Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIC 10303
Example
2
(3 4 5 )3 =
3
=
3
2log 3 + log 2 = log 18
log5 (4x + 11) = 2
1 x 4
-1 4
3
Afa
dsD
= 9
= 0.48
asa
4
da
Real Number
- non-terminating
and
Rational - any number which Irrational non-repeating
2 can be written as a
.
, 7, -0 4 ratio (fraction,decimal) decimals
3
3141592
. ...
Fractions/Decimal Integer 2
1
. .
6 , -0 32, - 2 1
4
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...
Zero Naturals
0 1, 2, 3...
Make a Venn Diagram that displays the following sets of numbers:
Real Number, Rational, Irrational, Integer, Whole, Natural.
Rational
Real Number
2
3 Integer -2.65
-3 -19
Whole
0 6
1
Irrational
Natural
4
1, 2, 3...
2
Imaginary Numbers
Rational
Real Number
2
3 Integer -2.65
-3 -19
Whole
0 6
1
Irrational
Natural
4
1, 2, 3...
2
Properties of Real Numbers
Commutative ab ba a b b a
Associative a b c a b c a b c a b c
Identity a0 a 0a a 1 a 1 a
If a 0, then
Inverse a a 0 a a 1 1
a 1 a
a a
Distributive a (b c) ab ac and (b c)a ba ca
Properties of Real Numbers
Commutative Properties
Commutative Property of Addition
a+b=b+a
Example:
3+5=5+3
Inverses
x z x z
x y z x y z
INEQUALITIES AND NOTATIONS
Let a and b denote two real numbers such that the graph of a on the
number line is in the negative direction from the graph of b. Then we
say that a is less than b and b is greater than a, or, in symbols:
a b or b a
inequality notation
set notation
interval notation
graphical representation
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION
[ )
a x b x |a x b a,b
a 0 b
or
a 0 b
( )
a 0 b
a xb x | a x b a, b or
a 0 b
[ )
a xb x | a x b a, b or a 0 b
a 0 b
( ]
a xb x | a x b a, b or a 0 b
a 0 b
Let x be a real number , x is .
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION
[ ]
a b
a xb x | a x b a, b or
a b
)
xa x | x a , a or a
a
]
xa x | x a , a or b
a
Let x be a real number , x is .
INEQUALITY SET NOTATION INTERVAL GRAPH/NUMBER LINE
NOTATION NOTATION
(
b
xb x | x b b, or
b
[
xb x | x b b, or b
b
R R ,
Example 1
INEQUALITY
INTERVAL
NOTATION SET NOTATION GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION
x<4 x | x 4 ) (-,4)
-4 0 4
-4 0
4
Example 2
SET INTERVAL
INEQUALITY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION NOTATION
NOTATION
x4 x | x 4 -4 0
]
4
(-,4]
-4 0 4
Discussion
1. Write in each of the following the interval notation
and graph on a number line.
a. 5( x 1) 10
SET INTERVAL
INEQUALITY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NOTATION NOTATION
NOTATION
x1 x | x 1 -1 0
]
1
(-,1]
-1 0 1
Discussion (Do it yourself)
1. Write in each of the following the interval notation
and graph on a number line.
6 x 6 > 2x + 2
Objective
End of the topic, students are expected to :
-Identify Properties of Exponential and
Logarithm.
-Have a skill to use the properties in writing
solution.
-change Exponential form to Logarithm form and
vice versa.
-Know the types of logarithm Common, Natural
-Solve the equation.
Properties of Exponent
Properties of Exponent
Example:
(a) () (b) (-5)
= (1/32) =625
(c) -5 (d) 8
=-625 =2
Example
Discussion (Do it yourself)
(vii)
Solving Exponential Equation
Try solve !
Properties 4
Solving Exponential Equation
Simplify
Example
Solving Logarithm Equation
Exponential Function
Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a is defined
for all real numbers x by
where and
Example:
Example:
Let , and evaluate the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Graphs of exponential function
The exponential function
a>1 0<a<1
exponential increase exponential decrease
(b)
x (1/3)^x
-2 9
-1 3
0 1
1 0.333333
2 0.111111
1.5.4 Logarithm Function
From exponential function,
f(x) = ax is one-to-one.
For every x value there is a unique value of f(x).
This implies that f(x) = ax has an inverse.
f-1(x) = logax, logarithm base a of x.
Graphs of logarithm function
The graph of f-1(x) = logax is obtained by
x a>1
reflecting the graph of f(x) = a in the line y=x.
Figure below shows the case
f(x) = ax
8
4
f-1 (x) = logax
2
y=x 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
Modular Arithmetic
Several important cryptosystems make use of
modular arithmetic. This is when the answer to a
calculation is always in the range 0 m where m is
the modulus.
To calculate the value of n mod m, you take away
as many multiples of m as possible until you are left
with an answer between 0 and m.
If n is a negative number then you add as many
multiples of m as necessary to get an answer in
the range 0 m.
Examples
17 mod 5 = 2 7 mod 11 = 7
20 mod 3 = 2 11 mod 11 = 0
-3 mod 11 = 8 -1 mod 11 = 10
25 mod 5 = 0 -11 mod 11 = 0
Example: