CHNG 6.

CHUI FOURIER

Trong chng ny k hiu K l trng s thc R hoc phc C.

6.1. NH NGHA
6.1.1. Tp hp CMT
nh ngha 1. Cho T > 0. Ta k hiu
CMT l tp hp tt c cc nh x lin tc tng on, tun hon chu
k T t R vo C.
CT l tp hp tt c cc nh x lin tc, tun hon chu k T t R vo
C.

Ghi ch.
f CMT f tun hon chu k T & f |[0; T] lin tc tng on
CT CMT

V d.
f : RC tun hon chu k 2
1 t [0; )
f(t) =
0 t [ ;2 )
1
thuc lp CM2. - 0 2

f : RC tun hon chu k

f(t) = t , t [0; )

thuc lp CM.
2
- 0

f : RC tun hon chu k 2

f(t) = | t |, t [-; ]

thuc lp C2.
- 0 2

nh l 1. Cho , C, a R, T > 0 v f, g CMT. Khi .f + .g,

f*g, f , R(f), Im(f), | f |, f , af thuc CMT ( f (t) = f(-t), af(t) = f(ta)).
Nh vy CMT l khng gian vect trn C.

1
 nh l 2. Cho T > 0 v f CMT. Khi vi mi a R, tch phn
a T

f
a
khng ph thuc vo a.

Tch phn trn k hiu l f

[T ]
hoc f (t)dt.
[T ]

Ghi ch
T
2
Nu f chn, th f = 2 f .
[T ] 0

Nu f l, th f
[T ]
= 0.

6.1.2. H s Fourier ca cc hm lp CMT

2
nh ngha 1. Cho T > 0, f CMT v = .
T
(i) Vi mi n Z, h s Fourier phc th n ca f l s phc
1
cn(f) =
T [T ]
f (t ).e i.n. .t dt

(ii) Vi mi n N, h s lng gic Fourier th n ca f l cc s

2 2
an(f) =
T [T ]
f (t ). cos( n..t )dt v bn(f) =
T [T]
f (t ). sin( n..t )dt

Ghi ch. Hin nhin b0(f) = 0, f CMT

nh l 1. Vi mi n N, cc nh x fcn(f), fan(f) v fbn(f) t

CMT vo C l cc dng tuyn tnh.

nh l 2. Vi mi f CMT v n N ta c
an(f) = cn(f) + cn(f), bn(f) = i.[cn(f) cn(f)]
v
1 1
cn(f) = [an(f) i.bn(f)] , cn(f) = [an(f) + i.bn(f)]
2 2

Ghi ch
Nu f chn, th
T
2
4
T 0
n N, bn(f) = 0 & n N, an(f) = f (t ). cos( n..t )dt

Nu f l, th
T
2
4
T 0
n N, an(f) = 0 & n N*, bn(f) = f (t ). sin( n..t ) dt

Vi mi f CMT, k hiu

2

f : ZC, n | cn(f)
Vi mi n N, ta c
1 1 1
| f (n)| = | cn(f) | =
T [T ]
f (t ).e i.n. .t dt
T [T ]
f (t ).e i.n. .t dt =
T [T]
f (t ) dt

Tip theo, ta k hiu

1
T [T]
|| f ||1 = f (t ) dt

Suy ra

sup { | f (n)| | n Z } || f ||1 || f || || f ||1

By gi cho f CMT, a R. Ta s nghin cu h s Fourier ca

f , f , af v f
* H s Fourier ca f
n Z ta c
1 1
cn ( f ) =
T [T ]
f (t ).e i.n. .t dt =
T [T ]
f (t ).ei.n. .t dt = c n ( f )

cn( f ) = c n ( f ) n Z
Tng t
an( f ) = an ( f ) & bn( f ) = bn ( f ) n N

* H s Fourier ca f ( f (t) = f(-t), t R)
n Z ta c
1 1
T

T [T] T 0
cn ( f ) = f (t ).e i.n. .t dt = f (t ).ei.n. .t dt

0
1 1

u t
T T
f (u ).ei.n. .u du =
T [T]
f (u ).e i.n. .t du = cn ( f )

cn( ) = cn ( f ) = cn(f) n Z
f

Tng t

an( f ) = an(f) & bn( f ) = bn(f) n N

* H s Fourier ca af ( (af )(t) = f(ta), t R)

n Z ta c
T
1 1
cn(af ) =
T [T ]
f (t a).ei.n. .t dt =
T0 f (t a).ei.n. .t dt

3
 T a
1 i.n..a
f (u).e
i .n. .( u a )
du = e .cn(f)
u t a T a

cn(af ) = ei.n..a.cn(f), n Z

* H s Fourier ca o hm f
Cho f : RC, tun hon chu k T > 0, lin tc trn R, c o hm
lin tc tng on trn R. Khi f c th thc trin thnh hm tun
hon chu k T, lin tc tng on trn R, tc f CMT.
n Z tch phn tng phn ta c

