SEMI

NARREPORT

ON
BACTERI
ALCONCRETE

Submi
tt
edby

PARVATHYSUBRAHMANI AM
RegNo:11023555

I
npar
ti
alf
ulf
il
mentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heawar
doft
hedegr
eeof

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY

I
N

CI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG

DEPARTMENTOFCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG

BASELI
OSTHOMASICATHOLI
COSE
Col
legeofEngineer
ing&Technol
ogy,Syr
ianPar
k,Ar
junHi
ll
s
Koothatt
ukul
am,KERALA-686662
 SEPTEMBER2014

BASELI
OSTHOMASICATHOLI
COSE
Col
legeofEngineer
ing&Technol
ogy,Syr
ianPar
k,Ar
junHi
ll
s
Koothatt
ukul
am,KERALA-686662

CERTI
FICATE

Thi
sist
o cer
ti
fyt
hatt
he semi
narr
epor
tent
it
led
BACTERI
AL CONCRETE

submi
tt
edbyPARVATHYSUBRAHMANI
AM (
Reg. 11023555)ofsemest
No. erVI
Iis

abonof
ideaccountoft
hewor
kdoneunderourgui
dancedur
ingt
heacademi
cyear

2014-
15.

Asst.Prof
.RunaMar i
aRaj
u Pr
of.Manu
Viswanath
(Guide) (
Headoft
he
Depar t
ment)
Dept.ofCivi
lEngg. Dept
.ofCi
vilEngg.
BTCCKoot hatt
ukul
am BTCCKoot
hat t
ukul
am
 Seal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwoul
dli
ke t
otake t
his oppor
tuni
tyt
o ext
end mysi
ncer
ethanks and
gr
ati
tudet
omygui
deAsst
.Pr
of:RUNA MARI
YA RAJU,Assi
stantPr
ofessori
n
Depar
tment of Ci
vilEngi
neer
ing,Besel
ios Thomas ICat
oli
cose Col
lege of
Engi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogyKoot
hat
tukul
am f
orhi
shel
p,advi
ce,gr
eatsuppor
t,
const
antencour
agementandval
uabl
egui
dance.

Iavai
lmyoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
essmypr
ofoundt
hankst
oPr
of,Pr
of.MANU
VI
SWANAD,Head oft
he Depar
tmentofCi
vilEngi
neer
ing,Besel
ios Thomas I
Cat
oli
cose Col
lege of Engi
neer
ing and Technol
ogy Koot
hat
tukul
am whose
encour
agementwasagr
eatsour
ceofi
nspi
rat
ion.

Mysi
ncer
ethanksar
eext
endedt
oal
lthet
eacher
sint
heDepar
tmentofCi
vil
Engi
neer
ingandt
omyf
ri
endswhosei
nspi
rat
ionhascont
ri
but
edt
oaccompl
isht
his
wor
k.

Aboveal
lIt
hankmyPar
ent
sandt
heALMI
GHTY,wi
thoutwhosebl
essi
ngsI
woul
dneverbeabl
etocompl
etemywor
k.

PARVATHYSUBRAHMANI
AM
 ABSTRACT

Concr
etewhi
chf
ormsmaj
orcomponenti
ntheconst
ruct
ionI
ndust
ryasi
tischeap,
easi
lyavai
labl
eandconveni
entt
ocast.However
,thedr
awbackoft
hismat
eri
ali
s
t
hati
teasi
lycr
acksduet
oit
slow t
ensi
lest
rengt
h.Cr
ackmaydevel
opduet
o
addi
ti
onofexcessofwat
erdur
ingmi
xingofconcr
ete,ormaybeduet
oshr
inkage
andcr
eep.At
ypi
caldur
abi
li
tyr
elat
edphenomenoni
nmanyconcr
eteconst
ruct
ions
i
scr
ackf
ormat
ion.Whi
lel
argercr
ackshamperst
ruct
urali
ntegr
it
y,al
sosmal
lersub
-
mil
li
met
ersi
zedcr
acksmayr
esul
tindur
abi
li
typr
obl
emsaspar
ti
cul
arl
yconnect
ed
cr
acksi
ncr
easemat
ri
xper
meabi
li
ty.I
nthepr
esentst
udy,cr
ackheal
ingandt
o
i
mpr
ove t
he physi
calpr
oper
ti
es ofconcr
ete such as dur
abi
li
ty,compr
essi
ve
st
rengt
h,spl
itt
ensi
lest
rengt
h,f
lexur
alst
rengt
het
c.Asl
argecost
sar
einvol
vedi
n
cr
ackr
epai
r,t
hepot
ent
ialofsel
f-
heal
ingoft
hesecr
acksbymeansofcal
cium
car
bonat
e(CaCO3)pr
eci
pit
ati
ng bact
eri
a was i
nvest
igat
ed i
nthi
s st
udy.The
mechani
sm ofcr
ackheal
ing i
n bact
eri
alconcr
etepr
esumabl
yoccur
sthr
ough
met
abol
icconver
sionofcal
cium l
act
atet
ocal
cium car
bonat
ewhi
chr
esul
tsi
n
cr
ack-
seal
ing.Thi
sbi
ochemi
cal
lymedi
atedpr
ocessr
esul
tedi
nef
fi
cientseal
ingof
sub-
mil
li
met
er si
zed (
0.15 mm wi
dth) cr
acks. I
tis expect
ed t
hat f
urt
her
devel
opmentoft
hisnewt
ypeofsel
f-
heal
ingconcr
etewi
llr
esul
tinamor
edur
abl
e
andmor
eoversust
ainabl
econcr
etewhi
chwi
llbepar
ti
cul
arl
ysui
tedf
orappl
icat
ions
i
nwetenvi
ronment
swher
erei
nfor
cementcor
rosi
ont
endst
oimpededur
abi
li
tyof
t
radi
ti
onalconcr
eteconst
ruct
ions
 CONTENT

LI
STOFNOTATI
ONS
LI
STOFFI
GURES
STOFTABLESNo
LI .Ti
tl
ePageNo.
Cert
if
icate
Acknowledgement
Abstr
act
Li
stofFigur es
Li
stofTabl es
Nomencl ature
1INTRODUCTI ON
1.
1Scopeoft heWor k
2BACTERI ALCONCRETE
3THEBI OLOGI CALSELF- HEALINGPROCESS
3.
1HowdoBact er
iar emediatecracks?
4MATERI ALSUSED
4.
1Sand
4.
2Cement
4.
3Aggr egat e
4.
4Wat er
4.
5Bact erialstr ainandcul t
ureconditi
ons
5EXPERI MENTALPROGRAMME
5.
1Compr essi veSt rengthandSpl i
tTensi
leSt
rengt
h
5.
2Flexur alStr engt hTest
5.
3Dur abilit
ySt udies
5.
4Wat erAbsor ptionCapaci tyTest
6RESULTSANDANALYSI S
6.
1Compr essi vest r engthofConcrete
6.
2Spl i
tTensi leSt rength
6.
3Flexur alstrengt h
6.
4Dur abilit
yofconcr et
estruct
ures
6.
5Wat erAbsor ptionCapaci ty
7CONCLUTI ON
REFERENCE

