Module 1

Stresses & Strain

98t0427440
jeyanthi. Subramanian guit.ac.in
Cabin - NABL AB2-201
mechanics of solids is the same as
SOM Strength of materials

This subjectis the went Step of Engineering

mechanics and materials science engineering
20% in comprehensive exam & Competitive exams
very
math based subject
outline intro
normal stress
chear stress
stress
bearing
Strain
seess-strain
curve
-
s

Elastic constants
Poissons ratio
Relation blu elastic constants
Thermal stresses
Styain
-

energy

loading
- ->
Tensile

loading
-> <
compressive
-

CG:centre
of gravity
->
shear AxiS

-
- -

shaftis what stress does it

Fan
rotating
develop?
car wheel braked from high speed what
dress is developed?
What is
elasticity?
difference blu c hardness and toughness?
26/07/23 Wed 9:58 AM Week 1

=
6

m - I ->

/Normal stress
LinitMPa
or N/mm2
I cshear stress) pl
W

away from axis

single shear
Zav=
=F
# A

double shear
Zav = p'
A

2=
=

This subjectvery importantfor mechanical

design aspect

Bearing Stress
stress at circumference

1 , thickness
0x =

= >diameter

a
Problem 1 W

is
stress
directly &area of link
->

Given:P=45KN &5x103N
=

!
A1 45x20
= 900mm
=

OA
= a=sowimm2
=

=Sompa
120-1
Az 20
=
(75 -40) 700mm2
=

crosssectional area of link

atsection B-B

A -10N
-BB =

= 64.28
=
Nimm 64.28
= Me

92
92) a
Single rived used
is to
join
two
plates as shown, diameter
if of is rivet
20 mut and load is P=30KN,whatisang
shearing stress developed in rivet

·
ep
1 x=95.29
-> 2 =
Ma
=

Stress the same

Bearing and crushing are

93)

"rets
rivets
- because
->

6c 6b =
=

1 P
2E xd dia
=

2 x td
-

↳
thickness of plate
t 16mm
=

6
=
a

+
. = 60N/mm2
 It
Strain = change in length
orignal length

Hooke's law Modulus of Elasticity

E Young's Modulus (E)
I n is a
=

measure

of stiffness of mater, al
20107/23 10:58 AM Fri Week 1

NUTS
NDT -

Non destructive testing - X

Rockwell:ball indentor

_
->
ER
Brinell, nickers:diamond
slope
=

YM= =
For ductive material
-y offsetmethod
for brittle material no XS.
only UTS

stress strain curve for diff types of material

->
> VirA Question

Types of Beams N &

i) simply supported
is CanteliwarT
beam
i) Fixed edge beam
↓ -> B
in Fixed
->
on one side
i)
CSB M
Manwell Reciprocal theorem something

-
applying load atA, what
is
deflection I atB
B
applying load at,
~
what deflection 6 atA
a
is

these both must have equal deflection. Thatis

wanwells reciprocal Theorem

(This
class was taken
by a TA)
31/07/23 MON 8:57AM Weekh

len
change
Strain E
=
in

orignal length

stress o = P
E

Youngs modulus E
*
=

**
82 1
=

AE

stress diagram
strain helps calculate
youngs modules, elastic behavior of
the material
E 2. 1x
=
105N/M2 True ruptureI
scress

F
ultimate stress
C
Upper Yeild Stress
Loweryeildpt G rupture
·

B
-> ·

At
Limit
Elastic ..

D ·

E
Proportional
Limit

Elinear-
Yulding - K-x-x
Strain
region Necking
hardening
etation plastic
region
-

·
low carbon steel not
is ductile umaterial
·

is
stress proportional to limit
elastic
weeking deformation the

arrar It is -Break
of
DA-1
&1) Draw the diagram for mild stell,
stress strain ~

copper, high carbon, low carbon stell, castwon

glass, brass.
draw and mark the
regions

Formula for %
elongation
f.EL =

(t) 100 f
x
%.RA=
(EAr) x100

change length 81= PL

21
6= =

in
-

E
6 EE
=

Al 11,
=
S12
+
+ 81s

T-]
-

22
↳3
L Esu
if

if Ediff=PI,a ES]
 -submitin teams
Intorial Ques Submit before nektclass i.e

before tomorrow
1cm
10cm:
Slide 30-32
12mm 1.22
=

1004:
Im
->

dia: 12mm -> D -

1.2am

gauge len=60mm-e
Final len:80mm-L
Final did=Tmm -
d
Yeild load= 3.4KN
6.1KN
ultimate load=