T T
1 1 1
cn ( f ) = f (t ).e i.n. .t dt = f (t ).e i.n. .t f (t )( i.n. ).ei.n. .t dt
T
0
T0 T T0
i.n.
T
=
T 0 f (t ).ei.n. .t dt = i.n..cn(f)

cn( f ) = i.n..cn(f), n Z
By gi gi s f Ck (k N*). Ta c
cn(f(k)) = (i.n.)k.cn(f), n Z

cn(f ) = cn(f(k)) / (i.n.)k , n Z

Cui cng, v f(k) lin tc b chn, ko theo cn(f(k)) b chn, nn ta

c
H qu. Cho k N*, f : RC, tun hon chu k T > 0, thuc lp Ck.
Khi ,
1
cn(f ) = O k

n n

6.1.3. Chui Fourier

nh ngha 1. Cho T > 0, f CMT. Chui Fourier ca f l chui
hm un ( f ) , trong
n 0

u0(f) : RC, t | c0(f)

v n 1,
un(f) : RC, t | cn(f).ei.n..t + cn(f).ei.n..t
Tng ring th p, p N*, ca chui Fourier ca f l
p
Sp(f)(t) = c ( f ).e
n p
n
i .n. .t
, t R

S dng h s lng gic an(f), bn(f) ta c

p

a ( f ). cos(n..t ) b ( f ). sin( n..t ) ,

a
Sp(f)(t) = 0 + n n t R
2 n1

4
6.2. HI T TRUNG BNH TON PHNG
6.2.1. Khng gian tin Hilbert DT
nh ngha 1. Cho T > 0. Ta k hiu DT l tp hp cc nh x
f : RC, tun hon chu k T, lin tc tng on v
1
[f(t+0) + f(t0)], t R
f(t) =
2
trong f(t+0) = lim f ( x) v f(t-0) = lim f ( x)
x t 0 x t 0

Hin nhin ta c CT DT CMT.

~
Cho f CMT. Hm iu chnh ca f, k hiu f , l nh x
~ ~ 1
f : RC, f (t) = [f(t+0) + f(t0)], t R
2
Tnh cht
~
(i) f (t) = f(t), t l im lin tc ca f
~
f = f
[T ] [T ]
~
(ii) f DT
~
(iii) f f f DT
~
~ ~
(iv) f = f

1
T [T]
nh l 1. nh x (f, g) : | (f | g) = f (t ).g (t ).dt l tch v hng

trn DT v CT.
Chun tng ng vi tch (. , .) l || . ||2 nh ngha nh sau
1
1 2
|| f ||2 = f (t ) dt
2
T
T
6.2.2. Lp trc chun (en)nZ
K hiu. Cho T > 0, = 2/T. Vi n Z, k hiu en:RC, t|ei.n..t.
nh l 1. Lp (en)nZ trc chun trong (DT, ( | )).
Chng minh
n Z, en DT. Ta c ( ep | eq ) = 0 nu p q, = 1 nu p = q.

nh l 2. f DT n Z, cn(f) = (en | f ).
Chng minh
f DT n Z, ta c
1 1
cn(f) =
T [T ]
f (t ).e i.n. .t dt =
T [T]
en (t ). f (t )dt = (en | f ).

6.2.3. nh l Parseval
K hiu. Vi p N, k hiu Pp l khng gian con ca DT sinh bi
tp (en)p n p.

5
 Cho f DT. K hiu Sp(f) l tng ring th p ca chui Fourier
ca f
p
Sp(f) = c ( f ).e
n p
n n

(en)p n p l c s trc chun ca Pp, c chiu dim(Pp) = 2p + 1.

D dng suy ra
nh l 1. p N v f DT, Sp(f) l chiu trc giao ca f ln Pp.

Theo nh l Pythagore ta c
2 2
f 2 = Sp( f ) + f Sp( f ) d(f, Pp) = f Sp( f )
2
2 2 2

T suy ra bt ng thc Bessel

p

c (f) f 2 , p N
2 2
n
n p

cn(f) n 0

v cn(f) n 0

nh l 2 (Parseval).
Sp(f) hi t trung bnh ton phng n f, tc
|| f Sp(f) ||2 0
p

H qu 1 (cng thc Parseval)

Cho f DT. Khi
(i) Chui | cn |2 | c n |2 hi t v
n 1

| c

1
|2 | c n |2
2
| c0 |2 + n = f (t ) dt
n 1 T [T ]
(ii) Nu f(R) R, chui a
n 1
2
n bn2 hi t v

+ an2 bn2 =
a02 1 1

2
f (t ) dt
4 2 n 1 T [T ]
Ghi ch
Cc cng thc trn u p dng c vi hm f CMT v cc h
~
s cn, an, bn v tch phn ging nhau i vi f v f DT.
T