CONTENTS
Chapt
erNo.Ti
tl
ePageNo.
Cer
ti
fi
cat
e
Acknowl
edgement
Abst
ract
Li
stofFi
gur
es
Li
stofTabl
es
Nomencl
atur
e
1I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.
1Scopeoft
heWor
k
2BACTERI
ALCONCRETE
3THEBI
OLOGI
CALSELF-
HEALI
NGPROCESS
3.
1HowdoBact
eri
aremedi
atecr
acks?
4MATERI
ALSUSED
4.
1Sand
4.
2Cement
4.
3Aggr
egat
e
4.
4Wat
er
4.
5Bact
eri
alst
rai
nandcul
tur
econdi
ti
ons
5EXPERI
MENTALPROGRAMME
5.
1Compr
essi
veSt
rengt
handSpl
itTensi
leSt
rengt
h
5.
2Fl
exur
alSt
rengt
hTest
5.
3Dur
abi
li
tySt
udi
es
5.
4Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
tyTest
6RESULTSANDANALYSI
S
6.
1Compr
essi
vest
rengt
hofConcr
ete
6.
2Spl
itTensi
leSt
rengt
h
6.
3Fl
exur
alst
rengt
h
6.
4Dur
abi
li
tyofconcr
etest
ruct
ures
6.
5Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
ty
7CONCLUTI
ON
REFERENCE
LI
STOFFI
GURES
Fi
gur
eNo.Ti
tl
ePageNo.
2.
1Var
ioust
ypesofBact
eri
ausedi
nconcr
ete
2.
2Hi
ghl
yMagni
fi
edvi
ewofBaci
ll
ussphaer
icus
3.
1Li
feofbact
eri
ainconcr
ete
3.
2Keyr
olesofpHandcal
cium met
abol
ism i
nmi
crobi
al
car
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
on
3.
3Schemat
icscenar
ioofcr
ackheal
ingbymi
croor
gani
sms
3.
4Fourdi
ff
erentpi
ctur
esofmi
crobi
ologi
calpr
eci
pit
ated
cal
cium car
bonat
eont
heconcr
etecr
acks
4.
1Sol
uti
onofmedi
awi
thbact
eri
a
5.
1Thr
ee-
Poi
ntl
oadi
ngar
rangementoff
lexur
alst
rengt
h
5.
2Concr
etecubesubj
ect
edt
ocompr
essi
on
6.
1Resul
tsoft
hecompr
essi
vet
est
swi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
on
ofbact
eri
aforconcr
ete.
6.
2Resul
tsoft
hespl
itt
ensi
let
estwi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
on
ofbact
eri
aforconcr
ete
6.
3Compar
isonoff
lexur
alst
rengt
htestr
esul
tsf
or7and
28daysofnor
malandbact
eri
alconcr
ete
6.
4Var
iat
ionofper
cent
agel
ossi
nCompr
essi
veSt
rengt
h
wi
thage
6.
5Var
iat
ionofper
cent
agewei
ghtl
osswi
thage
6.
6Var
iat
ionofAci
dAt
tackFact
orwi
thage.
6.
7Pl
otshowi
ngamountofwat
erabsor
pti
onwi
tht
imef
or
M20gr
adeofcont
rol
ledandbact
eri
alspeci
mens
LI
STOFTABLES
Tabl
e
No.
Ti
tl
e
Page
No.
6.
1Resul
tsoft
hecompr
essi
vet
est
swi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
on
ofbact
eri
aforconcr
ete
6.
2Resul
tsoft
hespl
itt
ensi
let
estwi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
on
ofBact
eri
aforconcr
ete
6.
3fl
exur
alst
rengt
htestr
esul
tsf
or7and28daysofnor
mal
andbact
eri
alconcr
ete
6.
4Dur
abi
li
tyst
udi
eswi
th5%H2SO4
6.
5Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
or(
ADF)andAci
dAt
tackFact
or(
AAF)
.
6.
6Wat
erAbsor
pti
onatdi
ff
erentt
imei
nter
val
sofcont
rol
led
andbact
eri
alconcr
etef
ordi
ff
erentM20gr
ade
6.
7Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
ty(
WAC)
,Vol
umeofPer
meabl
e
Voi
dsandAppar
entpor
osi
tyofcont
rol
ledandbact
eri
al
concr
etespeci
mensf
orM20gr
ade
6.
8Dur
abi
li
tyCl
assi
fi
cat
ionasperASTM C642
NOMENCLATURE
AAF=Aci
dAt
tackFact
or
ADF=Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
ors
M =numberofdaysatwhi
cht
heexposur
eist
obet
ermi
nat
ed.
Md=t
hemass(
kg)oft
hesampl
eaf
terr
e-dr
yingatt
heendoft
het
est
.
Mi=wei
ght(
kg)oft
hewetsampl
eatt
imet
i
Mmax=t
hemass(
kg)oft
hesampl
eatmaxi
mum wat
erabsor
pti
on
Mo=wei
ght(
kg)oft
hedr
ysampl
e
Ms=massofconcr
etesampl
e(kg)
Mw=wei
ghtofsat
urat
edspeci
men(
aft
eri
mmer
sioni
nwat
erf
or48hour
s,i
tis
r
emoved
andsur
facedr
ied)
N=numberofdaysatwhi
cht
hedur
abi
li
tyf
act
ori
sneeded
SGa=appar
entspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty
SGb=Concr
etebul
kdr
yspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty
Sr=r
elat
ivest
rengt
hatNdays,
(%)
1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Concr
etei
smostwi
del
yusedconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
alal
lovert
hewor
ldandusual
ly
consi
der
edasi
ndest
ruct
ibl
ebecauseoft
hei
rlongerser
vicel
if
eascompar
edwi
th
t
hemostconst
ruct
ionalpr
oduct
s.Butdr
awbackoft
hesemat
eri
alsi
sitweaki
n
t
ensi
onso,i
tcr
acksundersust
ainedl
oadi
ng.Theot
herr
easonsofCr
ackscan
occuri
nconcr
etest
ruct
uresduet
oshr
inkage,
freeze-
thawr
eact
ions.Cr
acksont
he
sur
faceoft
heconcr
etemaket
hewhol
est
ruct
urevul
ner
abl
ebecausewat
erand
ot
herenvi
ronment
alagent
sseepsi
nthr
ought
hecr
ackst
odegr
adet
heconcr
ete
andcor
rodet
hest
eelr
einf
orcement
,gr
eat
lyr
educi
ngt
hest
rengt
handdur
abi
li
tyof
ast
ruct
ure.Sot
hecr
ackheal
ingofconcr
etest
ruct
uresi
sneededt
oimpr
ovet
he
physi
calpr
oper
ti
esofconcr
etesuchasdur
abi
li
ty,
per
meabi
li
ty,
tensi
lest
rengt
het
c.
Anor
dinar
ymet
hodt
hati
ssuedf
orcr
ackr
emedi
ati
onof
teni
smor
eexpensi
ve,
needt
obeappl
iedr
epeat
edl
yandwhi
chr
equi
rescont
inuousmoni
tor
ing.Because
oft
hese di
sadvant
ages ofconvent
ionalsur
face t
reat
ment
s ofcr
ack heal
ing,
at
tent
ionhasbeendr
awnt
oal
ter
nat
ivet
echni
quesf
ort
hei
mpr
ovementoft
he
dur
abi
li
tyofconcr
eteandal
soeconomi
cal
lyandenvi
ronment
all
yfr
iendl
y.
1.BI
1. OLOGI
CALAPPROACHI
NCONCRETE

Recent
ly,
anovelconcr
etet
echnol
ogyhasbeeni
ntr
oduced,
thati
sbyi
ncor
por
ati
ng
bi
ologi
calappr
oachi
nconcr
ete.Thi
suni
quewayofconcr
etedesi
gncr
ossbr
eed
bet
weenbi
ologyandengi
neer
ingst
udyofconcr
etei
scal
ledmi
crobi
alconcr
ete,
whi
chi
nvol
vest
heut
il
izat
ionofbact
eri
atoi
ncr
easet
hest
rengt
handdur
abi
li
tyof
concr
ete.
Micr
oor
gani
smsar
eusedf
orcal
cium car
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
oni
nconcr
ete;
i
tis hi
ghl
y desi
rabl
e because t
he cal
cit
e pr
eci
pit
ati
on i
nduced as a r
esul
tof
mi
crobi
alact
ivi
ti
esi
spol
lut
ionf
reeandnat
ural
.Suchasel
f-
heal
ingmechani
sm
woul
dal
sobebenef
ici
alf
oreconomi
calr
easonsasmanuali
nspect
ionandr
epai
rof
l
arge st
ruct
ures i
s cost
ly.Bi
oengi
neer
ed Sel
f-
repai
ri
ng concr
ete bi
ologi
cal
ly
pr
oducescal
cium car
bonat
ecr
yst
alst
osealcr
ackst
hatappearont
hesur
faceof
t
heconcr
etest
ruct
ures.Sel
f-
heal
ingconcr
eteconsi
stsofami
xwi
thal
kal
iphi
li
c
bact
eri
aincor
por
atedi
ntot
otheconcr
etesuspendedi
nmi
xingwat
erandcal
cium
basednut
ri
entandni
tr
ogenandphosphor
usi
npr
esenceofoxygenf
oodt
osuppor
t
t
hosebact
eri
awhent
heybecomeact
ive.Cr
acksappeari
naconcr
etest
ruct
ureand
wat
erst
art
stoseepi
nthr
ough,
thespor
esoft
hebact
eri
ast
art
smi
crobi
alact
ivi
ti
es
on cont
actwi
tht
hewat
erand oxygen.I
nthepr
ocessofpr
eci
pit
ati
ng cal
cit
e
cr
yst
alst
hroughni
tr
ogencycl
ethesol
ubl
enut
ri
ent
sar
econver
tedt
oinsol
ubl
e
CaCO3.TheCaCO3sol
idi
fi
esont
hecr
ackedsur
face,
ther
ebyseal
ingi
tup.I
tmi
mics
t
hepr
ocessbywhi
chbonef
ract
uresi
nthehumanbodyar
enat
ural
lyheal
edby
ost
eobl
astcel
lst
hatmi
ner
ali
zet
oref
ormat
ebone.Theconsumpt
ionofoxygen
dur
ing t
he met
abol
ic bi
ochemi
calr
eact
ions t
ofor
m CaCO3 hel
ps i
n ar
rest
ing
cor
rosi
onofst
eel
,becauset
heoxygeni
sresponsi
blet
oini
ti
atet
hepr
ocessof
cor
rosi
ont
her
ebyi
ncr
easi
ngt
hedur
abi
li
tyofst
eelr
einf
orcedconcr
etest
ruct
ures.

