PETE 411

Well Drilling

Lesson 9
Drilling Hydraulics
- Hydrostatics
1
 Drilling Hydraulics - Hydrostatics

Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid Columns

Hydrostatic Pressure in Gas Columns
Hydrostatic Pressure in Complex Columns
Forces on Submerged Body
Effective (buoyed) Weight of Submerged
Body
Axial Tension in Drill String sA = FA/A
2
 Read:
Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch.4
(Drilling Hydraulics) to p. 125

HW #4
ADE #1.18, 1.19, 1.24
Due Monday, Sept 23, 2002

3
WHY?
Drilling Hydraulics Applications

Calculation of subsurface hydrostatic

pressures that may tend to burst or
collapse well tubulars or fracture exposed
formations

Several aspects of blowout prevention

Displacement of cement slurries and

resulting stresses in the drillstring
4
 Drilling Hydraulics Applications
contd

Bit nozzle size selection for optimum

hydraulics

Surge or swab pressures due to vertical

pipe movement

Carrying capacity of drilling fluids

5
Well Control ppore < pmud < pfrac

Fig. 4-2. The Well Fluid System 6

 Forces Acting on a Fluid Element

F1 = pA
dp
FWV = specific wt. F2 = (p D)A
of the fluid dD
F3 = Fw v AD 7
 Pressures in a fluid column

At equilibrium, SF=0

0 = F1 + F2 + F3

dp
F 0 pA (p dD D)A Fw v AD

dp FwvdD
(p = rgh)
8
 Incompressible Fluids

dp Fw v dD

Integrating, p Fw v D p 0

[p p0 when D 0]

9
 Incompressible Fluids

62.4 r
In field units, Fw v *
144 8.33
r
0.433 *
8.33

Fwv 0.052 r
1 x 1 x 1
cube
10
 p0
Incompressible fluids
D
p 0.052 rD p0
p

If p0 = 0 (usually the case except during

well control or cementing
procedures)

p 0.052 r D {psig, lbm/gal, ft}

then,
p
r
0.052 D 11
 p = pressure of gas, psia Compressible T = temperature, R
V = gas volume, gal r = density, lbm/gal
Z = gas deviation factor Fluids M = gas molecular wt.
n = moles of gas m = mass of gas
R = universal gas constant = 80.3

dp Fw v dD (1)

dp 0.052 r dD (2)
m
But, pV Z n R T Z R T (3)
M
m pM pM
r (4)
V ZRT 80.3 Z T

from (3) 12
 Compressible Fluids

p = pressure of gas, psia

V = gas volume, gal
Z = gas deviation factor
o
T = temperature, R
r = density, lbm/gal
M = gas molecular wt.

n = moles of gas m = mass of gas, lbm

R = universal gas constant,

= 80.3
13
 Compressible Fluids
From Eqs. (2) and (4):
0.052 p M
dp dD
80.3 Z T

p dp M D

p0 p

1544 Z T D0
dD

Integrating, M
[ln p] p
p0 D
[D] D 0
1544 Z T

M(D D 0 )
p p 0 exp [ ]
1544 Z T 14
Assumptions?
 M(D D 0 )
Example p p 0 exp [ ]
1544 Z T

Column of Methane (M = 16)

Pressure at surface = 1,000 psia Z=1, T=140 F

(i) What is pressure at 10,000 ft?

(ii) What is density at surface?

(iii) What is density at 10,000 ft?

(iv) What is psurf if p10,000 = 8,000 psia?

15
 M(D D 0 )
Example (i) p p 0 exp [ ]
1544 Z T

(i) What is pressure at 10,000 ft?

M(D - D 0 )
p10, 000 p 0 exp [ ]
1544 Z T

16(10,000 - 0)
1000 exp [ ] 1188 psia
1544(1)( 460 140)

16
 Example contd
(ii) What is density at surface?

pM 1000 *16 lbm

r0 0.331
80.3 Z T 80.3 *1* 600 gal

(iii) What is density at 10,000 ft?

pM 1188 *16 lbm

r10,000 0.395
80.3 Z T 80.3 *1* 600 gal

17
 Example

(iv) What is psurf if p10,000 = 8,000 psia?

p surf ?

M(D D 0 )
p p 0 exp [ ]
1544 Z T

18
 Fig. 4-3.
A Complex
Liquid
Column

p 0.052 r D p0

p 0.052 r D

n
p p 0 0.052 r i (Di Di 1 )
i 1 19
 Pa = ?

