AISC High Strength Bolts Webinar Handout - 4per PDF

High Strength Bolts - Geoff Kulak
American Institute of Steel Construction April 14, 2011
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Theres always a solution in steel. Theres always a solution in steel.
AISC Live Webinars High-Strength Bolts: The Basics

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Presented by
portion of your screen. Geoff Kulak, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus at the University of Alberta
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Theres always a solution in steel. Theres always a solution in steel.
There's always a solution in steel. 1

High-Strength Bolts: The Basics Role of the Structural

Fundamentals and Behavior Engineer
Specification Requirements (AISC 2010)
Selection of suitable bolt
types and grades
Design of the fasteners
Responsibility for installation
Responsibility for inspection
5 6
ASTM A307 Bolts ASTM A325 Bolts

often a good choice when loads are Type 1 or Type 3 (weathering steel)
static
ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec.
strength level inferior to high-
strength bolts (60 ksi tensile ult.) Minimum tensile strength: 120 ksi
pretension indeterminate Pretension can be induced if desired
7 8

Comparison of Bolts: Direct Tension

ASTM A490 Bolts
7/8 in. dia. A490 bolt
80
Types 1 or Type 3 (weathering steel)

60 7/8 in. dia. A325 bolt
Minimum tensile strength: 150 ksi, bolt
tension
kips
(maximum 170 ksi) 40
7/8 in. dia. A307 bolt
ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec. 20
Pretension can be induced if desired

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
elongation (inches)
9 10
Comments comments contd

Nuts: ASTM A563
Note: we quote the ultimate tensile
strength of the bolt Washers: if needed, ASTM F436
benchmark for strength statements (e.g.
shear strength is some fraction of
Bolt nut washer sets implied so far,
ultimate tensile strength) but other configurations available
What about yield strength? Bolt notation: Group A (A325, F1852)

and Group B (A490, F2280)
What is proof load
11 12

Loading of Bolts Shear Loading

Shear
load transfer by shear in bolt and
bearing in connected material OR
load transfer by friction (followed by
shear and bearing)
Tension
Combined Tension and Shear
Truss Joint
13 14
Bolts Loaded in Tension Bolts in Tension prying

Prying force Bolt force
bolts in tension
Applied force
these
bolts in
shear High-
High-strength bolts in tension can
be a source of problems
15 16

Bolts in combined tension and shear Consider a simple joint

bolts in
combined
bolts in shear shear and
P
tension
P
17 18
Finally...
P d
P
P{
and associated =
shear stress A
P/2 t
Free body P
of bolt P/2
P { a bearing force
this force is equal and
opposite to the bearing force
P shown previously
19 20

In the example, we identified AISC Standard 2010

Parallel LRFD and ASD rules
force in the bolt (a shear force)
LRFD uses a resistance factor,
force that the bolt imposed on the plate (a ASD uses a safety factor,
bearing force)
Loads as appropriate:
force in the plate itself (a tensile force)
factored loads for LRFD
force transfer could also be by friction:
friction: non-factored loads for ASD
not included in this illustration
21 22
Installation
AISC Specification contd
Snug-
Snug-tight only
LRFD: reqd strength LRFD R n
Pretensioned
ASD: reqd strength ASD R n / Calibrated wrench
Turn-
Turn-of-
of-nut
Other means:
Tension control bolts
Load-
Load-indicator washers
23 24

Behavior of a large joint (shear splice)

Bolts in Shear: Issues
Shear strength of bolt (single shear
average or double shear, threads in shear
bolt plane?)
shear
MPa
Bearing capacity of bolt (never
governs)
Bearing capacity of plate
Tensile (comp.) capacity of plate
deformation over , mm
25 26
Slip in bolted joints Bolts in shear-type connections:

Can be as much as two hole
clearances Specifications include information for:
Some bolts will already be in bearing bearing type connections

at start of loading
slip-
slip-critical connections
Both laboratory tests and field
measurements indicate that slip is
more like 1/2 hole clearance
27 28

Bearing-type connections: Bolts in bearing-type connections

Issues
bolt shear strength
Region of bearing-
bearing-
bearing capacity of connected material
load
type behavior
member strength
Shear strength of bolts is not dependent

on presence or absence of pretension.
pretension
(How come?) deformation
29 30
Bolt Shear Strength Individual bolt in shear
Bolt shear strength 62% of bolt ultimate

tensile strength (theory
(theory + tests)
tests)
Design rule takes 90% of this value
Threads in shear plane?
Long joint effect: another discount
applied.
31 32

Physical test
Uneven loading
of bolts
(End four bolts of 13)
33 34
Back to bolt in shear

Bolt Pretension v. Shear
The bolt pretension is attained as a result of small Shear strength
axial elongations introduced as nut is turned on
of single bolt
These small elongations are relieved as shear (tests)
deformations and shear yielding take place
Confirmed by both bolt tension measurements

and shear strength tests
= 0.62 u bolt
So, bolt shear strength NOT dependent on
pretension in the bolt.
Shear deformation
35 36

Bolts in Shear AISC nominal shear strength

R n = Fnv A b Fnv = 90% (0.625 Fu ) = 0.563 Fu
e.g. A325 bolt, no threads in shear plane ,

R n = design shear strength
Group A : see tabulated value in Table J3.2
(0.563 ksi Fu = 0.563 x 120 ksi = 68 ksi)
Fnv = nominal shear strength, ksi
37 38
Comments
and The discount for length (use of 90%) is
conservative
For threads included, the tabulated If joint length > 38 in., a further reduction,
values are 80% of the above. to 83%
The value used for this case (0.75) is

conservative
39 40

Lets return now to slip-critical

connections Slip-Critical Connection
Clamping force from bolts (bolt pretension)
Load at which slip takes place

will be a function of ?
42
Slip-critical joints specified when

Bolts in slip-critical connections Load is repetitive and changes
from tension to compression
(fatigue by fretting could
occur.)
Change in geometry of
load
structure would affect its

performance.
region of slip-
slip-critical Certain other cases.
joint behavior
Comment:
Comment: for buildings, slip-
slip-
deformation critical joints should be the
exception, not the rule (but,
see also seismic rules)
43 44

First principles, slip resistance is Design slip resistance, AISC
R n = D u h f Tb n s
P = ks n Ti
no. slip planes
ks = slip coefficient () clamping force
slip coefficient
n = number of slip planes (usually 1 or 2)
Ti = clamping force (i.e., bolt pretension) terms hf and Du need to be defined
and a value inserted for
45 46
and the modifiers

A note for advanced readers!!
h f = modifier re fills : either 1.0 or 0.85
= 1.0 for std. holes and for short slots Du is a statistical parameter that
= 0.85 for oversize and short slots parallel results in a probability of slip of 5% at
the service load level when the joint is
= 0.70 for long slotted holes designed using factored loads.
D u = 1.13, ratio of installed bolt
The resistance factor reflects the
tension to specified minimum bolt tension consequence of exceeding the slip
limit state. As the consequence of
= 0.30 clean mill scale, hot dipped galvanized
slip gets more severe, the resistance
and roughened, etc. (Class A surfaces) factor is decreased.
= 0.50 unpa int ed and blast cleaned, etc.
(Class B surfaces)
47 48

Bolts in Tension Bolts in Tension some comments

Capacity of a bolt in tension: product of Preference: avoid joints that put bolts
the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
into tension, especially if fatigue is an
and the tensile stress area of the bolt
(i.e. Fu Ast ) issue
Specifications directly reflect this Use A325 bolts rather than A490 bolts
calculated capacity (
(to come)
Minimize the prying action
Force in bolt must reflect any prying
action effect
49 50
Bolt tension + external tension

Question
1. Pretension the bolt tension in
pretensioned bolt in a connection the bolt, compression in the plates
2. Add external tension force on
apply external tension force to the
connection
connection
Bolt tension increases
do the bolt pretension and the Compression between plates decreases
external tension add?
Examine equilibrium and compatibility
compatibility
51 52

And the result is AISC rule, bolts in tension

The bolt force does increase, but not bolt area for nominal
diameter
by very much ( 7%) R n = Fnt A b
This increase is accommodated
nominal tensile strength
within the design rule.
R n = design tensile strength
53 54
What is nominal tensile strength, Fnt ? So, the AISC rule for bolts in tension
R n = Fn t A b
Pult = Fu A st = Fu (0.75A b )
where Fnt = 0.75 Fu as tabulated
or, Pult = 0.75 Fu A b Adjusted area in the Specification
As we now know, the 0.75 really
{
Call this Fnt has nothing to do with Fu

55 56

Returning to shear splice joints, Bearing capacity (of

we still have to deal with the connected material)
bearing capacity of the connected
material.
d
Shear-
Shear-out of a
block of material
or yielding
P/2 t
P
P/2
57 58
Bearing stresses at bolt holes Shear-out rule

s Le
Shear - out is 2 ( ult Lc t )

Needed: or, R n = 2 ( 0.75 u Lc t )
Lc 1. shear-
shear-out rule
t1 2. yield rule
t2
(deformation)
and AISC rule is: R n = 1.5 Fu Lc t
d
59 60

Plate bearing Plate bearing

from tests:
b Le
= Making the substitution and using
pl
u d
Fu pl
u
L
..after some arithmetic R n = b d t = upl e d t
d R n = 3 d t Fu
valid for L e 3 d
61 62
Finally, the AISC rule for Further note re bearing

plate bearing capacity is
When deformation a consideration,
use
R n = 1.5 Fu Lc t 3.0 d t Fu
R n = 1.2 Fu L c t 2.4 d t Fu
(with a -value still to be inserted)
Why this difference, and when do we
use the latter? (value of still to be
applied)
63 64

Failure (ult. load) is

by tensile fracture at
Block shear location shown,
regardless of
rupture geometric
proportions.
Shear yield along vertical
planes.
Failure is controlled by
ductility not strength.
65 66
Basics An example of
shear + tension
Tr + Vr = A nt Fu + 0 .60 A gv Fy failure in a
where A nt = net area in tension coped beam
and A gv = gross area in shear
tension fracture shear yield
and some other requirements, including

specific case of coped beams, limit on shear
67 68

Back to installation Bearing-Type Connections

Installation of Bolts
Bolts can be installed to snug-

snug-tight
condition ordinary effort of worker using
a spud wrench. (Pretension unknown, but
usually small)
69 70
1. Calibrated Wrench
Installation Installation
Reliable relationship between torque
and resultant bolt tension?
NO ! (and forbidden by RCSC)
Establish relationship by calibration

of the installing wrench.
bring parts together, continue turning nut,
bolt elongates, tension develops in bolt, and
clamped parts compress
71 72

Hydraulic calibrator Calibrated wrench, contd

Adjust wrench to stall or cut out at
desired level of bolt pretension
Target value of pretension (RCSC) is
1.05 times specified min. value
Calibrate using at least three bolts
Calibration is unique to bolt lot,
length, diameter, grade of bolt
Washers must be used
73 74
2. Turn-of-Nut Installation Does this

definition of
Run nut down, bring parts into close
contact snug-tight
Work from stiffer regions to edges seem a little
vague?
Establish snug-
snug-tight
tight condition (first
impact of impact wrench or full effort of
worker using a spud wrench)
Apply additional one-
one-half turn (or other
value, depending on bolt length)
How influential is snug-tight?
75 76

60 Bolt Tension by Turning the Nut 60 Bolt Tension by Turning the Nut
bolt specified minimum bolt specified minimum

tension 40 tension tension 40 tension
(kips) (kips)
20 20
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.04

bolt elongation (in.)
range of bolt bolt elongation (in.)
elongations
at snug
bolt elongation at one-half turn bolt elongation at one-half turn
77 78
Inspection of Installation Inspection of Installation

Principles:
Is bolt tension required? if not, why
Determination of the bolt pretension inspect for it !
after installation is not practical
Know what calibration process is required
Understand the requirements e.g., are and monitor it on the job site
pretensioned bolts required?
Observe the work in progress on a regular
Monitor the installation on the site basis
Proper storage of bolts is required
79 80

Inspection of installation: Snug tight only reqd.

Consider the following AISC cases
Bearing-type connections
1. Bolts need be snug-
snug-tight only
Bolts in tension (A325 only)
2. Bolts are pretensioned (but not a slip-
slip-
only when no fatigue or vibration (bolt
critical joint) could loosen)
3. Slip-
Slip-critical joint
81 82
Inspection: if pretensioned bolts required

required
Inspection snug tight
All of requirements for snug-
snug-tight case
Bolts, nuts, and washers (if any) must meet Observe the pre-
pre-installation verification process
the requirements of the specifications
turn of nut, or;
Hole types (e.g., slotted, oversize) must
meet specified requirements calibrated wrench, or;
Contact surfaces are reasonably clean other (direct tension washers, tension-
tension-control
bolts)
Parts are in close contact after bolts
snugged Calibration process done minimum once per day
All material within bolt grip must be steel Calibration process done any time conditions
change
83 84

An inspected joint (turn-of-nut)

Inspection: for slip-critical joints
All of the above, plus

Condition of faying surfaces, holes, etc.
In addition to observing the calibration
process, the inspection must ensure that
the same process is applied to the field
joints
85 86
and some other comments

Pretension values greater than
those specified are not cause
for rejection.
Rotation tests are useful for
short-grip bolts or coated
fasteners (requirement is in
ASTM A325 spec. and is for
galvanized bolts)
87 88

Actual pretensions, contd Actual pretensions, contd

For A325 bolts, turn-of-nut: A325, turn-of-nut: 35% increase
Average tensile strength exceeds spec. A490, turn-of-nut: 26% increase
min. tensile by about 1.18 A325 and A490, calibrated wrench: 13%
Average pretension force is 80% of increase
actual tensile etc. for other cases
Result is that actual bolt tension is
about 35% greater than specified bolt Note: these increased pretensions are
tension embodied in the specification rules
89 90
Some other options for bolts Tension Control Bolts

region of
constant torque
ASTM F1852,
F2280 groove at which shear
will take place
91 92

Tension control bolts. Tension-Control Bolts

NOTE: evidence that tips have Advantages
sheared off is not in itself evidence
Installation is from one side
that desired pretension is present
Electric wrench is used
Consider limits: Installation is quiet
Friction conditions are very high
high Disadvantages
Friction conditions are very low
low More expensive
Hence, calibration is essential! Pre-installation calibration required
93 94
Direct tension indicators Direct Tension Indicators

Protrusions formed in
special washer
Protrusions compress
as force in bolt is
developed
Use feeler gage to
measure gap (or refusal) ASTM 959
User must verify the process
(like calibrated wrench)
95 96

Reliability of these... Some additional topics

Calibration required
Details, other topics
Reliability same as calibrated wrench
washers (but not today!)
Tension-
Tension-control bolt is torque-
torque-dependent slotted or oversize holes (but not today!)
Load-
Load-indicating washer is elongation-
elongation- seismic design
dependent
97 98
Seismic design of connections Pre-qualified bolted connections

Analyze structure in order to
compute the forces
Use FEMA 350 and/or AISC Seismic
Design Spec.
With forces now known, design
connectors
Advisable to use pre-qualified
configurations
Note: some details not shown,
e.g., continuity plates
99 100

bolted joints, seismic design

All bolts pretensioned
Faying surfaces as per slip-critical
Use bearing values for bolts
All-
All-bolted connection moderate quakes: no slip
major quakes: slip will occur and bolts go into bearing
Normal holes or short slotted only (perpendicular)

No bolts + welds in same faying surface
101 102
Seismic design, contd It all started with rivets.

Non-ductile limit state in either member or
connection must not govern.
Calculate bolt shear strength as per
bearing type but use 2.4 d t Fu bearing rule
Must use expected yield and ultimate
strengths, not the specified values
e.g. A36 plate : use 1.3 y spec.
103 104

Design Determine ultimate load for this gusset

example: plate (which is one that was tested)
gusset plate 14.76
connection 2 30
3@2.76=8.27
Fy = 39.9 ksi
15.75
Fu = 69.0 ksi
7/8 A325 bolts 2.68
7.22
(holes 15/16 in.) t = 0.26 in.
Pu test =164 kips

(compression) 19.69
105 106
Set out the issues Continuing
Brace force in tension Brace force in compression

slip load of bolts (no slip at service load) slip capacity of bolts (already checked for load
in tension)
shear load of bolts shear capacity of bolts (already checked for
load in tension)
bearing capacity of plate
bearing capacity of plate (already checked)
block shear
block shear (doesn
(doesnt apply)
capacity of gusset plate in compression (New)
107 108