1.
1.1.Scopeoft
heWor
k

Mi
crobi
ologi
cal
lyI
nduced Cal
cit
e orCal
cium Car
bonat
e(CaCO3)Pr
eci
pit
ati
on
(
MICP)i
shi
ghl
ydesi
rabl
ebecauset
heCal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
oni
nducedasar
esul
tof
mi
crobi
alact
ivi
ti
esi
spol
lut
ionf
reeandnat
ural
.Thet
echni
quecanbeusedt
o
i
mpr
ovet
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
handst
if
fnessofcr
ackedconcr
etespeci
mens.
Resear
chl
eadi
ngt
omi
crobi
alCal
cium Car
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
onandi
tsabi
li
tyt
o
healcr
acksofconst
ruct
ion mat
eri
alshasl
ed t
o manyappl
icat
ionsl
ikecr
ack
r
emedi
ati
onofconcr
ete,wat
erpr
oof
ing,br
ickpr
oduct
ion,gi
vecovert
oper
vious
concr
etest
ruct
uresandot
hersuchappl
icat
ions.
2.BACTERI
ALCONCRETE

Thebact
eri
alconcr
etemakesuseofcal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
onbyf
avor
abl
ebact
eri
a.I
n
t
hist
echni
queur
olyt
icbact
eri
a(mi
croor
gani
sm)ar
eusedhencet
heconcr
etei
s
cal
ledBact
eri
alorMi
crobi
alconcr
ete.The
Micr
obi
alconcr
etecanbepr
epar
edby
addi
ng spor
efor
ming bact
eri
aint
he concr
etet
hatar
e abl
eto cont
inuousl
y
pr
eci
pit
atecal
cit
e,t
hispr
ocessofpr
oduct
ion ofcal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
on i
scal
led
Mi
crobi
ologi
cal
lyI
nducedCal
cit
ePr
eci
pit
ati
on(
MICP)
.Recent
ly,i
tisf
oundt
hat
mi
crobi
alcal
cit
e pr
eci
pit
ati
on r
esul
ti
ng f
rom met
abol
ic act
ivi
ti
es off
avor
abl
e
mi
croor
gani
smsi
nconcr
etei
mpr
ovedt
heover
allpr
oper
ti
esofconcr
ete.Bact
eri
al
Cul
tur
esi
mpr
ovest
hest
rengt
hofcementsandmor
tarandcr
ackr
epai
ronsur
faces
ofconcr
etest
ruct
ures.
Thebasi
cpr
inci
plef
ort
hispr
ocessi
sthatt
hemi
crobi
alur
easehydr
olyzesur
eat
o
pr
oduceammoni
aandcar
bondi
oxi
deandt
heammoni
arel
easedi
nsur
roundi
ng
subsequent
lyi
ncr
easespH,
leadi
ngt
oaccumul
ati
onofi
nsol
ubl
ecal
cium car
bonat
e.
Cal
cium car
bonat
e pr
eci
pit
ati
on,a met
abol
ic pr
ocess whi
ch occur
sin some
bact
eri
a,has been i
nvest
igat
ed and pr
oven i
ts wi
de r
ange ofsci
ent
if
ic and
t
echnol
ogi
cali
mpl
icat
ions.
Cal
cit
efor
mat
ionbyBaci
ll
usspeci
esi
susedi
nmaki
ngmi
crobi
alconcr
ete,whi
ch
canpr
oducecal
cit
epr
eci
pit
atesonsui
tabl
emedi
asuppl
ement
edwi
thacal
cium
sour
ce. Bact
eri
alspor
es ar
e speci
ali
zed cel
ls whi
ch can endur
e ext
reme
mechani
calandchemi
calst
ressesandspor
esoft
hisspeci
fi
cgenusar
eknownt
o
r
emai
nvi
abl
eforupt
o200year
s.Spor
esar
edor
mantbutvi
abl
ebact
eri
alspor
es
i
mmobi
li
zedi
ntheconcr
etemat
ri
xwi
llbecomemet
abol
ical
lyact
ivewhenr
evi
ved
bywat
erent
eri
ngf
reshl
yint
otheconcr
ete.Cal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
oni
ssel
ect
iveandi
ts
ef
fi
ciencyi
saf
fect
edbyt
hepor
osi
tyoft
hemedi
um,t
henumberofcel
lspr
esent
and t
het
otalvol
umeofnut
ri
entadded.Thebact
eri
apr
eci
pit
atecal
cit
eint
he
pr
esenceofnut
ri
ent
s.Theal
kal
ineenvi
ronmentofconcr
etewi
thpHar
ound12i
s
t
hemaj
orhi
nder
ingf
act
orf
ort
hegr
owt
hofbact
eri
a.However
,somebact
eri
ahave
t
heabi
li
tyt
opr
oduceendospor
est
oendur
eanext
remeenvi
ronment
,asobser
ved
byt
hest
udi
es.Thet
echni
quei
susedt
oimpr
ovet
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hand
r
educet
heper
meabi
li
tyofconcr
ete.Ther
ear
evar
ioust
ypesofBact
ri
awhi
char
e
usedf
ormaki
ngmi
crobi
alconcr
eteandhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
heconcr
etest
rengt
hand
dur
abi
li
ty.Accor
dingt
oli
ter
atur
erevi
ew,f
oll
owi
ngar
ethesomeoft
hebact
eri
a
usedi
ntheconcr
eteshowsi
nfi
gur
e2.
1.
 Fi
gur
e2.
1:var
ioust
ypesofBact
eri
ausedi
nconcr
ete

Fi
gur
e2.
2:Hi
ghl
yMagni
fi
edvi
ewofBaci
ll
ussphaer
icus

3.
SELF-
HEALI
NGPROCESS

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ocoverwhatki
ndsofbact
eri
awi
lll
ivei
ntheconcr
ete,how t
hey
wor
ktoi
mpr
ovet
hel
ongevi
tyofpubl
ici
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
whatt
hecat
alystwi
llbet
hat
causest
hechemi
calr
eact
ioni
nthebact
eri
a,whathappenst
othespeci
fi
cki
ndsof
speci
ali
zedbact
eri
awhenexposedt
othecat
alyst
,andhow t
heywor
ktoget
hert
o
notonl
yhealcr
acksbef
oret
heyf
orm,
butal
sost
rengt
hent
heover
allst
ruct
uret
hey
ar
eincor
por
atedi
nto.Whent
hebact
eri
aar
eexposedt
otheai
randt
he
food,
the
bact
eri
agot
hroughachemi
calpr
ocesst
hatcausest
hem t
ohar
denandf
use,
fil
li
ng
i
nthecr
ackt
hathasf
ormed,st
rengt
heni
ngt
hest
ruct
ureoft
heconcr
ete,and
adher
ingt
othesi
desoft
hecr
ackt
osealt
hedamagesi
te.Thi
spr
ocessext
endst
he
l
if
espanoft
hest
ruct
urewhi
leal
sof
ixi
ngt
hedamagecaused.Thepr
ocessof
heal
ingacr
ackcant
akeasl
it
tl
easaf
ewdays.
Whenwel
ookatt
hecr
acksi
zes,wegener
all
yar
elooki
ngi
nmi
cro-t
onanomet
er
r
ange t
o maxi
mize t
he heal
ing pot
ent
ial
.Concr
ete const
ruct
ions ar
e cur
rent
ly
desi
gnedaccor
dingt
osetnor
mst
hatal
lowcr
ackst
ofor
m upt
o0.
2mm wi
de.Such
mi
crocr
acksar
egener
all
yconsi
der
edaccept
abl
e,ast
hesedonotdi
rect
lyi
mpai
r
t
hesaf
etyandst
rengt
hofaconst
ruct
ion.Mor
eover
,mi
crocr
ackssomet
imesheal
t
hemsel
vesasmanyt
ypesofconcr
etef
eat
ureacer
tai
ncr
ack-
heal
ingcapaci
ty.
Resear
chhasshownt
hatt
hissocal
led
aut
onomousheal
ingcapaci
tyi
slar
gel
y
r
elat
edt
othenumberofnon-
react
edcementpar
ti
clespr
esenti
ntheconcr
ete
mat
ri
x.Oncr
ackf
ormat
ion,i
ngr
esswat
err
eact
swi
tht
hesepar
ti
cles,r
esul
ti
ngi
n
cl
osur
eofmi
crocr
acks.However
,becauseoft
hevar
iabi
li
tyofaut
onomouscr
ack
heal
ing ofconcr
ete const
ruct
ions,wat
erl
eakage as a r
esul
tofmi
cro cr
ack
f
ormat
ioni
ntunnelandunder
groundst
ruct
urescanoccur
.Whi
lesel
f-
heal
ingof0.
2
mm wi
decr
acksoccur
redi
n30% oft
hecont
rolsampl
es,compl
etecl
osur
eofal
l
cr
ackswasobt
ainedi
nal
lbact
eri
abasedsampl
es.Mor
eover
,thecr
ackseal
ing
capaci
tyoft
hel
att
ergr
oupwasf
oundt
obeext
endedt
o0.
5mm cr
acks.
Thebasi
cconceptbehi
ndourspeci
fi
cver
sionofsel
f-
heal
ingconcr
etei
sut
il
izi
ng
cer
tai
ntypesofbact
eri
aandhow t
heyf
unct
iont
osealmi
croscopi
ccr
acksi
nthe
concr
etebef
oret
heygr
ow i
ntol
argerandhar
dert
omanagecr
acksandbr
eaks.
Thi
sbi
o-cal
cif
icat
ion pr
ocessi
nvol
vessever
alel
ement
s,wor
king i
n uni
son,t
o
compl
etet
heset
asks.Dur
ingt
hepr
ocesst
heenzymat
ichydr
olysi
sofur
eat
akes
pl
acef
ormi
ngammoni
aandcar
bondi
oxi
de.Ur
easewhi
chi
spr
ovi
dedbybact
eri
a
deposi
tsCaCo3,
ahi
ghl
yimper
meabl
ecal
cit
elayer
,overt
hesur
faceofanal
ready
exi
sti
ngconcr
etel
ayerwhi
chi
srel
ati
vel
ydenseandcanbl
ockcr
acksandt
hus
hamper i
ngr
ess of wat
er ef
fi
cient
ly i
ncr
easi
ng cor
rosi
on r
esi
stance and
consequent
lyi
ncr
easi
ngt
hest
rengt
handdur
abi
li
tyofconcr
etest
ruct
ures.MI
CPi
s
a compl
exmechani
sm and i
sa f
unct
ion ofcel
lconcent
rat
ion,i
oni
cst
rengt
h,
nut
ri
entandpHoft
hemedi
um.Moder
ntechni
quessuchasX-
raydi
ff
ract
iont
est
s,
TEM & SEM anal
ysi
scan beused t
o quant
if
ythest
udyofst
agesofcal
cit
e
deposi
ti
onont
hesur
faceandi
ncr
acks.

