Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Developing Writing PDF
Developing Writing PDF
EachofthetwentychaptersinDevelopingWriting isintroduced
byatopicalreadingselectionincorporatingthelessonsmodel
readingareactivitiesdesignedforstudentstostudycomposi
tion,vocabulary,andspelling.Thegoalofthisbookistotake
thestudentfromthemechanicsofbasicsentencewritingtothe
abilitytoconstructasimpleparagraph.Appendicesincludean
irregularverblist,grammarruleindex,andanswerkeys.
BOOK FOR
Developing
EFL
Writing
4155
PETERSON
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OfficeofEnglishLanguagePrograms
Developing
Writing
Writing Skills Practice Book for EFL
Beginning/Intermediate Level
The author wishes to thank Gloria Kreisher and Dean Curry for their help, as well as book editor Lin Lougheed.
She also wishes to thank Luis Roja of Caracas, for his knowledge of Venezuela and his help in providing authen-
tic details of life there.
Introduction .......................................................................................... ix
Thegoalofthisbookistotakethestudentfromthemechanicsofba
sic sentence writing to the ability to construct a simple paragraph. The
vocabulary and the structures have been planned chapter by chapter,
from simple to more complex, and the lessons build on each other. For
this reason, the students will probably benefit the most if they do the
exercises
in each chapter in the order they are presented. The same is
true of the order of the chapters: information presented early in the
book willbehelpfulforthewritingtasksinthelaterchapters.
The amount of time needed to work through a chapter depends on
the level of the students, the length of the class period, and the
teachersdecision
abouthomework.Somegroupsmayfinishachapter
in two hours, with two hours of outside work. Other groups may do all
theexercisesinclassinfourorfivehours.Twosamplelessonplansare
suggested at the end of this section, one with homework assignments
andonewithouthomework.
Eachchapterincludessomeofthefollowingexercises:
1. Text The text is a reading selection that contains the model struc
tures upon which the chapter is based. There is a variety of styles and
registers of English. Some of the texts are descriptions; some are nar
ratives; some are newspaper articles; some are dialogs; and some are
letters.
Theteachermayreadthetextoutloud,orhemayaskthestudentsto
read it silently. The texts in dialog form (chapters 3,10 and 20) are
suitable
fordramaticreadinginpairs.Afterthefirstreading,theteacher
may want to clarify new vocabulary words and ask a few comprehen
sion questions.
ix
xi
Below are two possible time schedules for a typical chapter in the
book.
xii
"$!PT#R ON#
SQU!RE D!NCING
ThesquaredanceisanoldAmericandanceforfourcouples.Acou
pleisonemanandonewoman.Threeothercouplesareinoursquare.
Their names are Bob and Marsha, Doug and Cathy, and Henry and
Eileen.
Mywifes nameisHazel. Herdressisshortandfull. Itisasquare
dancedress.Weareinthefrontontheleft.Themusicisveryfastright
now.
1
Each new sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a
period (.)
This is a good sentence, this is not correct
Names begin with capital letters, too:
Ernie Anderson Bob and Marsha Kovacik
Copy the sentences, and make all the corrections that are necessary.
1. i am ernie anderson
2. i am from the united states
3. we are square dancers
4. dancing is our hobby
5. it is an american dance
6. bob and marsha are our friends
7. henry and eileen are another couple
8. a couple is a man and a woman
9. hazel is my wife
10. we are in the front of the picture
Study the pronouns below. Then rewrite each sentence and substi-
tute the appropriate pronoun for each name.
2
Ernie Bob Doug Henry Eileen Cathy Marsha Hazel
III.Grammar Theverbtobe
lam weare
youare youare
he
sheis theyare
it
Your teacher will read the paragraph above three times. Listen care -
fully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the paragraph
as well as you can from memory.
4
On the left is a list of subjects. On the right is a list of adjectives telling
how. Choose a subject and a verb and match them with an adjective on
the right to make a sentence. Write as many sentences as you can.
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper. Have a pencil and paper ready to write sentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good sentence, he writes the sentence on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the words do not go together
in a sentence, he covers them again. (Remember what is under each
square of paper!) The second player takes his turn. Continue playing
5
untilallthesquaresareuncovered.
Theplayerwiththemostsentencesonhispaperisthewinner.
ErnieAndersonwrotetheparagraphbelow.Heusedthefirstperson
pronounsI andwe.RewritetheparagraphandtellaboutErnie.Make
allthenecessarychangesinpronouns: | he my his
we they our their
IamErnieAnderson.Iamatruckdriver.IamfromtheUnitedStates.
Thisismywife.MywifesnameisHazel.Herdressisshortandfull.Itis
asquaredancedress.Wearesquaredancers.Wearewithourfriends.
Three other couples are in our square. Dancing is not our work. It is our
hobby.
In the puzzle below there are 20 words from this chapter. They may
be located horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. See how many of the
words in the list you can find.
he hobby
she work
it couple
we happy
is square
are friend
am wife
driver picture
dancing full
dress short
music
7
CHAPTER TWO
8
I.Mechanics Capital letters for nationalities and for the days of the
week
Namesofnationalitiesbeginwithcapitalletters:
Italian Chinese Venezuelan American
Thedaysoftheweekbeginwithcapitalletters,too.
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Friday Saturday
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. myfatherisaweekendcook
2. heworksatabankonmonday,tuesday,wednesday,thursday,
andfriday
3. hecooksonsaturdayandsunday
4. usuallyhecooksItalianspaghetti
5. pizzaisitalianfood
6. dadmakesspaghettionsaturdays
7. mydadlikestocookchinesefood
8. mymotherandihelpmydad
9. itisgoodformydadtocook
10. hishobbyrelaxeshim
youhelp youhelp
hehelps
shehelps
ithelps theyhelp
1. Almost all verbs add s in the third person singular. Write the
formsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Heworks.(work,know,count,make,use)
Shecuts.(cut,help,cook,dance)
2. A few verbs add -es in the third person singular. They are verbs
that end in s, z, sh, ch, or x. Write the forms below with the correct
spelling.
He fixes, (fix, finish, relax, rush)
She watches, (watch, toss, wash, teach)
3. If a verb ends in a consonant and -y, change the y to i before
adding -es. If the verb ends in a vowel and -y, simply add s; Write the
forms below with the correct spelling.
He tries, (try, fry, study, hurry, carry, marry)
She says, (say, enjoy, play, stay, buy, pay)
4. The verb have is irregular. The third person singular form is has.
He has a cookbook.
Rewrite the sentences below, adding the correct form of the verb.
Remember that he, she, and it take -s forms.
1. Most women cook the dinners at home. (cook)
2. My mother cooks most of the time. (cook)
3. She ________ dinner on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and
Thursdays. (make)
4. My father ________ Italian food on the weekends. (fix)
5. My brother and I ________ the dishes. (wash)
6. We ________ the salad, too. (help with)
7. I ________ to cook already. (know how)
8. Cooking ________ my father. (relax)
9. Important people ________ and ________ all day. (rush, hurry)
10. Often they _________ a hobby after work. (enjoy)
These are the forms of pronouns when they are the object of a
verb or a preposition.
I me we us
you you you you
he him they them
she her
it it
10
Rewrite each sentence and substitute an object pronoun for each
noun. Follow the example.
1. My father helps people. My father helps them.
2. My father uses the computer.
3. My mother washes the vegetables.
4. I cut the vegetables.
5. My dad enjoys cooking.
6. He enjoys helping my mother.
7. Cooking relaxes my father.
8. My mother teaches my father to cook.
9. My dad teaches (his son.)
10. My mother helps my dad and me.
In chapter one you learned three sentence patterns with the verb to
be: Noun phrase + be + Noun phrase
Noun phrase + be + Adjective
Noun phrase + be + Adverb phrase
On the left is a list of subjects. On the right is a list of noun phrases that
can be used as objects. Choose a subject and a verb and match them with
an object to make a sentence. You may need to add -s or -es to the verb.
Make as many sentences as you can.
Noun phrase + Verb + Noun phrase
My father cook dinner
Cooking relax him
He enjoy his hobby
My mother help his wife
She wash the vegetables
I fix the salad
We eat the dishes
pizza and spaghetti
11
Verbs that cannot take an object are intransitive (VerbI). Intransi -
tive verbs occur in two patterns:
My mother works. My father works in a bank.
Noun phrase + Verb Noun phrase + Verb + Adverb phrase
I I
Below is a schedule that tells where each person in the family is during
the week. Look at the schedule, and then write all the sentences with ad-
verbs of frequency in the correct position. Use this scale as a guide: 7
days a week = always; 5 or 6 = usually; 4 = often; 2 or 3 = sometimes;
1 = rarely; and 0 = never.
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Dad at home at the at the at the at the at the at home
bank bank bank bank bank
Mother at home at work at home at work at home at work at home
Junior at home at at at at at at home
school school school school school
12
1. Dadis________atthebank.
2. Junioris________atschool.
3. Motheris________athome.
4. Sheis________atwork.
5. Theyare________athomeontheweekends.
6. Theyare________athomeonMondays.
Adverbsoffrequencywithothermainverbs
Theadverbsoffrequencycomebeforeothermainverbsbesides
tobe.
Junioralways helpsathome.
Fathersometimes cooksdinner.
Motheroften worksinthekitchen.
Lookattheschedulebelow.Itisaworkplanforafamily.Writeallthe
sentences below with adverbs of frequency, telling how often each
works.
person
1. Junior________washesthedishes.
2. MotherandDad________washthedishes.
3. Mother________tossesthesalad.
4. Junior________tossesthesalad.
5. Mother________cooksdinner.
6. Dad________cooksdinner.
7. Dad________cutsvegetables.
8. Junior________cutsvegetables.
9. Mother________cutsvegetables.
10. Thesepeople________worktogether.
13
VII.Grammar Adverbsoftimeatthebeginningofthesentence
1. NobodyisathomeonMondays.OnMondaysnobodyisathome.
2. DadworksatthebankfromMondaytoFriday.
3. MomteachesataschoolonMondays,Wednesdays,andFridays.
4. Juniorisusually atschool.
5. Everybodyisathomeonweekends.
6. Dadoften cooksspaghettiorpizza.
7. Mothersometimes goesouttowork.
8. Sheusually rusheshometofixdinner.
9. MotherworksveryhardonFridays.
10. Dadusually helpsherwiththesaladonFridays.
Makeacharttoshowwherethepeopleinyourfamilyareeachday.
Find a partner in the class and discuss your chart with him. Ask him
questions about his time chart, too. Then write a paragraph to answer
thesequestions:Whereiseveryoneonweekdays?Whereiseveryone
on weekends? Where is your mother, usually? Where is your father,
usually? Where are you?
Writeaparagraphandtellwhodoestheworkinyourfamily.
14
CHAPTER THREE
AcustomercomesintotheWestsidePharmacy.Hesverysick.
Clerk: MayIhelpyou?
Customer: Yes, please. I have a pain in my side, an ache in my
stomach,
and a headache. I need a pill, an aspirin, or a
painkiller
somethingfast.
Clerk: Imsorry,butthatsnotmyjob.ThatsMr.Brownsjob.
Hestheheadpharmacist.
Customer: MayIseeMr.Brown,please.
Clerk: Imsorry.Mr.Brownisbusy.Hesonthephone.
Customer: Thenhishelper.
Clerk: Shesbusy,too.Pleasewait.
Customer: Oh,no.
Clerk: Oh,heresMr.Brown.
Mr.Brown: Yes?MayIhelpyou?
Customer: Ihaveapaininmyside,anacheinmystomach,anda
headache.Pleasegivemeapill.
Mr.Brown: Thatisntmyjob.Imnotadoctor.Imapharmacist.Dr.
Saunders has an office next to us. His address is 215
GrandAvenue.Comebackwithaprescription.Wecan
helpyouthen.
15
IninformalEnglish,wecancombineapronounandaverbinthefol
lowingways:
I+am=Im he+is=hes we+are=were
you+are=youre she+is=shes they+are=theyre
that+is =thats it+is = its
Rewritethesentencesbelowandusecontractions.
1. Heistheheadpharmacist. 6. Itishisoffice.
2. Sheishishelper. 7. Wearebusy.
3. Thatismyjob. 8. Theyarehere.
4. Iamapharmacist. 9. Youaresick.
5. Heisadoctor. 10. Thatisanaspirin.
Wecanalsocombinetheverbwiththewordnot:
is+not=isnt are+not=arent
Rewritethesentencesbelowandusecontractionswithnot.
1. Thatisnotmyjob. 4. Wearenotbusytoday.
2. Heisnotadoctor. 5. Theyarenotintheoffice.
3. Sheisnothere. 6. Itisnottimeforlunch.
II.Grammar Spellingnounplurals
Nounpluralsfollowthesamespellingrulesasthes formsofpresent
tenseverbs.Adds formostnouns;addes ifthenounendsins,z,sh,
ch,orx.Nounsthatendinaconsonantandy changethey toiandadd
es.Writethepluralformforeachnounbelow.
1. Adds to:pain,ache,pill,aspirin,job,problem,office,doctor,phar
macist,helper,prescription
2. Addes to:lunch,dish,box,dress,tax
3. Change the y to i and add es: family, pharmacy, country, city,
hobby
2. Mr.Brownhasajob.
3. Thedoctorhasanoffice.
4. Thecustomerhasaprescription.
5. Thehelperhasajob.
6. Mydadhasahobby.
7. Erniehasawife.
8. Hazelhasadress.
Ifthepersonsnameendswiths,thensimplyaddtheapostrophe:
Dr.Saundershasanoffice. Dr.Saundersoffice
Forpluralnouns,theapostrophecomesafterthes ending.Writethe
formsbelow.
1. TheBrownshaveapharmacy. theBrownspharmacy
2. Thecustomershaveproblems.
3. Bankershaveshortworkhours.
4. Squaredancershaveshortskirts.
5. Truckdrivershaveschedules.
IV.Mechanics Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation
Copytheparagraphbelow,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenec
essary.Useapostrophesforcontractionsandpossessives.
ruthbennetworksinmrbrownspharmacysheismrbrownshelper
sometimesacustomerwantsaprescriptionthatisntruthsjobshesa
pharmacistshelpersheisntadoctorsometimesanaspirinwillhelpthe
customersheadacheitsruthsjobtogiveoutaspirin
17
Consonantsounds
___pill ___problem
___pain ___doctor
___pharmacy ___dance
___headache ___hobby
___job ___cook
___helper ___bank
Yourteacherwillreadthedialogbelowthreetimes.Listencarefully,
butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writethedialogaswellas
youcanfrommemory.Listencarefullyforthearticlesa andan.
Customer: Ihaveapaininmyside,anacheinmystomach,anda
headache!Givemeapill!
Mr.Brown: Thatisntmyjob.Imnotadoctor.Imapharmacist.Dr.
Saunders has an office next to us. Get a prescription
fromhimandcomeback.Wecanhelpyouthen.
VII.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Writethesentencesbelowandchangeallthesingularnounstoplu
ralnouns.Youwillnotneedanarticlebeforethepluralnoun.Youwill
alsoneedtochangetheverbformsfromsingulartoplural.
1. Abankerworkswithmoney. Bankersworkwithmoney.
2. Apharmacistworkswithprescriptions.
3. Adoctoreatsaquicklunch.
4. Abankereatsalong,slowlunch.
5. Apharmacistshelperworksinapharmacy.
6. Agoodboyhelpshisfamily.
7. Amotherusuallywashesdishes.
8. Asquaredancerusuallywearsashortdress.
9. Ialwayshaveaheadacheonabusyday.
10. Adoctorwritesaprescriptionforapainkiller.
18
Reviewthesentencepatternswehavelearnedsofar.
Nounphrase+be+Nounphrase
Nounphrase+be+Adjective
Nounphrase+be+Adverbphrase
Nounphrase+VerbT Nounphrase
Nounphrase+Verb
I
Nounphrase+VerbI +Adverbphrase
Makeasmanygoodsentencesasyoucanbychoosingverbsfromthe
lists below. Remember that each sentence in the present tense can
takeonlyoneverb.
