the tolerances specified
and measure their resulting deviations with sufficient When strict process control during manufacturing of
accuracy, it is essential to mount the gear for both the gear blank, accurate expanding mandrels for
manufacture and inspection so that its actual axis of centering the blank, a fixture for supporting the blank
rotation during both processes corresponds as with appropriately limited runout and a high quality
closely as possible to the datum axis defined on the gear cutting machine are used, the position of the
gear drawing. gear blank on the gear cutting machine has to be
checked only for the first gear of a series. This
Unless the surfaces which are to be used to mount procedure is typically used in mass production of
the gear during manufacture or inspection are those gears on gear cutting machines.
used as datums for the datum axis, then these too
must be controlled relative to the datum axis. The For high quality gears, special datum surfaces have
values shown in table 3 are appropriate for use as to be provided (see figure 6). For very high quality
tolerances for these surfaces. For maximum gears, the gear has to be mounted on the shaft, in
precision, a highspot giving the position and which case the shaft journals can be used as datum
amount of the high point of runout can be marked surfaces.
circ. tol.
runout tol. A
runout tol. A
flatness tol.
runout tol. A
--A--
functional mounting
cyl. tol. surface = manufacturing
mounting surface
manufacturing
reference bands
mounting surface
Figure 6 -- High quality gear with reference bands
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AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
4.8 Tip cylinder application. For even more accurate work, the
reference bands are checked and marked for the
The tolerance on the tip diameter should be chosen
by the designer to ensure that the minimum design amount and location of the high point of runout. This
contact ratio is achieved together with adequate root high point and amount are duplicated at every step in
clearance. If the tip cylinder of the blank is to be used the process to control very high quality gears.
as a datum surface, however, while the above value Many gear applications are, however, produced in
may still be applied as a size tolerance, the form small quantities. In this case the position of the gear
tolerance should not exceed the appropriate value on the gear cutting machine has to be checked
from table 2. before machining. Whether every blank or some
4.9 Tolerance build up portion has to be checked depends upon the
experience of the gear manufacturer. For medium
The tolerances of table 3 are applicable when the
accuracy grade gears, part of the tip cylinder can be
functional axis coincides with the datum axis or can
used as a radial reference surface, while the axial
be toleranced directly from it. When this is not the
position can be checked using the mounting face for
case, then a tolerance chain exists between the two.
gear cutting.
It will then be necessary to reduce the individual
tolerances to values smaller than those given in the
tables 2 and 3. The degree of reduction will depend 5 Center distance and parallelism of axes
on the specific arrangement, but in general will be
approximately proportional to the square root of n, The gear designer has to select the proper toler-
where n is the number of links in the chain. ances for deviations in both the center distance, a,
and the parallelism of axes. Tolerances should be
For gears of the highest accuracy (for example, ISO chosen so as to ensure that backlash and alignment
1328, Part 1, accuracy grade 4 or better), it will of the meshing gear teeth are in accordance with the
normally be necessary to assemble the gears on application requirements. Provision for the assem-
their shafts before finishing the teeth. However, bly adjustment of bearing position may offer what is
where this is not possible, the use of runout probably the most effective technical solution to the
measurements on datum surfaces after assembly demands of high accuracy. However, the costs may
may be used to demonstrate that the required overall in many instances be unacceptably high.
gear accuracy is actually being achieved. This
measurement detects errors caused not only by the 5.1 Center distance allowances
combined runout of all the functional gear mounting The center distance tolerance is the allowable
surfaces, but also those caused by runout of any deviation specified by the designer. The nominal
bearing rings fitted to the shaft. center distance is determined by considerations of
minimum backlash and interference between the
4.10 Mounting surfaces for other gears
tips of the teeth of each gear member with the
A shaft with an integral pinion will often have a non--involute profile at the root of its mate.
section on which a gear wheel is to be mounted. The
In the case where the gears carry load in only one
tolerances of the mounting surface should be
direction, with infrequent reversals, the control of
selected by proper consideration of the quality
maximum backlash is not a critical consideration and
requirements of the teeth of the wheel to be mounted
the allowance in center distance can be governed by
on it. It will usually be appropriate to specify
consideration of contact ratio.
allowable runouts relative to the already defined
datum axis. When backlash must be closely controlled, as in
motion control gears, or when the load on the teeth
4.11 Reference bands reverses, the tolerance for center distance must be
Reference bands are axial or radial surfaces that are carefully studied, taking into account the effect of:
machined true with the datum axes of gear blanks deflections of shafts, housings and bearings;
(see figure 6). misalignment of gear axes due to housing
These can be checked while mounted on the deviations and bearing clearances;
machine that finishes the teeth, while mounted on skew of gear axes due to housing deviations
the inspection machine or while mounted in the final and bearing clearances;
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
The recommendations in ISO/TR 10064--2 with Each of these parallelism deviations is expressed as
regard to tooth thickness tolerances and backlash a length referred to the distance, L, between the
should be followed when deciding on the tolerance bearings of the relevant axis (bearing center
for all dimensions which affect the deviation in distance, L). See figure 7.
backlash. Shaft in--plane deviation relates to helical misalign-
ment as a function of the sine of the operating
The selection of center distance tolerance for high
pressure angle, and shaft out--of--plane deviation as
speed drives involves other considerations which
a function of the cosine of the operating pressure
are beyond the scope of this information sheet.
angle. Thus, mesh misalignment due to a given
In the case of gear transmissions in which one gear amount of out--of--plane deviation will be from two to
drives several other gear pairs (or vice versa), e.g., in three times as large as the mesh misalignment due
the case of epicyclic gear transmissions with several to a similar amount of in--plane deviation. Therefore
planet gears, or in the case of transfer gear boxes or different recommended maximum values have been
power take--off gears, it may be necessary to restrict established for the two deviation elements.
the shaft center distance allowances in order to
5.3 Recommended maximum values for shaft
achieve proper load sharing and correct operating
deviation
conditions in all of the meshes. These conditions
require detailed study of operating and manufactur- a) Recommended maximum value for shaft out--of--
ing restraints which are beyond the scope of this plane deviation, f, is:
information sheet.
f = 0.5 L F
b
...(1)
5.2 Shaft parallelism tolerances
b) Recommended maximum value for shaft in--
Since the effect of a shaft parallelism deviation plane deviation, f, is:
depends on its vectorial direction, different specifica-
tions have been established for the in--plane f = 2 f ...(2)
1 2
f
L
plane of axes
f
Figure 7 -- Shaft parallelism deviations
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AGMA 915--3--A99 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 915--3--A99
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of AGMA 915--3--A99, Inspection Practice -- Gear
Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism or indicated for additional information.
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PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314