3.
1HowdoBact
eri
aremedi
atecr
acks?
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofbact
eri
a,aswel
lasabi
oti
cfact
ors(
sal
ini
tyandcomposi
ti
onof
t
hemedi
um)cont
ri
but
einavar
iet
yofwayst
ocal
cium car
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
on.
Whenbact
eri
aar
eexposedt
otheai
randt
hef
ood,t
hebact
eri
agr
ow t
hrought
he
bi
ochemi
calpr
ocesst
hatcausest
hem t
ohar
denandf
use,st
rengt
heni
ngt
he
st
ruct
ureofconcr
eteshowsf
igur
e3.
1.Thi
spr
ocessext
endst
hel
if
espan t
he
concr
ete.Whent
heconcr
etei
smi
xedwi
thbact
eri
a,t
hebact
eri
agoi
ntoador
mant
st
ate.Whenanycr
acksormi
nordamageoccur
redt
oconcr
ete,
itpr
ovi
desspacef
or
wat
erand/
orai
rent
rywi
thi
nconcr
eteandt
henspor
esoft
hebact
eri
aini
ti
ate
cal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
onpr
ocess.Oxygeni
sanessent
ialel
ementf
ort
hecor
rosi
onof
st
eelandwhenbact
eri
alact
ivi
tyhasconsumedi
ttheni
tincr
easest
hedur
abi
li
tyof
st
eelr
einf
orcedconcr
eteconst
ruct
ions.

Fi
gur
e3.
1:Li
feofbact
eri
ainconcr
ete
Themai
nrol
eofbact
eri
ahasbeenascr
ibedt
othei
rabi
li
tyt
ocr
eat
eanal
kal
ine
envi
ronment t
hrough var
ious physi
ologi
cal act
ivi
ti
es. Cal
cium car
bonat
e
pr
eci
pit
ati
oni
sast
rai
ghtf
orwar
dchemi
calpr
ocessgover
nedmai
nlybyf
ourkey
f
act
ors:
(
1)Thecal
cium concent
rat
ion,
(
2)Theconcent
rat
ionofdi
ssol
vedi
nor
gani
ccar
bon(
DIC)
,
(
3)ThepHand
(
4)Theavai
labi
li
tyofnucl
eat
ionsi
tes
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentpat
hwaysdescr
ibedi
nli
ter
atur
etoachi
eveCal
cium car
bonat
e
pr
eci
pit
ati
onhoweverduet
osi
mpl
ici
tyt
hemostcommonl
yst
udi
edpr
ocessof
pr
eci
pit
ati
oni
sur
eahydr
olysi
svi
atheenzymeur
easei
ncal
cium r
ichenvi
ronment
.
Aspar
tofmet
abol
ism,speci
fi
cbact
eri
apr
oducesur
ease,whi
chcat
alyzesur
eat
o
pr
oduceCO2andammoni
a,r
esul
ti
ngi
nani
ncr
easeofpH i
nthesur
roundi
ngs
wher
eionsCa2+andCO32-Pr
eci
pit
ateasCaCO3.Dur
ingmi
crobi
alur
easeact
ivi
ty,1
mol
.ofur
eai
shydr
olysedt
o1molofammoni
aand1molofcar
bonat
e(Eq.1),
whi
chspont
aneousl
yhydr
olyzest
ofor
m addi
ti
onal1molofammoni
aandcar
boni
c
aci
d(Eq.2)asf
oll
ows:(
wit
hbact
eri
a).
CO(
NH2)
2+H2O NH2COOH+NH3.
.(1)
NH2COOH+H2O NH3+H2CO3.
.(
2)
Thesepr
oduct
sequi
li
brat
einwat
ert
ofor
m bi
car
bonat
e,1mol
.ofammoni
um and
hydr
oxi
dei
onswhi
chgi
ver
iset
opHi
ncr
ease.
2-
H2CO3 2H++2CO3 .
.(
3)
NH3+H2O NH4-+OH-.
..
..
..
.(4)
Ca2++CO32- CaCO3.(
5)
Cal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
onbybact
eri
alcel
l
Fi
gur
e3.
2:Keyr
olesofpH and cal
cium met
abol
ism i
n mi
crobi
alcar
bonat
e
pr
eci
pit
ati
on.
Fi
gur
e3.
2 showssi
mpl
if
ied r
epr
esent
ati
on oft
heevent
soccur
ri
ng dur
ing t
he
mi
crobi
ali
nduced car
bonat
e pr
eci
pit
ati
on.Cal
cium i
ons i
nthe sol
uti
on ar
e
at
tr
act
edt
othebact
eri
alcel
lwal
lduet
othenegat
ivechar
geoft
hecel
l.Upon
addi
ti
onofur
eat
othebact
eri
a,di
ssol
vedi
nor
gani
ccar
bon(
DIC)andammoni
um
(
AMM)ar
erel
easedi
nthemi
croenvi
ronmentoft
hebact
eri
a(A)
.Int
hepr
esenceof
cal
cium i
ons,t
hiscanr
esul
tinal
ocalsupersat
urat
ionandhencehet
erogeneous
pr
eci
pit
ati
onofcal
cium car
bonat
eont
hebact
eri
alcel
lwal
l(B)
.Af
terawhi
le,t
he
whol
ecel
lbecomesencapsul
ated(
C).I
mage(
D)showst
hei
mpr
int
sofbact
eri
al
cel
lsi
nvol
vedi
ncar
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
on.Mi
croor
gani
smshascel
lsur
facechar
gei
s
negat
ive,
att
ract
scat
ionsi
ncl ngCa2+f
udi rom t
heenvi
ronmentt
odeposi
tont
hecel
l
sur
face.The f
oll
owi
ng equat
ions summar
ize t
he r
ole ofbact
eri
alcel
las a
nucl
eat
ionsi
te:
Ca2++Cel
l Cel
lCa2+.
- ..
..
..
..(
6)
Cel
lCa2++CO32- Cel
- l-
CaCO3.
..
..(
7)
Thebact
eri
aactasanucl
eat
ionsi
tewhi
chf
aci
li
tat
esi
nthepr
eci
pit
ati
onofcal
cit
e
whi
chcanevent
ual
lypl
ugt
hepor
esandcr
acksi
ntheconcr
eteandenhancet
he
dur
abi
li
tyofconcr
ete.Thi
smi
crobi
ologi
cal
lyi
nducedcal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
on(
MICP)
compr
isesofaser
iesofcompl
exbi
ochemi
calr
eact
ions.Thesecr
eat
ecal
cium
car
bonat
ecr
yst
alst
hatf
urt
herexpand and gr
ow ast
hebact
eri
a pr
oducet
he
cal
cium l
act
atef
ood.Thecr
yst
alsexpandunt
ilt
heent
ir
egapi
sfi
ll
ed.Thi
sinher
ent
andbi
o-chemi
calpr
ocesshel
pst
oimpr
oveper
for
manceofconcr
eteshowsi
n
f
igur
e3.
3and3.
4.
Theact
ualr
oleoft
hebact
eri
alpr
eci
pit
ati
onr
emai
ns,however
,amat
terofdebat
e
.
Some aut
hor
s bel
ieve t
his pr
eci
pit
ati
on i
s an acci
dent
alby-
productoft
he
met
abol
ism whi
leot
her
sthi
nkt
hati
tisaspeci
fi
cpr
ocesswi
thecol
ogi
calbenef
it
s
f
ort
hepr
eci
pit
ati
ngor
gani
sms.

