LI CM N

Thng qua ti Thit k cng ngh phn xng sn xut ch xanh nng sut
5 tn sn phm/ ngy em c ci nhn khi qut v cng vic thit k mt nh my
ch bin thc phm, bit cch p dng nhng kin thc trng v hc hi thm
c nhiu iu b ch.
Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong trng i Hc Bch Khoa H
Ni, i Hc Thy Sn Nha Trang. c bit em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n
thy Nguyn Duy Thnh gio vin hng dn, truyn t kin thc v to mi
iu kin thun li em hon thnh ti ny.
Em xin knh chc qu thy c di do sc khe v hnh phc!
Chn thnh cm n!
H Ni thng 5 nm 2013

Bi Vn Ton.

i
 NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN.

ii
 TM TT TI
Cy ch c mt v tr c bit trong nn kinh t v trong i sng ca ngi
dn Vit Nam. Ch Vit Nam c xut khu n nhiu ni trn th gii, em li
ngun ngoi t ng k cho t nc.
Trong thi k i mi Vit Nam bt u ha nhp vo khu vc v th gii,
sn phm ch khng ch xut khu sang cc th trng truyn thng nh ng u
v Nga, m cn vn ti nhiu th trng mi Trung ng, Ty u v Bc M.
c th ng vng cc th trng ny ch Vit Nam phi c tnh cnh tranh v
cht lng, gi c v phng thc kinh doanh.
Vi nhng mc tiu trn, trong phm vi ti ny em xin trnh by ti:
Thit k cng ngh phn xng sn xut ch xanh nng xut 5 tn sn phm/
ngy bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
Chng 1: M u
Chng 2: Gii thiu v nguyn liu sn phm.
Chng 3: Quy trnh cng ngh - thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh.
Chng 4: Cn bng vt cht.
Chng 5: La chn thit b.
Chng 6: Tnh xy dng.
Chng 7: V sinh an ton lao ng.
Chng 8: Kt lun.

iii
 MC LC

LI CM N............................................................................................................ i
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN.....................................................ii
TM TT TI.................................................................................................iii
MC LC...............................................................................................................iv
CHNG 1: M U............................................................................................1
1. Lp lun kinh t k thut........................................................................................1
1.1.Thc trng ch Vit Nam..................................................................................1
1.2.Tim nng.........................................................................................................1
1.3.La chn a im xy nh my.......................................................................2
1.3.1. Nguyn tc chn a im xy dng nh my..........................................2
CHNG 2: GII THIU NGUYN LIU SN PHM................................4
2. Nguyn liu............................................................................................................4
2.1.1. M t chung v c tnh nguyn liu.........................................................4
2.1.2. Gi tr ca ch............................................................................................6
2.1.3. Gi tr kinh t.............................................................................................7
2.1.4. Yu cu cht lng nguyn liu.................................................................7
2.1.5. K hoch xy dng vng nguyn liu........................................................8
2.2. Sn phm ch xanh..........................................................................................9
2.2.1.c trng....................................................................................................9
2.2.2. Ch tiu cht lng ch xanh.....................................................................9
CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGH - THUYT MINH QUY TRNH
CNG NGH.........................................................................................................12
3.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch xanh.........................................................12
3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh..................................................................13
3.2.1. Lm sch.................................................................................................13
3.2.2. Dit men..................................................................................................13
3.2.3. V ch.....................................................................................................14

iv
 3.2.4. Lm kh...................................................................................................16
3.2.5. Phn loi..................................................................................................17
3.2.6. Tinh sch.................................................................................................18
3.2.7. Bao gi....................................................................................................18
CHNG 4: CN BNG VT CHT...............................................................19
4.1. S liu c s tnh ton....................................................................................19
4.2. Ch bin ch xanh..........................................................................................19
4.2.1. T l hao ht nguyn liu trong sn xut..................................................20
4.2.2. Tnh nguyn liu, sn phm cho tng cng on sn xut.......................20
CHNG 5: LA CHN THIT B..................................................................25
5. Thit b s dng trong quy trnh sn xut ch xanh..............................................25
5.1. Thit b lm sch............................................................................................25
5.2. Thit b dit men............................................................................................25
5.3. My v ch....................................................................................................26
5.3.1. s dng cho qu trnh v sy 1................................................................26
5.3.2. S dng cho qu trnh v.........................................................................26
5.3.3. S dng cho qu trnh v sy 2................................................................27
5.3.4. S dng cho qu trnh v sy cui...........................................................27
5.4. My phn loi................................................................................................28
5.5. My sy hon thin........................................................................................28
5.6. My tinh sch.................................................................................................29
5.7. My bao gi...................................................................................................30
5.7.1. Thit b cn nh lng:...........................................................................30
5.7.2. My ng gi chn khng.......................................................................30
5.7.3. My dp date t ng..............................................................................31
5.7.4. My ng ai...........................................................................................32
5.7.5.My co mng............................................................................................32
5.8. Cc thit b ph tr........................................................................................33
5.8.1. Bng ti vn chuyn thng ch thnh phm sau ng gi.......................33

v
 5.8.2. Ni hi.....................................................................................................33
CHNG 6............................................................................................................35
TNH XY DNG.................................................................................................35
6. Chn din tch xy dng.....................................................................................35
6.1. Mt s c s chn din tch xy dng.......................................................35
6.1.2. Din tch cc phn xng chnh..............................................................36
6.1.2.1. Cc phn xng sn xut...................................................................36
6.2.1. B tr mt bng nh my..........................................................................36
6.2.2. B tr mt bng phn xng....................................................................37
6.2.3. B tr khu hnh chnh..............................................................................37
CHNG 7: V SINH AN TON LAO NG..............................................38
7.1. Cc quy nh trong nh my..............................................................................38
7.1.1. Quy nh gi v sinh chung.....................................................................38
7.1.2. Quy nh chung v an ton lao ng.......................................................38
7.1.3. Cc quy nh v phng chy cha chy...................................................39
7.1.4. Kim tra an ton trc khi khi ng my..............................................39
7.1.5. An ton thit b v khu vc sn xut........................................................40
7.2. Ni quy nh my............................................................................................40
CHNG 8: KT LUN......................................................................................42

vi
 CHNG 1
M U

1. Lp lun kinh t k thut

1.1.Thc trng ch Vit Nam
Theo s liu thng k, trong nm 2012, xut khu ch t 146.708 tn, tr gi
224.589.666usd, tng 9,6% v lng v tng 10,1% v tr gi so vi cng k nm trc.
Bng 1.1: S liu xut khu ch 2012.
Thng 12/2012 Nm 2012
Nc VT
Lng Tr gi (USD) Lng Tr gi (USD)
Tng 11.962 18.857.299 146.708 224.589.666
Pakistan Tn 2.668 4.478.618 24.045 45.304.840
i Loan Tn 1.523 2.078.930 22.453 29.589.578
Nga Tn 1.265 1.961.679 13.896 21.614.800
Trung Quc Tn 546 712.263 14.632 19.307.247
Indonsia Tn 1.063 1.114.331 15.397 14.804.749
Hoa K Tn 466 503.095 8.170 8.968.641
Tiu VQ Arp TN Tn 601 1.311.002 3.772 7.788.131
Arp x t Tn 532 1.321.489 2.782 6.809.974
c Tn 276 463.975 2.987 5.135.604
Ba Lan Tn 403 560.277 4.083 4.849.635
Philippin Tn 82 213.985 717 1.884.546
n Tn 245 239.628 1.120 1.179.704