Adjective
verysick
busy
Adverbphrase
outtolunch
inthepharmacy
here
nexttous
onthephone
19
CHAPTER FOUR
IN A RESTAURANT
20
I.Mechanics Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. manypeopleworkinrestaurants
2. peterandpaulineworktogether
3. paulineisntawaitress
4. shesacook
5. sheputssandwichestogether
6. paulinereadstheordersandcallsthemouttopeter
7. itsverybusyintherestaurant
8. manycustomersorderfoodeveryday
9. thecooksworkquickly
10. thecustomerseatandpayforthefood
II.Grammar Nounplurals
Makeeachnounpluralbyaddings ores.
1. cook, 6. waitress,
2. restaurant, 7. customer,
3. grill, 8. order,
4. hamburger, 9. piece,
5. sandwich, 10. steak,
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Continuetomakeeachsentenceplural.Youwillnotneedans end
ingontheverb.Youwillnotneedanarticlebeforepluralnouns.
21
8. Acookworksinarestaurant.
Cooksworkinrestaurants.
9. Acookworksatagrill.
10. Acustomerordersasandwich.
11. Acustomersitsatatable.
12. Awaitressbringsmanyordersatatime.
13. Acookreadstheorders.
14. Acookmakesmanysandwicheseveryday.
15. Acustomerpaysmoneyforfood.
IV.Grammar Articles
Decidewhetheranarticleisneededineachblank.Writeeithera,an,
or X (if no article is needed). Do not look back at the text until you are
finished.Thenusethetexttocheckyourwork.
_____Peteris_____cook._____cooksworkin_____restaurants.
_____Petercooksat_____grill.Hegrillsmeatfor_____hamburgers.
Next to _____ Peter is _____ Pauline. _____ Pauline is also _____
cook.Sheputs_____sandwichestogether.Then_____waitresspicks
upthefoodandbringsittohercustomers.
Doyouneedanarticlebeforesomebodysname?
Doyouneedanarticlebeforeasingularnoun?
Doyouneedanarticlebeforeapluralnoun,usually?
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Checkyourpaperforarticlesandfor
subjectverbagreement.
Thisisagameyoucanplaywithanotherperson.Cutsquaresofpa
pertofitovereachboxbelow.Covereachboxwithasquareofpaper.
Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes.Iftheymakeagoodsentence,hewritesthesentenceonhispa
per.Heleavestheboxesuncovered.Ifthewordsdonotgotogetherina
22
brings
cooks ordersto sitat restaurants
thecook tables
In the puzzle below are 15 words from this chapter. They may be
located horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. See how many of the
wordsinthelistyoucanfindinthepuzzle.
customer busy
restaurant steak
waitress food
hamburger order
grill work
Pauline
meat
Peter
cook
sandwich
24
CHAPTER FIVE
PEN PALS:
ROBERTO WRITES A LETTER
are
. I a m v e ry tall. My eyes
family rself.
picture of my picture of you
P.S. Here is a .P le a s e s en d a
y hair is black
brown, and m
25
I.Mechanics
A.Nounplurals
A few noun plurals are irregular. The plural form for wife is wives;
housewife becomes housewives. The plural for person is people.
Follow the rules in chapter 3, section II and make these nouns plural:
letter,name,teacher,list,penpal,month,year,hobby,housewife,stu
dent,person,city,winter,eye,picture
B. Capital letters for the names of streets, cities, states, and coun
tries.Commasandquestionmarks.
Fairbanks,Alaska99701
U.S.A.
Aquestionendswithaquestionmark:
IstheweatherwarminVenezuela?
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. robertolivesinCaracasVenezuela
2. saralivesintheunitedstates
3. herhomeisinfairbanksalaska
4. shelivesat1239lincolnboulevard
5. istheweatherpleasantinVenezuela
6. arethewinterscoldinfairbanks
7. mysistersnameisteresa
8. mybrothersnameisalfredo
9. doyouhaveanybrothersandsisters
10. doyouhaveanyhobbies
II.Grammar Possessiveadjectives
Belowarethewordsthatareusedbeforenounstoshowpossession.
I my he his we our
you your she her they their
it its(noapostrophe!)
26
LookatthepictureofRobertosfamily.Copythesentencesanduse
possessiveadjectives.
1. Ihavealargefamily. Myfamilyislarge.
2. WehaveahomeinCaracas.
3. YouhaveahomeinAlaska.
4. Alfredohasablackdog.
5. ThedoghasthenameCharlie.
6. Teresahaswhitecats.
7. TheyhavethenamesTilinandNieve.
8. Ihaveagrandmotherinthehouse,too.
9. Grandmotherhastwohobbies,readingandsewing.
10. Wehavealargefamily.
A.WritingaboutRobertosFamily
Read the model paragraph below and then look at the information
aboutAlfredoandTeresa.Rewritethemodelparagraphandusethein
formation about Alfredo to write a description of him. Write another
paragraph
andusetheinformationaboutTeresatodescribeher.
Roberto isaboy fromVenezuela.HelivesinCaracas.Heisfourteen
yearsold.HestudiesEnglish inschool.Hishairisblack.Hiseyesare
brown.Hisfavoritesport issoccer.Hishobbiesareswimming,soccer,
27
and playing records. Roberta has one brother. His name is Alfredo.
Roberto has one sister, too. Her name is Teresa. Roberto has a pet
parakeet.Its nameisPele.
Alfredo Teresa
13yearsold 16yearsold
hobbies:ridingabicycle, hobbies:dancing,playingthepiano,singing
watchingT.V. haircolor:brown
haircolor:brown eyes:blue
eyes:brown favoritesinger:JoseLuisRodriguez
favoritesport:running favoritedance:theHustle
foreignlanguage:English foreignlanguages:EnglishandFrench
pet:onedognamedCharlie pets:twocatsnamedTilinandNieve
B.WritingaboutYourself
UsethemodelparagraphandreplacetheinformationaboutRoberto
withinformationaboutyourself.
IV.Grammar Prepositionsofplace:in,on,at
Whenyougiveyouraddress,youusetheseprepositions.
in:acountry,astate,acity,adistrict,acontinent
on:astreet(aboulevard,anavenue,alane,adrive,ahighway)
at:aspecificaddressorplacesuchasathome,atwork,atthebank
Usetheinformationbelowandwriteasmanysentencesasyoucan.
Choosein,on,orat foreachsentence.
{
Subject Verb Complement
NorthAmerica
Roberto lives SouthAmerica
Sara works Venezuela
Mrs.Taylor in theUnitedStates
Mr.Perez on Caracas
He at Fairbanks
She Alaska
They LincolnBoulevard
1239LincolnBoulevard
28
V.Grammar Questionswithbe
To make a simple yesno question with the verb to be, change the
orderofthesubjectandtheverb.Rewritethesentencesbelowasques
tions.Makesureeachquestionendswithaquestionmark.
1. Hisnameis Roberta. IshisnameRoberto?
2. HisteacherisMrs.Rodriguez.
3. SaraisRobertaspenpal.
4. SheisfromAlaska.
5. HeisfromVenezuela.
6. Robertoisverytall.
7. Hisfamilyislarge.
8. TheweatherinVenezuelaiswarmallyearlong.
9. ThewintersinVenezuelaarewetandrainy.
10. ThewintersinAlaskaareverycold.
VI.Grammar Questionswithdo
Tomakeasimpleyesnoquestionwithothermainverbsinthepres
enttense,youneedtoaddahelpingverb,do ordoes.Thehelpingverb
goesbeforethesubject.
I he
Do you haveapenpal? Does she liveinCaracas?
we it
they
(Noticethatthemainverbina
questionhasnos ores ending.)
Rewritethesentencesbelowasquestions.Makesureeachquestion
endswithaquestionmark.
1. SaralivesintheUnitedStates. DoesSaraliveintheUnited
2. RobertolivesinCaracas. States?
3. Hisfatherworksinabank.
4. Hismotherworksathome.
5. Hisgrandparentsliveinthehouse.
6. Hisbrotherandsistergotohighschool.
7. Theyhavepenpals,too.
8. Ihaveyouraddress.
9. Weknowyourtelephonenumber.
10. Youplaysoccerasahobby.
29
Whenyouwritealettertoapenpal,youcanaskmanyquestionsthat
begin,Doyouhaveany?Makeaquestionforeachtopicbelow,and
thenanswerit.
1. brothersandsisters Doyouhaveanybrothersandsisters?
2. hobbies
3. penpals 6. picturesofyourself
4. grandparents 7. dogs
5. records 8. cats
Use the form below. You may add more sentences if you wish. Be
sure to give your correct address at the top. Use correct punctuation and
capitalization.
NumberandStreet
City,State,PostalCode
Country
MonthandDay,Year
Dear_______________,
Iamveryhappyto__________.Mynameis__________.I
live in __________. Would you like __________? We can
____________.
Iam_______yearsold.Iam_______.Myeyesare_______,
and my hair is ________. My hobbies are _______. My father
_______,andmymother_______.Ihave_______inmyfami
ly,too.Theirnamesare_______.
Mycityis_______.Theweatheris_______.Thewintersare
_______ Do you have any _______? Do you have any
_______? Do you have any _______? Are you _______? Are
you________?Pleasewriteandtellmeaboutyourself.
Sincerely,
_______________
30
CHAPTER SIX
PEN PALS:
SARA WRITES BACK
vard
oln Boule
1239 Linc Alaska 99701
,
Fairbanks
U.S.A.
, 1982
October 7
h a n k y o u! Yes, I
tter. T ted
e a r R o b erto, r e c e iv e your le I am very interes .
D to with you . la
ry happy Venezue
I was ve ke to be pen pals for a company in p e r!)
lly li
would rea erica. My uncle w
orks th e r e . (Wow! Su
m to visit him ther.
in South A summer I can go ch o large
xt res to ea t have a
Maybe ne e can send pictu e . I d o n ra
n ti l th e n ,w d if fe r e n t from min anks. She works fo y
U ily is very e in Fairb have an
Your fam ith my mother her years ago. I dont Chicago,
ve w ten in
family. I li . My father died one grandmother nt
. s ta ti o n I h a v e i, F lo r id a. We do
T.V
and siste
rs. Miam
r lives in
brothers other grandmothe language
s.
n o is . M y ft e n . d fo r e ig n I
Illi er very o ming, an Maybe next time
e a c h o th cin g , s w im
see s are dan ol.
high scho e dont have a do
g
My hobbie h and French in cats. W
panis ave two
I study S h . I h re.
in Spa n is small. it a lot he
can write r apartment is too isnt so bad. I like nd a news-
ou ally ea
because e r in Alaska re re is a picture of m ormous cab-
The we a th ink. He d En
a s c o ld as you th fo r y o u . Its calle .
It isnt ska
about Ala f Long Alaskan D
ays
e r s to r y o
pap ffect
ow the E on.
bages Sh hear from you so Sincerely
,
I hope to
31
I.Mechanics
A.Nounplurals
Followtherulesinchapter3,sectionIIandmakethesenounsplural:
summer, company, family, sister, brother, parent, T.V. station, grand
mother, dog, cat, apartment, story, cabbage, effect.
B. The exclamation point (!)
The exclamation point shows strong emotion or excitement. Sara
likes to show her feelings in letters, and so she uses the exclamation
point.
Copythethreesentences,words,orphrasesthatendwithanexcla
mation point.
1. Thank you!
2. __________
3. __________
32
Copy the letter, and make all the changes that are necessary. Re-
member the rules for commas, apostrophes, question marks, and
exclamation points.
sincerely
sara.
There is usually more than one way to ask a question. For each topic
below you may ask a question at least two ways. Use the vocabulary
that is given and write as many questions as you can. You may have to
change the word order and add helping verbs.
1. family size
your family / be / large Is your family large?
you / have / any brothers and sisters Do you have any brothers
and sisters?
2. home place
you / live / in Venezuela
your home / be / in Venezuela
3. hobbies
you / have / any hobbies you / play / soccer
you / like / any sports you / be / a soccer player
33
4. weather
theweather/be/cold/inyourcountry
thewinters/be/long/inyourcountry
5. work
yourfather/work/inabank yourmother/work/athome
yourfather/be/abanker yourmother/be/ahousewife
6. study
you/be/astudent
you/study/English
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper.Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good question, he writes the question on his
paper.Heleavestheboxesuncovered.Ifthewordsdonotgotogether
in a question, he covers them again. (Remember what is under each
square of paper!) The second player takes his turn. Continue playing
allthesquaresareuncovered.
until
Theplayerwiththemostquestionsonhispaperisthewinner.
Belowaretheanswerstosomequestions.Writeagoodquestionbe
foreeachanswer.Whenyoufinishyouwillhaveadialogthatyoucan
actoutwithapartner.
34
A: Doyouhavealargefamily?
B: Yes,wehaveaverylargefamily.
A: ______________________________________
B: Yes,Ihavethreebrothersandfivesisters.
A: ____________________________________
B: Yes,wehavethreedogsandthreecats.
A: ________________________________________
B: Yes,allmygrandparentslivewiththefamily.
A: ____________________________________
B: Yes,everyoneinthefamilyhasahobby.
A: ________________________________
B: Yes,wehaveapianoineachroom.
A: __________________________________
B: Yes,wehavetenroomsinourhouse.
A: _________________________
B: Yes,ourhouseisverylarge.
A: _______________________________
B: Yes,ourneighborsareoftenangry.
VII.Grammar Articles
Remembertherulesaboutarticles:
1. Usenoarticlebeforesomebodysname.
2. Useanarticlebeforeasingularnoun.
3. Usenoarticle(usually)beforeapluralnoun.
Decide whether an article is needed in each blank. Write either a, an,
orX(ifnoarticleisneeded).
_____Robertohas_____largefamilyandmanypets.Hehas_____
sister and _____ brother. They have _____ parakeet, _____ dog, and
twocats.Theyhave_____largehouse.
_____Saralikesdogs,butshehas_____cat.Shelivesin_____small
apartment.Usually_____dogsarenothappyin_____apartments.Maybe
_____Saracanget_____housesomeday.Thenshecanhave_____dog.
Your teacher will read one or both of the paragraphs above three
times. Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading,
writetheparagraphaswellasyoucanfrommemory.
35
CHAPTER SEVEN
36
theIndianOcean theYukonValley
Themonthsoftheyearalsobeginwithcapitalletters:
January February March April May June July
August September October November December
Copy the sentences below, and make all the corrections that are
necessary.
1. oscarlindstromlivesoutsidefairbanksalaska
2. hegrowscabbagesinthetananavalley
3. landbythetananariverisverygood
4. thegroundisfrozenfromoctobertomay
5. vegetablescangrowinjune,july,andaugust
6. thearcticoceanistothenorthofalaska
7. theberingseaistothewestofalaska
8. onthesoutharethegulfofalaskaandthepacificocean
9. themostfamousriverinalaskaistheyukon
10. mountmckinleyisthehighestmountaininalaskaanditisalso
thehighestmountaininnorthamerica
Thedefinitearticleissometimesusedaspartofaname.Youshould
use the before the names of rivers, oceans, seas, and valleys. Dont
use the before continents, states, cities, or single mountains. Usually,
countries donthavethe beforethem.Therearesomeexceptions:
1. theNetherlands,theSudan
2. CountrieswiththewordUnionorUnited
3. Fulltitlesofcountrieswithprepositionalphrases
37
1. OscarLindstromis_____farmer.
2. Hegrows_____cabbagesin_____TananaRiverValley.
3. _____cabbageis_____vegetable.
4. _____ Fairbanks has _____ long, cold winters and _____ short,
warmsummers.
5. Insummer,_____daysarelongand_____nightsareshort.
6. _____Lindstromwon_____prizefor_____cabbageat____fair
lastsummer.
