T H ET H H O R Y

AND TECHNIQUE
O F S H I PD E S I G N
A study of the bosic principles and fhe processes
employedin fhe design of ships.of all closses

:l''

GFORGEC. MANN'NG, D.Sc.

Professor
of NavqlArchilet:ture
M qssachusells
I nsliluleof T echnology
$

Published
Jointly by
The TechnologyPressof
The MqssocAuseffslnsfiiule of Technology
qnd
John Wiley & Sons, lnc.,New york
Chapmon& Holl, Limiied, London

' ..tl
 A P P E N D I X

C O M P U T A T I OONF R I G H T I N G
A R M S F R O MP R I N C I P ADL I M E N -

S I O N SA N D C O E F F I C I E N T S
rl

The following is & summa,ryof an unpubri.shecl

Barnhart and A' M. Thewlis prepared thesis by R. E.
uncJerthe supervisio'of the
a.uthor,publishea
$!rr the permissionof the' authors
the Massaehusetts
4sv'^vrpvr
of '.thethesisancl
Inititute of Technology.

,/s--*' 1 \ ' ',zGG'sin $

(__,-.-.-+.
\-*--'-.--
Angleof inclination

\.-./

'
Fro. a-r1.

If the ordinary curve of statical stability,

curve GZ in Fig. A11, is
modifiedby subtractingGG, sin where
6, GG' is the ordinateof curve
GZ at g0 degrees,tve ggt & crlrve pa,ssesthrough zero at g0'
degrees. If we call the orclinates,which
of this modified curvc, G,2,, we
249
 \

250 THE THEORYAND TECHNIQUEOF STTiPDESIGN

have fol thc righting arms GZ
GZ : G'Z' + GG, sin 4 (A101)
curve G'z' may be exi.lressecl by a Fourier sinc seriesof the fonn
G ' Z ' : b 1 s i n 2 + - t -b 2 s i n 4 4 ,+ . , . b , , s i n 2 n q (A102)
An analysisof the curvesof stntical stability of somefifteen ships of
d-ilferenttypes. cornputcdin thc crxrvcntioirulmcthod, shorvc4t,5at
of the sine of g4 and lrigherrnultiplesof 4 wcrc of
the coefficients
negligiblcmugnitucle,so tlrat cc1ual;ir:rr
Ll)a bccorncs
G"tr': b1 sin2+ -f b2 sin 44 * bs sin 6.p (4103)
The coefficientsbr, bz, and br were evaluated by differentiating
equationA103 rvith respcctto 4 an<lcvuluntingrtt .A: 0 nncl - g0o,
c
'W'hen arcq
6 : 0, :- ri
rtttvtg
tt,r
,16
r,vhereG'IWo: initial metaceniric height.

When.d : 90o,
d(Gtz'\
: G'l'Igo
cl0
'fhe
thild conditionw&sobtaineclfrom the fact that the &r.crrunder the
curve of statical stability is equalto the dynamicalstability ancltlat
the lat[er is also equalto the ilisplacemenirnultiplieclby the increase
in the separationof the cehtersof buoyancyand gravity ut u"ro and g0
degreesinelinatio'. This'gave ilie foilowing expressions fo' br, bz,
and bs
F
g(GtBeo- G'Bo) G'M.o- G'Mss
br _ (A104)
8 32'
G'Mo+ ,G'x[s,
bz: (A105)
8
s,LO.t\tt,
:- ctlto() 3(G/tloo- G/Bo)
bg: (A100)
32
For the relativepositionsof the pointsreferledto in equations
A104,
A105, and A106, see Fig. A12. /(80 was estima,tedby Morrish,s
formula,equation814. A high degreeof ingenuitywas exeroised in
developinga mothodof deterrniningtrro porition tt .aoo. unfortu-
nately the method developeddoes not lend itself to casy sulnm&r,y.
This author was convincedof thc valiciity of the assurnptionsanclthe
correctnessof the analytical developmentbefore approuingthe thesis
 APPENDIX
t 251
report. The fundamentalsoundnessof the rnethodwas clemonstratecl
by Barnhart and Thewlis by computingcurvesof statical stability for
l6 shipswhich varied widely in type and size. The agreementof the
ordinatcs of the curves so obtained with those obtained by the con-

Locusof center
{

Frc.A-12.