Fi
gur
e3.
3:Schemat
icscenar
ioofcr
ackheal
ingbymi
croor
gani
sms(
A)cr
acki
s
pr
opagat
ingi
ntoconcr
ete;(
B)mi
croor
gani
smscanbeact
ivat
edi
ntocr
ack;(
C)
mi
croor
gani
smsgr
owandpr
eci
pit
atecal
cium car
bonat
ear
oundt
hei
rwal
lcel
lsand
canf
il
lthecr
ack

Fi
gur
e 3.
4:Fourdi
ff
erentpi
ctur
es ofmi
crobi
ologi
calpr
eci
pit
ated cal
cium
car
bonat
eont
heconcr
etecr
acks,f
igur
e(a)i
swi
thoutmagni
fi
cat
ion,f
igur
e(b)wi
th
20xmagni
fi
cat
ion,(
c)wi
th40xmagni
fi
cat
ionand(
d)[
74]ESEM pi
ctur
eofbact
eri
al
act
ivat
esandpr
eci
pit
ati
onofcal
cium car
bonat
ewi
th20000xmagni
fi
cat
ion

4.
MATERI
ALSUSED
Or
dinar
yconcr
etei
sami
xtur
eofcement
,wat
er,sandandot
heraggr
egat
es
i
nadequat
epr
opor
ti
ons.I
nbact
eri
alconcr
etet
hebact
eri
awi
thnut
ri
entmedi
ais
mi
xedwi
thwat
erusedf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
onofconcr
ete.
4.
1.Sand

Nat
uralr
iversandwel
lgr
adedpassi
ngt
hrough4.
75mm si
evewasusedt
o
f
indt
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofcementcyl
inder
s.

4.
2.Cement

Por
tl
and cementof43 gr
ade avai
labl
einl
ocalmar
keti
s used i
nthe
i
nvest
igat
ion.Thecementusedhasbeent
est
edf
orvar
iouspr
oper
ti
esasperI
S:
4031-
1988andf
oundt
obeconf
ir
mingt
ovar
iousspeci
fi
cat
ionsofI
S:12269-
1987
havi
ngspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyof3.
15.

4.
3.Aggr
egat
e

Cr
ushedgr
ani
teangul
araggr
egat
eofsi
ze20mm nomi
nalsi
zef
rom l
ocal
sour
cehavi
ngspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyof2.
71i
susedascoar
seaggr
egat
e

4.
4.Wat
er

Local
lyavai
labl
epor
tabl
ewat
erconf
ir
mingt
ost
andar
dsspeci
fi
edi
nIS456-
2000i
s
used.

4.
5.Mi
croor
gani
sms

Baci
ll
usspeci
esbact
eri
aar
eused.Gener
all
yBaci
ll
ussubt
il
is,Baci
ll
ussphaer
icus,
Baci
ll
usPast
eur
ii
,Baci
ll
usCohni
iet
c.ar
eused.

4.
5.1.
Bact
eri
alst
rai
nandcul
tur
econdi
ti
ons

Bact
eri
aar
erel
ati
vel
ysi
mpl
e,si
ngl
ecel
ledor
gani
sms.Thebact
eri
aused
wer
eBaci
ll
usspeci
es.I
tisabact
eri
um wi
tht
heabi
li
tyt
o pr
eci
pit
atecal
cium
car
bonat
eint
hepr
esenceofanycar
bonat
esour
ce.Thebact
eri
um i
susedi
nthi
s
pr
ojectf
ort
hesameandf
ort
hei
mpr
ovementi
nthest
rengt
hsoft
heconcr
etet
est
speci
menswer
eobser
ved.Themi
crobesar
eabaci
ll
usspeci
esandar
ecompl
etel
y
nothar
mfult
ohumanbei
ngs.Theypr
eci
pit
atei
nor
gani
ccr
yst
alshencet
heheal
ing
oft
hecr
ackst
akespl
acei
ntheconcr
eteandi
tcanwi
thst
andanyt
emper
atur
e
condi
ti
ons.

Bact
eri
alcul
tur
eswer
eur
easeact
iveor
gani
sms,whi
char
eessent
ialf
or
Cal
cium Car
bonat
epr
eci
pit
ati
on,sowhi
lei
ntr
oduci
ngt
hebact
eri
alcul
tur
eint
othe
anymat
eri
al,
asour
ceofUr
eaandCal
cium i
srequi
red.I
nthepr
esenti
nvest
igat
ion,
t
wocal
cium sour
cesCal
cium Chl
ori
deHydr
ate(
CaCl
2.4H2O)andCal
cium Ni
tr
ate
Pent
aHydr
ate(
CaNO3.
5H2O)f
orpr
eci
pit
ati
onofCal
cium Car
bonat
ewasused.
The medi
a composi
ti
on was Ur
ea 20g/
Ltand Cal
cium sour
ce 49g/
Lt.
Pr
epar
ati
onofBact
eri
alSol
uti
onPr
imar
il
y12.
5gofNut
ri
entbr
oth(
medi
a)i
sadded
t
oa500mlconi
calf
laskcont
aini
ngdi
sti
ll
edwat
er.I
tist
hencover
edwi
that
hick
cot
tonpl
ugandi
smadeai
rti
ghtwi
thpaperandr
ubberband.I
tist
henst
eri
li
zed
usi
ng a cookerf
orabout10-
20 mi
nut
es.Now t
he sol
uti
on i
sfr
ee f
rom any
cont
ami
nant
sandt
hesol
uti
oni
scl
earor
angei
ncol
ourbef
oret
headdi
ti
onoft
he
bact
eri
a.Lat
ert
hef
lasksar
eopenedupandanexact
ly1mloft
hebact
eri
um i
s
addedt
othest
eri
li
zedf
laskandi
skepti
nashakerataspeedof150-
200r
pm
over
night
.Af
ter24hour
sthebact
eri
alsol
uti
onwasf
oundt
obewhi
ti
shyel
low
t
urbi
dsol
uti
onshowsi
nfi
gur
e4.
1.

Fi
gur
e4.
1:Sol
uti
onofmedi
awi
thbact
eri
a
 5.
EXPERI
MENTALPROGRAMME
Themai
nai
m oft
heexper
iment
alpr
ogr
am i
stoobt
ainspeci
fi
cexper
iment
al
dat
a,whi
chhel
pst
ounder
standt
hecr
ackheal
i
ngabi
li
tyofBact
eri
alconcr
eteand
i
ts char
act
eri
sti
cs (
Str
engt
h,wat
erabsor
pti
on and Dur
abi
li
ty)
.And make a
Compar
ati
ve st
udy bet
ween t
he pr
oper
ti
es ofnor
malconcr
ete and bact
eri
al
concr
ete.Theexper
iment
alpr
ogr
am i
scat
egor
izedi
ntof
ourphases.
Phase1:Eval
uat
ionofcompr
essi
veandspl
itt
ensi
lest
rengt
henhancementi
n
Bact
eri
alconcr
etespeci
mens
Phase2:Eval
uat
ionoff
lexur
alst
rengt
henhancementi
nBact
eri
alconcr
ete
speci
mens
Phase3:Eval
uat
ionofDur
abi
li
tyenhancementi
nBact
eri
alconcr
etespeci
mens
Phase 4:Eval
uat
ion ofwat
erabsor
pti
on capaci
ty enhancementi
n Bact
eri
al
concr
ete speci
mens
5.
1.compr
essi
veSt
rengt
handSpl
itTensi
leSt
rengt
h
Compr
essi
vest
rengt
handSpl
itt
ensi
lest
rengt
hofconcr
etewi
thbact
eri
a
and or
dinar
y concr
etei
s per
for
med usi
ng compr
essi
on t
est
ing machi
ne.The
cyl
i
nder
s wer
e pr
epar
ed f
or concr
ete mi
x wi
th and wi
thout addi
ti
on of
mi
croor
gani
sms.Thesi
zeoft
hecyl
inder
swast
akenas150mm di
amet
er300mm
hei
ghtr
espect
ivel
y.Cyl
inder
swer
epr
epar
edi
nast
andar
dmanneraccor
dingt
o
I
ndi
an speci
fi
cat
ions.The cyl
i
nder
s wer
e de-
moul
ded af
ter 24 hour
s and
subsequent
lycur
edi
nawat
erbat
hfor28days.