orignal area of
rod A=
ED= 1 15:113.09 mm
rod
final area of a
Ed 38.48mm2
= =

i) yeild stress-
Wild
load are
Bamm2
=

MPa
=
30.06 Nmm2 or

53.93 Nmm2 ore

i) VTS
athate
load=$0 =
=

ii) 1. RA= origaria recucdareax100

-

area
orig
-

-38.48x100 65.97%
-

in)%EL:in orig =
60 =8 25%
= =
Problem

a) E=
See
0.00105 105X18
2
strain:
1 =
mm = =

stress:
a a -diameter
706.8mm2
area of 1D2 1
rod=
&
=
130)2=

stress-
o =212.22 N/mm2

202.11 x103
=
E =
Nmm2

b) stress elastic
at limit
load atelastic limet=250KN
Stress- 103 353.706 N/mm2
04 =
 EL
-%
(2%) 100
-20x100 x100 200%.
=
=
x
= =

enterse
on

%RA=(E-Ar) x100
-397.607
=
x10

1c 10mm
(2.2552
=

↓
*
397.607
=

43.74%
0.1374=
 Given
Problem Load 35000N
=

E 2. IX105 MPa
=

same material
throughout
A,
4p2 314.15mm241 200mm
=
=
=

Az = 706.85mm2 12 250mm
=

As:1963.49mm2 13:220mm

Al 11,
=
S12
+
+ 81s

T-]
-

a) -

01 35000=111.4 mpa
1
=

/14. IS

62 = 1
35 49.51 Ma
=

A2

6z
A *g=17.82 Me
= -
=
b) total Intension
of Bar

=[,4 122 +43]

bl =
+

=2x105 [I11.11X200 49.5/X250 + 17.82x220]

+

=0.1837mm

:total extension 0.1837

=

E 2.1= X105 N/mm2

normal value for Steel
 Problem

means it wort
--
--
stipside
ways
or ball

Dis downward, compressive force

E1 2.1X105 Nmm2
=
Ez 7x10N/mm2
=

Al = 0.25mm

Al 2500mm2
=

A210000
=
mm2
P =?

if Ediff=PI,a ES]
f 1L
=

P[2*2.IN05
0.25
-00xxor]
t 380 AE
=

SL= 11
0.25 =
PX1.114x10-6 AE

0.25x106 P I should be- ve sign

=

↓
-

1-112 but here it really

0.2244x106
ww
P =

dosent maller-

Because compressive load

228416 N/mm2 p =

224.4 kN
problem
3 Given
1 2 P 160kN
=

62 =
150N/mm2
3
RE
=
2
=

* 1 0.2
=

E 2.
=

1x105N/mm2

- >
Tensile
8[*++ ]
0.2 =

02 150N/mm2
=

1
=

A
D2
16000 =
150 =

108:
D-2 36.85 mm

As bD2 z x 36.852
=

1066.5mm2
=

As 2 827-13mm2
=

2
2827.13 mm2
As 1 D
= =

21240
100 -
12 ↳3 =

insead of 3 divisions, were taken

lio
- taking
decision S
 =[+ 66.5)
0.2

122) 2827.322
-60
- +

2827.93x1066.5

05X2827.43x10665 1066.5x400) =
-

1066.522
160000 2827.4L2
+

191556.69 =
1066.5x400 1760.9322
+

426600

-9566e
=
-
222 ze

-
04/08/23 Fri 10:50AM Week 2
* one dus guaranteed

Principle of
Superposition:When a no loads
of
acting on a body the resulting strain will be
ihe algebraic sum of strains caused by
the individual loads

Problem 9
Problem

&

whatload on LHS,= Loadon RUS

as equilibrium x X
->

·N

B L
# D
10kN
80 E
C -> -
20kN
-

50 1m
600mm N
1.2m

1 2 S

↳
- -

↳
- -
-> 10
jt- 0 50
->
-

1
-

->
30
W-3 -
-
~
-

0 since bar
->
Area is
cross sectional
bar
->
tot area 1000mm2
=

which
6 621- 52z-SLs
=

given
is

811=Pe E
fx,
=

AE

50,000x600
=
0.285
=

- -

1000X 1,05x105

822
12 x2895
=

=
0.285
=
823
13 1088 . e
=
= =

0.285-0.285-0.112 6L
=

:. 82 0.11
=

rod=25mm2
Problem

Esteel 200GPA
=

=
200x109 Pa

Impa IX106 Pa=

= / NImm2

100

1000 I
-

s-
< ->
-
500 Too -
so
3
1 -

->
800
150
so

SL=
E +
-

A (P111-P22z P32)
+
=

=- (100,000 x 500 50,000x 400)

