Publication No. 296 MANUAL S RELIABLE FAULT CLEARANCE AND BACK-UP PROTECTION OF EHV AND UHV TRANSMISSION NETWORKSManual on RELIABLE FAULT CLEARANCE AND BACK-UP PROTECTION OF EHV AND UHV TRANSMISSION NETWORKS Publication No. 296 Editors G.N. Mathur B.S. Palki Kuldip Singh ey, ogre CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIGATION AND POWER New Dethi September 2005os, ISBN 81.7396 303.x [Tetrosicion of a5 pbtcton nan foe is pists : any torn is permissible subject to propor carat 2 inenaon oto pubtahes, Th piers Fee most forthe auhertony ie ats. However, te puss ate nna ee ne {oe authenticity cf data or wlan given by the cena Contra! Board of irrigation and Power Malena Rtarg, Chanakyapus Now Dini 10 021 Prone : 91-11-26"1 sea, 2688 0557 Fees ot-anacts paar E-mail chip @cbip org chip @vea.com Wed sm cbip ong w UST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS Chairman Shri Bapuii S. Paki Vico President (Technology) ‘nd Vice Chairman {Technical Gomnmitee) Power Technolosies Division ABB Limited Plot No.686, Phase Il, PB. No.S805 Peony Industia! Area, BangaiotS60. 068 Shri Mata Prasad 51300 Vinay Khana Gomi Nagar Lucknow 226010 Shri Vikas Saksene Genora! Manager Power Giid Corp, of cia td Plot No.2. Sector 29, Gurgaon-422001, Haryana Shri $.V. Appa Sarma Dy. Gonoral Manager (Substation group) Power Gria Corp. of dia Lt Plot No, Sactor 29 Gurgaon-122001, Haryana ‘Shri AK, Gupta HOD (PE Electrical) National Thermal Power Corp Ld. Engineering Otice Complex (EOC) Pret No. ABA, Sector — 2a Nowda-201303 Shei Pramod Kumar Dy. General Manager (PE Electra National Thermal Power Corp Lr Enginoenng Ottice Complex (COC) Plot No. ABA, Sector Noida-201304 Ms. 48. Radna Ohio Desiyn Engineer (reetical National Thermat Power Corp. td Engineering Office Campion (EOC) Plot Na. ABA, Sector 28 Node-201301 Members Sri SK. Roy Mohapatra Dy. Brecior (SETD) Coat Flecticty. Authority Room Ne. 712{M, Sova Bhawan RIK. Puram, New’ Gel Y0068 Shi O.A. Sathe General isanagor The Tale Power Company Lid Trombay Thermal Power Staton Matul Head Chobe Mamba a0so7s Shvi 8.6. Patki Assistom Genera! Manager The Tala Power Company Lt Trombay Thermal Poner Station Matt Rad, Chembur Mumbai ango74 Shvi P Thangavetu hier Enger rac) Tami Nady Electncty Board 5th Block, ‘Elecieal Avenues 802, Arma Sala Ccnennaveocece Aternate Shri RS, Alagappen Executwe Engineer / PACs Tamil Nadw Electicty Board S19 Block, Electncal Avenue, 92, Aon Sala, Chennar 600002 Prot, TS. Rao $283, Sector A, Pocket 6 New Do t10070 iDr RL. Kothari Professor Doptt ef Eleetical Engineering inoian Insitute of Technology Haur Khas, Now Dothi-110046 Shei ALN Kaul Hosa of Dopartmont Protoetion & Testing Howth Doli Powar Limited 88 ky Grd Substation oar Lo! Bhai Gurudwara Foot Gagh, Delh-410034 Shi M1. Choudhary Rela. Git Debi Tansee 1 0.125, Saket New Beiiet 90017 Shvi UG. Late Chict Engiwer (HVLC OBR Zone) Maharastra State Fechicly Board ‘Adt. Wding, Pot Wa 5 Sector 17, Vashi Navi taamsiaan703 Shri Ashok Thapar Deputy Director iPHD, PRC Braka Beas Management Boars SLOG Complex, tndustrat Ava Phase CChanagamn-160018 Shei Rajiv Krishan Assistant Vico Presitont Head Substation Autoeation (Tech ABB Lirstos Plot No S86, Phases Poonya industial Arca PB. Mo, 5806, Bangatoro oar Shri Srinivas Patkar Assistant Vico President (Tecnica!) munication Systems ABE Lito 22K, Sha Incusteal Estate (Ot, Veura sat Fad, Andheri post) Humbai-coocss Dr. G. Sambanean Ex-Gonera! Aanager Easun Reyroio Limted 98, Sipcot inguinal Complon Hosor635 126 (Tami Nadi) Shei bP. Laie ALSTON Ld 48/1, GST. Road, Patavaram Grennais6o0 083 Shii B.C. Badiya Sc ttanagor - Reakoting Power Transmssion & Disribtion Slomans tid, Pot No. 68, Soctor 18 art nist Aro Gurgaoe 322015 Shei GIN. sarnur Secretary Cental Board of tragation and Power Malena tatp, Charabyaoun Now Deln-1t0071 ‘Shri Kuloip Singh Duector (Energy) Contra Board ot legation and Power Malena Marg, Chanakyapur Now Dein-1 10024 Shri SK. Batra Manager (Toor) Gontral Soard of tigation and Powe! Matcha Marg, Charakyapur Now Ge 0021 eo FOREWORD Retlabie clearance of a fault, when it occurs in the Power system network, is critical for maintaining powor system stability, for avoiding system collapse and for better {fid operation. This manual as the name suggests deals with the subject of reliable faut clearance and ways of providing main and back-up protection to various power system elements