1.2.Tim nng
Hin nay trn th gii c khong 140 nc nhp khu ch, bnh qun 1,1 -1,3
triu tn/ nm. Anh, M, Nga, Pakistan l nhng th trng nhp khu ch ch yu.
Hng nm Nga, Anh nhp t 150 n 200 nghn tn, cn Pakistan v M nhp
khong 100 n 150 nghn tn. Khu vc cc nc pht trin nhp nhiu hn khu
vc cc nc ang pht trin.
Bng1.2:Tnh hnh nhp khu ch th gii nm 1996 2003(nghn tn)

Nm Anh M Pakistan Nga Ton th gii

1996 181 89 115 119 1268

1
 1997 182 81 85 158 1332
1998 176 97 112 150 1385
1999 162 100 120 161 1350
2000 156 88 111 158 1390
2001 165 97 107 154 1440
2002 167 93 98 164 1528
2003 157 94 109 169 1594
2004 159 92 107 170 1575
2005 160 91 109 168 1584
2006 162 93 103 164 1580
(Ngun:FAOSTAT 2004)

i vi th trng trong nc, mc d c truyn thng ung ch t lu i,

nhng theo bo co ca FAO, tiu th ch bnh qun u ngi Vit Nam nm
1997 ch t 260g, thp hn nhiu so vi cc nc Chu u c tp qun ung ch
khc (Hng Kong 1400g, i Loan 1300g, Nht Bn 1050g, Trung Quc 340g).
Tuy nhin t nm 2000 n nm 2005, tiu th ch binh qun aua ngi ca Vit
Nam tng ln380g, iu ny th hin tim nng tiu th ch ngy cng cao ca th
trng trong nc.
1.3.La chn a im xy nh my
1.3.1. Nguyn tc chn a im xy dng nh my
Khi la a im xy dng nh my cn lu n nhng nguyn tc sau:
- Gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu hay trong vng cung cp nguyn liu
gim chi ph vn chuyn, nguyn liu cung cp phi , cht lng tt v n nh.
- a im xy dng nh my phi nm trong vng quy hoch ca a
phng.
- Gn ng giao thng, nht l ng b v ng thy d dng trong
vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, tiu th sn phm.
- Phi din tch b tr xy dng cc cng trnh hin hu ng thi phi
c kh nng m rng trong tng lai.

2
 - Phi tng i bng phng, cao ro, t b ngp lt, d cp v thot nc, l
ni c mc nc ngm su gim chi ph lm v l ni c a hnh a cht n
nh.
- Phi gn ngun in, ngun nc, gn cc nh my khc hp tc nhiu
mt nh c s h tng, cng trnh phc li cho cn b cng nhn ng thi s dng
nhn cng hp l.
1.3.2. Chn a im xy dng nh my:
Th trn Giang Tin huyn Ph Lng tnh Thi Nguyn c la chn l ni
t nh my do nhng thun li sau:
- Vi nhng c im thun li v kh hu v th nhng, Ph Lng l vung
chuyn canh cy cng nghip vi 3.600ha nng sut gn 100t/ha, nng sut nht
tnh.
- Th trn Giang Tin nm trn quc l 3, bn cnh l dng sng u thun li
cho giao thng thy v b, cch th H Ni 130km l yu t thun li cho vic
giao lu hang ha v pht trin dch v du lch.
- T th trn Giang Tin rt thun li cho giao thng vi cc tnh thnh khc,
y l khu vc c m than cht lng tt nht, c cha mt s kh qu him thun
li cho khai thc khong sn.

3
 CHNG 2
GII THIU NGUYN LIU SN PHM

2. Nguyn liu
2.1.1. M t chung v c tnh nguyn liu
Hnh 2.1.1. Bp ch
Tm ch
L non
L non

Nguyn liu dng ch bin ch xanh l nhng bp ch 1 tm 2, 3 l non

c thu hi t cc ging Assam, ShanHin nay cc ging ch ny c nhn
rng v c nng sut, cht lng n nh.
Bng 2.1.1: Thnh phn ha hc ca tm ch ti.

Thnh phn % khi lng cht kh

Polyphenol 25-30
Epigallocatechin gallate 8-12
Epicatechin gallate 3-6
Epigallo catechin 3-6
Epicatechin 1-3
Catechin 1-2
Gallocatechin 3-4
Flavonols va flavonol glucosides 3-4
Polyphenolic acids and depsides 3-4
Leuco anthocyanins 2-3
Chlorophylls v cc cht mu khc 0,5-0,6
Khong 5-6
Caffeine 3-4
Theobromine 0,2
Theophylline 0,5
Amino acid 4-5

4
 Acidhu c 0,5-0,6
Monosaccharide 4-5
Polysaccharide 14-22
Cellulose va hemicellulose 4-7
Pectin 5-6
Lignin 5-6
Protein 14-17
Lipid 3-5
Cc hp cht bay hi 0,01-0,02

2.1.2. Gi tr ca ch
Trn th gii, Trung Quc l nc u tin ung ch, trong th tch c ca cc
triu i Trung Quc v cc sch y hc u c ghi chp v phng php dng ch
cha bnh. Nc ch, mc d khng cung cp nng lng cho c th nhiu nh mt
s loi nc khc, song nhc im v kh nng p ng nhu cu v cc dc cht

5
nh caffeine, catechin, mui khong nn n tr thnh loi nc ung quen thuc
i vi nhn dn ta v nhiu dn tc khc trn th gii. Trong y hc c truyn, ch
c nhiu gi tr v dc l nh:
- Ch chng chng au bng khi hnh kinh ca ph n.
- Cha au bng do giun a v au rng.
- Cha cm nhim h tit niu: Ch c tc dng li tiu, c ch khun, ng
thi c th tng cng kh nng min dch ca c th, cho nn dng ch vi lng
va phi s h tr vic cha bnh cm nhim h tit niu.
- Cha tr vim gan dng hong m cp tnh: V ch c tc dng li tiu tr
thp, nn ung nhiu vo s c tc dng hn ch c ch sinh chng thp nhit ni
thnh khi vim gan, c th nhanh chng tiu tr hong am.
Cha chng cao cholesterol trong mu: Nhiu cht c trong ch ti nh
vitamin C, tannic acid v caffeinec trong ch c tc dng h thp cholestrol
trong mu.
- Cha chng bo ph.
- Cha chng h suyn (kh th do h suyn, c c trng th gp gp, h c
ng l kh th tng ln, mch nh, yu).
- Cha tiu chy.
- Cha kit l.
- Cha thc tch (n khng tiu): C th cha n khng tiu, bng chng au,
ngn khng mun n.
- Cha phong nhit au u.
- Dng cho ngi ang tr bnh lao ung sut trong thi gian ung thuc
chng lao cng c tc dng h tr thuc cha bnh.
- Theo nhng nghin cu gn y, cc cht nh vitamin C, polyphenol v mt
s cht c tc dng chng oxy ha c trong ch cc t bao ung th pht trin v c
th ngn cn s hp thnh cht Nitrosamine trong c th, do m h thp t l pht
sinh bnh ung th. Cc loi ch chng ung th cn c tc dng chng s tn thng
ca cc tia (bc x) v tng s lng bch cu trong c th cho nn ngi b ung
th cn phi cha tr bng nhng tia phng x th cn phi ung nhiu nc ch
2.1.3. Gi tr kinh t
Vit Nam cy ch c t lu i, ung ch tr thnh nhu cu thit yu hng
ngy ca nhn dn ta. nc ta ung ch khng ch gii kht ,m cn l mt