7. _____mountainsand_____treescover_____Alaska,sogood
landislimited.
8. ____Alaskaisfamousfor_____MountMcKinley,____Yukon
River,andfor_____bigcabbages.
9. Itislocatedin_____NorthAmerica,westof_____Canada.
10. _____Alaskagets_____warmwindsfrom_____PacificOcean.
38
III.Grammar Sentencecombining
Wintercomesearly,sothegrowingseasonisshort.
2. ThegroundfreezesinOctober.WinterlastsuntilMay.(and)
3. Lindstromhasonly89days.Thatislongenough.(but)
4. Insummer,daysarelong.Nightsareshort.(and)
5. Eachnightisonlyafewhourslong.Lindstromscabbagesreceive
alotofsunlight.(so)
6. Thecabbagesgrowwithoutstopping.Theyareenormous.(so)
7. ManypeoplethinkthatAlaskaisalwayscold.Itisnt.(but)
8. Oceanwindsbringwarmair.Theouterpartsaremild.(so)
9. Thewintersarecold.Thesummersarehot.(but)
10. Alaskansmaygrowmorevegetablesinthefuture.Nowgoodland
islimited.(but)
11. Mountainscovertheland.Treesgrowthere.(or)
12. Mostfoodcomesfromtheoutside.Pricesarehigh.(so)
13. Alaskansworkhard.Theyliketheirwildstate.(and)
14. Alaskaisstillnew.ManyAmericansaremovingtoAlaska.(so)
IV.Sentence Construction Concentration
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper.Haveapencilandpaperreadytowritesentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good sentence, he writes the sentence on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the sentences do not go to
gether to make a long sentence, he covers them again. (Remember
whatisundereachsquareofpaper!)Thesecondplayertakeshisturn.
Continueplayinguntilallthesquaresareuncovered.
Theplayerwiththemostsentencesonhispaperisthewinner.
39
andtheland
Wintersarecold soitwon bytheriver oryoucanlive
inFairbanks, firstprize. isgood. insidethestate.
Summersby
Youcanliveby theTanana sothestateis Summerdays
theocean, arehot, growingfast. arelong,
Adjectives in English can come after the verb to be, and they can
comebeforethenoun.Studytheexamplesbelow.
Lindstromscabbagesareenormous.
Lindstromgrowsenormous cabbages.
Ifyouusemorethanoneadjectivetodescribeanoun,theadjectives
followacertainorder.Firstcometheadjectivesofnumber,thensizeor
shape, then condition, color, and origin. Choose from the lists below
andexpandthefollowingsentenceswithadjectives.See how many
different sentences you can make. You may use several adjectives in
eachsentence.
Number SizeorShape Condition Color Origin
one(a,an) enormous happy slow green Alaskan
two long leafy delicious dark Italian
three short hot important lightVenezuelan
four sixtypound pleasant wet black American
onehundred small cold friendly white Pacific
many large mild rainy red
most full busy snowy
all quick
40
1. Lindstromgrowscabbages.
LindstromgrowsmanysixtypoundAlaskancabbages.
Lindstromgrowsenormousleafygreencabbages.
2. Fairbankshaswinters.
3. Fairbankshassummers.
4. TheouterpartsofAlaskareceivewinds.
5. Robertahasfamily.
6. Theyliveinhouse.
7. Hehascats.
8. Saralivesinapartment.
9. PaulandPaulineworkinrestaurant.
10. Theyputtogethersandwiches.
11. Myfatherhasjob.
12. Healsocooksdinnersathome.
13. ErnieandHazelhavefriends.
14. Thewomenweardressesfordancing.
October30,1982
DearSara,
ThankyouforthenewspaperstoryaboutAlaska.Itisveryin
teresting.NowIknowmanynewthingsaboutyourstate.Hereis
whatIknow:
Many people think that Alaska is always cold, but ____. The
winters in Fairbanks are ___, but ______. Ocean winds bring
____, so _______. Farmers in Alaska grow ____. The summer
daysareverylong,so_______.Thegrowingseasonis___,so
______.Mostfoodcomesfromoutsidethestate,and_______.
Many people are moving ___, so ____. They work hard, and
____.
IamsohappythatyouarecomingtoCaracasinJune.Please
visit us. You can stay with my family. My mother says that you
arewelcome.
Yours,
41
Belowaretheanswerstosomequestions.Writeagoodquestionbe
fore each answer. When you finish you will have a dialog that you can
actoutwitha partner.
ANewspaperReporterTalkswithOscarLindstrom
Reporter:________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,ImOscarLindstrom.
Reporter:___________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,ImafarmerintheTananaValley.
Reporter:_____________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,myfarmisnearFairbanks.
Reporter:__________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,thisismysixtypoundcabbage.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontalwaysgrowcabbagessobig,butIalwaystry.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idonthaveanysecretsforgrowingbigcabbages.
Theyalwaysgrowbig.Theweatherisgoodhere.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,wehaveenoughwarmweatherhere.Wehave89
growingdayseverysummer.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontgrowanyothervegetables.Cabbagesarestrong,
butothervegetablesarent.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:No,Idontgrowtomatoes.Tomatoesneedalongergrowing
season.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,somepeopledo.Theygrowhothousetomatoesinside
specialbuildings,butmostofourtomatoescomefromout
sideAlaska.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Lindstrom:Yes,theyreveryexpensive,soIsavemymoney.Ieat
green,leafyvegetables,likecabbage.
42
DOWN
1. The_____isgoodbytheTananaRiver.
3. Canadais_____ofAlaska.
4. ManytownsinAlaskaare_____.
5. ThehighestmountainintheU.S.isMount_____.
6. McKinleywasaU.S.president;nowhisnameisona_____.
7. AcityininlandAlaska.
9. PartofAlaskaisinsidethe_____circle.
11. SummersinFairbankscanbe_____.
13. ThePacificisan_____.
ACROSS
1. ThePacificOceanwindsbringa_____ofrain.
2. FairbanksisintheTananaRiver_____.
7. Alaskahastoo_____daysinthesummertogrowtomatoes.
8. Inwinter,thenightsarelongand_____.
10. Anchorage,Sitka,andJuneauare_____ofFairbanks.
12. NorthAmericaisa_____.
14. TheYukonisa_____.
15. ThestateintheU.S.thatisthefarthestnorth.
16. Asummermonth.
17. AriverinAlaska.
43
CHAPTER EIGHT
FOOD CUSTOMS
ThePelican
Awonderfulbirdisthepelican,
Hisbillwillholdmorethan
hisbelican[bellycan]
fromDixonMerritt(18791954)
Apelicanisabirdwithaverylargebill,orbeak.Heuseshisbeakto
pick up a lot of fish. He cant eat all the fish at one time. He must hold
them in his beak until his stomach is ready. Of course, this doesnt
bother the pelican at all. It is his habit to eat this way. However, it
seems strange to the poet Dixon Merritt.
People have food habits and customs, too. These are activities that
we do all the time. But people are different from pelicans. We tell our
children not to take too much food. Your eyes are bigger than your
stomach, we say. It is too bad to take more food than we can eat.
Other food customs tell us not to eat certain kinds of food. The
healthfoodmovementisnew,butitispopular.Thesepeopledonteat
much sugar, and they dont drink strong coffee, tea, or alcohol.
Vegetarians dont eat meat. There are many reasons for this. They
dont want to kill animals. They dont want to become fat, and meat
has a lot of fat. Some vegetarians just dont like the taste of meat.
We have another saying about food: One mans meat is another
manspoison.
44
Doyoulivetoeat
ordoyoueattolive?
I.Mechanics Capitalizationandpunctuation
Copy the sentences and make all the changes that are necessary.
Useapostrophesforcontractions.
1. apelicanholdsalotoffishinhisbeak
2. doesthisseemstrangetoyou
3. itsnotstrangetoapelican
45
4. areyoureyesbiggerthanyourstomach.
5. healthfooddoesnthavemuchsugar.
6. vegetariansdonteatmeat.
7. theydontlikethetasteofmeat.
8. onemansmeatisanothermanspoison.
II.Grammar, Sentencecombiningwiththemainverbdeleted.
In the last chapter you learned to combine sentences with and and
but. And is used to join sentences with similar meanings. But shows
different meanings.
In some pairs of sentences, everything is the same except the sub
jects. Then you may leave out the main verb and the words that come
it,andusetheauxiliaryverbalone.Studytheseexamples:
after
1. Twopositivesentences(similarinmeaning)
Pelicanshavefoodhabits.Peoplehavefoodhabits.
Pelicanshavefoodhabits,andpeopledo,too.
(Do istheauxiliaryverb.Leaveouthavefoodhabits.)
2. Twonegativesentences(similarinmeaning)
Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink.Teaisntanalcoholicdrink.
Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink,andteaisnteither.
(Be isitsownauxiliaryverb.Leaveoutanalcoholicdrink.)
3. Apositiveandanegativesentence(differentinmeaning)
Somepeopleeatmeat.Idonteatmeat.
Somepeopleeatmeat,butIdont.
(Do istheverbsubstitute.Leaveouteatmeat.)
Combine the sentences below with and or but. Leave out the main
verbandthewordsthatcomeafterit..
1. Pelicans dont have large stomachs. Children dont have large
stomachs.
2. Pelicanstakealotoffood.Childrendonttakealotoffood.
3. Mostpeopleeatmeat.Vegetariansdonteatmeat.
4. Alcoholisntgoodforchildren.Coffeeisntgoodforchildren.
5. Cabbagesarevegetables.Potatoesarevegetables.
6. Porkisakindofmeat.Beefisakindofmeat.
7. Coffeeisntanalcoholicdrink.Wineisanalcoholicdrink.
8. Some people drink tea. I dont drink tea.
46
9. Meatisgoodforyou.Vegetablesaregoodforyou.
10. Sugarisntahealthfood.Coffeeisntahealthfood.
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement
Pelicansarebirdswithbigbeaks.
2. Apelicanhasstrangefoodhabits.
3. Apelicanpicksupfishinitsbeak.
4. Apelicantakesmorefoodthaniteatsatonetime.
5. Apersonisdifferentfromapelican.
6. Apersonhasfoodhabits,too.
7. Acabbageisavegetable.
8. Avegetariandoesnoteatmeat.
9. Ahabitisanactivitythatwedoallthetime.
10. Asayingisagroupofwordswithspecialmeaning.
Some nouns are not countable. They are not singular, and they are
notplural,either.Theyareneverusedwiththesingulararticlea oran,
and they dont usually take a plural s ending. Noncount nouns take a
singularverb.Studytheseexamples:
meat Vegetariansdonteatmeat.(noarticle)
Onemansmeat is anothermanspoison.(singularverb)
Make sentences with the groups of words below. The noncount
nounineachgroupisunderlined.
1. Peter/cook/meat /forhamburgers
Petercooksmeatforhamburgers.
2. People/eat/food
3. Beef /comefrom/cows
4. Pork /comefrom/pigs
5. Coffee /comefrom/SouthAmerica
6. Tea /comefrom/China
47
7. Somepeople/think/alcohol /poison.
8. Somepeople/think/alcohol /verygood.
9. Somepeople/think/work /verygood.
10. Somepeople/think/work /poison.
V.Grammar. Articles.
Decidewhetheranarticleisneededineachblank.Writeeithera,an,
or X (if no article is needed). The only single count nouns below are
man,sandwich,anddinner.
__________pelicanseat__________fish,__________vegetarianseat
__________ vegetables, and __________ Americans eat __________
hamburgers. __________ people all over the world have __________
customs about __________ food. __________ man will eat almost any
foodwhenheisveryhungry.Hewilleat__________bread,__________
meat, __________ vegetables, or __________ sandwich. When I am
hungry,Iwilleatanything..
1. Whatkindoffooddoyoueat?
2. Whatdoyoueatforbreakfast?
3. Whatdoyoueatfordinner?
4. Doyoufollowanyfoodlaws?
48
Helpfulvocabularywords:
Singularcountnouns Pluralcountnouns Noncountnouns
asandwich apples bread meat
ahamburger tomatoes milk cheese
vegetables coffee tea fish
beans salad butter
rice soup
Thisisaspellinggameinwhichyoumustchangethewordsbychang
ingoneletteratatime.Tohelpyou,thereisadefinitionbyeachword.
Canyouchangethewordfood tothewordpork?
1. f o o d somethingtoeat
2. g o o d notbad
3. w o o d comesfromtrees
4. w o r d madeofletters
5. w o r k yourjob
6. f o r k usedforeating
7. p o r k meatfromapig
Nowchangethewordfire Andwhatwordwillyoumake
tomine. attheendofthispuzzle?
1. f i r e burnsthings 1. r e a d Youcan_ _ _ _
2. _ _ _ _ fourplusone abook
3. _ _ _ _ Thinpeopleeat 2. _ _ _ _ true,genuine
tolive.Fat 3. _ _ _ _ breakfast,lunch,
people_ _ _ _ dinner
toeat. 4. _ _ _ _ porkorbeef
4. _ _ _ _ Pelicans_ _ _ _ 5. _ _ _ _ We_ _ _ _
toeatfish. withoil
5. _ _ _ _ ashortname orwood
forMichael 6. _ _ _ _ hitorstrike
6. _ _ _ _ Catseat_ _ _ _ 7. _ _ _ _ abirds
49
CHAPTER NINE
Mary and Walter Kramer dont live in town. They have a small farm
house in northern Vermont. Mr. Kramer built the farmhouse himself
twentyyearsago.Ithasanoilheaterandafireplace.Wintersarevery
coldinVermont,andoilisexpensive.Sometimestheyusetheoilheater,
but often they burn wood in the fireplace. They dont pay for the wood
because
they have trees on their own land. They cut down the trees
and saw them into smaller pieces.
TheKramersenjoyworkingoutside.Theyliketospendtimetogether.
Todaytheyreworkingoutsideonanimportantjob.Theyrecuttingfire
woodfornextwinter.Mr.Kramerholdsalog,andMrs.Kramerusesan
electricsaw.Thentheycarrythelogsbacktothehouse.Theyputthem
onawoodpilenexttothefarmhouse.Allwintertheyusethewoodfrom
the pile to keep warm. In this way they try to save a lot of money.
50
I.Mechanics
A.Thirdpersons forms.
Follow the rules in chapter 2, section II and add the third person s
(ores)totheseverbs:live,have,use,burn,pay,cut,saw,show,hold,
carry,put,try,save.
B.Reviewofcapitalizationandpunctuation.
mr and mrs kramer dont live in town they live in a farmhouse in ver
mont its cold in the winter but it isnt expensive to heat the farmhouse
they have many trees on their land so they usually burn wood today
theyre cutting firewood for the winter next they will put the logs on a
large woodpile by the farmhouse its not as expensive to live in the
countrybutinthecityitiseveryoneinthecityhastopayforoil.
II.Grammar Reviewoftherulesforarticleswithcommonnouns.
The rules for articles in English depend on whether you are talking
aboutanouningeneraloraspecificnoun.Belowisareviewofallthe
rulesforarticlesthatwehaveusedinchapters1to8.
1. Donotuseanarticlebeforeapersonsname.
2. Asinglecountnounmusthaveanarticle.Usea oran whenthe
nounisindefinite,general,orwhenyouarementioningitforthe
firsttime.
3. Pluralandnoncountnounsdonottakeanarticlewhenthenoun
isindefinite,general,oryouarementioningitforthefirsttime.
Singlecountnouns Pluralnouns Noncountnouns
a,an (X) (X)
Study the words in the list below. Then copy the paragraph. Write
articles inthespaceswheretheyareneeded.
Singlecountnouns. Pluralnouns. Noncountnouns.
afarmhouse. trees. land.
afireplace. winters. money.
ajob. pieces. oil.
alog. logs. time.
anoilheater. summers. wood.
asaw. work.
awoodpile.