Slip load (calculate at factored load level)

Slip load calculation contd.
R n = D u h f Tb n s (per bolt )
R n = D u h f Tb N s (per bolt )
= 0.30 (clean mill scale) h f = 1.0 (no fills))
A b = d 2 / 4 = 0.60 in.2 (7/8 in.dia.) = 0.30 1.13 1.0 37.88 kip 2 slip planes (std.holes) :
= 25.68 kips / bolt
Fu = 120 ksi (A325 bolts)
n s = 2 slip planes
or, for 8 bolts, ( = 1.0); R n = 205 kips
Tb = spec. min. bolt pretension = (0.75 A b )(Fu )70%
= 0.75 0.60 in.2 120 ksi 70% = 37.88 kips
109 110
Shear resistance of bolts

Bearing resistance (use = 1.0)
R n = Fv A b
R n = 1.5 Fu L c t 3.0 d t Fu
Use =1.0 so that we can compare this
load with the test load, assume threads in
shear plane, no joint length effect
3 d t Fu =
Fv = 90% [0.62 120 ksi] = 68 ksi 3 7 / 8 in. 0.26 in. 69.0 ksi = 47.1 k/bolt
R n = 1.0 68 ksi 0.60 in.2 = 41.0 kips (per bolt ) 1.5 Lc t Fu =

or, for 8 bolts, 2 shear planes, threads in shear plane
1.5 1.53 in. 0.26 in. 69.0 ksi = 41.2 k
= (41.0 8 2)kips 0.80 = 525 kips
111 112

Block shear
Bearing resistance
2.00
3@2.76=8.27
the governing value is 41.2 kips/bolt
and, for 8 bolts
Bearing resistance is 330 kips A nt = (0.26)( 2.68 15 / 16) = 0.45 in.2

2.68
A gv = (8.27 + 2.00)2 0.26 = 5.34 in.2
Tr + Vr = A nt Fu + 0.60 A gv Fy
113 114
Block shear, contd Brace force in compression:
Tr = 0.45 in.2 69.0 ksi = 31.0 kips
Vr = 0.60 5.34 in.2 39.9 ksi = 127.8 kips
and the total block shear resistance issue is sway

(unfactored) is (31 +128) =159 kips buckling in
this region
115 116

Whitmore
Checking the buckling method. 30
Use beam formulae to

Whitmore method (checks yield) check perceived
critical sections
Thornton method (checks buckling) Use 30o , as shown to
Modified Thornton method (checks check yielding at
location shown.
buckling)
Does not predict
ultimate capacity very
well, usually
conservative but
sometimes non-
non-
conservative
117 118
Thornton method Thornton method, modified

Use longest (or
average) of L1, L2, L3 L1 45o
to compute a As per Thornton
buckling load on a 30
unit width column,
method but
L1
then apply this to the spread load out
total width. at 45o L2
Use k = 0.65 in the L2
column formulae
L3
L3
119 120

Yam & Cheng gusset plate tests Calculations for buckling capacity:
(U of A, 13 tests)
L1 Using scale dwg.
L2 = 9.65 in.
Pu Pu Pu
PW PT PT ' Width of the 45o
L2
base is 19.2 in.
mean 1.33 1.67 1.06

L3
std. dev. 0.26 0.12 0.08
c Pn = c A g Fcr (use c = 1.0)
Fy / Fe
well use this method Fcr = (0.658 ) Fy use k = 0.65
121 122
Consider a 1 in. wide And applying this to the total width

strip that is 9.65 in. long
Pu = (6.91 k/in.) (19.2 in.) = 132 kips
width = 1
length =9.65
t = 0.26 and the test ultimate load on this particular
specimen was 164 kips
1
I 1 0.263 so, Pu / PT = 1.23
r= = 12 = 0.0751 in.
A 0.26 1
(The corresponding ratios for Whitmore
and Thornton for this specimen were 1.31
and then completing the calculations,
and 1.80)
Pn = 6.91 kips (on a 1 in. wide strip)
123 124