6
thi quen, mt th vui, mt ngun thng thc hng v thanh cao ca tri t.
T Bc ch Nam cy ch mc nhiu vng trong v nc. Cy ch l cy gp
phn s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin, ti nguyn t ai, nht l nhng
vng g i trung du v min ni. Ngoi ra, cy ch l cy to vic lm, to thm
ngun thu nhp ca nng dn nhiu vng. Cy ch l cy lm giu cho nhiu vng
t dc, ph xanh nhng i t qu hng.
Vi t ai, kh hu thch hp cho s pht trin ca cy ch. Vit Nam l mt
trong by vng ch c xa nht ca th gii. Cht lng ch bp ti mt s vng
trong nc khng thua km cc nc sn xut v xut khu nhiu nh n ,
Trung Quc, Srilanka Thu nhp t ch gp phn xa i gim ngho, to ra cng
n vic lm v i sng n nh, nng cao i sng cu nhn dn.
Cng vi ch trng pht trin cy cng nghip, ph xanh t trng i ni
trc, chuyn dch c cu cy trng cc vng trung du v min ni, cy ch cng
chng t l cy c nhiu trin vng v mt kinh t.
2.1.4. Yu cu cht lng nguyn liu
Ch tiu la chn nguyn liu
Cht lng ca ch sn phm ph thuc trc tip vo cht lng ca bp ch.
V vy, kim sot cht lng ca bp ch ng vai tr quan trng trong cng ngh
ch bin ch.
Da theo TCVN 1053-86 v cht lng bp ch ti, chng ti ra tiu
chun bp ch cho sn xut ch cng nghip ca nh my:
- Ch tiu v su bnh: i vi bp ch ti em i sn xut khng c php
c rp sp, ry xanh, khng b phng l.
- Ch tiu cm quan: Bp ch ti phi t cc tiu cm quan sau:
Trng thi bn ngoi: Bp ch thu hoch gm mt tm 2-3 l. Bp ch cn
nguyn vn, khng b dp nt, khng vt thi ra, khng b i ngt.
Bp ch phi t trng thnh k thut, tc l ang giai on pht trin
c mt tm hai, ba l, nhng l cui cng s khng rp tay.
Nguyn liu ch c thu hi t nhng nng ch ang khai thc. Thi im
thu hi l lc ch t trng thnh k thut, nguyn liu c cht lng tt nht,
m bo c la hi sau v thu hoch vi sn lng cao nht.

7
 Thu hi trong nng ch bng phng php thu hi iu ha, nhm thu hi
nhng t mt tm hai, ba l v to iu kin cho ma sau nng ch cho kh nng
ny bp cao hn.
c ngun nguyn liu n nh cung cp cho sn xut, nh my cn quy
hoch vng nguyn liu, ch n cc bin php canh tc, bao gm chm sc, thu
hi v bo qun bp ch thu hi.
Sau khi thu hi, ch c ng vo cc ti li cha chng 20 n 30kg v
c vn chuyn ngay v nh my ch bin.
2.1.5. K hoch xy dng vng nguyn liu
- Quy hoch vng trng ch: trn c s a hnh, th nhng, kh hu v qu
t hin c a phng, quy hoch vng nguyn liu ch theo hng khai thc li
th ca tng vng, c k hoch phc hi thm canh din tch ch hin c, ng thi
tp trung trng mi. hnh thnh mt s vng ch cao sn sn xut cc loi ch c
cht lng cao cung cp cho th thng trong nc v ch xut khu.
- V ging ch: Tuyn chn, lai to cc ging ch mi c nng sut, cht
lng cao v t chc chuyn giao nhanh n h gia nh. Pht trin nhng ging
ch cao sn ch cnh c nng sut cht lng tt. Nhng dng ch cao sn bng
cnh s cho nng sut rt cao v thu hoch rt sm trong vng 2 nm trng. Mi ha
ch cnh c th nhn ra trng mi cho 70ha. Cc cy ch cnh pht trin ng u,
d thu hi, d chm sc.
- Chm sc ch: Hnh thnh vng chuyn canh tp trung sn xut ch sch,
khng dng ha cht c hi, tng mc s dng phn hu c, phn bn vi sinh,
phng tr su bnh bng ch phm sinh hc. Thit lp cc bin php chng xi mn
v chng hn m bo cho cy sinh trng tt, nng sut cao trong nhiu nm. Tin
hnh theo di sinh trng cy ch trong chu k mt nm gp phn vo vic nh ra
ch n hi ph hp m bo nng sut cao.
- Thu hi: Ch thu hi ch trn tn ch c trn 30% s bp c tiu chun
hi. Hi qu sm thng cho bp nh v s lng bp gim i, hi qu mun s
lm gim s pht trin ca bp mi.
2.2. Sn phm ch xanh
2.2.1.c trng

8
 Ch xanh l loi ch khng ln men, nc pha c mu xanh ti hoc vang,
hng thm c trng cho tng ging ch v mi cm nh, v cht m, du v c
hu ngt. Ngay t giai on ch bin u tin, ngi ta tin hnh dit men, nh ch
hot ng ca cc enzym. S chuyn ha cc cht c trong ch din ra khng c s
tham gia ca cc enzym m do di s tc dng ca nhit v m. thnh phn
polyphenol trong ch xanh ch yu l cc hp cht catechin.
2.2.2. Ch tiu cht lng ch xanh.
Da theo TCVN 1455 -1993 v sn phm ch xanh v tiu chun
ngnhTCN 156-1992 cho ch xanh xut khu,ta nu ra cc tiu chun cho ch sn
phm ch xanh ca nh my nh sau:
Ch xanh c chia lm 6 loi: c bit, OP, P, BP, BPS, F theo tiu chun
cm quan ngoi hnh, mu nc, hng v v.

9
 Bng 2.2.1: Ch tiu cm quan

Tn loi
Ngoi hnh Mu nc Hng V
ch

Thm mnh t
Mu xanh t nhin, cnh ch Xanh, vng m du,c
c bit nhin, thong
di, xon u non, c tuyt trong sng hu v ngt
cm

Thm t nhin
Mu xanh t nhin, cnh ch Vng xanh Cht m, du
OP tng i
di, xon ng u sng d chu
mnh

Mu xanh t nhin,cnh ch
Cht tng i
P ngn hn OP, tng i xon Vng sng Thm t nhin
du, c hu v
thong cng
Mu xanh t nhin, mnh
Vng tng i Thm t nhin, Cht tng i
BP nh hn ch P, tng i non
sng t c trng du, c hu
u
Mu vng xanh xm, mnh Thm va
BPS nh tng i u, nh hn Vng hi m thong hng Cht hi xt
BP gi
Mu vng xm, nh tng
F Vng m Thm nh Cht m xt
i u

10
 Bng 2.2.2: Ch tiu ha l ch xanh
Tn ch tiu (%) Mc

Hm lng cht tan (% cht kh) 34

Hm lng tanin (% cht kh) 20
Hm lng cafeine (% cht kh)
2
Hm lng cht x (% cht kh)
16,5
Hm lng tro tng (% cht kh)
48
Hm lng tro khng tan trong acid (% cht kh)
Hm lng tp cht l (khng tnh tp cht st)(% cht kh) 1

Hm lng tp cht st (% khi lng) 0,3

m (% khi lng) 0,001
Hm lng vn (% khi lng sn phm) 7,5
Hm lng bi (% khi lng sn phm)
3
Ch F
0,5