5.
2.Fl
exur
alSt
rengt
hTest

Thef
lexur
albeam waspr
epar
edf
orconcr
etemi
xwi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
on
ofmi
croor
gani
sms.Thesi
zeoft
hef
lexur
albeam wast
akenas10cm x10cm x
50cm r
espect
ivel
y.Fl
exur
albeam wer
epr
epar
edi
nast
andar
dmanneraccor
dingt
o
I
ndi
an speci
fi
cat
ions.Thef
lexur
albeam wer
ede-
moul
ded af
ter24 hour
sand
subsequent
lycur
edi
nawat
erbat
hfor28days.Fl
exur
alst
rengt
hofconcr
etewi
th
bact
eri
aandor
dinar
yconcr
etei
sper
for
medusi
nguni
ver
salt
est
ingmachi
newi
th
t
hreeormi
ddl
epoi
ntl
oadi
ngar
rangementshowsi
nfi
gur
e5.
1.
 Fi
gur
e5.
1:Thr
ee-
Poi
ntl
oadi
ng Fi
gur
e5.
2:Concr
etecubesubj
ect
ed
t
o
Ar
rangementoff
lexur
alst
rengt
h compr
essi
on

5.
3. Dur
abi
li
tySt
udi
es
An exper
iment
alpr
ogr
am was conduct
ed on or
dinar
y Por
tl
and cement
concr
eteandbact
eri
alconcr
ete.Speci
menswer
eimmer
sedi
n5% sol
uti
onsof
H2SO4.Thespeci
mensar
ear
rangedi
nthepl
ast
ict
ubsi
nsuchawayt
hatt
he
cl
ear
ancear
oundandabovet
hespeci
meni
snotl
esst
han30mm.Thesol
uti
onhas
beenchangedf
orani
nter
valofever
y15daysaf
tert
aki
ngt
hemeasur
ement
s.The
r
esponseoft
hespeci
menst
othesol
uti
onswaseval
uat
edt
hroughchangei
n
appear
ance,wei
ght
,compr
essi
vest
rengt
h,t
hicknessandsol
iddi
agonal
s.Bef
ore
t
est
ing,
eachspeci
menwasr
emovedf
rom t
hebat
hs,
andbr
ushedwi
thasof
tnyl
on
br
ushandr
insedi
ntapwat
er.Thi
spr
ocessr
emovesl
oosesur
facemat
eri
alf
rom
t
he speci
mens.For det
ermi
ning t
he r
esi
stance of concr
ete speci
mens t
o
aggr
essi
veenvi
ronmentsuchasaci
dat
tack,
thedur
abi
li
tyf
act
orsar
epr
oposedby
t
he aut
hor
,as descr
ibed i
n gi
ves t
he st
andar
dtestmet
hod f
orr
esi
stance of
concr
etet
orapi
dfr
eezi
ngandt
hawi
ngandt
hedur
abi
li
tyf
act
ors.Fordet
ermi
ning
t
her
esi
stanceofconcr
etespeci
menst
oaggr
essi
veenvi
ronmentsuchasaci
d
at
tack,t
hedur
abi
li
tyf
act
orsar
epr
oposedbyt
heaut
hor
,wi
tht
hephi
losophyof
ASTM C6661997,
ast
hebasi
s.I
nthepr
esenti
nvest
igat
ion,
theaut
horder
ivedt
he

Aci
d Dur
abi
li
ty Fact
orsdi
rect
lyi
nter
ms ofr
elat
ive st
rengt
hs.The r
elat
ive
st
rengt
hsar
eal
wayswi
thr
espectt
othe28daysval
ue(
i.
e.att
hest
artoft
het
est
).
The
Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
ors(
ADF)canbedesi
gnedasf
oll
ows.
Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
or(
ADF)=SrN/M.
.(8)
Wher
eSr=r
elat
ivest
rengt
hatNdays,
(%)
N=numberofdaysatwhi
cht
hedur
abi
li
tyf
act
ori
sneeded.
M =numberofdaysatwhi
cht
heexposur
eist
obet
ermi
nat
ed.
Aci
dat
tackt
estwast
ermi
nat
edat105days.So,
Mis105i
nthi
scase.Theext
entof
det
eri
orat
ionateachcor
neroft
hest
ruckf
aceandt
heopposi
tef
acei
smeasur
edi
n
t
ermsoft
hesol
iddi
agonal
s(i
nmm)f
oreachoft
wocubesandt
he
Aci
dAt
tack
Fact
or(
AAF)perf
acei
scal
cul
atedasf
oll
ows.
AAF=(
Lossi
nmm onei
ghtcor
ner
sofeachof2cubes)/4.
.(9)
Theper
cent
agewei
ghtl
ossandst
rengt
hlossat30,
45,
60,
75,
90and105daysof
i
mmer
sionhavebeenpr
esent
edi
ntabl
e-6.
4.Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
ors(
ADF)andAci
d
At
tackFact
ors(
AAF)ar
epr
esent
edi
ntabl
e-6.
5

5.
4.Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
tyTest

AsperASTM C642
Standar
dTestMet
hodf
orDensi
ty,Absor
pti
on,and
Voi
dsi
nHar
denedConcr
ete
,thi
stestmeasur
est
hewat
erabsor
pti
onr
ateandt
he
maxi
mum wat
erabsor
pti
on capaci
ty.The t
otalquant
it
yofwat
erabsor
bed i
s
r
elat
ed t
othe t
otalopen por
osi
ty,whi
let
he ki
net
ics oft
he pr
ocess depends
pr
inci
pal
lyont
hedi
str
ibut
ionoft
hepor
esi
zes.Themaxi
mum quant
it
yofwat
er
absor
bedbyamat
eri
alatr
oom t
emper
atur
eandpr
essur
eundercondi
ti
onsof
sat
urat
ioni
sexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageoft
hedr
ymassoft
hesampl
e.Thi
stest
al
someasur
est
hecapi
l
lar
yri
seofwat
er,t
hemostcommonf
orm ofl
iqui
dwat
er
mi
grat
ioni
nconcr
ete.I
tisi
nver
sel
ypr
opor
ti
onalt
othedi
amet
eroft
hepor
es;t
he
smal
lert
hedi
amet
ert
hegr
eat
ert
hecapi
ll
aryabsor
pti
on.
Thequant
it
yofwat
erabsor
bedwi
thr
espectt
othemassoft
hedr
ysampl
eis
expr
essedas:

M-M
Mi=100x i o
Mo
Wher
emi=wei
ght(
kg)oft
hewetsampl
eatt
imet
i;mo =wei
ght(
kg)oft
hedr
y
sampl
e
 M - M
Wat
erabsor
pti
oncapaci
t WAC)=100x max d.(
y( 10)
Md
Wher
eMmax=t
hemass(
kg)oft
hesampl
eatmaxi
mum wat
erabsor
pti
on;Md=t
he
mass(
kg)oft
hesampl
eaf
terr
e-dr
yingatt
heendoft
het
est
.
M -
M
Appar
entpor
osi
ty= W dx100%.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(11)
MW-
MS
Wher
eMw=wei
ghtofsat
urat
edspeci
men(
aft
eri
mmer
sioni
nwat
erf
or48hour
s,i
t
i
sremovedandsur
facedr
ied)
,Md=Wei
ghtofspeci
menaf
terovendr
yingandMs
=wei
ghtofspeci
menwhi
lesuspendedi
nwat
er.
S
Vol
umeofper
meabl
epor
espacei
nconcr
ete( 1- Gb)100%.
VPV)=( ..
.(12)
SGa
Wher
eConcr
etebul
kdr
yspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty(
SGb)=Md /(
Mw-Ms)Concr
eteappar
ent
speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty(
SGa)=Md/(
Md -Ms)Concr
etebul
kdr
yspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyconsi
der
s
bot
h per
meabl
e and i
mper
meabl
e voi
ds wher
eas appar
ent speci
fi
c gr
avi
ty
consi
der
sonl
yimper
meabl
evoi
ds.

6.
RESULTSANDANALYSI
S
6.
1. Compr
essi
veSt
rengt
hofConcr
ete

Thecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
eteat7days,14days,28daysar
egi
ven
i
nTabl
e-6.
1.I
tisobser
vedt
hatwi
tht
headdi
ti
onofbact
eri
athecompr
essi
ve
st
rengt
hofconcr
eteshowedsi
gni
fi
canti
ncr
easeby25.
50%at28days.
Tabl
e6.
1:Resul
tsoft
hecompr
essi
vet
est
swi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
onofbact
eri
afor
concr
ete

No.of Compr
essi
ve Compr
essi
ve %
Days st
rengt
hofnor
mal st
rengt
hof I
ncr
ease
concr
etecyl
inder
s bact
eri
alconcr
ete I
nst
rengt
h
(
N/mm2) cyl
inder
s
(
N/mm2)
7 15.
60 18.
76 20.
26
14 19.
20 25.
04 30.
40
 28 24.
70 30.
99 25.
50

Fi
gur
e6.
1:Resul
tsoft
hecompr
essi
vet
est
swi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
onofbact
eri
a
f
orconcr
ete.

6.
2.Spl
itTensi
leSt
rengt
h

TheSpl
itTensi
leSt
rengt
honst
andar
dcyl
indr
icalspeci
mensat28daysi
s
gi
veni
nTabl
e-6.
2.I
tisobser
vedt
hatwi
tht
headdi
ti
onofbact
eri
ather
eisa
si
gni
fi
canti
ncr
easei
nthet
ensi
lest
rengt
hby12.
60%at28days.

