These are found predominantly as members of plane or space

trusses (2D & 3D), as members in transmission towers and as wind

bracing (single or double) for single story or high rise steel structures.

Among the common shapes used as tension members:

Angle Starred angle

Round bar
Flat bar Double angle
Channel Double Latticed

W-section (wide-flange) S-section

channel channels (American
Built-up box sections
Standard)
Cross-section of typical tension members. T-1
The strength of a tension member is controlled by the lowest
of the following limiting states:

T T

Net Gross
Area (An) Area (Ag)

A) Yielding of the Gross Area (Ag):

Fn = Fy Ag
B) Failure (Ultimate strength) on the Net Area (An):
Fn = Fu Ae
Where Ae = effective net Area = UAn
U = Reduction Coefficient.
ck Shear Failure through the end bolt:

T
T-2
A hole is drilled (or punched) by 1/16 inch greater then
the normal diameter of the fastener (rivet or bolt). Hole
punching causes some damage to the edges of the
hole to the amount of 1/32 inch from each side.

Thus the equivalent hole diameter

1 1 1
bolt diameter
16 32 32
1
bolt dia. inch.
8
T-3
Example (T1):
What is the net area An for the tension member
as shown in the figure?
1 Standard Hole for a 3 -in. diam bolt.
Plate 4 (inches) 4
4

T T

Solution: Ag = 4(0.25) = 1.0 sq in.

3 1 7
Width to be deducted for hole 4 8 8 in.
An = [W
4 g (width
0.25 for0.78
hole)] (thickness of plate)
sq. in.
7
8
T-4
For a group of staggered holes along the tension direction, one
must determine the line that produces smallest Net Area.
EFFECT OF STAGGERED HOLES ON NET AREA :-
A
A p p

Paths of failure g
T T T T
on net section

B p s
(a) C B (b)
In the above diagram:

p = Pitch or spacing along bolt line

s = Stagger Between two adjacent bolt lines
(usually s = P/2)
g = gage distance transverse to the loading.
ase (a) above : An = (Gross width hole dia.) . t
In case (b) above : An = (Gross width hole dia.+ s2/4g) . t

T-5
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