Fig. 4-4. Viewing the Well as a Manometer 20

 Figure 4.4

pa p0 0.052 { 10.5(7,000) 8.5(300) 12.7(1,700)

16.7(1,000) 9.0(10,000) }

p0 0 psig

p a 1,266 psig

21
 Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid
displaced (Archimedes, 250 BC)

Figure 4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a foreign body 22

 Effective (buoyed) Weight

We W Fb
W - rf V
W
W - rf
rs

rf
We W 1


rs

Buoyancy Factor

Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe! 23

 Example

For steel, rs 65.5 lbm / gal

immersed in mud, ( r f 15.0 lbm / gal )
the buoyancy factor is:
rf 15.0
1 1 0.771
rs 65.5

A drillstring weighs 100,000 lbs in air.

Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs
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Axial Forces in Drillstring

Fb = bit weight

25
Simple Example - Empty Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft

0 lbf 195,000 lbf

OD = 5.000 in

DEPTH, ft
ID = 4.276 in

A

4
OD 2 ID 2
2
A = 5.265 in

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

W = 19.5 lbf/ft * 10,000 ft = 195,000 lbf

26
 Example - 15 lb/gal Mud in Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft
- 41,100 0 153,900 195,000 lbf

OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in

DEPTH, ft
A

4

OD 2 ID 2

A = 5.265 in2

AXIAL TENSION, lbf

F=P*A
= 7,800 * 5.265 Pressure at bottom = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi
= 41,100 lbf W = 195,000 - 41,100 = 153,900 lbf 27
 Anywhere in the Drill Collars:
Axial Tension = Wt. - Pressure Force - Bit Wt.

FT W2 F2 Fb w dc x dc p 2 A 2 - Fb
28
 Anywhere in the Drill Pipe:
Axial Tension = Wts. - Pressure Forces - Bit Wt.

At Drill Pipe : { (c) above }

FT W1 W2 F1 F2 Fb

FT w dp x dp W2 p1 (A 2 A1 ) p 2 A 2 Fb 29
 Axial Tension in Drill String

Example
A drill string consists of 10,000 ft of
19.5 #/ft drillpipe and 600 ft of 147 #/ft
drill collars suspended off bottom in
15#/gal mud (Fb = bit weight = 0).

What is the axial tension in the

drillstring as a function of depth?
30
 A1
Example

Pressure at top of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,000

= 7,800 psi
Pressure at bottom of collars = 0.052 (15) 10,600
= 8,268 psi

Cross-sectional area of pipe, 10,000

19.5 lb / ft 144 in2

A1 3
* 2
5.73 in2

490 lb / ft ft
10,600
31
 A1
Example

Cross-sectional area of collars,

147
A2 *144 43.2in 2

490
A2

Differenti al area A 2 A1 43.2 5.73 37.5in 2

32
 Example 4

1. At 10,600 ft. (bottom of drill collars)

Compressive force = pA
3
lbf 2
8,268 2 * 43.2in 2
in 1
= 357,200 lbf

[ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]

33
 Example 4

2. At 10,000 ft+ (top of collars)

Fb = FBIT = 0
FT = W2 - F2 - Fb 3
2
= 147 lbm/ft * 600 ft - 357,200
1

= 88,200 - 357,200

= -269,000 lbf
34
 Example 4

3. At 10,000 ft - (bottom of drillpipe)

FT = W1+W2+F1-F2-Fb
3
2
= 88,200 + 7800 lbf/in2 * 37.5in2 - 357,200
1
= 88,200 + 292,500 - 357,200

= + 23,500 lbf

35
 Example 4

4. At Surface
FT = W1 + W2 + F1 - F2 - Fb
= 19.5 * 10,000 + 23,500 3
2
= 218,500 lbf
1

Also: FT = WAIR * BF = 283,200 * 0.7710

= 218,345 lbf

36
Fig. 4-11. Axial tensions as a function of depth for Example 4.9 37
 Example - Summary

1. At 10,600 ft FT = -357,200 lbf [compression]

2. At 10,000 + ft FT = -269,000 lbf [compression]

3. At 10,000 - ft FT = +23,500 lbf [tension]

4. At Surface FT = +218,500 lbf [tension]

38