Tabl
e6.
2:Resul
tsoft
hespl
itt
ensi
let
estwi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
onofBact
eri
afor
concr
ete
No.of Spl
itt
ensi
le Spl
itt
ensi
le %I
ncr
ease
Days st
rengt
hof st
rengt
hof I
nst
rengt
h
nor
malconcr
ete bact
eri
alconcr
ete
cyl
inder
s cyl
inder
s
(
N/mm2) (
N/mm2)
7 2.
78 3.
16 13.
80
14 3.
62 4.
14 14.
38
28 3.
85 4.
56 18.
45
Fi
gur
e6.
2.:Resul
tsoft
hespl
itt
ensi
let
estwi
thandwi
thoutaddi
ti
onofbact
eri
afor
concr
ete
6.
3.Fl
exur
alSt
rengt
h

Thef
lexur
alst
rengt
hofconcr
eteat7days,
28daysar
egi
veni
nTabl
e-6.
3.I
t
i
sobser
vedt
hatwi
tht
headdi
ti
onofbact
eri
athef
lexur
alst
rengt
hofconcr
ete
showedsi
gni
fi
canti
ncr
easeby11.
89%at28days.
Tabl
e6.
3:f
lexur
alst
rengt
htestr
esul
tsf
or7and28daysofnor
malandbact
eri
al
concr
ete
Fl
exur
alst
rengt
hof Fl
exur
alst
rengt
hof
No.of nor
malconcr
ete bact
eri
alconcr
ete
SL.
NO Days cyl
inder
s cyl
inder
s
(
N/mm2) (
N/mm2)
1 7 3.
92 4.
6
2 28 7.
06 7.
85
Fi
gur
e6.
3:Compar
isonoff
lexur
alst
rengt
htestr
esul
tsf
or7and28daysofnor
mal
andbact
eri
alconcr
ete
6.
4. Dur
abi
li
tyofConcr
eteSt
ruct
ures
Dur
abi
li
tyst
udi
escar
ri
edouti
nthepr
esenti
nvest
igat
ioni
nor
dinar
ygr
ade
andst
andar
dconcr
ete,t
hroughaci
dat
tackt
estwi
thcubesi
mmer
sedi
n5%H2SO4
i
ndi
cat
est
hatbact
eri
alconcr
etei
smor
edur
abl
eint
ermsofAci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
ors
t
hanconvent
ionalconcr
eteandal
sobact
eri
alconcr
etei
slessat
tackedi
nter
msof
Aci
dAt
tackFact
orst
hannor
malconcr
ete.Andt
heper
cent
agewei
ghtl
ossand
per
cent
agest
rengt
hlosswi
th5% H2SO4 r
eveal
edt
hatBact
eri
alconcr
etehasl
ess
wei
ghtandst
rengt
hlossest
hant
henor
malconcr
ete.
Tabl
e6.
4:Dur
abi
li
tyst
udi
eswi
th5%H2SO4
Wei
ghtand Per
iodofI
mmer
sioni
n5%H2SO4
compr
essi
ve 30 45 60 75 90 105days
st
rengt
hofcube days days days days days
Nor
malconcr
ete
I
nit
ialWei
ght 2.
527 2.
527 2.
527 2.
527 2.
527 2.
527
Wei
ghtatr
efi
nedage 2.
502 2.
481 2.
447 2.
396 2.
359 2.
328
%Wei
ghtl
oss 0.
99 1.
82 3.
17 5.
18 6.
65 7.
87
Ref
erencecompr
essi
ve 28.
18 28.
18 28.
18 28.
18 28.
18 28.
18
st
rengt
h
Compr
essi
vest
rengt
h 27.
39 26.
89 25.
99 25.
13 24.
67 24.
05
atr
efi
nedage
%l
ossi
ncompr
essi
ve 2.
80 4.
58 7.
77 10.
82 12.
46 14.
66
st
rengt
h
Bact
eri
alConcr
ete
I
nit
ialWei
ght 2.
520 2.
520 2.
520 2.
520 2.
520 2.
520
Wei
ghtatr
efi
nedage 2.
504 2.
488 2.
459 2.
416 2.
379 2.
352
%Wei
ghtl
oss 0.
79 1.
59 2.
70 4.
13 5.
60 6.
67
Ref
erencecompr
essi
ve 32.
74 32.
74 32.
74 32.
74 32.
74 32.
74
st
rengt
h
Compr
essi
vest
rengt
h 32.
52 31.
94 31.
39 30.
87 30.
25 29.
91
atr
efi
nedage
%l
ossi
ncompr
essi
ve 0.
67 2.
44 4.
12 5.
71 7.
61 8.
64
st
rengt
h

Tabl
e6.
5:Aci
dDur
abi
li
tyFact
or(
ADF)andAci
dAt
tackFact
or(
AAF)
.
Per
iodof Rel
ati
ve N M ADF Tot
al AAF
i
mmer
sion St
rengt
h l
ossi
n
Sr mm on
8
cor
ner
s
Nor
malconcr
ete
30 97.
20 30 105 27.
77 7 0.
22

45 95.
42 45 105 40.
89 15 0.
47
60 92.
23 60 105 52.
70 23 0.
72
75 89.
18 75 105 63.
70 29 0.
91
90 87.
54 90 105 75.
03 37 1.
16
105 85.
34 105 105 85.
34 45 1.
41
Bact
eri
alConcr
ete
30 99.
33 30 105 28.
38 5 0.
16
45 97.
56 45 105 41.
81 11 0.
34
 60 95.
88 60 105 54.
79 19 0.
59
75 94.
29 75 105 67.
35 24 0.
75
90 92.
39 90 105 79.
19 30 0.
94
105 91.
36 105 105 91.
36 38 1.
19

Fi
gur
e6.
4:Var
iat
ionofper
cent
agel
ossi
nCompr
essi
veSt
rengt
hwi
thage.

Fi
gur
e6.
5:Var
iat
ionofper
cent
agewei
ghtl
osswi
thage
 Fi
gur
e6.
6:Var
iat
ionofAci
dAt
tackFact
orwi
thage.

6.
5. Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
ty
I
twasobser
vedt
hatt
hewat
erabsor
pti
onchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heconcr
ete
speci
mensdecr
easedwi
thi
nduct
ionofbact
eri
ainconcr
ete.Ascanbeexpect
ed,
t
he wat
erabsor
pti
on ofbot
hthe cont
rol
led and bact
eri
alconcr
etes has a
decr
easi
ngt
endencywi
tht
hei
ncr
easei
nthecur
ingper
iod.Thedi
ff
erencesi
nthe
wat
erabsor
pti
onchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hedi
ff
erentgr
adesofcont
rol
ledandbact
eri
a
t
reat
edconcr
etespeci
mensbecamemor
esi
gni
fi
cantandwer
eremar
kabl
ylower
f
orbact
eri
atr
eat
ed speci
mens.Wat
erAbsor
pti
on Capaci
ty(
WAC)
,vol
ume of
per
meabl
epor
es(
VPV)andappar
entpor
osi
tyofbact
eri
alconcr
etespeci
mensar
e
r
educedbynear
ly50%.Por
osi
tyofconcr
etespeci
mensi
sreducedbynear
ly70%
wi
thi
nduct
ionofbact
eri
aint
oconcr
ete.
Tabl
e6.
6:Wat
erAbsor
pti
onatdi
ff
erentt
imei
nter
val
sofcont
rol
ledandbact
eri
al
concr
etef
ordi
ff
erentM20gr
ade
Cont
rol
ledConcr
ete Bact
eri
alConcr
ete
Measur
emen M20 M20
tI
nter
val
s mo=2.
49kg mo=2.
51kg
t
ime(
min) mi
(kg) Mi
(%) mi
(kg) Mi
(%)
0 2.
49 0.
00 2.
51 0.
00
 15 2.
51 0.
80 2.
52 0.
40
30 2.
59 4.
02 2.
54 1.
20
60 2.
60 4.
42 2.
56 1.
99
90 2.
61 4.
82 2.
58 2.
79
180 2.
62 5.
22 2.
58 2.
79
480 2.
62 5.
22 2.
58 2.
79
1440 2.
63 5.
62 2.
58 2.
79
2880 2.
63 5.
62 2.
58 2.
79

Tabl
e6.
7:Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
ty(
WAC)
,Vol
umeofPer
meabl
eVoi
ds
andAppar
entpor
osi
tyofcont
rol
ledandbact
eri
alconcr
etespeci
mensf
or
M20gr
ade

Cont
rol
led Bact
eri
alConcr
ete
Concr
ete
M20 M20

Mmax(
kg) 2.
63 2.
58
Md(
kg) 2.
49 2.
51
Ms(
kg) 1.
49 1.
46
Wat
erAbsor
pti
onCapaci
ty(
WAC)
(
%) 5.
6 2.
8
Vol
umeofPer
meabl
eVoi
ds 14 7
Appar
entpor
osi
ty(
%) 11.
4 5.
7

