Transformer Voltage Regulation

UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)

Ideal: VP
n
VS
NP
n
NS

Non-ideal:
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)

No load (open circuit): VP

VSnl
n

Full load : VP
VSfl ( Reqs jX eqs )I S
n
VSnl VSfl VP / n VSfl
Voltage regulation: VR 100% 100%
VSfl VSfl
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (3)

VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n

VP / n VSfl
Discussions: VR 100%
VSfl
(1) Load is lagging (inductive)

I 0
s

VP / n VSfl VR 0
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (4)
VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n
(2) Load is resistive (unit power factor)

VP / n VSfl VR 0
(3) Load is leading (capacitive)

I 0
s
VP / n may be VSfl VR may be <0
UCF
Discussions on Phasor Diagram
lagging load VP
VS ReqsIS jXeqsIS
n
I 0
s

leading load
I 0
s

Assume the angle of VS is 0.
VP
Real part: cos VS Reqs I S cos I s X eqs I S sin I s
n
VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S
VP
Imaginary part: sin Reqs I S sin I s X eqs I S cos I s
n
( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S
 Transformer VR Calculation Case I
UCF

VP / n VS
VR 100%
VS

Given: (1) VS (fixed)

(2) rated apparent power (VA) of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: IS and thenVP
IS : I S Srated / VS
cos1 ( pf ) + lagging, - leading
I V
S S

VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n
 Transformer VR Calculation Case II (1)
UCF

VP / n VS
VR 100%
VS
VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed)
(2) IS of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: VS
IS : cos1 ( pf ) + lagging, - leading
jIS
set V 0
S
I V
S S
IS IS e
 UCF
Transformer VR Calculation Case II (2)
lagging load VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
I 0
s VS ZeqsIS

VP
Imaginary part: sin ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S = Im( Z eqs I S )
n
sin 1 ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S / (VP / n) = sin 1 Im( Z eqs I S ) / (VP / n)

cos VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S VS Re Z eqs I S

VP
Real part:
n

VS cos ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S cos Re Z eqs I S

VP VP
n n
VP VP j VP
Or: e VS ZeqsIS
n n n
 Transformer VR Calculation Case III
UCF

VP / n VS
VR 100%
VS
VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed) VS ZeqsIS
(2) ZL

Find: VS
VP VP j 0
Assume the angle of VP is 0. e
n n
VP / n
IS
Zeqs ZL
ZL VP
VS ZLIS
Zeqs ZL n
UCF
Example 3
For a 15 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformer, the equivalent circuit
parameters are:
Req 5, X eq 6, RC 100 k, X M 10 k
Find voltage regulation:
(1) The secondary voltage 230 V (fixed), full load at (a) 0.8 pf lagging;
(b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(2) The primary voltage 2300 V (fixed), load current 65 A at
(a) 0.8 pf lagging; (b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(3) The load resistance Z L 3+j2 .

trans3.m.
Per Unit System
UCF Per Unit System (1)

Define Base Values

Normalization:

Actual quantity
Quantity in per unit
Base value of quantity
UCF Per Unit System (2)
Analysis Procedure:
(1) select VA base and voltage base
VA base
(2) current base
voltage base
voltage base
(3) resistance base
current base
(4) normalize all the quantities (or : get quantities per unit)
(5) perform a standard circuit analysis with all quantities
in per unit
(6) actual values of results
base value solved quantity in per unit
UCF Example 4 (1)
UCF Example 4 (2)

Process is in trans4.m.
UCF
Non-ideal Transformer in Per Unit System

Or
UCF
Voltage Regulation in Per Unit System

VSnl VSfl VP / n VSfl

Voltage regulation: VR 100% 100%
VSfl VSfl

VP, pu VS , pu ( Req , pu jX eq, pu )I S , pu

Voltage regulation in per unit: VP, pu VS , pu
VR 100%
VS , pu
 UCF
Per-Unit Phasor Diagram
lagging load VP , pu VP , pu VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu jX eq , pu I S , pu
VS , pu
jX eq , pu I S , pu
Req , pu I S , pu
VP , pu jX eq , pu I S , pu
leading load

Req , pu I S , pu

VS , pu
Assume the angle of VS , pu is 0.

Real part: VP , pu cos VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu cos I s X eq , pu I S , pu sin I s

VS , pu ( Req , pu cos X eq , pu sin ) I S , pu

Imaginary part: VP , pu sin Req , pu I S , pu sin I X eq , pu I S , pu cos I

s s

( Req , pu sin X eq , pu cos ) I S , pu