51
Mr.Kramerisntrich,buthehasmanythings.Hehas________land,
________trees,________farmhouse,________oilheater,________
oil,________fireplace,and________wood.Helikes________workand
hesaves________money.Hehas________timetodo________jobwell.
He spends ________ winters and ________ summers with his wife in
Vermont.
Theyuse________sawtocut________logsinto________
pieces, and then they put them in ________ woodpile.
We call a and an indefinite articles. They are used for nouns when
the meaning is general, or indefinite. When we know the identity of a
specificnoun,weusethedefinitearticle,the.Forinstance,thesecond
time we mention a noun in a paragraph, it is identified. Below are the
rules for articles
when you mention a noun the second time.
Writearticlesinthespacesbelow,wheretheyareneeded.Usea,an,
or X (no article) the first time a noun is mentioned. Use the to refer to
that noun the second time.
Mary and Walter Kramer have _____ farmhouse. He built _____ farm
househimself.Todaytheyrecutting_____wood.Theywillput_____wood
into_____woodpile._____woodpileisnextto_____farmhouse._____farm
househas_____oilheaterand_____fireplace._____oilheaterisexpen
sive, so they often use _____ fireplace. They have _____ trees on their
land.Theycutdown_____treesandsawthemintosmallpieces.They
like to save _____ money this way. They can use _____ money for other
things.
Your teacher will read the text of the story above three times. Listen
carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the para
graph as well as you can from memory. Check your paper for articles
and for subjectverb agreement.
52
V.Grammar. Subjectverbagreement.
Eachsentencebelowhasapluralsubject.Changethesubjecttothe
singular form. You will need an article (a or an) before each singular
noun,andyouwillneedans endingfortheverb.Makeallotherneces
sarychanges.
1. Oilheatersburnoil.
2. Fireplacesburnwood.
3. Farmhousesusuallyhavefireplaces.
4. Cityhousesusuallyhaveoilheaters.
5. Farmersworkoutside,ontheland.
6. Citypeopleworkinside,inoffices,stores,orrestaurants.
7. Farmerstakewoodfromtheirowntrees.
8. Womenworkashardasmenonafarm.
9. Farmersheattheirhouseswithwood.
10. Citypeopleheattheirhouseswithoil.
VI.Controlled Composition.Respondingtoapicture
Mr.HardylivesinAlaska.LookatthepicturebelowtoseeMr.Hardy.
Rewrite the story The Kramers Woodpile and change the word
Kramers toMr.Hardy.Makeallotherchangesthatarenecessary.
Newvocabulary:
Thetoolthatheusestocutwoodisan ax.
53
2. Acarelesscookoftenburns hisfingers.(getabumon)
..
Acarelesscookoftengetsa burn onhisfingers
..
3. Acarelessdoctoroftencuts hisfingers.(getacut)..
4. Mr.Kramerpiles thewoodnearthedoor.(makeapileofwood)..
5. Mygrandfatherfishes everySaturdayafternoon.(catchafish)..
6. Saravisits heruncleinVenezuelaeverysummer.(payavisitto)..
7. Thiscustomeralwaysorders twohamburgers.(placeanorderfor).
8. Myheadaches andIneedanaspirin!(haveaheadache)..
9. Iwork attheT.V.station.(workbeat)..
10. Weheat withanoilstove.(getheatfrom)..
54
CHAPTER TEN
55
I."r$mm$r Countandnoncountnounswitharticles
Study the words in the list below. Then copy the paragraph. Write
articles
inthespaceswheretheyareneeded.
Singularcountnouns Pluralnouns Noncountnouns
aninsurancecompany people insurance
abuilding cars land
anoffer workers room
alocation problems pollution
anoffice parks traffic
areason museums noise
aplace restaurants officespace
theaters time
stores
weekends
Mr. Allen and Mr. Foster want _____ good location for _____ new
office building. _____ location should be safe and quiet. They have
_____offerfrom_____NortheasternBankCompany,but_____offeris
very expensive. Mr. Allen likes _____ cities because there are _____
parks,_____museums,_____restaurants,_____theaters,and_____
stores there. Mr. Foster says that in _____ cities there is _____ pollu
tion, _____ traffic, and _____ noise. _____ theaters and _____ stores
arenogoodifthereisnt_____timetovisitthem.Finallytheydecideon
_____ good place. _____ office building will be in _____ Suburban
IndustrialPark._____placeisjustrightfor_____newofficebuilding.
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Checkyourpaperforarticlesandfor
subjectverbagreement.
56
the model sentences below. Notice the different patterns for singular
countnouns,pluralnouns,andnoncountnouns.
There+Verb+Quantifier+NounPhrase+AdverbPhrase
(Realsubject)
Makeasentencewitheachgroupofwordsbelow.Usethecorrectverb
andchooseaquantifierforeachsentence.
1. people/city Therearelotsofpeopleinthecity.
2. people/country Therearefewpeopleinthecountry.
3. pollution/country Thereisnopollutioninthecountry.
4. pollution/city Thereisalotofpollutioninthecity.
5. room/city
6. room/country
7. goodlocation/city
8. goodlocation/country
9. cars/city
10. cars/country
11. goodreasontobuild/city
12. goodreasonstobuild/country
13. restaurants/city
14. restaurants/country
15. problems/city
16. problems/country
57
Notice that the patterns for questions are slightly different. The verb
comes first, before there. Use the word any in a question if you have
no idea what the answer will be. Use a more definite quantifier if you
already have an idea about the answer.
Examples: office buildings / suburbs
Are there many office buildings in the suburbs?
(I know there are some, but I dont know how many there
are.)
problems / suburbs
Are there any problems in the suburbs?
(I dont know if there are problems or not.)
Verb +There + Quantifier + Noun Phrase + Adverb Phrase
(Real subject)
Make questions with each group of words below. Use the correct verb
and choose a quantifier for each sentence.
1. office space / city
2. office space / suburbs
3. pollution / city
4. pollution / suburbs
5. noise / city
6. noise / suburbs
7. insurance company / suburbs
58
8. officebuilding/suburbs
9. cars/suburbs
10. cars/city
11. restaurants/city
12. restaurants/suburbs
13. stores/suburbs
14. goodlocation/suburbs
V.Grammar Wordorderwithadverbphrases
Study the two sentences below, and notice the position of the
adverb phrases. Rewrite each of the following sentences, putting the
adverbphrasefirst.
Thereisalotofrainneartheocean.
Neartheocean thereisalotofrain.
1. ThereisalotofpollutioninNewYork.
2. ThereisalotoflandinAlaska.
3. ThereisalotoftrafficinTokyo.
4. TherearemanyinsurancecompaniesinLondon.
5. Thereisnotimeforshoppingonweekdays.
6. Thereislotsoftimeformuseumsontheweekends.
7. Theresnospaceforparkingonthestreet.
8. TherearealotofbeachesinVenezuela.
9. TherearemanyChineserestaurantsinSanFrancisco.
10. Theresverylittlenoiseinthecountry.
VI.Grammar Sentencecombiningreview
Combine each pair of sentences by using andtoo, andeither, or
but.Leaveoutthemainverbandalltheotherinformationfromthesec
ondsentencethatisrepetitious.
Mr.Allenwantstobuildinthecity.
Mr.Fosterdoesntwanttobuildinthecity.
Mr.Allenwantstobuildinthecity,butMr.Fosterdoesnt.
1. TheNortheasternBankCompanyisinthecity.
Theindustrialparkisntinthecity.
2. Ourbuildingdoesnthaveenoughofficespace.
The Northeastern Bank office building doesnt have enough
officespace.
59
3. Landisexpensiveinthecity.
Inthesuburbslandisntexpensive.
4. Thecityhasalotofpollution.
Thesuburbsdoesnthavealotofpollution.
5. Thecityhassomeadvantages.
Thesuburbshassomeadvantages.
Ontheweekendtheworkershavetimeformuseums.
8. Theworkersaresickofdriving.
Iamsickofdriving.
9. Theworkersenjoytheweekends.
Theemployersenjoytheweekends.
ALLENFOSTERINSURANCECOMPANY
Whereyourhappinessisoursuccess
MEMO
To:CompanyEmployees
From:HowardAllenandDavidFoster
Re:NewOfficeBuilding
Pleasewriteusashortnoteaboutyouropinion:Whichisbetter
forournewofficebuilding,thecityorthesuburbs?Wewantyou
tobehappy.Choosealocationandgiveusallyourreasons.
Thankyou.
60
61
CHAPTER ELEVEN
RIDDLES
62
I.Grammar Reviewofverbsinyesnoquestions
Copythequestionsbelowandaddaverbtoeachquestion.
Youmayadddo,does,oraformoftheverbto be.
1. _______aspongefullofholes?
2. _______aspongeholdwater?
3. _______abarbershavemanytimesaday?
4. _______abarberhaveabeard?
5. _______abedfullatnight?
6. _______abedemptyinthedaytime?
7. _______waterrundownhill?
8. _______acowwearabell?
9. _______youuseyourrighthandtostirsoup?
10. _______youcatchelephants?
11. _______apeanutmakeanoise?
12. _______thecageempty?
II.Grammar Informationquestions
A.Questionswithwhen,where,why,andhow.Tobeginaquestion
withthesewords,useverbsubjectwordorder,andplacethequestion
wordbeforetheverb.
Questionword Verb Subject Complement
Oldpattern: Is apieceofwoodlikeaking?
Newpattern: When is apieceofwoodlikeaking?
Rewritethequestionsbelow,turningthemintoinformationquestions.
Addaquestionwordbeforetheverb.
1. Doesacowwearabell?(Why)
2. Doeswaterstoprunningdownhill?(When)
3. Doyoucatchelephants?(How)
4. Doesaspongeholdwater?(How)
5. Doesabarbershavemanytimesaday?(Why)
6. Isabedfull?(When)
7. Isabedempty?(When)
8. Doyouuseyourhandtostirsoup?(Why)
9. Is the cage empty? (When)
10. Is Bill standing? (Where)
63
B. Questions with who, what, and which. Who, what and which can
act as the subject of the sentence, so there is no need for an extra
auxiliary verb. Normal subject-verb word order is used. Simply replace
the subject with who (for people), what (for things) or which + a noun.
You will write a riddle for each problem.
Example: A sponge is full of holes and holds water.
What is full of holes and holds water?
1. A barber shaves many times a day and still has a beard.
2. A bed is full at night and empty in the daytime.
3. A night watchman earns a living without a days work.
4. A road runs up the hill and down the hill, but always stands still.
5. A secret is too much for one, enough for
two, but nothing at all for three.
6. A keyhole goes through a door,
but never goes in or comes out.
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of
paper to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of
paper. Have a pencil and paper ready to write sentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a riddle and an answer, he writes both parts on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the sentences do not go to-
gether to make a riddle and its answer, he covers them again. (Re-
member what is under each square of paper!) The second player takes
his turn. Continue playing until all the squares are uncovered.
The player with the most riddles on his paper is the winner.
64
Whendoyou Whatisfull
throwlettuce intheday Becausetheir
andtomatoes Atthe timeand headsareso
aroundthe bottom. emptyat farawayfrom
kitchen? night? theirbodies.
Apairof
boots. Whereisthe Whenyou
Whenare Pacific wanttotoss
cooksmean? Oceanthe asalad.
deepest?
Whichburns Whydo
longera giraffes Bythesmell
blackcandle have ofpeanuts Neitherone.
orawhite such onits Bothburn
candle? long breath. shorter.
necks?
IV.Grammar Possessiveswiththings
Youhavelearnedtoshowpossessionbyaddingsorstoapersons
name. For instance, John has handsJohns hands. However, when
thehandsbelongtoanobjectsuchasaclockwedonotuses.We
usetheprepositionof toshowpossession:thehandsof theclock.
Many objects are compared to people so that we say objects have
hands,eyes,mouths,tongues,andheads.Usethestructurethe(noun)
ofthe(noun) ineachproblembelow.
Example:Wesaythataclockhashands,thehandsoftheclock
1.Wesaythataneedlehasaneye.
2.Wesaythatatablehaslegs.
65
Below are the answers to some riddles. Write a good riddle before
each answer. If you need help with vocabulary, look at the words in
parentheses.
Example: (hands, cannot write) What has hands but cannot write?
A clock.
1. (a head, cannot think) _______________
A nail.
2. (teeth, cannot bite) ___________________
A comb.
3. (legs, cannot walk) ____________________
A table.
4. (an eye, cannot see) _________________
A needle.
5. (a tongue,cannot speak) ___________
A shoe.
6. (a bed, cannot sleep) __________________
A river.
7. (a heart, cannot love) __________________
A jungle.
8. (a mouth, cannot eat) _______
A jar.
9. (a face, cannot smile) ________________
A clock.
10. (a foot, cannot walk) _______________
A bed.
66
VI.Grammar Choosingprepositions
Lookatthemeaningsoftheprepositionsbelow.Thencopythesen
tences,choosingaprepositiontofilleachblank.
ofshowspossession ininside,within
fromshowsoriginor onrestingonthetop
nationality surface
1. ErnieAndersonis_____theUnitedStates.HeisAmerican.
2. Thehead_____anailisveryflat.
3. Ithinkthatyouhitthenail_____thehead.
4. Acookworks_____arestaurant.
5. Putanotherhamburger_____thegrill,please.
6. Wehavemanytrees_____ourland.
7. Mycatlikestositatthefoot_____thebed.
8. Thereismorenoise___thecitythan_____thecountry.
9. Putthelogs_____thewoodpile.
10. Robertocomes_____Caracas,Venezuela.
Some riddles are funny because they are puns. Puns are made with
words that have double meanings. A pun doesnt make sense until you
know both meanings of the word. Read the riddles below and then
write the two meanings of each underlined word.
Example: A. When is a car not a car?
B. When it is turning into a driveway. (4,7)
Turning into means turning to enter and becoming,
transforming.
A. When did the blind man see?
When he picked up his hammer and saw.
B.
A. What has four legs and flies?
A picnic table.
B.
A. When is a piece of wood like a king?
When it is a ruler.
B.
A. Why does a cow wear a bell?
Because its horns dont work.
B.
A. Who raises things without lifting them?
A farmer.
B.
1. hard, curved bones on the outside of a cows head
2. moves in the air
3. a tool for cutting wood
4. turning to enter
5. a loud instrument for making noise
6. insects that disturb picnics
7. becoming, transforming
8. past of see
9. to grow vegetables
10. a straight piece of wood for measuring
11. the leader of a country
12. to elevate, to move something higher
Some puns are made with homonyms. Homonyms are words that
sound the same but are spelled differently. These riddles and puns are
not so funny in writing. You need to say them out loud in order to
understand them completely.
Read these riddles out loud and then write the two meanings of each
underlined word.
68
Example: A. Whatisblackandwhiteandreadallover?
B. Anewspaper.
Thetwomeaningsareread andred.(12,13)
A. WhydontpeopleeverbecomehungryintheSaharadesert?
B. Becauseofthesand which isthere.
A. Whereisasneezeusuallypointed?
B. Achoo!
A. Howdotrainshear?
B. Throughtheirengineers.
A. Whenisasailornotasailor?
B. Whenheisashore.
A. Wheredoesthesheepgetitshaircut?
B. Atthebaabaa shop.
A. Howdoyouspellblindgiant?
B. bindgant.Youspellitthatwaybecauseablindgianthasnoeyes.
A. Whenisadoornotadoor?
B. Whenitisajar.
A. Wherewerethefirstpotatoesfried?
B. InGreece.
1. ashore:ontheland,notontheship
2. engineers:thedriversoftrains
3. ajar:aroundglasscontainerwithawidemouth
4. sandwhichis:threewordsthatsoundlikethewordsandwiches
5. ashore:thepartofthelandthatmeetstheocean
6. baabaa:thesoundthatasheepmakes
7. Greece:acountryinsouthernEurope
8. barber:themanwhocutshairandshavesbeards
9. ajar:openalittlebit
10. engineears:anonsensephrase,meaningtheearsofanengine
11. grease:oilorfatforfryingfoods
12. read:pastofread
13. red:acolor
14. sandwiches:akindoffoodmadewithbreadandafilling
15. achoo:thesoundofasneeze
16. eyes:thepartofthefacethatsees
17. atyou:twowordsthatsoundlikeachoo!