Tabl
e6.
8:Dur
abi
li
tyCl
assi
fi
cat
ionasperASTM C642
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion Vol
ume of Per
meabl
e Wat
er
Voi
ds(
VPV) Absor
pti
o
 (
%byvol
ume) nCapaci
ty
(
% by
wei
ght
)
Excel
lent <14 <5
Good 14-
16 5-
6
Nor
mal 16-
17 6-
7
Mar
ginal 17-
19 7-
8
Bad >19 >8

Fi
gur
e6.
7:Pl
otshowi
ngamountofwat
erabsor
pti
onwi
tht
imef
orM20gr
adeof
cont
rol
ledandbact
eri
alspeci
mens
Fi
gur
e6.
8:Wat
erabsor
pti
onCapaci
tyandvol
umeofper
meabl
epor
espaceof
cont
rol
ledandbact
eri
alconcr
ete

7.
ADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGESOFBACTERI
ALCONCRETE:

7.
1.ADVANTAGES

1.Micr
obi
alconcr
etei
nCr
ackRemediat
ion
Methodscurr
entl
yusedf
orcrackr
emediati
onof
tenusesynt
het
icpol
ymer
sthat
needt
obeappl
iedr
epeat
edl
y,whi
chr
equi
rescont
inuousmoni
tor
ingandr
ecur
ri
ng
expenses.Becauseoft
hesedi
sadvant
agesofconvent
ionalsur
facet
reat
ment
s,
at
tent
ionhasbeendr
awnt
oal
ter
nat
ivet
echni
quesf
ort
hei
mpr
ovementoft
he
dur
abi
li
tyofconcr
eteandal
soenvi
ronment
all
yfr
iendl
y
2.I
mpr
ovementi
nCompr
essi
veSt
rengt
hofconcr
ete
Compr
essi
vest
rengt
htestr
esul
tsar
eused t
o det
ermi
net
hatt
he
concr
etemi
xtur
easdel
iver
edmeet
sther
equi
rement
soft
hej
obspeci
fi
cat
ion.So,
t
heef
fectofmi
crobi
alconcr
eteoncompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
eteandmor
tar
wasst
udi
edandi
twasobser
vedt
hatsi
gni
fi
cantenhancementi
nthest
rengt
hof
concr
eteandmor
tarcanbeseenuponappl
icat
ionofbact
eri
a.
3.Bet
terResi
stantt
owar
dsFr
eeze-
ThawAt
tackReduct
ion
Appl
icat
ionofmi
crobi
alcal
cit
emayhel
pinr
esi
stancet
owar
dsFr
eeze
-
thaw Reduct
ionduet
obact
eri
alchemi
calpr
ocessandal
soi
tcanr
educet
he
per
meabi
li
tyt
henf
reezi
ngpr
ocessdecr
eased.
4.Reduct
ioni
nper
meabi
li
tyofconcr
ete
Ef
fectofmi
crobi
alconcr
eteonper
meat
ionpr
oper
ti
eswasst
udi
edby
di
ff
erentr
esear
cher
s.Per
meabi
li
tycanbei
nvest
igat
edbycar
bonat
iont
est
sasi
tis
i
ncr
easi
ngl
yappar
entt
hatdecr
easei
ngasper
meabi
li
tyduet
osur
facet
reat
ment
s
r
esul
tsi
n an i
ncr
eased r
esi
stance t
owar
ds car
bonat
ion and chl
ori
de i
ngr
ess.
Car
bonat
ioni
srel
atedt
othenat
ureandconnect
ivi
tyoft
hepor
es,
wit
hlar
gerpor
es
gi
vingr
iset
ohi
ghercar
bonat
iondept
hs.
5.Reduct
ioni
ncor
rosi
onofRei
nfor
cedconcr
ete
Appl
icat
ionofmi
crobi
alcal
cit
emayhel
pinseal
ingt
hepat
hsof
i
ngr
essandi
mpr
ovet
hel
if
eofr
einf
orcedconcr
etest
ruct
ures.

7.
2.DI
S-ADVANTAGES
1.
CostofBact
eri
alConcr
etei
sDoubl
ethanConvent
ionalConcr
ete
Costofbact
eri
alconcr
etei
sdoubl
ethanconvent
ionalconcr
etesai
d
byDr
.HenkJonker
sin2011buti
tcanber
educet
hiscostbygr
owt
hoft
his
t
echni
ques
2.Gr
owt
hofBact
eri
aisnotgoodi
nanyat
mospher
eandmedi
a
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofnut
ri
ent
sandmet
abol
icpr
oduct
susedf
orgr
owi
ng
cal
cif
yingmi
croor
gani
sms,ast
heyi
nfl
uencesur
vival
,gr
owt
h,bi
ofi
lm andcr
yst
al
f
ormat
ion.
Mor
ewor
kshoul
dbedoneont
her
etent
ionofnut
ri
ent
sandmet
abol
ic
pr
oduct
sint
hebui
ldi
ngmat
eri
al.
3.Desi
gnmi
xofConcr
etewi
thBact
eri
a,t
her
eisnoavai
labl
eIS-
codeorot
hercode.
I
tisanew r
esear
chmat
eri
alandnotf
amoust
ousei
nconst
ruct
ion
ar
eahence no codei
spr
ovi
dedt
ousei
t.so,i
tishar
dtocal
cul
atet
hedosesof
bact
eri
ausei
nconcr
etet
ogetopt
imum per
for
mance
4.I
nvest
igat
ionofcal
cit
epr
eci
pit
ati
oni
scost
ly
Di
ff
erentt
ypes bact
eri
a have di
ff
erentpr
oper
ti
es t
o pr
oduce an
amountofcal
cit
e pr
eci
pit
ati
on,t
oident
if
ythi
s amounti
tshoul
d be r
equi
re
i
nvest
igat
ionofbact
eri
aandf
ort
hat
Scanni
ngby El
ect
ronMi
croscopy
andt
his
met
hodi
scost
lyandr
equi
regoodski
llt
ocar
ryoutt
hist
est
 8.
CONCLUSI
ONS
Mi
crobi
alconcr
etet
echnol
ogy has pr
oved t
o be bet
ter t
han many
convent
ionalt
echnol
ogi
esbecauseofi
tseco-
fr
iendl
ynat
ure,sel
f-
heal
ing
abi
li
ti
esandver
yconveni
entf
orusage.
Thebact
eri
alconcr
etepr
ovedt
obeef
fi
cienti
nenhanci
ngt
hepr
oper
ti
esof
t
heconcr
etebyachi
evi
ngaver
yhi
ghi
nit
ialst
rengt
hincr
easeandt
huswe
can concl
ude t
hatt
he pr
oduced cal
cium car
bonat
e has f
il
led some
per
cent
ageofvoi
dvol
umet
her
ebymaki
ngt
het
ext
uremor
ecompactand
r
esi
sti
vet
oseepage.
Theaddi
ti
onofbact
eri
aincr
easest
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hofconcr
ete.I
n
or
dinar
ygr
adeconcr
etet
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hisi
ncr
easedupt
o25.
50%
at28daysbyaddi
ti
onofbact
eri
awhencompar
edt
oconvent
ionalconcr
ete.
Andal
sobact
eri
alconcr
eteshowedsi
gni
fi
canti
mpr
ovementi
nthespl
it
t
ensi
lest
rengt
handf
lexur
alst
rengt
hal
sot
hant
heconvent
ionalconcr
ete.
Fr
om t
hedur
abi
li
tyst
udi
es,t
heper
cent
agewei
ghtl
ossand per
cent
age
st
rengt
hlosswi
th 5% H2SO4 r
eveal
ed t
hatBact
eri
alconcr
etehasl
ess
wei
ghtand st
rengt
hlosses t
han t
he convent
ionalconcr
ete.Dur
abi
li
ty
 st
udi
escar
ri
edouti
nthei
nvest
igat
iont
hroughaci
dat
tackt
estwi
th5%
H2SO4r
eveal
edt
hatbact
eri
alconcr
etei
smor
edur
abl
eint
ermsof
Aci
d
Dur
abi
li
tyFact
ort
hanconvent
ionalconcr
eteandi
slessat
tackedi
nter
msof

Aci
dAt
tackFact
ort
hanconvent
ionalconcr
ete.
I
twasobser
vedt
hatt
hewat
erabsor
pti
onchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heconcr
ete
speci
mensdecr
eased wi
thi
nduct
ion ofbact
eri
ain concr
ete.Ascan be
expect
ed,
thewat
erabsor
pti
onofbot
hthecont
rol
ledandbact
eri
alconcr
etes
hasadecr
easi
ngt
endencywi
tht
hei
ncr
easei
nthecur
ingper
iod.
When bact
eri
alconcr
etei
sful
lydevel
oped,i
tmaybecome yetanot
her
al
ter
nat
ive met
hod t
o r
epl
ace OPC and i
ts hazar
dous ef
fect on
envi
ronment
alpol
lut
ion.Hencecanbeusedf
orconst
ruct
ionasi
tisr
esi
stant
t
ocor
rosi
onaswel
l,cr
ackheal
ingandi
ncr
easemechani
calpr
opr
iet
iesl
ike
compr
essi
vest
rengt
h,spl
itt
ensi
lest
rengt
het
c.

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