Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Reference Books
– Electronic Devices (Conventional Current Version),
Ninth Edition by Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice Hall, 2011
– Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition, by Adel S.
Sedra, and Kenneth C. Smith, Oxford University Press,
2009.
– Course Slides
• Grading Policy:
• Surprise and announced Quizzes 10%
• Assignments 10%
• Project 10%
• Mid-Term Exam (8th Week) 25%
• Final-Term Exam 45%
• Quizzes:
• Weekly or biweekly (Announced/Un-announced)
• No re-takes
• Assignments:
• Weekly or Biweekly
• No late assignments will be accepted
• Attendance:
• 80% class attendance is mandatory, in order to appear in the final exam.
• Visiting Hours:
• 2:30 to 3:30 PM
• Note:
• Above contents could be changed if required
• Quizzes and MID term must be checked in prescribed date and time
Assignments and Plagiarism Policy
• Assignment must be written on an A-4 size paper
or it will NOT be accepted.
• Submit your assignments in due time.
• Assignments must be submitted to the instructor
when you enter into the class.
• Any assignment(s) submitted at the end of the
lecture or during lecture will NOT be accepted.
• Those involved in plagiarism will get zero marks
for their assignment(s).
Course Objectives
• The course is intended to provide the students
with an understanding of basic electronic
theory and also demonstrate knowledge of
how electronic principles are applied to
devices and circuits.
Learning Outcome
• Through this course the students will:
– Acquire a basic knowledge in solid state
electronics including diodes, BJTs, and MOSFETs.
– Develop the ability to analyze and design analog
electronic circuits using discrete components.
– Design, construct, and take measurement of
various analog circuits to compare experimental
results in the laboratory with theoretical analysis.
Solid State Devices
• These are devices in which the current flows
through solid semiconductor crystals rather
than vacuum tubes
• Vacuum tubes were used for amplification
purposes during early 20th century
• Insulator
– An electrical insulator is a material whose
internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore very hard to conduct an electric
current under the influence of an electric field
• e.g; rubber like polymers, plastics etc
Semiconductor
• A Semiconductor is a special material that possesses a
conductivity which lies between that of a good conductor and
that of an insulator
– Three semiconductors used most frequently in the construction of
electronic devices are
– Ge (Germanium) {Single Crystal}
– Si (Silicon) {Single Crystal}
– GaAs (Gallium-Arsenide) {Compound Semiconductor}
• Hence, in general, semiconductor materials fall into two
categories
– Single crystal → Repetitive crystal structure
– Compound semiconductor → constructed by two or more
semiconductor materials of
different atomic structures
History
• Discovery of the diode in 1939 and transistor in 1947
– In the first few years Ge was used almost exclusively.
– Later discoveries found that devices constructed using Ge suffered
from low levels of reliability because it’s a temperature-sensitive
semiconductor
• A valence electron would leave its parent atom and jump out if fed with
certain amount of energy
• In the early 1970s the first GaAs transistor was developed (five
times faster than that of Si).
– GaAs is more expensive, but as demands for higher speeds increase, it
will begin to challenge Si as the dominant semiconductor material.
• Electron in the outermost shell or energy level of any
atom of an element is called valence electron
• Leaving the transition elements, there are a total of 8
vertical groups in periodic table
• Elements with same valence shell configuration are in the same
group
• Moving down the group, number of shells increase
– Hence valence electrons (negatively charged) are placed further
away from nucleus (positively charged)
– Both Ge and Si have 4 electrons in their valence (outermost ) shell
which is why both lie in the 4th Group of periodic table of elements
• But since Ge has more number of electrons and hence more number
of shells (or energy levels), therefore its easier to pull out an electron
from Ge as compared to Si
• Thus, lesser external energy is required in case of Ge to set free the
valence electrons as the pull of the positively charged nucleus on its
valence electrons is less as compared to the pull of the positively
charged nucleus in a Si atom
• Hence, germanium is more temperature sensitive and a slight
increase in temperature can result in a valence electron leaving its
parent element
• This is why Si later became the popular choice due to being less
temperature sensitive
• Si is not only less temperature sensitive but also happens to be
one of the most abundant elements available on planet Earth
Atomic Structure
• While Ge has the smallest gap, GaAs has the largest gap
and hence, greater work or energy is required for a
valence electron in GaAs to become a free electron or a
free carrier