18. Is:pluralforI,aletterinthealphabetthatsoundslikeeye
69
CHAPTER TWELVE
CROWDHNG
Lookaroundyouwhatdoyousee?Whatdoyouhear?Whatdoyou
smell? If you live in a city, you probably see many people. You hear the
noiseoftraffic,andyousmellthepollutionfromcarsandfactories.
We are entering a new time in the history of the world. Before this,
most people were farmers. They lived in the country. Now many people
areleavingthefarmsandmovingintothecities.Theyarelookingforjobs.
Thecitiesaregrowingveryquickly.
Most cities are very crowded. People are driving more cars, burning
more fuel, using more water, eating more food, making more garbage,
andproducingmorethingsinfactoriesthaneverbefore.Lifeisbecoming
difficult.
Some governments are trying to plan for the future. They are building
new roads, putting up new houses, looking for more water, and limiting
growth in certain areas. Still, city planners are getting worried. People
are crowding into the cities faster than the cities can take them. The
cities are running out of room. What is the answer to this problem?
70
I.Mechanics Usingcommasinaseries
Weuseacommabetweenallthemembersofalist,oraseries.
Weneedeggs,cheese,milk,andbread.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded.
1. whatdoyouseehearfeelandsmell
2. iseecarspeoplehousesstoresandfactories
3. thelargestcitiesintheworldarenewyorkcitymexicocitytokyolos
angelesshanghaibuenosairesparisandpeking
4. peopleareusingmorefoodfuelwaterandair
5. they are planning cities building roads finding water putting up
housesandlimitinggrowth
6. thegrowthofcitiesisaproblemineuropeafricaasianorthamerica
andsouthamerica
7. whatarewedoingaboutthetrafficthenoisethepollutionandthe
crowding
8. dotheseproblemshaveananswer
Wearedancing.(dance,shave,hide,smile,hope)
2. Verbsthatendinavowelfollowedbyadoubleconsonant(VCC)
orinadoublevowelfollowedbyaconsonant(VVC)simplyadding.
Writetheformsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Heiscooking.(cook,wait,help,count,sleep,think)
Theyareworking.(work,eat,read,watch,finish,walk)
71
3. Verbsthatendinasinglestressedvowelfollowedbyasinglecon
sonant(VC)mustaddanotherconsonant beforeaddinging.Writethe
formsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Iamswimming.(swim,win,plan,sit,stop)
Youarecutting.(cut,run,dig,shop,getup)
(Noticethatverbswiththestressbeforethelastsyllabledonotfollow
this pattern. They do not take a double consonant, vsit visiting,
nter centering,lmit limiting)
(Afewmoreexceptionstotheruleofthedoubleconsonantareverbs
thatendinw,x,ory.Theydonotdouble.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.)
Heisbuying.(buy,relax,grow)
Weareplaying.(play,fix,pay,saw)
4. Verbsthatendinie changetheie toy andadding.Verbsthatend
inothervowelssimpletakeing.
Sheisdying.(die,lie,tie,go,see)
III.Grammar Subjectverbagreement+presentcontinuous
Rewritetheparagraphsbelow,addingthecorrectformoftheverbs.
Theverbbe mustagreewiththesubject.Themainverbtakesing.
Manyfarmpeopleare coming intothecities,(come)They________
theirfarmsforalifeinthecity.(leave)They________forjobs,houses,
andanewsetoffriends.(lookfor)Thecities________verycrowded.
(become)Thegovernment________tohelpthepeople,buttheprob
lemistooserious,(try)Theheadcityplanner________worriedabout
thefuture.(get)
We_____not_____newhousesfastenough,hesays.(build)The
city________outofroom,water,jobs,andhouses.(runout)We___
_____ about a limit on growth. (think about) Our big cities ___ _____
too fast.(grow)Fewfarmers________grainandvegetablesforusto
eat.(raise)Thissituation________thewholecountryindanger.(put)
IV.Controlled Composition Dictocomp
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphbelowthreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.
72
Somegovernmentsaretryingtoplanforthefuture.Theyarebuilding
new roads, putting up new houses, finding more water, and limiting
growth in certain areas. Still, city planners are getting worried. People
are crowding into the cities faster than the cities can take them. The
citiesarerunningoutofroom.Whatistheanswertothisproblem?
The general rule for the definite article is that we use the when we
know the identity of the noun. We often know which particular noun is
meantifthereisaprepositionalphrasetodefineit.
Example: EverypersonhasX problems.(Noarticlebecauseprob
lemsisaverygeneralwordhere.)The problemsofcities
areserious.(Hereweusethe becauseweknowwhichprob
lemswearetalkingabout.Theyaretheproblemsofcities.)
Writethesephrases.Addthe atthebeginning.
1. __________growthofcities
2. __________smellofpollution
3. __________noiseofthecrowd
4. __________pollutionfromcars
5. __________carsinthestreet
6. __________governmentsofSouthAmerica
7. __________productsfromourfactories
8. __________noisefromfactories
9. __________soundofahorn
10. __________historyoftheworld
Thereisusuallymorethanonewaytoaskaquestion.Foreachtopic
below you may ask a question at least two ways. Use the vocabulary
thatisgivenandwritetwoquestionsforeachtopic.Youwillneedtoadd
auxiliaryverbs.
1. moving
where/farmers/moving Wherearefarmersmoving?
farmers/moving/tothecity
Arefarmersmovingtothecity?
73
2. lookingforjobs
what/people/lookingfor
people/lookingfor/jobs
3. growing
howfast/cities/growing
cities/growing/veryquickly
4. building
what/governments/building
governments/building/newroadsandhouses
5. lookingforwater
what/governments/lookingfor
governments/lookingfor/water
6. feeling
how/cityplanners/feeling
cityplanners/feeling/worried
AnInterviewwithaCityPlanner
Reporter: AreyouRogerCollins?
Planner: Yes,Iam.ImRogerCollins.Areyouthereporterfromthe
ChicagoPress?
Reporter: Yes,ImKentClark.______________________________?
Planner: Yes,itsagoodtimetotalk.NormallyIamaverybusyman,
butrightnowImjustkillingtime.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Imwaitingforaphonecallaboutanewairpollutionrule
fromthegovernmentoffice.Imveryworried.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Becausethephonecallislate.Itsanimportantcall.We
needanewpollutionrule.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Because the air in the city is very dirty. Its a dangerous
74
situationforoldpeopleandforchildren.Wearemaking
planstomovesomeofthecompaniesintothecountry.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Somecompaniesagree,butothersdont.Thisnewrulewill
makeourjobeasier.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes, there are several companies in the country now. The
AllenFoster Insurance Company, for example, is in the
country.Theirmoveisagreatsuccess.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Well, no, not really. An insurance company is actually quite
clean.ButtheAllenFosterCompanyissettingagoodex
ample,andtheirworkersareveryhappynow.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: These moves help the city in many ways. First, we need to
limit growth. Second, we need to cut pollution. Third, we
needtolimittrafficinthecity.
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes,wedo.Wehaveotherplanstohelpthecity.Forexam
ple,withwater
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes,weare.Werelookingforwater.Andhouses
Reporter:_______________________________________________?
Planner: Yes, we are. Were building 200 new houses. Excuse me,
myphonecallishere.
Reporter: Goodbye,andthankyoufortheinterview.
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clearorder.Thetopicsare:CrowdingandPollution.Eachparagraph
willhavesixsentences.
1. First,youngpeoplefromthecountryarelookingforbetterjobsin
thecity.
2. Second,manypeoplethinkthatcitylifeismoreinteresting.
3. Farmersworkveryhard,andtheydontearnmuchmoney.
4. Therearemanykindsofpollution.
75
5. Manypeoplethrowgarbageontheground.
6. Whyaresomanypeoplemovingintothecity?
7. Therearetworeasons.
8. Airpollutioncomesfromcarsandfactories.
9. Therearemoretheaters,parks,andshopsinthecity.
10. Waterpollutioncomesfromfactories,too.
11. Noise pollution comes from car horns, factories, trains, and
crowdsofpeople.
12. Garbageisakindofpollution.
76
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
SUPERM!RKETS
A. Spellingofing forms
Followtherulesinchapter12,sectionIIandadding totheseverbs:
die,close,lose,employ,stay,buy,offer,shop,miss,compete
B. Capitallettersforthenamesofcompaniesandstores
Thenamesofcompaniesandstoresbeginwithcapitalletters:
SuperValu ShopRite BobandMarshasGrocery
Acronymsandabbreviationsusecapitalletters,too.
UNESCO IBM IGA
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
1. bobandmarshasgroceryisamaandpaoperation
2. theirstorebelongstotheiga,theindependentgrocers
association
3. theydontbelongtoalargecompanylikeshopriteorsupervalu
4. theigahelpsthemordercannedfood
5. bobandmarshabuyfruitsandvegetablesfromlocalfarmerslike
oscarlindstrom
6. theresalsoaspecialpartofthestoreformexicanfood
7. bobandmarshasisonmidwayavenueandriverdrive
8. theresashopritestoreonemileaway
9. theshopritestoresellsfoodfromchinalebanonmexicoandItaly
10. shopriteandsupervalusellagreatervarietyoffoodatcheaper
prices
II.Grammar Comparisonofadjectives
Englishhasthreedegreesofcomparisonforadjectives.Theyarethe
positive,thecomparative,andthesuperlative.Studytheseexamples:
Spaghettiischeap.(positive)
Breadischeaper.(comparative)
Riceisthe cheapest.(superlative)
Fishisexpensive.(positive)
Porkismore expensive.(comparative)
78
(Therearesomeexceptionstotheruleofthedoubleconsonant.Ad
jectivesthatendinw,x,ory donotdouble.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.)
79
80
2. supermarkets/cornerstores/modern
3. theworkinghoursofsupermarkets/theworkinghoursofcorner
stores/long
4. thepricesatsupermarkets/thepricesatcornerstores/low
5. cornerstores/supermarkets/friendly
6. cornerstores/supermarkets/closetohome
7. freshbread/oldbread/soft
8. freshvegetables/cannedvegetables/delicious
9. supermarkets/cornerstores/crowded
10. supermarkets/cornerstores/noisyandbusy
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clear order. The topics are: I Hate Supermarkets and I Like Super
markets.Eachparagraphwillhaveeightsentences.
1. Ireallydontlikeshoppinginsupermarkets.
2. Supermarketsaretoobig,andIcantfindanythingthere.
3. Theclerksareunfriendly.
4. Iamsohappytolivenearasupermarket!
5. IcanfindfoodfromItaly,Mexico,China,andJapan.
6. Theyarenoisy,busy,crowdedplaces.
7. Theyarelight,clean,large,modernstores.
8. Nobodyhelpsme.
9. Thepricesarelow,andthefoodisfresh.
10. ThesupermarkethasallthekindsoffoodthatIneed.
11. ThevarietyoffoodissogreatthatIcantchoose.
12. Ihavetowaitinlinealongtimetopay.
13. Sometimesthestoreservesfreecoffeeandcake.
14. Mysupermarketisopenfrom7:00inthemorninguntilmidnight.
15. Ialwaysspendtoomuchmoney,andIgetaheadache.
16. My friendsfromotherpartsofthecity shop there,too.
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences. Rewrite the paragraphs and vary the length of the senten
ces.Makesomelonger,andchangethewordorderinsome.Combine
somesentenceswithand,but,so,andor.
82
Food habits are changing in America. Some people are trying vege
tarianfood.Theydontlikemeat.Theyeatotherthings.Thiskindofdiet
doesntincludemeat.Itishealthyanyway.Vegetarianshavemanyfood
choicesforprotein.Theycaneateggs.Theycaneatcheese.
ManyAmericansaretryingfoodfromothercountries.Peoplecometo
Americafrommanyplaces.ThereisagreatvarietyoffoodintheUnited
States.Foodhabitsarepartofanationalculture.Peoplebringtheirfood
habitswiththem.Soonpeopletrythefoodofothercountries.Itappears
in all the grocery stores. People eat this food in restaurants. They learn
tocookitathome.
VIII.Vocabulary and Spelling Crosswordpuzzle
Theendinger canbeaddedtoaverbtomakeanoun.Itmeans,the
personorthethingthatdoesForexample,ahelperisapersonwho
helps,andafreezerisamachinethatfreezesfood.
Adder toeachverbinthelistsbelow.Usethesenewwordstofillin
thecrosswordpuzzle.
(Verbsthatendwithasinglestressedvowelfollowedbyasinglecon
sonantVCmustdoubletheconsonantbeforeaddinger.Verbsthat
endiny changethey toibeforeaddinger.)
DOWN
1. amachinethatdries
2. apersonwhoflies
3. apersonwhoswims
6. apersonwhoruns
8. apersonwhocutswood
9. apersonwhospeaks
10. amachinethatreceives
12. apersonwhodrives
15. apersonwhovotes
16. apersonwhosells
18. apersonwhorides
ACROSS
4. apersonwhowins
5. apersonwhorules
7. amachinethatwashesdishes
11. apersonwhoreads
13. apersonwhoemployspeople
14. apersonwhobelieves
17. apersonwhoeats
19. amachinethatheats
20. apersonwhoearns
21. apersonwhocatches
83
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
FAMILY ROLES
A.Nounplurals
Thepluralofman ismen,andthepluralofwoman iswomen.Follow
therulesinchapter3,sectionIIandmakethesenounsplural:bike,car,
kiss,policeman,policewoman,job,wife,laundress,nurse,pattern,per
son,lifestyle.
B.Thecolonbeforealistofexamples
Thecolon(:)issometimesusedtointroduceaseriesoralist.
Themembersofthelistareseparatedbycommas.
In Grandmothers day, a woman had many roles: wife, moth
er,cook,laundress,nurse,andteacher.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswheretheyareneeded.
Example: ingrandmothersdayawomanhadmanyrolesmotherwife
cooklaundressnurseandteacher
In Grandmothers day, a woman had many roles: mother,
wife,cook,laundress,nurse,andteacher.
1. mrandmrsthomassharemanyjobsthecookingthehouseworkthe
shoppingandajobonthepoliceforce
2. inmodernfamiliesamanmayhelpathomeinmanywayscleaning
shoppingandcooking
3. inmodernfamiliesmanywomenhavetwojobsoneathomeand
oneoutsidethehome
4. inthepastsomejobswerealwaysformenbankingpolicework
businessmedicineandlaw
5. afewjobsweresavedforwomennursingteachingandwaitress
work
6. nowthereareotherpatternsmotherworksmotherandfatherwork
ormotherandfathershareajob
II.Grammar Thepasttenseoftobe
Studytheformsfortheverbtobe inthepast.Theyareirregular,so
85
theymustbelearnedseparately.Rewritetheparagraphbelow,chang
ingallthebe verbstothepasttense.
I was we were
you were
{
he
she was
they were
it
IRememberErnie
IrememberErnie.Heisafriendofmine.Hesatruckdriverfromthe
UnitedStates.Imethimatasquaredance.Heandhiswifearegood
dancers,andtheyarealotoffun.Heisgenerousandwarmhearted.
Allhisfriendsarefriendly,too.Irememberthedancemusic.Itisfast
andloud.Squaredancingisagoodhobby.
III.Grammar Thepasttensewithregularverbs
Regularverbstakeaned endingtoformthepasttense.Thespelling
rulesdependonthespellingandthesyllablestressoftheverb.
1. Verbsthatendwithe simplyaddd.Writetheformsbelowwith
thecorrectspelling.
Wedanced.(dance,live,hope,move)
Theysmiled.(smile,save,shave,love)
2. Verbsthatendinadoubleconsonant(VCC)orinadoublevowel
followed by a consonant (VCC) simply add ed. Write the forms below
with the correct spelling.