Summary of our calculations Some references
Load and Resistance Factor Design

Brace slip bolt plate block buckling test Specification for Structural Joints
Force load shear bearing shear load Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts,
Research Council on Structural
Tension 205 525 330 159 Connections, 2004 (RCSC)
(free download available at
boltcouncil.org)
boltcouncil.org)
Compress. 132 164
125 126
References, contd.
G.L. Kulak, J.W. Fisher, and J.A.H. Struik,

Struik, Guide to Design
Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints,
Joints, Second Edition, John
Wiley, New York, 1987 (free download at RCSC website)
Bickford, John H., "An Introduction to the Design and
Behavior of Bolted Joints," Second Edition, Marcel Dekker
Inc., New York, 1990
Thank You!
G.L. Kulak, A Bolting Primer for Structural Engineers,
Engineers, AISC
Design Guide 17, Chicago, 2002
Larry Kloiber and Larry Muir, The 2010 AISC Specification: Please give us your feedback!
Changes in Design of Connections,
Connections, Modern Steel
Construction, Sept. 2010 www.aisc.org/cesurvey
127 128

AISC Seminars AISC Seminars

2011 Spring Schedule 6 seminar topics coming to
26 cities 2nd Thursday of the month
Upcoming Cities for April: No webinar in May

Detroit Houston Denver June 9, 2011: Extended Shear Plate Connections
Larry Muir
Upcoming Cities for May:
St. Louis Boston - Miami
July 14, 2011: Design For Stability Lou
Geschwindner
Philadelphia Sacramento
www.aisc.org/seminars www.aisc.org/webinars
AISC eLearning AISC SteelCamp
Over 60 hours of presentations available 2 day, 4 topics, 15 hours of Continuing

anytime, online. Education,
One low price.
CEUs/PDHs are available.
New York City June 16-17
San Francisco July 21-22
www.aisc.org/elearning
www.aisc.org/steelcamp

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High Strength Bolts - Geoff Kulak

American Institute of Steel Construction April 14, 2011

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

Theres always a solution in steel. Theres always a solution in steel.

AISC Live Webinars High-Strength Bolts: The Basics

Todays audio will be broadcast through the internet.

Theres always a solution in steel. Theres always a solution in steel.

There's always a solution in steel. 1

High-Strength Bolts: The Basics Role of the Structural

ASTM A307 Bolts ASTM A325 Bolts

There's always a solution in steel. 2

Comparison of Bolts: Direct Tension

ASTM Spec. RCSC Spec. 20

Pretension can be induced if desired

Comments comments contd

What about yield strength? Bolt notation: Group A (A325, F1852)

There's always a solution in steel. 3

Loading of Bolts Shear Loading

Bolts Loaded in Tension Bolts in Tension prying

There's always a solution in steel. 4

Bolts in combined tension and shear Consider a simple joint

There's always a solution in steel. 5

In the example, we identified AISC Standard 2010

There's always a solution in steel. 6

Behavior of a large joint (shear splice)

Slip in bolted joints Bolts in shear-type connections:

Some bolts will already be in bearing bearing type connections

There's always a solution in steel. 7

Bearing-type connections: Bolts in bearing-type connections

Shear strength of bolts is not dependent

Bolt Shear Strength Individual bolt in shear

Bolt shear strength 62% of bolt ultimate

There's always a solution in steel. 8

(End four bolts of 13)

Back to bolt in shear

Confirmed by both bolt tension measurements

There's always a solution in steel. 9

Bolts in Shear AISC nominal shear strength

e.g. A325 bolt, no threads in shear plane ,

The value used for this case (0.75) is

There's always a solution in steel. 10

Lets return now to slip-critical

Load at which slip takes place

Slip-critical joints specified when

structure would affect its

There's always a solution in steel. 11

First principles, slip resistance is Design slip resistance, AISC

and the modifiers

There's always a solution in steel. 12

Bolts in Tension Bolts in Tension some comments

Bolt tension + external tension

There's always a solution in steel. 13

And the result is AISC rule, bolts in tension

Call this Fnt has nothing to do with Fu

There's always a solution in steel. 14

Returning to shear splice joints, Bearing capacity (of

Bearing stresses at bolt holes Shear-out rule

Shear - out is 2 ( ult Lc t )

There's always a solution in steel. 15

Plate bearing Plate bearing

Finally, the AISC rule for Further note re bearing

There's always a solution in steel. 16

Failure (ult. load) is