14 Reinforced Concrete Design

Analysis and Design for Torsion 2

Torsion Design Procedure

Design Example

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Torsion Design Procedure

STEP 1: Design section based on Mu and Vu

STEP 2: Neglect torsion if Tu Tcr / 4

STEP 3: Check combined shear and torsion

Vc
max + 2.1 f c
bw d
STEP 4: Torsional stirrup area
Tu s
At =
2 Ao f yv
STEP 5: Combined stirrup for shear and torsion
Av +t Av 2 At
= +
sv +t sv st

STEP 6: Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion

At f yv 1.3 f c Acp At f yv
Al = ph ph
s f yl f yv s f yl

STEP 7: Combined long. steel for bending and torsion

Al ,total = Al ,bending + Al ,torsion

Example 1: The 8-m span beam carries a cantilever slab 1.5 m. The beam supports
a live load of 1.2 t/m along the beam centerline plus 200 kg/m2 over the slab surface.
The effective depth of beam is 54 cm, and the distance from the surface to the
stirrup is 4 cm. fc= 280 kg/cm2, fy = 4,000 kg/cm2

8m 1.5 m

60 cm
15 cm
30 cm

Load from slab:

wu = 1.4(0.15)(2,400)(1.5)+1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 kg/m

Eccentricity = 1.5/2 = 0.75 m

Load from beam:

wu = 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400)+1.7(1,200) = 2,645 kg/m

 wL (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)
Vu = = = 15.6 ton
2 2 1,000

w t L (1,266)(0.75)(8.0)
Tu = = = 3.80 t-m
2 2 1,000
3.80 t-m

Tu Diagram

3.80 t-m

8.00 m

w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu = = = 25.0 t-m
10 10 1,000
Flexural Design

Mu 25(1,000)(100)
Rn = = = 31.8 kg/cm 2

bd 2 0.9(30)(54)2

min = 0.0035, max = 0.0229

0.85fc 2Rn
= 1 1 = 0.0086 OK
fy 0.85fc

Al,flexure = bd = 0.0086(30)(54) = 13.9 cm2

Shear Design

Vc = 0.85(0.53) 280(30)(54) /1,000

= 12.2 ton < [Vu = 15.6 ton] required stirrup

Vs = Vu Vc = 15.6 12.2 = 3.4 ton

Av Vs 3.4(1,000)
= = = 0.0185 cm
s fy d 0.85(4,000)(54)
 1.50 m
Cracking Torque
45 cm

For overhanging flange

use the smaller of 60 cm
(a) Projection of beam 45 cm < 4 t 15 cm
(b) 4 times slab thickness

30 cm

Acp = (30)(60)+(15)(45) = 2,475 cm2

pcp = 2(60+75) = 270 cm

0.27 0.85 280 2,4752

Tcr / 4 = = 0.87 t-m
270 1,000 100

Since Tu > Tcr /4 , need torsion reinforcement

 Check combined shear & torsion

bwd = (30)(54) = 1,620 cm2 Aoh = xoyo = (22)(52) = 1,144 cm2

xo = 30 - 2(4) = 22 cm Ao = 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 cm2
yo = 60 - 2(4) = 52 cm ph = 2(22+52) = 148 cm

2 2
15.6 3.8 100 148 0.85
1,620 + 1.7 1,1442 1,000 (0.53 + 2.1) 280

0.0271 t/cm2 < 0.0374 t/cm2 OK

Torsional stirrup area

At Tu / 3.8 1,000 100

= = = 0.0575 cm
s 2fyv Ao 0.85 2 4,000 972.4

Combined stirrup

Av +t Av At
= + 2 = 0.0185 + 2(0.0575)
sv +t sv st

= 0.1335 > [3.5bw / fyv = 0.026] OK

Select close stirrup DB12 (Av+t = 2(1.13) = 2.26 cm2)

s = 2.26/0.1335 = 16.9 cm < [ph/8 = 18.5 cm] < 30 cm OK

USE Stirrup DB12 @ 0.16 m

Longitudinal Steel

At fyv
Al = ph = 0.0575(148) = 8.51 cm2
s f
yl

1.33 280(2,475)
Al ,min = 8.51 = 5.26 cm2 < Al OK
4,000

At 1.8bw 1.8(30)
s = 0.0575 f = = 0.0135 OK
yv 4,000
Total Longitudinal Steel
Bending: Al = 13.9 cm2 (Top reinforcement)

Torsion: Al = 8.51 cm2 (Distributed along perimeter)

To satisfy 30 cm max. spacing of Al

Provide 4DB16 in the bottom half of beam

and add 8.51 4(2.01) = 0.47 cm2 to flexural steel

Steel area required at top = 13.9 + 0.47 = 14.37 cm2

60 cm USB 3DB25 (As = 14.73 cm2)

At midspan:
w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu = = = 17.87 t-m
14 14 1,000
30 cm
Required As = 9.68 cm2 (2DB25)
Section @ Supports

3DB25

2DB16
60 cm DB12 @ 0.16 m
2DB25

30 cm