Sheworked.(work,wait,count,wash,call)
Hehelped.(help,cook,watch,rush,turn)
3. Verbs that end in a single stressed vowel followed by a single
consonant (VC)mustaddanotherconsonant beforetakinged.Write
theformsbelowwiththecorrectspelling.
Iplanned.(plan,whip,brag,sob,chop)
(Noticethatverbswiththestressbeforethelastsyllabledonotfollow
thispattern.Theydonottakeadoubleconsonant.
86
Your teacher will read the paragraph above three times. Listen care-
fully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the paragraph
as well as you can from memory. Check the spelling of all the past
tense forms.
The word more can be used with plural and noncount nouns. Less is
used with noncount nouns. Fewer is used with plural nouns. Study the
words in the lists below.
Plural nouns Noncount nouns
{ {
jobs work
more people more variety
problems traffic
fewer customers less food
cars noise
freedom
87
Use the vocabulary that is given and make a comparison between
thetwonouns.Addaverbandthewordthan.
Example: amodernwoman/Grandmother/freedom
AmodernwomanhasmorefreedomthanGrandmother.
Grandmotherhaslessfreedomthanamodernwoman.
1. acountrydoctor/acitydoctor/work
2. asupermarket/acornerstore/variety
3. asupermarket/acornerstore/jobs
4. anemptyrestaurant/acrowdedrestaurant/customers
5. atraditionalculture/amodernculture/problem
6. afatperson/athinperson/food
7. thecity/thecountry/noise
8. abusystreet/aquietstreet/traffic
9. abusystreet/aquietstreet/cars
10. acity/atown/people
VI.Grammar Sentencecombining:compoundsentenceparts
When two sentences are very similar except for one part, they can
oftenbecombinedintoonelongersentencewithacompoundpart.The
mostcommonconjunctionforthiskindofsentenceisand.
Combine each pair of sentences below into one longer sentence.
Youmayneedtochangetheverb.Leaveoutthepartsinparentheses.
Example: Father(istakingcareofthechildren.)
Motheristakingcareofthechildren.
FatherandMotheraretakingcareofthechildren.
1. Grandmotherwasawife.
(Grandmotherwas)acook.
(Grandmotherwas)alaundress.
(Grandmotherwas)anurse.
(Grandmotherwas)ateacher.
2. Littleboysexpectedtogrowup.
(Littleboysexpected)togetjobs.
3. Littlegirlslookedforwardtomarriage.
(Littlegirlslookedforwardto)motherhood.
88
4. Therolesofmen(arechanging.)
(Therolesof)womenarechanging.
5. Father(works.)
Motherworks.
6. Motherworksathome.
(Motherworks)inarestaurant.
7. Myparentssharethecooking.
(Myparentsshare)thehousework.
8. Mr.Thomas(worksonthepoliceforce.)
Mrs.Thomasworksonthepoliceforce.
9. Momisputtingoilinthecar.
(Momis)fillingitwithgas.
10. Nowlittleboys(canlookforwardtoajoboutsidethehome.)
(Now)littlegirlscanlookforwardtoajoboutsidethehome.
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences.Rewritetheparagraphbelowandvarythelengthofthesen
tences. Make some longer, and change the word order in some. Com
binesomesentenceswithand,but,or,andso.
MynameisJuneTaylor.MydaughterSaralivesinFairbanks,Alaska.
I live in Fairbanks, Alaska. I am a working mother. I work as a camera
womanforaT.V.stationinFairbanks.Myjobisinteresting.Ienjoyit.I
didntalwayswork.Ididntplantowork.Istartedtoworktenyearsago.
Thisismystory.
ImarriedCharlesTaylorin1966.Wewereveryyoung.Charleswasa
salesman. He liked to move. We moved to a new city every year. We
livedinChicago.WelivedinDetroit.WelivedinMiami.Welivedfarfrom
our families. Charles wanted a large family. I wanted a large family. I
didntplantogetajob.Iplannedtostayhomewiththechildren.
SarawasborninMiami.Charleswasveryhappy.Iwasveryhappy.I
stayedhomewithSara.WemovedtoAlaskathenextyear.Ididnthave
ajob.Ihadahobby.IlikedtotakepicturesofSara.Ilearnedtotakevery
goodpictures.Istartedtosellthem.Itwasntarealjob.Ialwaysworked
athome.
Charlessuddenlybecameverysickin1972.Hehadcancer.Hedied
aftersixmonths.Ihadnomoney.Ihadnojob.Ihadnoeducation.Ihad
89
Choose sentences from the list below and write two separate para
graphs.Chooserelevantinformationandorganizethesentencesintoa
clearorder.Thetopicsare:WorkingWomenaBadIdeaandWork
ingWomenaGoodIdea.Eachparagraphwillhaveeightsentences.
1. Itisbadforwomentoworkoutsidethehome.
2. Workingwomenhavetoomuchfreedom.
3. Itishealthyforwomentoworkoutsidethehome.
4. Workingwomenareinterestingpeople.
5. Theyhavenewideastosharewiththeirfamily.
6. Theextramoneymakeslifebetter.
7. Theyforgettheneedsoftheirfamily.
8. Thehousebecomesdirty,anddinnerisalwayslate.
9. Allthepeopleinthefamilyhelpeachother.
10. Childrenandhusbandslearntodohousework.
11. Workingwomendontneedtheirhusbandsanymore.
12. Theylovetheirjobsmorethantheylovetheirhusbands.
13. Ifthehusbandissickoroutofwork,thewifecanearnmoneyfor
thefamily.
14. Familiesaresaferwhenwomenwork.
15. Itisbetterforwomentostayathome.
90
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
TALL TALES
Old Stormalong
Old Stormalong was the greatest and the biggest sailor of all. He was
a large baby, and then he grew even bigger. He was as big as the ships
of New England. He drank his soup out of a whaling boat. He slept on the
deck of the ship, because there was not enough room below deck for him.
They dont make ships big enough for me, said Stormalong.
Old Stormalong went to sea with Captain Starbuck on a whaling ship,
the Nancy Ann. They sailed to the middle of the ocean and looked for
whales.
There she blows! A whale! And another! called the lookout.
Its a whole school of whales! called the second lookout.
Into the boats! cried Captain Starbuck.
Stormalong jumped from the ship into a whaling boat, but the whaling
boat wasnt big enough for him. He was so big that he made a hole in the
bottom of the boat. The water ran in, and the sailors fell out.
You big elephant! cried Captain Starbuck. Im sorry I ever saw you.
91
Old Stormalong became very angry. He did a wonderful thing. He
swam back to the ship and took down a mast. Then he cut rope for a
line.Nextheputananchoronforahook.Hemadethebiggestfishing
pole in the world. Finally he put a piece of salt pork on the anchor.
I will catch that whale like a fish, he said.
Stormalong threw the line to a whale. The anchor flew through the
airandhitthewaterbythewhale.Thewhalebittheanchorandswam
away. It pulled the Nancy Ann all over the ocean, up and down, to
CapeCod.
Captain Starbuck thought he had the biggest whale in the world. It
wasaluckydaywhenImetyou,Stormalong,saidthecaptain.
Then the Cape Cod sea monster came up from the deep sea. The
monster bit the whale and ate it all. It ate the anchor, too, and sank
downintothesea.
92
I.Mechanics
A. Reviewofcomparisons
Follow the rules in chapter 13, section II and write the comparative
and superlative forms of these words: great, large, lucky, strong, won
derful,fast,hard,angry,dangerous,small,wild,high,low,deep,dry
B. Quotationmarks()
When you tell a story, you may sometimes tell the exact words
thatapersonsaid.Putquotationmarksaroundthesewords:
Theshipsaretoosmall,saidStormalong.
Donotputquotationmarksaroundthenamesofthepeoplewhoare
talking.
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded,andusequotationmarks.
1. theydontmakeshipsbigenoughformesaidStormalong
2. theresheblowsawhaleandanothercalledthelookout
3. itsawholeschoolofwhalescalledthesecondlookout
4. intotheboatscriedcaptainstarbuck
5. youbigelephantcriedcaptainstarbuckimsorryieversawyou
6. iwillcatchthatwhalelikeafishhesaid
7. itwasaluckydaywhenimetyouStormalongsaidthecaptain
8. youbigelephantcriedcaptainstarbuckagainyoulostmywhale
9. itriedsailinganditriedwhalingsaidStormalong
10. theshipsaretoosmallandamangetstirediamgoingtobea
farmerandyoucanbetonthat
II.Grammar Pasttenseirregularverbs
Lookatthetextandfindthepasttenseformforeachoftheseverbs.
Writethesimpleformwithitspasttense.
is say fall swim take think sink
grow go see fly cut meet lose
drink make become hit put come
sleep run do bite throw eat
93
Theparagraphbelowtellsaboutheroesandtalltales.Rewritethepa
ragraph,changingalltheverbsfrompresenttopast.Changeheroes to
Stormalong,andchangethey tohe.
HeroesandTallTales
Heroes are larger than life. They grow very big, and they become
very strong. They do wonderful things. They drink more and eat more
than other people do. They swim better, run faster, throw farther, and
hit harder. They dont say much, but they do a lot. They are very
independent, too.Ofcourse,thestoriesaboutheroesarentreallytrue.
Tall tales about heroes are just stories that people tell for fun.
Your teacher will read the paragraph about Stormalong (in the past
tense,above)threetimes.Listencarefully,butdonottakenotes.After
thethirdreading,writetheparagraphaswellasyoucanfrommemory.
Check the spelling of all the past tense forms.
The helping verb for the past tense is did. It is used with questions
andnegatives.Studytheseexamples:
HowdidStormalongdrinksoup?
DidStormalongdrinksoupoutofawhalingboat?
Hedidnthaveabowllargeenough.
Stormalong/sleep/ondeck/?
he/(not)have/abedlargeenough/.
2. where/Stormalong/go/?
Stormalong/go/tosea/?
he/(not)stay/onland/.
3. where/theship/sail/?
theship/sail/tothemiddleoftheocean/?
they/(not)stay/onshore/.
94
4. what/they/lookfor/?
they/lookfor/whales/?
they/(not)lookfor/elephants/.
5. what/thelookout/see/?
thelookout/see/aschoolofwhales/?
he/(not)see/aschoolofchildren/.
6. what/Stormalong/do/?
Stormalong/make/aholeinthewhalingboat/?
they/(not)have/aboatlargeenough/.
7. how/Stormalong/feel/?
Stormalong/becomeangry/?
he/(not)like/tolosewhales/.
8. why/Stormalong/takeamast/?
why/Stormalong/makeafishingpole/?
he/(not)have/awhalingboatlargeenough/.
V.Grammar Usingvery,too,enough,sothat,andsuchthat
In American tall tales, the heroes often brag. They tell stories about
theirsizeorthewonderfulthingstheycando.Herearesomeexamples.
Davy Crockett was very strong.
95
4. Theydontmakeshipsbig_____forme,saidStormalong.
(sufficientlybig)
5. Hewas_____big_____hedrankhissoupoutofawhalingboat.
(result)
6. He was _____ _____ large man _____ he couldnt go below
deck.(result)
7. Therewere_____manywhales.(alargenumber)
8. Stormalongjumped_____hard.(abadresult)
9. Theboatwasntbig_____forhim.(sufficientlybig)
10. Hewas_____big_____hemadeaholeintheboat.(result)
11. It was _____ _____ large hole _____ all the sailors fell out.
(result)
12. Stormalongbecame_____angry.(alargedegree)
13. Aregularfishingpolewas_____smallforhim.(abadresult)
14. Amastfromtheshipwaslarge_____forhim.(sufficientlylarge)
15. Hemadea_____longfishingpole.(alargedegree)
16. Itwas_____large_____hecaughtawhalewithit.(result)
17. Thewhalewas_____strong.(alargedegree)
18. Itwas__________strongwhale_____itpulledtheshipthrough
theocean.(result)
19. Thewhalewasntfast_____torunfromthemonster(sufficiently
fast)
20. Stormalong was _____ angry _____ he left whaling and sailing
tobeafarmer.(result)
The sentences below tell the story of another American folk hero,
DavyCrockett.Davywasaverystronghunter.Peoplesaythathekilled
animalslikebearswithhisbarehands.Thesentencesinthestoryare
out of order. Notice words like next, then, after, and afterwards. Copy
thestory,puttingthesentencesandparagraphsintoalogicalorder.
Paragraph1
DavyCrockettwasborninthewoodsofTennessee.
Hewantedtogohuntingagainattheageoffive.
Davydidthehousework,buthehatedit.
Hewantedtogohuntingattheageofthree.
Buthismothersaid,Youretooyoungforhunting,Davy.
Thistimehismothersaid,Youcanhuntafteryoudothehousework.
96
Paragraph2
Hemetawildanimalcalledapanther.
Davywasntafraidofthepanther,either.
ThepantherwasntafraidofDavy.
He said to the panther, I can fight harder, shoot farther, run faster,
jumphigher,squatlower,divedeeperandcomeupdrierthananyman
intheseparts!
Afterthehousework,Davywentoutinthewoodstohunt.
Paragraph3
ThepantherjumpedatDavy.
ThenDavyjumpedatthepanther.
Davyneverdidhouseworkagain.
Theyfoughtfortwohours,andDavywon.
Nexthetaughtthepanthertodohousework.
Afterwardshebroughtthepantherhome.
(AdaptedfromIrwinShapiro,DavyCrockett,
Tall Tales of America,ArtistsandWritersPress,
WesternPrintingandLithographyCo.,1958.)
97
VIII. Controlled Composition Responding to a picture
What happened to the man in the picture below? Did he kill the leo-
pard? Did he have a gun, or not? Did he use his bare hands? Use your
imagination and write a story to go with the picture. Use past tense
verbs.
98
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Here is the recipe for a popular American dessert. Its called a banana
split.
bananas sauce cream
ice cream cherries nuts
First, take one whole banana. Peel the banana and cut it in half length-
wise. Put the banana in the bottom of a long dessert dish. Set the des-
sert dish aside.
Next, take out three different kinds of sauce. The most popular kinds
of sauce are chocolate, caramel, and pineapple. Heat the chocolate
sauce until it boils. While the chocolate sauce is heating, take out three
different kinds of ice cream from the freezer. The most popular kinds of
ice cream are vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate. Use an ice cream
scoop to make round balls of ice cream. Put the balls of vanilla, choco-
late, and strawberry ice cream on each banana.
Pour the caramel sauce on the chocolate ice cream. Pour the pine-
apple sauce on the strawberry ice cream. When the chocolate sauce is
hot, pour it on the vanilla ice cream.
Next, whip some cream until it is stiff. Chop some nuts. When the
cream is stiff, put some whipped cream on the ice cream. Put chopped
nuts over everything. Finally, put a cherry on top.
Enjoy your banana split!
99
I.Mechanics
A.Regularandirregularpasttenseverbs
Followtherulesinchapter14,sectionIIIandwritetheseverbsinthe
past tense: start, peel, heat, chop, whip, scoop, pour, cover, top. Use
thelistofirregularverbsintheappendixinthebackofthebooktowrite
theseverbsinthepasttense:have,take,cut,put,set
B.Usingacommaafterasubordinateclause
Aclausethatbeginswithasubordinateconjunction(suchasbefore,
after, when, while, until) is called a subordinate clause. If the subordi
nate clause comes first in a sentence, you must separate it from the
mainclausewithacomma.Studytheseexamples:
Beforeyoueatabanana,peeltheskinoff.
subordinateclause(comma)mainclause
Peeltheskinoffbeforeyoueatabanana.
mainclause(nocomma)subordinateclause
Copythesentences,andmakeallthecorrectionsthatarenecessary.
Usecommas,andusecapitalletterswhentheyareneeded.
