8

8
Principal Stresses Under a
Given Loading
Contents

• Principal Stresses in a Beam

• Design of a Transmission Shaft
• Stresses Under Combined Loadings

8- 2
8.1 Introduction
• In Chapter 1 and 2, you learned how to determine the normal stress due to
centric loads.

• In Chapter 3, you analyzed the distribution of shearing stresses in a circular

member due to a twisting couple.

• In Chapter 4, you determined the normal stresses caused by bending couples.

• In Chapters 5 and 6, you evaluated the shearing stresses due to transverse loads.

• In Chapter 7, you learned how the components of stress are transformed by a

rotation of the coordinate axes and how to determine the principal planes,
principal stresses, and maximum shearing stress at a point.

• In Chapter 8, you will learn how to determine the stress in a structural member
or machine element due to a combination of loads and how to find the
corresponding principal stresses and maximum shearing stress.

8- 3
8.2 Principal Stresses in a Beam
• Prismatic beam subjected to transverse
loading
My Mc
sx = - sm =
I I
omaximun t xy = -
VQ
tm =
VQ
It It

ㅇ 9 Zmakiopam • Principal stresses determined from methods

of Chapter 7

• Can the maximum normal stress within

the cross-section be larger than
Mc
sm =
I

8- 4
8.2 Principal Stresses in a Beam

8- 5
8.2 Principal Stresses in a Beam

• Cross-section shape results in large values of txy

near the surface where sx is also large.
I 모양구조물

• smax may be greater than sm

'

업무에써클그렸을때 0 m
사가 On( normalstrel 의 최대감이
보다 클 수 있다 .

단면
로
5

이사각단명
G
0
c
m

8- 6
Sample Problem 8.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine shear and bending
moment in Section A-A’

• Calculate the normal stress at top

surface and at flange-web junction.

A 160-kN force is applied at the end • Evaluate the shear stress at flange-
of a W200×52 rolled-steel beam. web junction.

Neglecting the effects of fillets and • Calculate the principal stress at

of stress concentrations, determine flange-web junction
whether the normal stresses satisfy a
design specification that they be
equal to or less than 150 MPa at
section A-A’.

8- 7
Sample Problem 8.1
SOLUTION:
• Determine shear and bending moment in
Section A-A’
M A = (160 kN )(0.375 m ) = 60 kN - m
V A = 160 kN

• Calculate the normal stress at top surface

and at flange-web junction.
MA 60 kN × m
sa = =
S 512 ´ 10-6 m3
= 117.2 MPa
y 90.4 mm
σb = s a b = (117.2 MPa )
c 103 mm
= 102.9 MPa

8- 8
Sample Problem 8.1
• Evaluate shear stress at flange-web junction.
Q = (204 ´ 12.6 )96.7 = 248.6 ´ 103 mm3
= 248.6 ´ 10-6 m3

tb =
(
V AQ (160 kN ) 248.6 ´ 10-6 m3 )
It
=
( )
52.7 ´ 10-6 m 4 (0.0079 m )
= 95.5 MPa

• Calculate the principal stress at

flange-web junction

s max = 12 s b + (12 s b )2 + t b2
2
102.9 æ 102.9 ö
÷ + (95.5)
2
= + ç
2 è 2 ø
= 159.9 MPa (> 150 MPa )

Design specification is not satisfied.

8- 9
Sample Problem 8.2
The overhanging beam supports a
uniformly distributed load and a
concentrated load. Knowing that for
the grade of steel to used sall = 165
MPa and tall = 100 MPa, select the
wide-flange beam which should be
used.
SOLUTION:
• Determine reactions at A and D.
• Determine maximum shear and
bending moment from shear and
bending moment diagrams.
• Calculate required section modulus
and select appropriate beam section.
• Find maximum normal stress.
• Find maximum shearing stress.
8- 10
Sample Problem 8.2
SOLUTION:
• Determine reactions at A and D.
åM A = 0 Þ RD = 265.5 kN
åM D
= 0 Þ RA = 184.5 kN

• Determine maximum shear and bending

moment from shear and bending moment
diagrams.
M max
= 323.2 kNm with V = 54.9 kN
V max
= 193.4 kN

• Calculate required section modulus

and select appropriate beam section.
M 323 ´103 Nm
S min = max
= = 1959 mm3
s all 165 ´10 Pa
6

select W530 ´ 92 beam section

8- 11
Sample Problem 8.2
• Find maximum shearing stress.
Assuming uniform shearing stress in web,
Vmax 193.4 ´103 N
t max = = = 35.6 MPa < 100 MPa
Aweb 5436.6 ´10-6 m 2

• Find maximum normal stress.

M max 323200 Nm
sa = = = 156.1 MPa
S 2.07 ´10 -6 m 3
y 250.9 mm
σ b = s a b = (156.1 MPa ) = 147 MPa
c 266.5 mm
V 54900 N
tb = = = 10.1 MPa
Aweb 5436.6 ´10 -6 m 2

2
147 MPa æ 147 MPa ö
s max ÷ + (10.1 MPa )
2
= + ç
2 è 2 ø
= 147.1 MPa < 165 MPa

8- 12
8.3 Design of a Transmission Shaft
• If power is transferred to and from the
shaft by gears or sprocket wheels, the
shaft is subjected to transverse loading
as well as shear loading.

• Normal stresses due to transverse loads

Normal stress로 인해
may be large and should be included in
Mohr s circle 이 커지고
'

determination of maximum shearing

, Lmax 라 커진다
.

stress.

• Shearing stresses due to transverse

loads are usually small and
contribution to maximum shear stress
may be neglected.