11
 CHNG 3
QUY TRNH CNG NGH - THUYT MINH QUY TRNH
CNG NGH
3.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch xanh

Nguyn liu

Lm sch

Hp

V sy 1

V sy 2

V sy cui

Phn loi 1

Sy hon thin Sy hon thin

Phn loi 2 Lm sch Tp cht

Tp cht Lm sch Bao b Bao gi

Bao b Bao gi
Ch xanh ti
lc

Ch xanh 12
cnh
 3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh
3.2.1. Lm sch
-Mc ch:
Loi b tp cht trong nguyn liu.
-Phng php:
La chn th cng trn bng chuyn nhm loi b nhng tp cht trong
nguyn liu. Cui bng chuyn c gn nam chm tch loi nhng tp cht kim loi
cn st li trnh nh hng n nhng qu trnh sau.
-Thit b:
Bng ti lm sch.
3.2.2. Dit men
-Mc ch:
nh ch hot ng ca cc enzyme c trong nguyn liu, gip khng ch qu
trnh bin i ca nguyn liu.
To ra s bin i v tnh cht c l ca nguyn liu sao cho ph hp vi qu
trnh v ch sau ny.
Kh mi hng ca l ch ti.
-Bin i chnh:
Vt l: L ch tr nn dai hn, nhit ca ch nguyn liu tng.
Ha l: S ngng t hi nc trn b mt l ch.
Sinh hc: Vi sinh vt b tiu dit, t bo l ngng hot ng sng.
Ha sinh: H enzyme b v hot hon ton.
-Phng php:
Tri ch nguyn liu ln bng ti, dung hi nc qu bo ha p sut cao
dit men. Sau khi hp, tin hnh lm ngui nhanh bng khng kh mt, sau em
sy nh bay hi ht lng hi ngng t trn b mt l ch trong qu trnh hp.
-Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit hn m 100 C.
dy lp ch trn bng ti bung hp: 10cm.

13
 Vn tc dng hi nc: 0,65m/s.
Thi gian hp: 2 pht.
Lm ngui nhanh bng khng kh mt trong 2 pht.
m nguyn liu cui: 75%
-Cc yu t nh hng:
Nguyn liu: Ch nguyn liu phi c cng trng thnh k thut, mi loi
nguyn liu c mt thng s cng ngh ring.
Nhit : Khi s dng nhit qu cao nh hng n tnh cht c l ca l
ch, gy vn cc cho qu trnh v. Nhit ca tc nhn dit men qu thp khin
qu trnh dit men din ra lu, lng enzyme trong l ch khng b v hot hon
ton, nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm.
-Thit b:
S dng my hp lin hp gm 3 b phn: Bung hp, bung lm ngui v
bng ti vn chuyn ch qua qu trnh v sy.
3.2.3. V ch
-Mc ch:
To hnh dng cho cnh ch.
Lm gip mt phn t bo l ch, cc cht d tan vo nc si khi pha ch.
Ch a vo v do c dit men di tc dng ca nhit cao nn cc
cht c tnh keo dnh c trong ch c hot ha, gip cho l ch d xon chc v t
b gy.
To hng trong giai on cui ca qu trnh v.
u im ca qu trnh v sy (v iu kin nhit cao).
Gim hin tng vn cc khi v.
Gim t l vn nt.
Tng tnh do, dp cao hn.
*Bin i, phng php tin hnh, thng s cng ngh, thit b:
-V sy ln 1
+Bin i:

14
 Vt l: nhit ch nguyn liu tng. C s ph v t bo.
Ha l: C s bay hi m. Cht ha tan thot ra ngoi t bo.
Ha hc: Xy ra mt s phn ng do nhit to hng cho sn phm.
+Phng php tin hnh:
Ch nguyn liu sau khi v sy ln 1 c tri ra bng ti lm ngui v ch n
nh.
+Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit khng kh nng a vo thit b v: 100 C.
Ch c lm xon v lm kh n m 60%.
Thi gian v sy: 40 pht.
dy lp nguyn liu c tri ra lm ngui: 15cm.
Thi gian ch n nh: 30 pht.
-V ch:
+Bin i:
Vt l: C s ph v t bo.
Ha l: m c phn b li ng u trong khi nguyn liu ng thi mt
phn m bay hi.
+Phng php tin hnh:
Nguyn liu c v trong my v khng s dng khng kh nng trong qu
trnh v.
+Thng s cng ngh:
Ch c lm xon v lm kh n m: 50%.
Thi gian v: 25 pht.
Nhit tin hnh: Nhit phng.
-V sy ln 2:
+Bin i:
Vt l: Th tch khi ch gim do bp ch bt u cun trn li, t bo tip tc
b ph v.
Ha l: C s bay hi m. m ca khi nguyn liu gim.

15
 Ha hc: Xy ra mt s phn ng do nhit to hng cho sn phm.
+Phng php tin hnh:
Ch nguyn liu sau khi v c a vo thit b v sy 2 to hnh v tip
tc gim m.
+Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit khng kh nng a vo thit b v: 100 C.
Ch c lm xon v lm kh n m 30%.
Thi gian v sy: 40 pht.
T l dp t bo: 50%.
+Thit b: Thit b v sy ln 2.
-V sy cui:
+Bin i:
Vt l: nhit ch nguyn liu tng. C s ph v t bo.
Ha l: C s bay hi m. Cht ha tan trn ra ngoi t bo.
Ha hc: xy ra mt s phn ng do nhit to hng cho sn phm.
+Phng php tin hnh:
Ch nguyn liu sau khi v sy ln 1 c tri ra bng ti lm ngui v ch n
nh.
+Thng s cng ngh:
Nhit khng kh nng a vo thit b v: 100 C.
Ch c lm xon v lm kh n m 13%.
Thi gian v sy: 40 pht.
dy lp nguyn liu c tri ra lm ngui: 15cm.
Thi gian ch n nh: 30 pht.
+Thit b: thit b v sy cui.
3.2.4. Lm kh
-Mc ch:
Gim m.
To hng thm c trng.

16
 -Bin i trong qu trnh sy:
Vt l: Tnh cht c l ca ch thay i, tr nn gin hn, th tch khi ch
gim dn.
Ha hc: xy ra mt s phn ng do nhit, c bit l cc phn ng to hng.
Ha l: din ra s bay hi m.
Cm quan: mu sc chuyn sang mu en.
-Phng php thc hin:
Dng khng kh nng lm bay hi m ca khi nguyn liu, lm kh t t
tng giai on, kt hp vi qu trnh v lm nguyn liu gim m dn dn.
-Cc yu t nh hng:
Nguyn liu: dy lp nguyn liu trn bng ti, trng thnh k thut
ca nguyn liu. dy ca lp nguyn liu sy vt qu mc quy nh c th nh
hng n s lu thng ca khng kh nng qua ch, n mc lm m khng kh
v n s bin i nhit ca khng kh ra khi my.
Tnh cht dng tc nhn: Nhit dng tc nhn sy nh hng n cht
lng ch sn phm. Nhit sy qu cao s lm khi nguyn liu gim m khng
u, xy ra hin tng nng cc b. Nhit thp nh hng n thi gian sy.
-Thng s cng ngh:
Lng m cn li: 5%.
Thi gian sy: 30 pht.
Nhit : 80 C.
-Thit b: la chn thit b sy bng ti.
3.2.5. Phn loi
- Mc ch:
Qu trnh phn loi din ra trc v sau qu trnh lm kh. Do ni cht v
ngoi cht hnh khc nhau phi phn loi trc qu trnh sy nng cao cht lng
sy, m bo nguyn liu c sy ng u. Phn loi sau qu trnh sy nhm tch
loi nhng mnh ch vn to ra trong qu trnh sy, gip hon thin sn phm.
-Phng php:

17
 Da vo kch thc, t trng cnh ch, sau khi loi b x, cng, bi ch s thu
c ch xanh thnh phm.
S dng sang phn loi thu c 2 loi ch: ch cng v ch vn.
Thit b: My sang kt hp.
3.2.6. Tinh sch
- Mc ch:
+ Hon thin sn phm, loi b tp cht kim loi trong sn phm
+ Kim tra sn phm trc khi bao gi.
- Thit b: thit b tinh sch
3.2.7. Bao gi
- Mc ch:
Hon thin sn phm, m bo cht lng sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng.
-Phng php thc hin:
Ty theo yu cu ca th trng, ch c ng gi theo trng lng 100g,
200g, 250g, 300g hoc 20kg (dung cho xut khu), sau a vo my ht chn
khng, iu kin chn khng ch s c bo quan lu hn.
-Thit b: My bao gi t ng.

18
 CHNG 4
CN BNG VT CHT

4.1. S liu c s tnh ton

-Mc ch:
Gip d ton tnh hnh sn xut, hiu sut thu hi sn phm.
Tnh khi lng sn phm thu c.
Tnh ton v chn cc thit b chnh cho sn xut.
Gip thit k mt bng tng th cho nh my.
-K hoch sn xut: V vng nguyn liu c quy hoch c th cung cp
nguyn liu n nh v c cht lng v s lng nn nh my c th hot ng
sut nm.
S ngy trong nm: 365 ngy.
Ngh ch nht: 52 ngy.
Ngh l tt 8 ngy.
Ngh bo tr: 12 ngy.
S ngy lm vic trong nm: 293 ngy.
S ca sn xut trong 1 ngy: 2ca/ ngy
S phn xng trong nh my: 2 phn xng
-La chn sn phm: Ch xanh, ch ti lc
4.2. Ch bin ch xanh
Bng 4.2. m ca nguyn liu qua cc cng on ch bin ch xanh.
STT Tn nguyn liu v bn thnh phm i m (%)
1 Bp ch ti 75
2 Bp ch sau lm sch 75
3 Bp ch sau hp 75
4 Bp ch sau v sy 1 60
5 Bp ch sau v 50
6 Bp ch sau v sy 2 30
7 Bp ch sau v sy cui 13
8 Bp ch sau phn loi 1 13

19
 9 Ch sau sy 5
10 Ch sau phn loi 2 5
11 Ch sau lm sch 5
12 Ch sau bao gi 5
13 Sn phm ch xanh 5

4.2.1. T l hao ht nguyn liu trong sn xut

Bng 4.2.1 T l hao ht nguyn liu trong sn xut ch xanh.
STT Tn qu trnh T l hao ht (%)
1 Lm sch 5
2 Hp 0,3
3 V sy 1 0,3
4 V 0,3
5 V sy 2 0,3
6 V sy cui 0,3
7 Phn loi 1 0,3
8 Sy 0,3
9 Phn loi 2 0,3
10 Lm sch 0,3
11 Bao gi 0,3

4.2.2. Tnh nguyn liu, sn phm cho tng cng on sn xut.

Cn bng vt cht c tnh cho 100kg nguyn liu.
-Qu trnh la chn, lm sch:
Lng bp ch ti cn li sau la chn, phn loi l:
G1 = 100x0,95 =95(kg)
-Qu trnh hp:
Lng bp ch ti sau hp cn li:
G2 = 95x0,997 = 94,81(kg)
-Qu trnh v sy ln 1:
Lng nguyn liu sau qu trnh v sy ln 1:
G3 = 94,81x(100-75)/(100-60) = 59,26(kg)
Do tn tht ca qu trnh sy l 0,3% nn lng nguyn liu thc t l:
G4 = 59,26x0,997 = 59,14(kg)

20
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh v sy 1:
H1 = 94,81-59,26 = 35,55(kg)
-Qu trnh v:
Lng nguyn liu sau qu trnh v:
G5 = 59,14x(100-60)/(100-50) = 47,31(kg)
Do tn tht ca qu trnh l 0,3% nn lng nguyn liu thc t l:
G6 = 47,31x0,997 = 46,36(kg)
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh v:
H2 = 59,15-47,31 = 11,84(kg)
-Qu trnh v sy ln 2:
Lng nguyn liu sau qu trnh v sy ln 1 l:
G7 = 46,36x(100-50)/(100-30) = 33,12(kg)
Lng nguyn liu thc t l:
G8 = 33,12x0,997 = 33,05(kg)
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh v-sy 2:
H3 = 46,36-33,12 = 13,24(kg)
-Qu trnh v sy cui:
Lng nguyn liu sau qu trnh v sy cui l:
G9 = 33,12x(100-30)/(100-13) = 26,59(kg)
Lng nguyn liu thc t l:
G10 = 26,59x0,997 = 26,54(kg)
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh v-sy cui:
H4 = 33,12-26,59 = 6,53(kg)
-Qu trnh phn loi 1:
Khi lng ch thu c trong thc t:
G10 = 26,54x0,997 = 26,37(kg)
-Qu trnh sy hon thin:
Lng ch sau qu trnh sy l:
G11 = 26,37x(100-13)/(100-5) = 24,30(kg)

21
 Lng nguyn liu thc t l:
G12 = 24,3x0,997 = 24,18(kg)
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh ny:
H5 = 26,37-24,30 = 2,07(kg)
-Qu trnh phn loi 2:
Khi lng ch thu c trong thc t:
G13 = 24,18x0,998 = 24,13(kg)
Lng ch vn to ra trong qu trnh sn xut chim khong 5% khi lng
sn phm, suy ra khi lng ch xanh s dng cho quy trnh sn xut ch ti lc l:
G13 = 24,13x0.05 = 1,2(kg)
-Qu trnh tinh sch:
Khi lng ch thu c trong thc t:
G14 = 24,13x0.998 = 24,01(kg)
-Qu trnh bao gi:
Khi lng ch thu c trong thc t:
G16 = 24,01x0,998 = 23,92(kg)
Khi lng sn phm ch xanh cui cng:
Lng ch xanh chnh phm: 23,92x0,95 = 22,72(kg)
Lng ch xanh vn: 1,2(kg)
Lng bao b s dng:
Ch xanh c bao gi chn khng trc khi ng hp.
ng hp dng 100g ch/ 1 hp cho 50% lng sn phm.
S lng bao b s dng bao gi chn khng:
B1 = 22,72x0.05/0,1 = 113(b)
Lng hp quy cch 100g/ 1 hp cn thit:
B2 = B1 = 113(hp)
ng hp dng 250g/ 1 hp:
S lng bao b s dng bao gi chn khng:
B3 = 22,72x0,5/0,25 = 45(b)

22
 Lng hp quy cch 250g/ 1 hp cn thit:
B4 = B3 = 45(hp)
S lng thng carton dung lm bao b vn chuyn:
Hp ch quy cch 100g ch sn phm/ hp c ng thng 50 gi/ thng.
Hp ch quy cch 250g ch sn phm/ hp c ng thng 40 hp/ thng.
Bng 4.2.2. Tng kt khi lng nguyn liu qua cc qu trnh sn xut ch xanh
(tnh cho 100kg nguyn liu)