1. beforeyoubeginhaveeverythingready
2. peelthebananabeforeyoucutit
3. afteryoucutthebananaputitinadish
4. heatthechocolatesauceuntilitboils
5. whileitsheatingtakeouttheicecream
6. whenyouscoopouttheicecreammakelittleroundballs
7. puttheicecreamonthebananabeforeyoupourthesauce
8. whenthechocolatesauceishotpouritovertheicecream
9. whipsomecreamuntilitisstiff
10. chopsomenutswhileyourfriendiswhippingthecream
11. whenthecreamisstiffputitontheicecream
12. afteryouputonthecreamaddnutsandacherry
100
II.Grammar Thepastprogressivetense
Thepastprogressivetenseisacombinationoftwoverbs.The
auxiliary is a form of to be, in the past, and the main verb takes
aning ending.
Wewere eating icecream.
Changethesentencesbelowfrompresentprogressivetopastpro
gressive.
1. Lavonne,Shirley,andLindaaremaking bananasplits.
2. Lavonneispeeling bananasandcutting theminhalf.
3. Shirleyisscooping outicecreamballs.
4. Lindaisheating thesauce.
5. Whilethesauceisheating,sheisalsochopping nuts.
6. Lavonneiswhipping creamuntilitisstiff
7. Shirleyispouring thesauceovertheicecream.
8. Lavonneisputting whippedcreamontheicecream.
9. Lindaisputting nutsandcherriesonthedesserts.
10. Thewomenareserving customersinanicecreamshop.
Therecipeforabananasplitusedmanysimpleverbforms,andthe
subject (you) was usually not given. Recipes and other directions are
written that way. To write a report of something that happened in the
past, you need to add a subject to every clause, and use past tense
verbs.
Changetheparagraphbelowfromimperativetonarrativestyle.
1.AddasubjectIandusepasttenseverbs.
2.Simpleverbschangetopasttense.
3.Presentprogressivechangestopastprogressive.
Have everything ready before you start. First take one whole banana.
Peelitandcutitinhalflengthwise.Putthebananainthebottomofalong
dessertdishandsetitaside.
Heat some chocolate sauce. While the sauce is heating, chop some
nuts.Whipsomecreamuntilitisstiff.Scoopouticecreamandputballs
oficecreamonthebanana.Whenthesauceishot,pouritovertheice
101
cream. Cover the ice cream with whipped cream and chopped nuts.
Topeverythingwithacherry.
IV.Grammar Sentencecombiningwithadverbclauses
Usethesubordinateconjunctionsbefore,after,until,when,andwhile
tocombinetheclausesbelow.(Whileisusedwithaprogressivetense.)
Write each sentence in two ways: with the main clause first; then with
thesubordinateclausefirst.
Example: Shirleytookallthefoodout. {
before
Thewomenbegantocook.
Shirleytookallthefoodoutbeforethewomen
begantocook.
Beforethewomenbegantocook,Shirleytookallthe
foodout.
1.
Lavonnecutthebananasinhalf. after
Shepeeledthem.
2. Lindawasheatingthesauce. {
while
Shirleywasscoopingouticecream.
3. Thesaucewasheating. {
while
Lindawaschoppingnuts. (Writeonesentence
4.
Lavonnewhippedthecream. {
until
only,mainclausefirst)
Itwasstiff.
5. Thesauce(it)washot. {
(Useapronoun
Shirleypouredthesauce(it)when inthesecond
overtheicecream. clause.)
6. Shirleypouredthesauce. {
Lavonneputonthewhippedbefore
cream. (Useapronoun
7. Linda(she)putonnuts. {
after
inthesecond
Linda(she)putoncherries. clause
Rememberthatnoncountandpluralnounsdonottakeanarticlewhen
themeaningisgeneral,orwhentheyarementionedforthefirsttime.In
many cases, however, the word some is used to give the idea of
102
Your teacher will choose one of the exercises from this chapter and
read it as a dictocomp, either exercise III (past narration), or exercise
V (review of articles.) Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the
third reading, write the paragraph as well as you can from memory.
Check for articles and tenses.
Thesentencesbelowgivedirectionsformakinganotherkindoffood,
103
Rewrite the recipes for Baked Alaska (Exercise V) and the submarine
sandwich (Exercise VII) as past narration. Add a subject to every clause,
and use past tense verbs. Follow the rules in Chapter 14, Section III for
the past tense of regular verbs. Use the list in the back of the book to find
irregular verb forms.
Write directions for a recipe that you know. Explain to somebody how
to make that kind of food.
104
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
105
loyalty and intelligence. We train our dogs to be gentle; as a result, they
areverypatientandgoodwithchildren.Ourdogssitoutsideourstoreall day
anddontmakeanytrouble.
Of course, dog owners should be thoughtful. They must not let their
dogs run loose; in addition, they must keep the streets clean. These
things are important; however, we already have leash laws and health
laws.Wedontneedanymorelawsaboutdogs;besides,thecitycant
passalawagainstdogsanyway.Everyoneisfreetoownadog.
Thankyouforprintingmyletter.
BobKovacik,owner
BobandMarshasGrocery
I.Mechanics
A.Reviewofcomparisons
Followtherulesinchapter13,sectionIIandwritethecomparativeand
superlative forms of these words: loud, dirty, sad, lonely, thoughtful,
clean, important, expensive, friendly, intelligent, pretty, patient, loyal,
independent,nice
B.Thesemicolon(;)insentencecombining
Example: The city already has a leash law; owners must keep their
dogstieduponaleash.(Thetwosentencesareveryclose
in meaning.) Mr. Kovacik trained his dogs well; they dont
makeanytrouble.(Thetwosentenceshaveacauseeffect
relationship.)
2.Conjunctiveadverbsareusedwithsemicolonstojoinsentences.
Use a semicolon before the adverb and a comma after the adverb.
Someconjunctiveadverbsare:therefore,asaresult,however,never
theless,ontheotherhand,besides,moreover,inaddition.
106
Copy the sentences, and make the corrections that are necessary.
Usesemicolons,andusecapitalletterswheretheyareneeded.
1. somepeoplelovedogsotherpeoplehatethem
2. mrbrownwantsalawagainstdogshesaysdogsareaproblemin
thecity
3. dogsareloudanddirtymoreovertheyalwaysrunloose
4. dogsneedroomforrunningthereforetheyshouldnotliveintown
5. dogscantspeakforthemselvesthereforeiwillspeakforthem
6. adogismorethanapetadogisafriend
7. dogsareanimalsneverthelesstheyareintelligent
8. wetrainourdogsasaresulttheycandotricks
9. dogownersshouldbethoughtfultheymustnotlettheirdogsrun
loose
10. thecityalreadyhashealthlawsownersmustcleanupaftertheir
dogs
11. mrbrownisrightabouttheseproblemsontheotherhandthecity
cantpassalawagainstdogs
12. policemenusedogsintheirworkinadditionblindpeopleneed
dogs
asaresult introducearesult
if(introducesacondition)
however
unless(meansif not)
{
nevertheless
{ (introduceanidea
eventhough (introduce ontheother thatdisagrees
although anideathat hand withthefirstidea)
disagrees
withthefirst
idea)
besides
moreover
{ (introduceanidea
thatagreesor
inaddition givesmorereasons)
107
This is a game you can play with another person. Cut squares of pa-
per to fit over each box below. Cover each box with a square of paper.
Have a pencil and paper ready to write sentences.
The first player turns over two squares. He reads the words in the
boxes. If they make a good sentence, he writes the sentence on his
paper. He leaves the boxes uncovered. If the clauses do not go togeth-
er to make a long sentence, he covers them again. (Remember what is
under each square of paper!) The second player takes his turn.
Continue playing until all the squares are covered.
The player with the most sentences on his paper is the winner.
108
Dogsaremans theywontcause Dogsare Dogsare
bestfriend; trouble. dirty; patient;
IV.Grammar Modalauxiliaries
The letters to the editor in this chapter have some auxiliary verbs
called modals. They help to express your ideas, opinions, and feel
ings:can,cant, have to, dont have to, must, must not, should, should
not.
Study the meanings of these verbs. Copy the paragraph below and
writeamodalverbineachblank.
109
The city _____ take a dog from its owner unless the dog hurts somebody.
Dogowners_____followtheselaws,orthey_____paymoneyforbreaking
the laws. In addition, dog owners _____ try to be thoughtful. They _____
think about their neighbors, and they _____ _____ do anything to make
theirneighborsangry.Thecity_____passalawtomakepeoplethought
ful,butwe_____alltrytothinkofourneighbors.
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
as well as you can from memory. Check your punctuation and sen
tencecombiningtechniques.
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences. Rewrite the paragraph below and vary the length of the
sentences.
Youmaymakesomelongerbycombiningthemwithcoor
dinateconjunctions,subordinateconjunctions,orconjunctiveadverbs.
Hereisalistoftheconnectorswehaveusedsofar:
110
dontrunaroundalot.Theapartmenthasmice.Catscatchthem.Cats
are independent. They can stay home alone. The owners go to work.
Cats are pretty animals. They are fun to watch.
Dog owners think dogs are nice. They dont want any other animal.
Dogsarefriendly.Dogsareloyal.Dogsarepatient.Dogsaregoodwith
children.Theycanlearntobehavecorrectly.Theycanlearntostayout
ofyourfood.Catscantlearntostayoutofyourfood.Dogsprotectthe
family. Dogs protect the house. Dogs show their love. Cats dont show
their love.
FredBrown:Becausethedogisbarking.ItsSunday.Imtryingtosleep.
111
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
FredBrown:No,IdidntcallMr.Kovacik.Icalledyoufirst.Icanttalk
tohim.Howcanyoutalktoadogowner?
OfficerThomas:Thatsaquestion,Mr.Brown.Illaskthequestions.
FredBrown:Sorry.
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
FredBrown:Where?Oh,there.No,thatsnotMr.Kovacik.Idont know
thatman.Heisrunningveryfast,isnthe?
OfficerThomas:Stopinthenameofthelaw!
_________________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:Iwasntdoinganything.Iwasjustinthestore.
OfficerThomas:__________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:BecauseIwantedtobuysomefood.
Officer Thomas: On Sunday? Today is Sunday.That stores not
open. _____________________________________________?
Thestrangeman:Whatbag?Oh,thisbag?Oh,theresnothinginthis
bag.Oh,howdidthatmoneygetinthatbag?
OfficerThomas:Illaskthequestions.
Thestrangeman:O.K.,Officer.Youwin.Itookthatmoneyfromthegro
cerystoreanhourago,butthatbigdogdidntletmegountilnow.
VIII."r## !ompos$t$on
A.Writeaparagraphaboutapet.Itcanbeacat,adog,abird,orany
otheranimal.Tellwhyyoulikethisanimal.
Herearesomevocabularywordsthatmayhelpyou:
friendly nice
intelligent catchmice
pretty protectthefamily
patient learntricks
goodwithchildren showlove
loyal
quiet
clean
independent
fun
112
B. Write a paragraph about an animal that you dont like. Give rea
sons.Herearesomevocabularywordsthatmighthelpyou:
loud frightenpeople
dirty bite
dangerous bark(fordogsonly)
expensive hurtpeople
runloose maketrouble
113
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
PLANNING A TRIP
1239LincolnBoulevard
Fairbanks,Alaska99701
U.S.A.
May14,1983
DearRoberto,
Thereareonlytwoweeksnowbeforemytripbegins.Imvery
excited.Icanhardlywaittoseeyou.
My uncle has sent me my plane tickets, and I have received
them already. I have written letters to both grandmothers, so
theyknowwhenImcoming.IhaventseenGrandmotherTaylor
in Chicago for two years. I havent seen Grandmother Singer in
MiamisinceIwasten.
Ill stay in Chicago for a week, and Ill be in Miami for another
week.MyplanewilllandinCaracasonJune14,justonemonth
fromtoday.Illstaywithmyuncleforamonth,untilJuly15.
WhatclotheswillIneedinVenezuela?Ihaventboughtany
thing new yet. Ive never visited outside the United States be
fore. Ive never flown alone before, either. I wont be afraid. My
uncle will pick me up at the airport in Caracas. My mom says I
wont have any trouble. I hope not. (Just thinkIll be a world
travellerwhenthistripis over.)
SeeyouinCaracas.
Yours,
Sara
114
The helping verb for the present perfect tense is have. The helping
verb for the future is will. These auxiliaries can combine with the sub
ject pronouns and with not to form the contractions below. These con
tractionsarecommonininformalwritingandinspeech.
I + have = Ive we + have = weve
you + have = youve
she + has = shes he + has = hes
it + has = its they + have = theyve
have + not = havent has + not = hasnt
Copy the sentences below, and make all the changes that are
necessary. Useanapostrophe()ineachcontraction.
1. sarawontleavefairbanksuntilJune1
2. shewontbeinCaracasuntilJune14
3. sheIIvisithergrandmothersinChicagoandmiami
4. theyIIbehappytoseesara
5. theyhaventseensaraforyears
6. sheIIflytoCaracasonJune14
7. sarasunclelivesinCaracas
8. heIIpickherupattheairport
9. hessenthertheticketsandshesreceivedthem
10. theyvemadealltheirplansalready
11. sarahasntflownalonebefore
12. shewonthaveanytrouble
Thepresentperfecttenseisacombinationoftwoverbs.Theauxiliary
isaformofhave (haveorhas),andthemainverbtakesaparticipleform.
115
116
Its the day before Saras trip. Her mother is helping her get ready.
Mrs.TaylorisaskingSarawhatshehasdone.Sarasanswersare given
below. Write a good question before each answer. When you finish,
you willhaveadialogthatyoucanactoutwithapartner.
WhatHaveYouDoneSoFar?
Mrs.Taylor:Whathaveyoudonesofar,Sara?Haveyou
writtentoGrandmotherTaylorandGrandmotherSinger?
Sara:Yes,Ihave.Ivewrittentobothgrandmothers.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Ivepickedupmyclothesatthecleaners.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Iveputmytravellerschecksinmybag.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Ivewrittendowntheaddressesofallmy
friendsinFairbanks.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Ivesaidgoodbyetoalltheneighbors.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,IvesentalettertoRobertaandhisfamily.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Iveboughtthemapresent.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:Yes,Iveputmyticketsinmybag.
Mrs.Taylor:______________________________________?
Sara:No,Ihavent.Ihaventcalledtheairlinetoconfirm
myflightreservation.
Mrs.Taylor:Dontworry.Illdothatforyourightnow.Then
youwonthaveanytroubleattheairport.
Your teacher will read the letter on the next page three times. Listen
carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading, write the letter
as well as you can from memory. Check the spelling of participles and
contractions.
117
May20,1983
DearSara,
Ive received your letter, and Im looking forward to your visit.
Well be happy to meet you. My mother has cleaned the extra
bedroom. Weve made everything ready for you. Weve called
your uncle already. Hes very nice. Weve asked you both to
comefordinner.Wehopeyoullstayforalongvisit.
Yours,
Roberto
Thewordssome,any,andone canbeusedaspronounstostandfor
nouns that have already been mentioned. The noun that is mentioned
firstiscalledtheantecedent;thepronounrefersbacktoitsantecedent.
Weuseone forsingularcountnouns.Some andany arepronounsfor
pluralornoncountnouns.Finishthesentencesbelow,usingsome,any,
orone.Followtheexamples.
1. Saradoesnthaveadog,butshewantsone.
2. Saradoesnthavenewclothes,butshewantssome.
3. Sarahasnthadanytrouble,andshedoesntwantany.
4. Saradoesnthaveabighouse,
5. Saradoesnthaveasister,
6. Saradoesnthaveanymoney,
7. Saradoesnthaveanynewshoes,
8. Saradoesnthaveanyproblems,
9. Saradoesnthaveanynewrecords,
10. SaradoesnthaveVenezuelanmusic,
11. Saradoesnthaveajob,
12. Saradoesnthaveaboyfriend,
VI.Grammar Sentencecombiningpractice
Useconjunctionsorconjunctiveadverbstocombinethepairsofsen
tences below. Remember that the punctuation rules are different for
conjunctionsandadverbs.