H qu 2. nh x f | f t DT vo B(Z, C), f (n) = cn(f), n Z,
l n nh.
nh l 3. f, g DT :
p

c ( f ).c ( g )
n p
n n 0
p

6
6.3. HI T IM
6.3.1. Hi t chun
Cho T > 0, f CMT kh vi lin tc. Ta c
f CMT v cn( f ) = i.n..cn(f), n Z
Suy ra
1
|cn(f) | = |cn( f )|, n N*
n.
K hiu
u0(f) = c0(f).e0 v un(f) = cn(f).en + cn(f).en n > 0
ta c
||un(f)|| |cn(f)| + |cn(f)|, n N
Mt khc, ta c
1 1 2
|cn(f)| 2 cn f , n Z (Cauchy)
2. n
Suy ra
1 2 2
||un(f)|| 2 cn f cn f , n N
2

2. n

c f c f hi t (theo bt ng thc
1
n
2 2
V 2
v n n
n 1 n1

Bessel) nn chui Fourier u ( f ) hi t chun trn R, ko theo hi

n
n0

t u v hi t n trn R.

K hiu g = u ( f ) . Ta chng minh
n 0
n g f.

Hin nhin g CT (v un(f) lin tc, Ttun hon v u

n0
n (f)

hi t u n g).
V (Sp(f))p0 hi t u n g trn R, nn n cng hi t trung bnh
ton phng n g. Mt khc, theo nh l Parseval, (Sp(f))p0 hi t
trung bnh ton phng n f trn R. Suy ra g f. T ta c nh l
sau

nh l 1. Cho T > 0, f : RC lin tc v Ttun hon, c o hm

lin tc tng on trn R. Khi chui Fourier ca f hi t chun n
f trn R.

6.3.2. nh l Dirichlet
nh l 1 (Dirichlet). Cho T > 0, f CMT c o hm lin tc tng
on trn R. Khi chui Fourier ca f hi t n n hm iu chnh
~
f ca f trn R, tc l vi mi t R ta c

c .e cn .e i.n. .t =

i .n. .t ~
c0 + n f (t) = [f(t+0) + f(t0)]/2
n1

a ( f ). cos(n..t ) b ( f ). sin( n..t )

a0 ~
+ n n = f (t)
2 n 1

6.3.3. V d
1. Cho f : RC, 2-tun hon, l

1 t (0; )
f(t) =
0 t n. , n Z 1
- 0 2
Hin nhin f CM2, = 1. V f l, ta c -1
an = 0, n
v

2 2
0
bn = f (t ). sin( n..t )dt = sin( n.t )dt
T T

= .
2 cos( n.t )
=
2 1 1
n
=
0
4
n 2 p

n 0 n n 2 p 1
2 p 1

V f D2 v f c o hm lin tc tng on trn R, ta c th p
dng nh l Dirichlet v c

2 p 1 sin 2 p 1t ,
4
f(t) = t R
p 0

Vi t = /2 ta c
4. 1
1
p p
1 = f(/2) = = /4
p 0 2 p 1 p 0 2 p 1

V f D2 , ta c th p dng cng thc Parseval v c

2
1 4 1 1

2 p 0 2 p 1
=
T T
2
f (t ) dt =
0
1dt = 1

1 2

p 0 2 p 1
2
=
8
Ta c

1
1
1 2
S = n
n 1
2
=
p 1 2 p
2
+
p 0 2 p 1
2
= S/4 +
8

1 2
1 12
n
n 1
2
=
6
,
p 1 2 p
2
=
4 6
Cui cng

1n = 1 1 12 2 2

n 1 n
2
p 1 2 p
2
p 0 2 p 1
2
=
4 6

8
=
12

2. Cho f : RC, 2-tun hon, chn, f(t) = t, t [0; ].

- 0 2

Hin nhin f lin tc v c o hm lin tc tng on. V f chn,

nn
bn = 0, n
Vi mi n > 0, ta c

2 2
0
an = f (t ). cos( n..t )dt = t cos(n.t )dt
T T

= .
2 t.sin( n.t ) 2 sin n.t

= .
2 cos( n.t )

n

2 1 1
0 n
dt =
n 0 n 2 0 .n 2
Vi n = 0 ta c

2
a0 =
tdt
0
=

Suy ra
a0 =
a2p = 0 , p = 1, 2, ...
4
a2p+1 = , p = 0, 1, 2, ...
2 p 12
Theo nh l Dirichlet ta c

4
f(t) = /2 2 p 1
p 0
2
cos(2p+1)t, t R.

Vi t = 0 suy ra

1 2

p 0 2 p 1
2
=
8
Hn na, v hm f lin tc, nn chui Fourier hi t chun theo nh
l tng ng.
V f D2 , ta c th p dng cng thc Parseval v c
2
2 1 4 1 1 2 2
+
T T 0

2
= f (t ) 2
dt = t dt =
4 2 p 0 2 p 1 3

1 2 2 2 4
2 p 1
p 0
4
= . =
8 3 4 96
Ta c

1
1
1 S 4
S = n
n 1
4
= 2 p
p 1
4
+ 2 p 1
p 0
4
=
24
+
96

1 4
1 4 1 4
n
n 1
4
=
90
, 2 p
p 1
4
=
90 16
. =
1440

9
 BI TP
6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.4.4, 6.4.6

10