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03td0467raymond Odt
03td0467raymond Odt
Thermal Ratings
Tim Raymond
2003 IEEE Transmission & Distribution Conference
Dallas, Texas PN06 Tuesday, 9-Sep-2003
Transformer Loading
Limit
In general, transformer capacity
limited by equipment (winding & oil)
temperatures.
Design limits (110C hot spot) not
necessarily operational limits
Nameplate Rating
Nameplate rating is not
necessarily operational limit
Based on 30C (40C Max.)
ambient
Continuous load at rated
current
Conservative hot spot temp of
110C
Results in overly conservative
ratings
Transformer Cooling
Steady-state Temperatures:
K i2 R 1
n
TO ,i TO , R
R 1
HS ,i HS , R K i2 m
Thermal Model
Thermal Model
Oil thermal time constant:
For OA and FA (ONAN and OFAF) the thermal capacity,
C, equals:
C = 0.0272 * WCC + 0.01814 * WTank + 5.034 * VFluid
For DFOA and NDFOA (ODAF and OFAF) the thermal
capacity, C, equals:
C = 0.0272 * WCC + 0.0272 * WTank + 7.305 * VFluid
The thermal time constant of the bulk oil at rated
temperature equals:
tO,R = C * TO,R / PT,R
Thermal Model
Top oil temperature rise at time t2 = t1+t
TO ,U
K U2 R 1
TO , R
n
TO , 2 TO ,U
t
TO ,1 1 e t O
TO ,1
R 1
Hot spot temperature rise at time t2 = t1+t
HS ,U HS ,R KU2m
t
HS , 2 HS ,U HS ,1 1 e tW
HS ,1
Hot spot temperature at time t2 = t1+t
HS , 2 A, 2 TO , 2 HS , 2
Risk
2 models available
Complex model by Rouse et al., sum of
instantaneous partial pressure of gas and
water vapor vs. static pressure
Empirical model by T. V. Oommen relates
moisture content, gas pressure and static
pressure to onset temperature
Bubble Prediction
(Oommen)
V 1.585
EXP
6996.7
bubble
= ( 0.473 W WP )
g - 273
22.454+ 1.4495 ln W WP - ln P pres 30
Where:
bubble is bubble onset temperature
WWP is moisture content of paper (% by wgt)
Ppres is static pressure
Vg is total gas concentration (% by vol)
Additional Risks
Bushings
LTCs
DETCs
Leads
Bushing CTs
Bushings
Oil-impregnated, paper-
insulated, capacitance-graded
bushings
Designed with 105C bushing
hot spot limit at rated load and
95C top oil temperature
average over 24 hours
Overload is possible
Bushing (cont)
Overload limits:
40C ambient
110C transformer top oil temperature
2x rated bushing current
150C bushing hot spot temperature
Load Tap Changer
Overload limits:
120C contact temperature (higher is OK,
but may result in greater maintenance)
2x LTC rated load current (limit breaking
operations at high load level to few
times/year)
Other