1. Manyyoungpeoplewanttotraveltoothercountries.
Theydonthaveenoughmoney.(but)
118
2. Airtravelandhotelsareveryexpensive.
Thereareotherwaystoseeforeigncountries,(however)
3. Educationalexchangesarecheaperthanvacations.
Theyinvolvevaluablelearningexperience,(inaddition)
4. MostyoungAmericanshaveparttimejobs.
Theycansavesomemoneyfortravel,(asaresult)
5. Saragoestoschoolandhelpshermother.
Shefindstimetoworkatagrocerystore,too.(eventhough)
6. Shehas$1000ofherownmoney.
SheisplanningtovisitheruncleinVenezuela,(so)
7. Saraworkshard.
Shehasverylittlefreetime.(sothat)
8. Saraoftenworks.
Herfriendsarehavingfun.(while)
9. Shelikestohavefunwithherfriends.
Shehasexcitingtravelplans,(ontheotherhand)
10. ShecantgotoVenezuela.
Shepaysforpartoftheairplaneticket,(unless)
11. SarahasanuncleinCaracas.
Shedoesntneedtopayforahotel,(therefore)
12. Sarawillbeveryhappy.
SheseesheruncleandherfriendsinVenezuela,(when)
ThereisagreatdifferencebetweenspokenEnglishandwrittenEn
glish. In speech, people use more contractions and more incomplete
sentences than they do in writing. It is common to use a subordinate
clause alone in speaking. However, in writing English, a subordinate
clause must always be combined with a main clause.
The short conversations below are acceptable in spoken English.
However, the answer in each conversation is an incomplete sentence.
Rewrite each incomplete sentence with a main clause. Follow the
example.
1. When will we eat the cake?
119
3. CanIeattwopieces?
Iftheresenoughcake.
4. WhencanIhavemysecondpiece?
Aftertheguestshaveeaten.
5. Whenwillwehavethecoffee?
Whilewereeatingthecake.
6. Whenwilltheguestsbehere?
Before7:00.
7. Aretheycomingsoon?
Unlesstheyveforgotten.
8. WhydoIhavetowait?
Becauseyouarethehostandtheyaretheguests.
Past participles are often used as adjectives, even though they look
likeverbs.Theymaycomebeforethenounoraftertheverbtobe,just
likeotheradjectives:
Heisatired man.
Thedogwaslost.
Readeachdefinitionbelow;andwriteeachparticipleasanadjective
before a noun. Each singular count noun needs an article, a or an.
Followtheexamples.
1. adessertthathasbeenfrozen afrozendessert
2. breadthathasbeenbuttered butteredbread
3. abananathathasbeenpeeled
4. saucethathasbeenheated
5. creamthathasbeenwhipped
6. nutsthathavebeenchopped
7. chickenthathasbeenfried
8. vegetablesthathavebeencanned
9. fruitthathasbeendried
10. applesthathavebeenbaked
11. achildwhohasbeenfrightened
12. amanwhohasgrown
13. arecordthathasbeenbroken
120
14. awomanwhohasmarried
15. atravellerwhohasworried
16. amanwhohasbeeneducated
17. astudentwhohasbeenbored
18. airthathasbeenpolluted
19. spacethathasbeenlimited
20. achildwhohasbeenlost
121
CHAPTER NINETEEN
PHOBIAS
Claustrophobia
Doophobia
122
I.Mechanics Nonrestrictiverelativeclauses
Onemethodofcombiningsentencesistouseanonrestrictiverelative
clause. In this clause, you give extra information about a person or a
thing that you already know. Non restrictive relative clauses are separat
edfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
The following sentences all contain nonrestrictive clauses. Copy the
sentences and make all the corrections that are necessary. Set off the
nonrestrictive clauses with commas. Follow the example.
1. myunclelouiswhorunsa grocery store is afraid of germs
MyuncleLouis,whorunsagrocerystore,is afraid of germs.
2. hisstorewhichisinthemiddleofthecityisalwaysveryclean
3. heneversellsmilkwhichcanbecomesour
4. heneversellsmeatwhichcanturnbad
5. heneversellsvegetableswhichcancarrygerms
6. hesellsonlycannedfoodwhichdoesntgobad
7. unclelouiswhohasmicrophobiaishardtolivewith
8. auntselmawhoismymotherssistercantgonearhim
9. thechildrenwhosenamesaredonandcandynevertouchhim
10. thisproblemwhichstartedafterhissicknesslastyearismore
serious thanthesicknesswas
II.Grammar Restrictiverelativeclauses
Restrictiverelativeclausesrestrict,orlimit,themeaningofthenoun
theyfollow.Theymakeanounlessgeneralandmorespecific,andso
theyhelptoidentifythenoun.Forexample,thissentenceissogeneral
thatitisnottrue:
A man is hard to live with. However, a restrictive relative clause will
makethestatementtrue:
Amanwhohasmicrophobia ishardtolivewith.
Noticethatrestrictiveclausesarenotseparatedfrom the rest of the
sentencebycommas.
Combinethesentencepairsbelowintoonelongersentence.Substi
tutetherelativepronounwho fortheunderlinedwords.
1. Apersonhaspathophobia.He isafraidofdisease.
Apersonwhoisafraidofdiseasehaspathophobia.
123
The verb in the relative clause must agree with the antecedent in the
main clause. If the antecedent is plural, the verb is plural. If the antece-
dent is singular, the verb is singular. Study the examples below:
124
Find the antecedent for each relative clause below. Copy the para
graph,andwriteinthecorrectformoftheverbineachblank.
Therearemanyphobiaswhichactually_____(protect,protects)peo
ple.Therearemanypeoplewho_____(is,are)afraidofheights.Aero
phobia,which_____(is,are)thefearofhighplaces,helpspeopletobe
careful.Apersonwho_____(is,are)carelessinahighplacemayfall and
hurthimself.Anotherphobiawhich_____(is,are)actuallyhelpfulispyro
phobia.Peoplewho_____(has,have)pyrophobiaareafraidoffire.Fireis
onethingwhich_____(is,are)reallydangerous.
Yourteacherwillreadtheparagraphabovethreetimes.Listencare
fully,butdonottakenotes.Afterthethirdreading,writetheparagraph
aswellasyoucanfrommemory.Trytouserelativeclauses,andcheck
yoursubjectverbagreement.
IninformalwritingandinspokenEnglish,thewordthat isoftenused
insteadofwhich orwho.Allofthesentencesbelowcantakethat asthe
125
relative pronoun. Rewrite the paragraph and substitute that for which
or who.
Whatistheworstthingwhich everhappenedtoyou?Theworstthing
which everhappenedtomewasthis.WhenIwasalittlegirl,wehadan
oldiceboxwhich wekeptinbackofthehouse.Itbelongedtothepeople
who had lived there before us. It was small, and it had a door which
closed tight. There was a shelf which had held large pieces of ice. The
shelfwasalwaysempty,fornobodyusedtheiceboxanymore.Theshelf
made a little seat which was very comfortable. I liked to sit there. It was a
habit which almost cost me my life. One day I was sitting in the icebox,
and my brother closed the door. There was nobody who could let me
out.Soontheairwhich wasintheiceboxwasalmostgone.Iscreamed
andmadenoiseuntilmymotheropenedthedoor.Itwasanexperience
which Iwillneverforget.NowIhaveagreat fear of closed places, and I
alwayswill.
126
Present participles are -ing verb forms. They can be used like adjec-
tives, before a noun.
That is a tiring trip. That is exciting news.
Read each definition below, and write each -ing form as an adjective,
with a noun. Singular count nouns need articles. Follow the examples.
1. a dog that is sleeping a sleeping dog
2. information that excites you exciting information
3. a dog that is barking
4. weather that freezes you
5. a dish for baking
6. a story that frightens you
7. a boy who is growing
8. a team that is losing
9. a mother who is working
10. a machine for washing
11. water that is running
12. a team that is winning
127
CHAPTER TWENTY
Sara:Whatabeautifulbeach!Justlookatthewater.Icanhardlywait
togoin.
Saras Uncle: It is very popular. At least, its certainly crowded.
Roberto:Wellseemanypeoplethatweknow.Hey!Theresmycousin
Luis!
Sara:Really?Whichone?
Roberto:Theoneinthegreenswimmingsuit.
Sara:Iseetwoguysingreen.Ishethetalloneortheshortone?
Roberto:Thetallonewithblackhair.
Mrs.Perez:AndtheresMaria,too.
ShesLuissister.
Sara:Whichgirlisshe?
Roberto:Theshortoneinthered
suit,withsunglasses.
Sara:Wellmeetyourwholefamily
heretoday.
I.Mechanics Quotationsandparagraphs
Theconversationaboveisindialogformlikeaplay.Conversationcan
also be written in paragraph form, and each new speaker has a new
paragraph.Copythesentences below in paragraph form. Use quotation
marks for the exact words of each speaker. Remember to indent each
newparagraph.Makeallothercorrectionsthatarenecessary.
whatabeautifulbeachsaidsarajustlookatthewatericanhardlywait
to go in it is very popular her uncle answered at least it s certainly
crowded we II see many people that we know roberto told them hey
theresmycousinluisreallyaskedsarawhichonetheoneinthegreen
swimming suit replied roberto is he the tall one or the short one asked
sara the tall one with the black hair said roberto
II.Grammar Finalreviewofarticles
Your teacher will read the paragraph above (either IIA or IIB) three
times. Listen carefully, but do not take notes. After the third reading,
write the paragraph as well as you can from memory. Check your use
of articles.
130
The word one is a pronoun for any single count noun. Answer each
question using the pronoun one and adjectives to define it. Follow the
example.
Do you know any of the girls here? (tall, in the blue suit)
Yes, I know the tall one in the blue suit.
1. Do you have a beach towel here? (red, with the picture of Mickey
Mouse)
2. Do you like any of the books here? (new, about jazz music)
3. Do you know any of those children? (little, with the red hair)
131
4. Doesoneoftheseswimmingsuitsbelongtoyou?
(brown,withyellow
flowers)
5. Doyouknowanyofthemenhere?(tall,intheyellowcoat)
6. Doyouknowanyofthegirlshere?(thin,fromFairbanks)
Ones isapronounforpluralnouns.Answereachquestionusingthe
pronounones andanadjectivephrasetodefineit.Followtheexample
below.
Doyoulikefolksongs?(sad,aboutlove)
Yes,Ilikesadonesaboutlove.
7. Doyoulikefolksongs?(funny,aboutpeople)
8. Doyoulikesportscars?(foreign,withfastengines)
9. Doyoulikedesserts?(sweet,withlotsofwhippedcream)
10. Doyoulikefolkdances?(Latin,withcolorfulcostumes)
11. Doyoulikeradioshows?(popular,withmodernmusic)
Thekind islikeapronounfornoncountnouns.Answereachquestion
using the words thekind and adjectives to define it. Follow the
examplebelow.
DoyoulikeMexicanfood?(hot,withlotsofpeppers)
Yes,Ilikethehotkindwithlotsofpeppers.
12. Doyoulikepizza?(thick,withlotsofcheese)
13. Doyoulikemusic?(classical,withafullorchestra)
14. Do you like this weather? (hot, with lots of sun)
15. Do you like candy? (sweet, with chocolate and nuts)
132
Good writers use some short, simple sentences and some longer
sentences. Rewrite the story below and vary the length of the sen
tences.Combinesomesentencesbyusingrelativeclausesorreduced
relativeclauses.
SaraTaylorarrivedinCaracasonJune14.Herunclemetheratthe
airport. They were walking to the luggage counter. They saw a young
boy. He was wearing a blue shirt. He was wearing dark pants. He was
with an older woman. She was in a white dress. He was with an older
man. The older man was dressed in a business suit. The boy was
a large present. The present had a ribbon on it. The boy
carrying
looked at Sara
and her uncle carefully. They were the only Americans.
They were speaking English. They were in the airport. The young boy
came up to Sara and her uncle. The young boy was in the blue shirt
and the dark pants.
Excuse me, he said. Are you Sara Taylor? I am Roberto Perez.
Welcome to Caracas!
The woman was Robertas mother. She was in the white dress. The
man was Robertos father. He was in the business suit. They gave the
present to Sara. They welcomed her to Venezuela.
Find the past tense or participle form for the irregular verbs on page
134. Use these words to fill in the crossword puzzle. You may look at
the list of irregular verbs in the appendix at the back of the book.
133
134
APPENDIX A
COMMONIRREGULARVERBS
The verbs below are the ones most commonly used in English. Most
arefoundinthetextsandexercisesinthisbook.
135
136
Simple Form Past Tense Participle
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
137
APPENDIX BREVIEW OF GRAMMAR
ARTICLES
Rules for the use of articles are listed below, in the order they appear
in the book. To review the rules and to practice using articles, see the
chapter and exercise that is given.
PUNCTUATION
Punctuation rules are listed below, in the order they appear in the
book. To review the rules and to practice using punctuation, see the
chapter and exercise that is given.
138
Apostrophe for contractions with have and will 18.I
Commas in nonrestrictive relative clauses 19.I
Quotations and paragraph form 20.1
CAPITALIZATION
Capitalization rules are listed below, in the order they appear in the
book. To review the rules and to practice using capital letters, see the
chapter and the exercise that is given.
Spellings rules for inflectional endings are listed below, in the order
they appear in the book. To review the rules and to practice applying
them, see the chapter and the exercise that is given.
WORD ORDER
Rules for various kinds of word order are listed below, in the order
they appear in the book. To review the rules and to practice applying
them, see the chapter and the exercise that is given.
139
Sentencepatternswithbe 1.V
Sentencepatternswithpresenttenseverbs2.V
Adverbsoffrequencywithbe andothermainverbs2.VI
Adverbsoftimeatthebeginningofthesentence2.VII
Questionswithbe 5.V
Questionswithothermainverbs(do)5.VI
Negativestatementswithdont anddoesnt 6.II
Sentencecombiningwithcoordinateconjunctions7.III
Adjectivesbeforenouns7.V
Sentencecombiningwiththemainverbdeleted8.II
Singlewordcompoundnouns9.VIII
StatementswithThereis andThereare 10.III
QuestionswithIsthere andArethere 10.IV
Prepositionalphrasesatthebeginningofthesentence10.V
Twowordcompoundnouns10.VIII
Informationquestions(whwords)11.II
Sentencepatternswiththepresentprogressive12.III,12.VI
Sentencecombiningwithcompoundsentenceparts14.VI
Questionsandnegativesinthepast15.IV
Sentencepatternswiththepastprogressive16.II
Sentencecombiningwithsubordinateconjunctions16.IV
Sentencecombiningwithconjunctiveadverbs17.II
Sentencepatternswiththepresentperfect18.II
Questionswiththepresentperfect18.III
Completesentencesvs.fragments18.VII
Pastparticiplesasadjectivesbeforenouns18.VIII
Sentencecombiningwithrestrictiverelativeclauses19.II
Presentparticiplesasadjectivesbeforenouns19.VIII
Reducedrelativeclauses20.IV
140
APPENDIX C
ANSWERSTOPUZZLES
Page7
Page24
Page43
141
Page 83
142
Page 134
143
Patr ic ia Wilcox Peter son
EachofthetwentychaptersinDevelopingWriting isintroduced
byatopicalreadingselectionincorporatingthelessonsmodel
readingareactivitiesdesignedforstudentstostudycomposi
tion,vocabulary,andspelling.Thegoalofthisbookistotake
thestudentfromthemechanicsofbasicsentencewritingtothe
abilitytoconstructasimpleparagraph.Appendicesincludean
irregularverblist,grammarruleindex,andanswerkeys.
BOOK FOR
Developing
EFL
Writing
4155
PETERSON
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OfficeofEnglishLanguagePrograms