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Fundamentals of Power Systems

INTRODUCTION

The three basic elements of electrical engineering are resistor, inductor and capacitor. The
resistor consumes ohmic or dissipative energy whereas the inductor and capacitor store in the
positive half cycle and give away in the negative half cycle of supply the magnetic field and
electric field energies respectively. The ohmic form of energy is dissipated into heat whenever
a current flows in a resistive medium. If I is the current flowing for a period of t seconds
through a resistance of R ohms, the heat dissipated will be I 2Rt watt sec. In case of an inductor
the energy is stored in the form of magnetic field. For a coil of L henries and a current of I
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amperes flowing, the energy stored is given by 2
LI 2. The energy is stored between the metallic
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plates of the capacitor in the form of electric field and is given by 2
CV 2, where C is the
capacitance and V is the voltage across the plates.
We shall start with power transmission using 1- circuits and assume in all our analysis
that the source is a perfect sinusoidal with fundamental frequency component only.

1.1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSMISSION

Let us consider an inductive circuit and let the instantaneous voltage be

v = Vm sin t (1.1)
Then the current will be i = Im sin (t ), where is the angle by which the current lags
the voltage (Fig. 1.1).
The instantaneous power is given by
p = vi = Vm sin t . Im sin (t )
= VmIm sin t sin (t ) (1.2)
Vm I m
= [cos cos (2t )]
2
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