150,000 x 500
+

x
-

3
25x200x10 =-.0
3
S
-

o 004X 10

53 -x8%%3+
-

x
5e
25x200X103
=0.01 -0.024 0.004
I
m
m 10X 183 -um
0.010
-
=-
mm -

-
-
10 x 10-6m =
-10um
07108/23 MON 8:59Am Week

Bars of Sections
COMPOSITE
↑

Formula

The
Here we
equating strains of The outer
hollow rod we winner rod

Total load, P =
Piube +Prod
Erod=
EtExube

problem
Problem 10
> rod
->
diad=3u 30mm =
Esteet 2. 1x105N/mm2
=

Ecu = 1. IX 10 N/mm2
5
tube dia Dex= 5u
=

50mm
tube dia Din=Run 10mm =

axial pull (load) P 45,000N

=

barten 1 17m 150mm

=
=

stress in Bar o
bar
stress in tube
o
tube

Pbar, p load
Al
· bar=lad area
Id =706.858mm2
=

area

Road Py=
AzE2
=
58x2:1x105X45000
706.858x2:103 706.858x1.1x105
+

=29531. 25N
-
P2
A Ez 54.68.75N
-

-
area
(502-12)
=

or

E E ·Steel
⑤ E -5325
=
= =

E, =
E2 11,778
=
N/mm2
t -z e
Ocu=68
E,=Be
AzE2 = 2 1.883 N/mm2
=E aS Al=A 2

P, 1.9P2
=

This method
-> is
faster
The top takes
one
more
Problem

-> weight 450N

=

ciBrass:1.25mm Abrass 1.227mm2

=

&steel 0.625
=
Asterl=0.306 mm2
beam rigid
Ebrass 26x10"N/m2
=
86 x109x10-8N/mm2
=

Estell 210x 109

=

N/mi 210x109x10- N/mm2

=

21 =
22 since 2 brass wire
PzL
Pp+ Ps

-
2
=
Prot
A zE2
1 Steel
-

os
E
=
2 -> brass
AzE2

Pi
#E ↑
AzEz
= =

P, 0.608P2
=
= 0.306X210x10X &50
0.306x210x10-3 +1.227X86X103
P1+2P2 Prot =

0.608PT2P2 Prot =

2.60842 P =

P2 172.546
8
=
=

or 100.9
P1 0.608 x
=
172.586 10SN
=

1
- 343.13
0s= =

As =
3 3.13MN/m2
 Nim
brass- =110.62
~
=

= 140.62MN/m2
09108/23 werd 9:50tm Weck3 -

There is A lotof
engineering behind footbal
what is it?Why it has patches

Friday:during class time solve 2-3 Questions

as test and upload teams.
in
questions will be in teams, need to upload
before 12 noon.

stress concentration factors

the patches on football.

natural frequency
&
if natural frequency speed obse
pse
the
(freq match) then it
(bridges evit
 Problem

area, A 2500mm2
=
Es 2x105
=
Nmm2
Ac= 1600mm2 Ec / x 105Nimm2
=

FF: stress in rods 370kN

P=

21 =
22 2Pc PS P
+ =

2Pc Ps:370,000N
=
+

zE2 A

-
A, El+AzEz
P1 115,625,0
=
-
2500x2x105x370,000
-

2500x2x105 1600 / 105

+

3 X
wrong
approach

I decrease
length of
in steel rod is
equal to decrease length
in
of a rod

strain:
stess
/

whatever be load applied, the Stress may wary

but strain, or
same,so diff range eat
remains
e e
 = E > Als
Ex 20sx2s
=

dic in ein of curod

I
= Ak
5x150
=

-
Ec

Both equate
30
os
%5
/
=

5- 0s I
=

-5 1.282=

2P Ps 370,000
+
=

d
load:
stress X area
stress-

20Ac + -s As 370,000
=

26cAc + 1.20cAs 370000 =

· c(2Ac + 1.2As) 370000

=

2so
6
=

6c 59.677N/mm2
=

65 = 1.2-
1.2X 54.677
=

·s 2 - 1.612 N/mm2
~613
14108/23 Mon 9Am Week 4

why ceiling fan anti-clockwise and table

fan clockwise direction rotation?

why tree trunks like this its He t

RATIO
POISSON'S
plateral
lateral
train cost
=

near
A
un
ansys after choosing material need to input
E and
-

poissons
a

ralo

i or u

SHEAR MODULUS or MODULUS RIGIDITY

OF

< a shear stress shear strain

modulus
=G of rigidity

BULK MODULUS

k direct stress

strain
=

-
↑

voumetric
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
Er Ar-> volume
change in
=[6 6y+62]
=