STT Tn nguyn liu v bn thnh phm Khi lng(kg)

1 Bp ch ti 100
2 Bp ch sau lm sch 95,00
3 Bp ch sau hp 94,81
4 Bp ch sau v sy 1 59,14
5 Bp ch sau v 46,36
6 Bp ch sau v sy 2 33,05
7 Bp ch sau v sy cui 26,54
8 Bp ch sau phn loi 1 26,37
9 Ch sau sy hon thin 24,18
10 Ch sau phn loi 2 24,13
11 Ch sau lm sch 24,01
13 Ch sau bao gi 23,92
14 Sn phm ch xanh 22,72
15 Sn phm ch xanh dng ti lc 1,2

Bng 4.2.3: Khi lng nguyn liu qua cc qu trnh sn xut ch xanh trong
1 ca sn xut
STT Tn nguyn liu v bn thnh phm Khi lng(kg)
1 Bp ch ti 10450
2 Bp ch sau lm sch 9927,5
3 Bp ch sau hp 9897,7
4 Bp ch sau v sy 1 6167,51
5 Bp ch sau v 4919,2
6 Bp ch sau v sy 2 3503,17
7 Bp ch sau v sy cui 2818,6
8 Bp ch sau phn loi 1 2810,18
9 Ch sau sy hon thin 2563,6
10 Ch sau phn loi 2 2558,47
11 Ch sau lm sch 2553,35
13 Ch sau bao gi 2548,2

23
14 Sn phm ch xanh 2420,8
15 Sn phm ch xanh dng ti lc 127,9

24
 CHNG 5
LA CHN THIT B
5. Thit b s dng trong quy trnh sn xut ch xanh
Nhng thit b chnh trong quy trnh sn xut ch xanh.
5.1. Thit b lm sch

S dng bng ti la chn

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Chiu rng: 0,6m.
Chiu di: 3m.
Vn tc bng ti: 0,12 m/s
Cng sut ng c: 1HP
Nng sut: 120 kg/h
5.2. Thit b dit men

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Chiu di: 3,5m
Chiu rng:1,5m
Chiu cao: 2m
Nng sut: 1500kg/h

25
Cng sut tiu th in: 8HP
Hi nc cung cp: 1500 kg/h
p sut lm vic: 10kg/cm2
Lng nc tiu th: 2500 l/h.
5.3. My v ch
5.3.1. s dng cho qu trnh v sy 1

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Di : 2,5m
Rng: 1,5m
Cao: 1,5m
Nng sut 200kg/h
Cng sut tiu th in: 10HP.
5.3.2. S dng cho qu trnh v

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
ng knh:1m
Chiu cao: 1,5m.
Nng sut 200kg/h
Cng sut tiu th in: 10HP.

26
5.3.3. S dng cho qu trnh v sy 2

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Di: 2,5m
Rng: 1,5m
Cao: 1,5m.
Nng sut 200kg/h.
Cng sut tiu th in: 10HP.
5.3.4. S dng cho qu trnh v sy cui

Thng s k thut:
Din tch chim ch:
Di: 2,5m.
Rng: 1,5m.
Cao: 1,5m.
Nng sut 200kg/h.
Cng sut tiu th in: 10HP.

27
 5.4. My phn loi

Chn loi sng vung.

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Rng: 1,22m.
Di: 1,1m.
Cao: 2,125m.
S a sng: 2 a cho 2 loi: ch chnh phm v ch vn.
Nng sut 300kg/h.
Cng sut thit b: 10HP.
5.5. My sy hon thin
La chn my sy bng ti li, dng tc nhn sy l khng kh nng, c
chiu i ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca ch trong my sy.
Cc my sy loi ny thng bao gm ba b phn chnh l calorife, bung sy
v phn tip liu. Calorife gm bung t v h thng ng gang, vi tng din tch
trao i nhit vo khong 110m2, khng kh sch dung sy ch c qut ht i
vo cc ng gang v c khng kh nng t bung t lun qua thnh ngoi ng
t nng n nhit cn thit trc khi vo bung sy. B phn tip liu gm c bn
cha ch, tay gt iu chnh lp ch trn bng chuyn sy, v bng chuyn
nghing a ch vo bung sy.

28
 Cc b phn ca my sy:

Bng ti nhp liu.

Qut thi khng kh.
H thng lc bi.
Chi lm sch bng ti.
Bng ti tho liu.
Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Di: 8,75m.
Rng: 2,1m.
Cao: 2,5m.
Nng sut: 240-260 kg/h.
Cng sut tiu th: 25HP.
S vng quay ca qut: 550 vng/ pht.
Lng khng kh lu thng: 21000Cfm.
5.6. My tinh sch
L bng ti c gn nam chm t loi b tp cht kim loi trong qu trnh
sn xut.
Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Rng: 0,6m.

29
 Di: 5m.
Cao: 0,8m.
Vn tc bng ti: 1m/s.
Cng sut ng c: 1HP.
Nng sut: 500kg/ h.
5.7. My bao gi
5.7.1. Thit b cn nh lng:
Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Di: 0,8m.
Rng: 0,61m.
Cao: 1,940m.
Loi bao b:
Rng: 40 ti 300mm.
Di: 60-400mm.
Gii hn khi lng trong 1 gi:
100-250g/ gi.
250-500g/ gi.
Cng sut: 0,5HP.
5.7.2. My ng gi chn khng
Chn loi my ht chn khng hai bung( loi in t)(m hiu DZ/DZQ
50025B)

30
 Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Di: 0,57m.
Rng: 0,9m.
Cao: 0,8m.
di mp ti: 200x10mm.
chn khng tuyt i: 1KPA.
Nng lc ng gi: 1-3 ln/ pht.
in ngun 380V/50hz.
Cng sut my bm: 0,75kgx2.
Kch thc: 1300x 770x960mm.
Trng lng: 215kg.
5.7.3. My dp date t ng

Thng s k thut:
Tc : 120 ln/ pht.
Kch thc ch in: 4x35mm hoc 8x35mm.
rng cun mc ruban:35mm
Cng sut: 2000w

31
Kch thc my: 280x180x420mm
Trng lng: 6kg
5.7.4. My ng ai

Thng s k thut:
Loi my: KZBD thp
Kch thc to nht ca thng ng ai: 60(rng)x30(cao)mm.
Tc ng ai: 2,5 giy/ln.
Lc ko: 450N.
ai nha c s dng: 6-15mm.
Kch thc: 90x58x75cm, 145x58x32,5cm.
in ngun: 220V-50hz-320W.
Trng lng: 85kg.
5.7.5.My co mng
Chn my co mng m hiu: BS-450

Thng s k thut:
Loi my: BS-450.
Kch thc: 1500x660x1360mm.
in p ngun: 380V/50Hz.

32
Cng sut thanh ta nhit: 7,5Kw.
Tc vn chuyn: 0-10m/ pht.
Trng lng vn chuyn: 15kg.
Kch thc mng co ln nht: 450x200mm.
Trng lng: 120kg.
5.8. Cc thit b ph tr
5.8.1. Bng ti vn chuyn thng ch thnh phm sau ng gi

Thng s k thut:
Kch thc:
Rng: 0,6m.
Di: 3m.
Cao: 0,8m.
Vn tc bng ti: 0,12m/s.
5.8.2. Ni hi

Thng s k thut:

33
 M hiu: NH 750 10-R
Nng sut hi: 750kg/h.
Tiu hao nhin liu: 54kg/h.
p sut thit k: 11kg/cm2.
Din tch tip nhit: 15m2.
Th tch tng cng: 1,73m3.
Kch thc: DxRxC = 3200x1750x2250mm.
Bng 5.1: D tnh s lng my cho quy trnh sn xut 1 ca lm vic 8 ting
cho mt phn xng. Nng sut 1750kg sn phm/ca sn xut.

