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Formula Sheets

 Some useful formulae from mech mat
M T bh 3 d 4 d 4
S= y; = r; I = ;I= ;J= ;
I J 12 64 32
Cyclic Loading Parameters
S S Smin S + Smin
R = min ; Sa = max ; Sm = max
Smax 2 2

Loosely used estimates (use only if the actual data is not available)

S f = 0.5Su for Su 1400 MPa (200 ksi)
Sf = 700 MPa (100 ksi) for Su 1400 MPa (200 ksi)

Su 3.45HB for MPa units
Su 0.5HB for ksi units

! Sa Sm
#Goodman for Infinite life (fatigue limit): + =1
#
Mean stress effects " S f Su

S S
# Goodman for Finite life (fatigue Strength): a + m = 1
#$ SNf Su


Sa Sm
Criterion for uniaxial yielding + = 1
S"y Sy

Size effect (for components larger than 10 mm or 0.4 inch): 0.7 to 0.8 (use 0.75)

Loading (type) effect:
Fully reversed axial: Varies 0.75 to 0.9 (use 0.8)
Fully reversed shear: 0.57

B
Basquins Equation: SNf = A( N f )

A and B are constants, which determined from Su and Sf

 Effects of Surface Finish on the Fatigue Limit of Steels

 FatigueLimitasafunctionofUTSforPeenedand
UnpeenedSpecimens 9/13/11

Residual Stress by Mechanical Processes: Shot-

Effect of Residual Stress on Fatigue Limit Effectplatingonfatigue
peening & Cold (Surface) Rolling

Shotpeeningisacoldworkingprocessusedtoproducea
compressiveresidualstresslayerandmodifymechanical
on propertiesofmetals.Itentailsimpactingasurfacewithshot
(roundmetallic,glassorceramicparticles)withforcesufficient
tocreateplasticdeformation.

Residual Stress distribution at the shot-peened surface

or
a. Shaft not peened
d, b. Shaft peened
c. Scratched plate not peened
). d. Scratched plate peened

bar ThermalProcesses
FatiguelimitofSeveralShallowquenchednotched
steels

Compr. Residual Stress (by shot-peening) Vs UTS

Residual Stress by Mech Processes
Cold (Surface) Rolling
Fatigue Limit of Cut threads vs rolled threads

Residual Stress by Mech Processes

(Beneficial)EffectsofShotpeeningonCarburizedGears[13]

CH3COOHAceticAcid

Residual Stress by Mechanical Processes:

Cold (Surface) Rolling of a Fillet
Residual Stress by Mech Processes: Autofrettaging

Autofrettageisametalfabricationtechniqueinwhicha
pressurevesselissubjectedtoenormouspressure,
causinginternalportionsoftheparttoyieldand Carburizingisaheattreatmentprocessinwhichiron
resultingininternalcompressiveresidualstresses.
Goal:Toincreasethedurabilityofthefinalproduct. orsteelisheatedinthepresenceofanother
Examples: material(gaseous,liquid,solidorplasmasourceof
highpressurepumpcylinders
battleshipandtankcannonbarrels carbon)whichliberatescarbonasitdecomposes.
fuelinjectionsystemsfordieselengines Theoutersurfaceorcasewillhavehighercarbon

contentthantheoriginalmaterial.Whentheironor
steeliscooledrapidlybyquenching,thehigher
carboncontentontheoutersurfacebecomeshard,
2
whilethecoreremainssoftandtough.Itproduces
casehardnessdepthsofupto0.25inches(6.4mm). 1