- +

-> orignal volume

Relation blu bulk modulus anch Young'smodulus

k = m.E E
-

3(m-2) 3(1 -

2n)

blu
Relation Young'smodulus and G
m.E E
G =
=

2Cm+1) 2( I M)
+

Problem 14
1 300mm
=

B 10mm
=

H 10mm
=

p 200kN
=

Dl=0.075m 0.75mm =

DB 0.03mm
=

E= - 33.3
↑0
~stress-load
Strettain
->
- =

area

strain 25x105
At:
=

Ewrong
E
33%
=

approach
3
-
13333.6
=

E written
lateral
aftermstrau↑
be
4
Poissons ratio Strain rig ht 2.5X/0
=

i=
cincar strain approach

!=
-
-
3.334
 stress-
strain:
E E 1-20mQues

E Stress
=

Strain
.oxa 20

** 18xE
I
!--- *
-

-
=
-

0.75 ---

= IX105 face not top

face
so bxd

Problem 15
↑ 300,000N
=

2 200mm
=

B 50mm =

H 20mm
=

E 2 X
=
105 N/mm2
v 0.25
=

Problem 16
1 300mm
=

B
= 100mm
H 20mm
=

A front
= 1000 mm
2
A zop=
30000mm
Question write
5 examples each of Horizontal
loading, vertical loading, and putt
in all dir
Morizontal verlical mined
-

pushing or Fan hanging

Pul
ling anobject Plant hanging
Forging
>
L metal
a
object
The process afterquenching
16/08/23 Wed 10:00AM Week 4

Area & 12,500 mm2

=

② Area =25,000 mm2

⑪ E 2x105
=

0 0.25 =

4XIOON
PE
XLateral Strain
=

Linear Strain

linear strain:
Lateral strain:
Db
5 I
volumetricStrain=DU
-

volume of Cube 100x250x50 1250000

=
=

= 106
1.25 x mmS
1
==
6y =

160 Nimm2
50X250

-y
=== BON/mm2

B
8 160 N(mm2
-
2 =
=
=

100X2J0

dv
I E
=
[8n+0y+02] [1-2m]

* 2xTos [160 806] [1-2x0255

=
+

↳ because force is in
-

qV 2x10
=
downward dir
 dr 2x10 - x
=

1.25x16 250
=

du 250 mm
=

change to make to YMN load to

get dv=P

RELATION
B/W E, N&G
E I 1 +M
-

2G

RELATION BIW E, K, G

E
=
Area Gtmm2
=

P >OOON
=

Dl= 7.9985mm
k =

modulus of
->

Answer There
*G =
rigidity

1 1985:
Al lateral strain = =

0.9998/25

G 0X10S Nmm2
=

E 2.2047 X 105 N/mm2

=

↳teril -
ve
- -

cinear
-
18/08/23 Fri10:53AM Muck &

THERMAL STRAIN

changes in temperature produce expansion or

contraction resulting in thermal strain & Themal
stresses

X
24
a(DT1>
=

↓ change in temp
Thermal Coeff of
strain Thermal expansion

longitudinal strain axially loaded E =

=
E

Thermal Stress o= EXLDT/

actual expansion f)
actual strain=
x
-

orignal length

actual stress:actual strain x E

actual stress
x8xE
=

100u= Im
3 X-2m
Problem 20 30mm
=

steel rod dia:3u

len 1:5m
Steel roc A,
d2
=

=
706.858mm2
XT 95 30 650
=

-
=

E 2x105
=

MN/m2
E 2x= 105 x 106 N/m2 im 100mm 1000mm
=
=

11
F 2X 103 N/mm2 1cm 1Omm
=

I 12x100/c -> c0 eff of linear expansion

=

0 Ex(DT)
=

when ends don't yeild

=2x10"X 12x106x 65
-

=
156 N/mm2

when ends
yeild
8
OT
- xE
=

8 0.12u= 1.2mm
=

x65x5000 1.2
2x105
-

12x10
=
-

x
5 oot

108
=

N/mm2
 19/08/23 SAT 9:02AM Week &

STRAIN ENERGY

*re
Bolt tightening inside a tube
Bolt woul experience compressive
treads
Belt would get tensile

↓reall
und
cover
jacks

e A
C Chape Clamp
&->torque
e
-

Tensile
what overtightening?
if
what
is reaction then?

Need to be able to identify whatforces are

acting where? and what type of force

Screw Jack screw

is like a truss while tightening bolt
we
med girl equal torque
I
-

*
distribute
strul

I
reason:to

/
&

I
Tensile

Ill
-> - equals
E

t
-

,
-
>

k
O
- - -

I
-

↳// I
***
-I
Al
-↓ -
-/
-I
Modulus of Resilience
Resience represents ability of material to absorb energy
energy
within range

Crash box:
energy storage