ventional methoclfrom the line drarvingwas in all casessu{ficiently

closeto be regalcledas satisf&ctory. In some c&scsthc clifferences
werestrikingly small.
The following information of the ship is requireclto make the cal-
culations,seeFig. A13.
Let L : waterlinelength.
B : maximumbreadth,rvhetherat,,above,or belowthe rvater-
line, and nt, forrvnrclor nft of thc miclshipscctiorr.
Bw : maximum rvaterlinebrendth.
H : n10,r1draft at clesignedwaterline.
Dy : minimr:m clepth,i.e., clepthat low point of sheercurve.
Sr : sheerforward. :
Se : sheera,ft.
As : clisplncement at designedrvaterline.
La : length of superstructuresrvhich cxtend to sidesof ship.
d : height of superstnrctures which extendto sidesof ship.
Cn = blockcoefficient:
#h
252 THETHEORY OF SHIPDESIGN
AND TECHNIQUE
Cw : waterline coefficient at draft I/.
C x : midship section coefficient at draf f II.
cpv : vertical prismatic coefficient at draft l{ - ca/cw,
'with
the possibloexcoption of B, all of tho abovo &ro
principal dimensionsor coefficientswlrich aro tontatively
fixed beforo the line drawing is mads. Tf. B is to be
marlcedly different frorn By, this must also bo decided
beforethe lines are dralvn.
From the foregoing,ll;hefollowingmay be computed
Ao * &re&of,watorlineplonoat dosigneddraft - cwLISw
Au : &reeof immersedmidshipsectior - CxBwH
\
The following'can be estimatedfrom the chosendimensionsand our-
rent goodpractice.
, A2 - &reaof vertical centel'lineplaneto depth D.
The follorvingmay be comPuted:
S : rnean sheer : &re& of centerline plane above minimum
. depth divided bY length.
P - me&ndepth ,- DM -{- S
f :me&nfreebosrd-P'H :
. At :,&re& of waterline plane at draft D may be estimatedfrom
/,s and na,tureof stations above waterline'
ao*at Iv (A107)
Ar:Ao*-- gb
Z
.6 -AT -r A o (A108)

. i , _A7, 6
u w ' (Aloo)
tJr'/

C w " : C w '- gB( tD-L , . Crn") (A110)

r--
I
La.

tf_ lr----' Ti
I -'-
 A P P E N D IIX
253
6 is alwayspositive(+) in calculationof C,v,l
?t, Aa+BIv
\.r rt
BD (A111)
35Ar
vn P tV : m (4112)
n t, 35Ar
vpv
A2I] (A113)

The equationsf.or GG,, G,Bo, G,Bso, G,I,I:, and G,Ms6 which bre
required for the computationsof the righting &rms (Gz values)are
' ! as
follows:
(1) For GGI
,GGI :
I{Gt - I{G (A114)
. d I r c= CxaD,seeequeti
on418,Art,4,2,2.
- -
I(GI :2 (1 hr)Ar ! (A115)
2 A e
'h1is
takenfrom"Fig.Al4 for Cpvt and /1
l'\
n (t-
\ h /
fi: (A116)

(2) For G/86

G'Bo: I{Gt - I(Ro
I(Gt seeequa,tionAllb
I{86: (1 - h,s)H ( A 1 1 )7

I o ; 2F(L -
'e-')
Dsis taken from Fig. A14 for Cpv oncl/6

Cpv) (A118)

(S) Foi G?so L

arl."B .6 2 17.5
GtBnn - (A1le)
4Ao ooo, - zo(il (1--
c,n,,,)
d is always positive (+) in calculationfor G/Be6
h2is taken from Fig. A14 for Cevtt andf2
I s = g . t ( Cx t - 0 . 8 9 ) (A120)
When Cx' is lessthan 0.8g,fz : 0
 :
254 A N D T E C H N I Q UOEF S H I PD E S I G N
TH! THEORY
1.0

E o.g
c

&
.(,
9

E 0.8
()
.9
(!

.Eo,z
e
(!
.9
E o.o

0.51-
0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0,42 0.44 0.46 0,48 0.50
Factorh
Fro. A-14.
(4) For G'Mo
G'ltfo: I(Rrt + BIUI, - KG' (A121)
KBo seeequationA117
KG' seeequetionA115
CI'B w3
llll[o:-ffi (L122)

Cr is takenfrom Fig. A15,line 1 for Cy'.

(5) For G'Mso
G'Mso- RII[so'- G'Buo (A123)
G'Broseeequa,tion A119 tN
a,'LDt LadDz
BMso: * (A124)
lsoo 14oao
Cr' is takenfrom Fig. A15,line 2 for Crr"
lllustrative Example.Giventhe followinginformationfrom the pre-
iiminarydesignof a ship,estimate the ordinates of the curveof statical
'I'liewlis.
stabilityby Lhemethodof Barnliartand
Let /-l : 600 ft.
B : 90.0ft. '
Bw :94.7 ft.
, II : 29.9ft.,
Dm = 46.25f'f.
'Sr': 11'67ft'
8a : 5.83ft.
Ao : 31,800tons
 APPENDIX
I 255
1 .0

0.9
I
(.)
c
t*>,4
o,
0.8

K",
C'
rF
o,
o
(J
(l)

g
c
a. 0.7 7
o,
(!

0.6
r'
{ 0.5 -
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 o.oz ooe
FactorCy
Flc. A-15.

