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10 - Bonnett, Verginia: Combinations of Figure Children Journal Of Personality assessment, 1975,

Drawing Characteristics Related to The Drawers Vol.39,No. l,pp.28 -33.

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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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