8- 13
8.3 Design of a Transmission Shaft
y • At any section,
Mc
sm = where M 2 = M y2 + M z2
I
Tc
tm =
. x
J

• Maximum shearing stress,

2 2 2
s
t max = æç m ö÷ + (t m )2 = æç
Mc ö æ Tc ö
÷ +ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2I ø è J ø
for a circular or annular cross - section, 2 I = J
c
t max = M2 +T2
J

• Shaft section requirement,

æç M 2 + T 2 ö÷
æJö è ø max
ç ÷ =
è ø min
c t all

8- 14
Sample Problem 8.3

SOLUTION:
• Determine the gear torques and
corresponding tangential forces.

• Find reactions at A and B.

• Identify critical shaft section from

torque and bending moment diagrams.

• Calculate minimum allowable shaft

Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and diameter.
transmits 30 kW from the motor to P
O초당회전수
-

gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at ω= 2Tπ f

-.
..
>
r며

gear G and 10 kW at gear H. Knowing

that sall = 50 MPa, determine the
smallest permissible diameter for the
shaft.

8- 15
 Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
• Determine the gear torques and corresponding
d

%
tangential forces.
P 30 kW
TE = = = 597 N × m
2pf 2p (8 Hz )
이지와 만대 방량
T 597 N × m
으로 힘 다음
FE = E = = 3.73 kN
0
'
rE 0.16 m
OO TC =
20 kW
= 398 N × m FC = 6.63 kN
2p (8 Hz )
10 kW
TD = = 199 N × m FD = 2.49 kN
2p (8 Hz )

• Find reactions at A and B.

Ay = 0.932 kN Az = 6.22 kN
B y = 2.80 kN Bz = 2.90 kN

8- 16
Sample Problem 8.3
• Identify critical shaft section from torque and
bending moment diagrams.

(M 2
y + M z2 + T 2 )
max
= 11602 + 3732 + 597 2
= 1357 N × m

8- 17
Sample Problem 8.3
• Calculate minimum allowable shaft diameter.

J M y2 + M z2 + T 2
=
c t all
1357 N × m
= = 27.14 ´ 10- 6 m3
50 MPa

For a solid circular shaft,

J p 3
= c = 27.14 ´ 10- 6 m3
c 2
c = 0.02585 m = 25.85 m

d = 2c = 51.7 mm

8- 18
8.4 Stresses Under Combined Loadings
• Wish to determine stresses in slender
structural members subjected to
arbitrary loadings.

• Pass section through points of interest.

Determine force-couple system at
centroid of section required to maintain
equilibrium.

• System of internal forces consist of

three force components and three
couple vectors.

• Determine stress distribution by

applying the superposition principle.

8- 19
8.4 Stresses Under Combined Loadings
• Axial force and in-plane couple vectors
contribute to normal stress distribution
in the section.

• Shear force components and twisting

couple contribute to shearing stress
distribution in the section.

8- 20
8.4 Stresses Under Combined Loadings
• Normal and shearing stresses are used to
determine principal stresses, maximum
shearing stress and orientation of principal
planes.

• Analysis is valid only to extent that

conditions of applicability of superposition
principle and Saint-Venant’s principle are
met.

8- 21
Sample Problem 8.5

SOLUTION:
• Determine internal forces in Section
EFG.

• Evaluate normal stress at H.

• Evaluate shearing stress at H.

• Calculate principal stresses and

maximum shearing stress.
Three forces are applied to a short
Determine principal planes.
steel post as shown. Determine the
principal stresses, principal planes and
maximum shearing stress at point H.

8- 22
Sample Problem 8.5
SOLUTION:
• Determine internal forces in Section EFG.
Vx = -30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = -75 kN
M x = (50 kN )(0.130 m ) - (75 kN )(0.200 m )
= -8.5 kN × m
M y = 0 M z = (30 kN )(0.100 m ) = 3 kN × m

Note: Section properties,

A = (0.040 m )(0.140 m ) = 5.6 ´ 10-3 m 2
1 (0.040 m )(0.140 m )3 = 9.15 ´ 10- 6 m 4
I x = 12
1 (0.140 m )(0.040 m )3 = 0.747 ´ 10- 6 m 4
I z = 12

8- 23
Sample Problem 8.5
• Evaluate normal stress at H.
P Mz a Mx b
sy =+ + -
A Iz Ix

=
50 kN
+
(3 kN × m )(0.020 m )
5.6 ´ 10-3 m 2 0.747 ´ 10-6 m 4

-
(8.5 kN × m )(0.025 m )
9.15 ´ 10-6 m 4
= (8.93 + 80.3 - 23.2 ) MPa = 66.0 MPa

• Evaluate shearing stress at H.

Q = A1 y1 = [(0.040 m )(0.045 m )](0.0475 m )

= 85.5 ´ 10-6 m3

t yz =
Vz Q ( (
75 kN ) 85.5 ´ 10-6 m3 )
I xt
=
( )
9.15 ´ 10-6 m 4 (0.040 m )
= 17.52 MPa
8- 24
Sample Problem 8.5
• Calculate principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress.
Determine principal planes.

t max = R = 33.02 + 17.522 = 37.4 MPa

s max = OC + R = 33.0 + 37.4 = 70.4 MPa
s min = OC - R = 33.0 - 37.4 = -7.4 MPa
CY 17.52
tan 2q p = = 2q p = 27.96°
CD 33.0
q p = 13.98°

"
t max = 37.4 MPa

0
poy Z

y
s max = 70.4 MPa
s min = -7.4 MPa
도
d <↓
-

ㅅ
q p = 13.98°

! 8- 25