La :348 ft.
d : 8.0ft.
Cn:0.655
Cw : 0'743
Cx : 0.989
CPv - 0.882
C KG : 0'720
Solution
Ao : CwLBw : A.743X 600 X g4.T: 42,800sq.ft.
Am : C xBwH : 0.989X g4.TX 2g.g : 2810*q. ft.
As:dLa*tt x$sr**zx*sa
: 8 X 348+ 300x $-x rr.o7+ 300x * x s.ss
:2784 + 1167+ 583 : 4534sq. ft.
D - Dtr: As: L:4584+ 600: Z.b6ft. (I
D - 46.25+- 7.56 : 53.81ft.
Fn - effective freeboard- D - H : b8.81- 2g.g0 : 28.g1ft.
'
A1 : w&trline&re&at D: 1.01.40: 42,723sq. ft.
Ao At x 23'91
A r : A o *' ! 2 ! 3: B 1 , 85o o+ 4 23' 5 1 2 5
: 31,800+ 29,050
: 60,850tons
256 T H E T H E O R YA N D " T E C H N T Q U
OEF S H | PDESIGN
An
$ :- Ao : 30,425- 31,800: -1375
i tons
O r = O.98LDM* Ae : 0.98 X 000 X 40.25-F 4Sg4
27,200+ 4534: 3L,734sq. ft.
A2 3L,734
Cw' : 0.9802
LD' o o ox s e s r
C*" cw'-#(1 - cnv")
35Ar 35 X 60.850
Cp / ' 0'6995
AzB 31j34 X ,6,:
140x1375X0.3005
/t
..vty
ll
: 0.9802- : 0.9802- 0.01866
9 0 , 0 x 5 3 . 8X
1600
0.9615
l. Aa * ISFy 2810+ 96.0X 23,91 -l-2285
.ux :
tt
% :

:2910
BD 96 X 53.81 5165
0.9855
g oy, : - llSAr
:
35 X 00,950
: 0.927
ArD 42,723 5
x 53.91
I{G CxoDw = 0.720X 46,25= 33.30ft.
D(1-h)Ar-d'
KGI
2 A q
(42,723- 42'300)
n(t- &\ 53.81X
- \ A
: t/ 42,723
h : Zttu(L - Cpv,) F

63.81X 423
: 0.1505
2X23.91 X 0.0725
X 42,723
'
Iut : 0 . 4 7 5
53.g 0.5j25
X 60,850
+ 1375 53.8tx 33,325
T(GI
2 31,800 2 x 31,800
28.4Lf.t.

HE - ' )
29.9X 0.01
\ao
.fo : 0.053
zItE$ - Cpv) 2X23.91 X 0.118
1 4 : 0.400
I{Bo : (1 - hiII : 0.54X 29.9 : 10.15ft.
K G t - I { B o : 2 8 . 4 L - l o . l b : L z . z 6fr.
G'Ils',: "5G'
GGI : * I{G : 28.4L- 33.30: -4.89 fr.
A P P E N D IIX 257
ArhzB 62 L7.5
GtBon -
4Ao oo -
n, zo* ,t - crr")
f,: 9 . 1( C x l - 0.89): 9.1 X 0.0955
: 0.8685
h z : 0.424
60,850X0.424X06.0
G'Bs6-
4 X 31,800
1375X1375X17.5
/ (' - ) 1' *3-7' -5 \
(
31,800 a t , z e -
+ Y
7 0x 0 . 3 0 0/5\ |
\ g0 /
19.48- 0.0325: 19.45ft.
G,M, I(Bo 1- BslW| - ItG'
BoM.o
x 600x (e4.7)j: 21.e5
crlp*o _ 0.0480
ft.
35As 35 X 31,800
G,MO 10.15+ 21.95- 28.4L: 9.69ft.
G'Mno BMso-- G'Bno
C/LDT , L6d,D2
Rtrtoo
35Ao 14040
0.07qI i00 xls3guj- r 348x 8 x (53.81)2
-loffisoo - 140x 31,800
: 6.850+ 1.811: 8.66ft.
t v t g 6 : 8.66- 19.45: -10.70ft.
rtltt
V
b r : *(G'Boo- GtBi - rb(C'Ms - GtA,Iso)
- Lz.z6)
*$x (rs'.4b - s'E(s.oe
+ 10.2e)
, : 8.085- 0.640:7.445
g'MeJ G'lhe_ e.6e- 10.7e =#: ao.r3Ts
bz:
8 8
&rG'two- G'Mro)- *(G'Bno- G'Ilo7
t
0g:
- I x z.rs
.%x 20.48
1 . 9 1 9 - 2 . 0 9 9 :- 0 . 7 8 0
GMo I(Bo.1-BoMo-I(G
16.15+ 2L.95- 33.30: 4.80ft.
Q 15" 300 ..., 45" 75" 60" 900
sin S 0.2688 0.6000 0.7071 0.8000 0.9660 1.0000
sin 2{ 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 0.8660 0.5000 0
sin 4{ 0.8660 0.8600 0 -0.8660 - 0 . 8 6 6 0 0
sitr 6f 1..0000 0 -1.0000 0 .1.0000 0
GG'.sin g - 1.264 *2.445 -3.455 -4.235 -4.742 -4.890
br sin 2d 3.723 6,447 7.445 6.447 3,723' 0
br sin 4f -0.119 -0.119 0 0.119 0.119 0
br sin 6d -0.780 0 +0.780 0 -0.780 0
GZ 1.600 3.883 3,770 2,331 - 1 . 0 8 0 - 4 .800