Thi Khi lng Nng Nng S thit

Qu trnh Thit b
gian nguyn liu sut sut my b
Lm sch Bng ti la chn 20 5000,00 625,00 1200 1
Hp Thit b hp 25 4750,00 593,75i 1500 1
Thit b v sy 1 40 4735,75 591,97 200 2
V sy 1
Bng ti ch n nh 30 2950,96 368,87 200 2
V Thit b v 25 2950,96 368,87 200 2
V sy 2 Thit b v sy 2 40 2289,95 286,24 200 2
Thit b v sy cui 40 1632,41 204,05 200 2
V sy cui
Bng ti ch n nh 30 1310,80 163,85 500 1
Phn loi Sng 20 1310,80 163,85 300 2
Sy hon thin Thit b sy bng ti 30 1194,42 149,30 250 1
Bng ti gn thit b
Tinh sch 30 1192,03 149,00 500 1
Tch t
Cn nh lng 8500 b - 60 2
Thit b bao gi chn khng 8500 b - 40 2
ng gi 60
Thit b dp date 8500 hp - 50 hp/ pht 1
Thit b chy mng co 8500 hp - 5m/ pht 1

34
 CHNG 6
TNH XY DNG
6. Chn din tch xy dng
6.1. Mt s c s chn din tch xy dng
B tr thit b v chn din tch xy dng cc phn xng sn xut:
Da vo kch thc thit b, h thng thit b.
Da vo khong cch gia cc thit b: thng thng 1,5m.
Thit b cch tng: thng ti thiu 1,5m.
Cc thit b c tnh nng tng t nn t thnh nhm.
B rng ca cc li i trong phn xng 1,5-3m.
Chn din tch cc kho nguyn liu, kho thnh phm:
Da vo khi lng nguyn liu, khi lng thnh phm ti a trong thi gian
bo qun.
Da vo kch thc cc gi , cc pallet.
Kch thc cc li i trong kho, thao tc vn chuyn.
B tr mt bng nh my, chn din tch cc phn xng ph phc v sn xut
v sinh hot trong nh my:
Da vo kch thc, s lng cc phn xng sn xut chnh, ph, cc cng
trnh phc v sn xut sinh hot.
Din tch t d tr: khong 30-100% din tch cc phn xng sn xut
chnh.
Din tch cy xanh: khong 25-30%.
Cc cng trnh chnh hng ra pha ng giao thng chnh.
Phn lung giao thng gia cc dy nh v chn khong cch ph hp.
Cc cng trnh v sinh cng cng t cui hng gi.
Vng sn xut: l vng quan trng nht, thng c b tr gia nh my, cc
vng khc t xung quanh.
Cc cng trnh nng lng (cp in, l hi,kh nn) thng c b tr
pha sau x nghip, cui hng gi, gn ngun cung cp nc.

35
 Cc kho cha thng t cch ng giao thng chnh, pha sau nh my hoc
cnh ra nh my.
Nh hnh chnh, qun tr: b tr trc nh my v pha giao thng chnh, nhiu
ngi i li.
6.1.2. Din tch cc phn xng chnh
6.1.2.1. Cc phn xng sn xut
Chn din tch da vo cch b tr thit b trn mt bng mi phn xng,
din tch lp t thit b, li i gia cc khu vc, chiu di v chiu rng phn
xng theo bc ct 12m.
Chiu cao xng 1 tng chn theo tiu chun ng thi phi ln hn thit b
cao nht.
Chn mi dc c ca mi thng gi.
Tnh v chn kho nguyn liu ph.
Nguyn liu ph ca cc qu trnh sn xut ch l bao b nha PE, hp g,
thng carton c th sn xut trong 1 thng.
6.2.1. B tr mt bng nh my
Kch thc nh my:
Di: 200m
Rng: 150m
Tng din tch nh my: 30000m2
H s s dng t:
B tr mt bng nh my nh sau:
Ch thch:
1-khu sn xut chnh
2-xng l hi
3-xng in
4-phng b tr
5-khu vc cp v x l nc cp
6-phng gi

36
7-khu vc v sinh
8-nh hnh chnh, hi trng
9-nh xe, gara
10-phng bo v
6.2.2. B tr mt bng phn xng
Phn xng chnh bao gm cc phn xng v cc phng ban sau:
Phn xng lm ho.
Kho nguyn liu.
B phn x l nguyn liu.
Kho thnh phm.
Kho bao b-vt t.
Phng KCS.
Phng th nghim.
Phng qun c.
6.2.3. B tr khu hnh chnh
Khu hnh chnh bao gm cc b phn sau:
Hi trng.
Cc phng ban.
Cng tin.
Phng k thut.
Phng y t.
Khu vc v sinh.

37
 CHNG 7
V SINH AN TON LAO NG

7.1. Cc quy nh trong nh my

7.1.1. Quy nh gi v sinh chung
Khng ht thuc ni lm vic, nh xng, kho hng. Khng vo nh my,
phn xng sau khi ung bia ru v cc cht kch thch mi trng.
Lun gi v sinh nh xng, my mc thit b, nn, tng, cu thang.
Khng ba bi vt liu, ph phm, ph phm phi ng v tr khng cn
tr i li v m bo m quan.
V sinh cc ca knh m bo chiu sang phn xng.
Mc qun o v trang b an ton lao ng khi thao tc sn xut.
7.1.2. Quy nh chung v an ton lao ng
Ch c nhng ngi c hun luyn mi c vn hnh h thng.
Lun lun trang b y bo h lao ng: m, giy, qun o, gng tay v cc
trang thit b cn thit khc.
Khng c tho cc nhn, du hiu cnh bo trn cc nh my, thay th
chng khi b rch hoc khng nhn thy r.
Khng c vn hnh my vt gii hn tc , p sut hoc nhit cho
php.
Khng c ri my khi my ang hot ng.
Khng c a bt k phn no ca c th vo my ang chy, khng c
chm vo b mt ca thit b ang nng.
Khng cho php hn trn thit b khi ang hot ng.
Trang thit b y bo h lao ng v thc hin cc quy nh an ton khi
pha trn cc ha cht ty ra.
Khng c s dng cc dung mi c hi, ha cht d chy v sinh my.
Khi v sinh bng vi nc cn phi tt kh nn v in che chn t in v cc
thit b in, cc thit b tnh trng qu nng.

38
 Mi vic sa cha v v sinh thit b u phi thc hin khi thit b c
ngt in v treo bin bo an ton.
7.1.3. Cc quy nh v phng chy cha chy
Vic phng chy cha chy l ngha v ca mi cng dn.
Mi cng dn phi tch cc phng khng xy ra, ng thi chun b sn
sang v lc lng, phng tin khi cn cha chy kp thi v hiu qu.
Phi thn trng trong vic s dng la, cc ngun nhit, ha cht v cc cht
d chy n, cht c hi, cht phng x. Trit tun theo cc quy nh v phng
chy cha chy.
Cm cu mc, s dng in ty tin, sau gi lm vic phi kim tra li cc
thit b tiu th in. Ch n, qut, bp in trc lc ra v. Khng hng ha
vt t p st vo bong n,dy in. Phi tun th nghim ngt quy nh v k thut
an ton trong s dng in.
Vt t hng ha phi xp gn gang, m bo khong cch an ton phng chy
cha chy, to iu kin thun li cho vic kim tra, bo v v cu nguy khi cn
thit. Khng dung kha m np thng xng v cc dung mi d chy bng st thp.
Khi giao nhn hng, xe khng c n my trong kho hoc ni cha nhiu
cht d chy, khi u phi hng u xe ra ngoi.
Trn cc li i li, nht l cc li thot him, khng cc chng ngi vt.
n v cc nhn c thnh tch phng chy cha chy s c khen thng,
ngi no vi phm cc quy nh trn th ty trch nhim nng nh m x l t hnh
chnh n truy t theo php lut hin hnh.
7.1.4. Kim tra an ton trc khi khi ng my
Trc khi khi ng my cn phi chc chn rng:
Tt c cc thit b an ton v thit b bo v phi c lp t.
Khng c nhng ngi khng phn s ang cnh h thng.
Thu dn ra khi vng vn hnh tt c cc vt liu, vt dng v cc vt th l
khc c th gy thng tt cho ngi hoc gy h hng cho my.
Tt c cc my ang tnh trng hot ng c.

39
 Tt c cc n bo, ci bo, p k, thit b an ton v cc thit b o u tnh
trng tt.
Sau khi dng sn xut th in, kh v nc phi c kha v phi bo cho
nhn vin ng lc bit.
7.1.5. An ton thit b v khu vc sn xut
Nh xng, kho tang, ni lm vic, thit b my mc thuc phm vi ca cc t
chc qun l, t trng phi phn cng ngi trc nht, sp xp, nhc nh, gi gn,
gn gang.
Nghim chnh chp hnh cc quy nh v cng ngh, v k thut v an ton
lao ng trong sn xut v cng tc. Khng c s dng v iu khin thit b nu
cha c hun luyn hng dn v an ton.
Nghim cm un nu bng ci la, bp in, in tr ngoi cc ni nh my
quy nh.
Tuyt i khng ht thuc l trong kho v nhng ni c nguy c chy n.
Khng c ly phng tin phng chy cha chy lm vic khc.
S dng y v hp l tt c cc phng tin bo h lao ng c cp.
Khng ri b v tr lm vic trc khi ht gi lm vic, khi i n phi c
ngi trc my v khng n cc ni khng thuc nhim v ca mnh.
Che chn cc khu vc d gy tai nn cho cng nhn.
7.2. Ni quy nh my
i lm ng gi theo thi gian quy nh
Vo xng phi mang giy dp ca xng. Khng c mang giy dp trong
xng ra ngoi, giy dp ngoi vo xng; giy dp ng ni quy nh.
Qun o t trang ca ngi no th vo ngn t ca ngi , khng c
treo mc ba bi.
Khng eo n trang, khng dng m phm lm vic nh nc hoa, son, phn
v cc loi m phm khc.
Nghim chnh chp hnh s phn cng ch o ca cn b qun l, cn b k
thut.

40
 Khng a gin trong khi lm vic, khng c ung ru, bia, khng s
dng cht kch thch gy nghin, khng c gy g nh nhau, khng c nh
bi bc trong nh my.
Khng ht thuc trong nh xng, phi tun th ni quy phng chy cha
chy.
C tinh thn bo v, gi gn ti sn chung, khi pht hin nhng c nhn c
hnh vi xu, phi kp thi bo ngay cho qun l hoc bo v x l.
Cn c thc gi gn v sinh chung (khu vc sn xut, phng ngh, phng
thay , cc khu vc xung quanh xng).
Cn c thc on kt, thng yu, gip ln nhau, phi c tnh ng s,
ng nghip
Ngh phi xin php t trng, ca trng hoc qun l nh my, khi ngh 2
ngy tr ln phi c xin php v c s ng ca qun l ph duyt.
Gi ngh gii lao, n ung ng lc, ng ch, khng c n a, ui bt
nh nhau, nh cu trong khu vc sn xut.
Phi tun th cc nguyn tc lao ng, sn xut. Khi pht hin my mc b
thiu an ton phi bo ngay vi ngi c trch nhim sa cha.
Ngi no vi phm cc ni quy trn s ty thuc vo mc x l,kim im,
khin trch, cnh co trc nng trng hoc ngh truy cu trch nhim hnh s
trc php lut.

41
 CHNG 8
KT LUN
Bn lun n ny nu ln vn tnh ton thit k nh my ch bin ch
nng sut 5 tn sn phm/ ngy vi sn phm l ch xanh, ch ti lc. Xy dng
nh my sn xut ch cht lng cao l vic lm cn thit v rt kh thi, iu ny
th hin cc mt sau:
V mt kinh t-k thut: Vic chn a im nh my, chn c cu sn phm
c xem xt trn nhiu kha cnh nh ngun nguyn liu, nhn cng, c s h
tng, th trng nn m bo nh my hot ng hiu qu.Cc sn phm ch cht
lng cao ca nh my p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng mi la tui trong
nc v ngoi nc, em li hiu qu kinh t cao cho nh sn xut. Ngoi ra, vic
xy dng nh my sn xut ch gp phn xy dng nn kinh t quc dn, gii quyt
cng n vic lm cho cng nhn v nng dn, tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng a
phng, gim lng ch nhp khu, gip ngi lao ng c th tip xc vi cng
ngh hin i v to ra cc sn phm ch cht lng cao t tiu chun Vit Nam v
Quc t.
V mt cng ngh: Nh my c thit k da trn cng ngh hin i, h
thng my mc thit b chnh ch yu c chn t cc hng bn thit b ch bin
ch ni ting ca nc ngoi nh Akay, Pioneervi quy cch xy dng nh my
v cng ngh sn xut hin i, cng vi vic thc hin nghim ngt cc quy nh
an ton v sinh khi sn xut, nh my hon ton c kh nng c cng nhn t
tiu chun ISO 9000. Vic ci tin v hin i ha dy chuyn cng ngh nhm
nng cao cht lng cng nh nng sut ca nh my cng c th tin hnh d
dng.
V mt nng lng, do nh my chn cng ngh thit b hin i nn tit kim
c tiu hao nng lng gp phn gim chi ph sn xut cho nh my.
Cc phn tnh ton v xy dng,kin trc, kinh t c trnh by khi qut v
c tnh ton ti thi im thit k nn trong thc t sn xut v kinh doanh c th
hiu chnh c.

42
 Tm li, ton b nh my c thit k da trn cng ngh hin i, thit b
tin tin v s ra i ca nh my s p ng c nhu cu v nhiu mt ca x
hi, nht l trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha, hi nhp vi quc t ca
nc ta.

43
 TI LIU THAM KHO

1.B gio dc v o to Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, cy cng

nghip, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni, 1996.
2. TS. KTS. V Duy C, Quy hoch cy cng nghip thit k mt bng tng
th nh my, nh v cng trnh cng nghip. Nh xut bn Xy Dng, H Ni,
2003.
3. Nguyn Danh Hu, ti liu trng v ch bin ch..
4. th ngc khnh Hunh Phan tng, K thut v sinh an ton lao ng,
nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP HCM, 2003, [337 trang].
5. ng Hnh khi, Tr v cng dng ca tr, nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut, H Ni, 1983.

44