in EHV and UHV transmission networks, We must not assume that all elements in the fault clearance system ‘always operate correctiy: Protection relays may fil operate or may operate. when they should not. Switching devices may fa to interrupt the faut current. {N's a common practice in EHV and UHV networks to duplicate the protection ‘systems. In addition back-up protection is provided to operate when @ power system fault is not cleared, or abnormal condition is not détected, in the requifed time because of failure or inability of the main protections to operate or failure of the appropriate circuit breaker(s) to trip, providing back-up protection, it is possible to reduce the tisk of \wide spread disturbances when a protection relay of a switching device falls to operate. The main protection and the back-up protection may reside in different substations (remote back-up) or in the Same substation {local back. up). In case of local back-up, it can be a substation local back-up and/or Circuit local back-up protection, ‘The requirements of the back-up protection cannot be independent of the requiroments of the entire fault clearance system. Back-up protection is fan important function of the protection system and its design needs to be coordinated with the design of the main protection. Therefore the protection ‘engineer should workin cose cooperation with system planners and designers. Even though back-up protection is the focus of this manual, any discussions concerning it cannot be separated f:om main protection, Thus the manual deals with issues invalved in complete protection system viz. ‘main protection, duplicate protection and back-up protection for various power system elements in a comprehensive way. The elements covered are Lines! Cables, Power transformers, Shunt reactors, Bus bars and Breaker fail protection. The manual also reviews brielly current practices and makes recommendations for selaction anc! application of various main and back-up “pectections. A careful sludy of the manuat wil help undorstand the reasons ann many ofthe practices currently followed and help uiltios tins tone rom: also notice that in a numberof places reference has been mada to grower CBIP manual (No 274) tiled "Protection of Goneralors, Generates Transformers and 220 kV and 400 kV Networks" Tho two manure Complement each other {am sure that the present publication wil prove to be a vory useful ee eee rete ilies, Manufacturers, and concomed engincsrs Favicularly to those who have so far been deprived of a unified docurnent cg, es Subject, andit gives them an insight to a number of aspects that chew Poteshem #9 managing the roiabitty and availabilty of protection systons beter. | appreciate the efforts made by Contral Board of Inigation and Power nbinging out this document and congratulate thom for ther inlatve. felon Sepreciale the olforts made by Working Group in bringing out the Samnerehensive document and commend the invaluable conirbution of the members in bringing out this manual With Best Wishes Sula Abbe a Abo Septomber 2005 ‘tanv Bhushan Now Doi Momtber CERC “4 PREFACE With Indian economy growing and expectations of industries and consumers using electicity increasing, Providing reliable power supply is becoming increasingly important. To meet this challenge new powor stations st being added and T&D networks are continuously being Strengthened. Formation of national grids one major step in this direction, Protection and Automation system provided in the power system has an imartant role to playin meeting the chatengo of providing reliable power supply Within tis, the protection system for various power system elements Plays @ major role Two ofthe important requirements on proection systom are dependability and security to provide reliable fault clearance To increase the reliability of taut clearance system in the event of falure of nain protection or circuit broaker, duplicate main protection and backup Protections are provided. Even though protection practices to be folowes Gace of EHV and UHV networks are well established and documented, yet @ need for Separate document on the subject of back-up protection to see 88 guide to ulilties in India has tong been felt, In October 2001, CBIP organized 2 International Conference on _{ntegrated Protection, Contiol and Communication, Exporience, Benetis and {tends’. During the valecictary session ofthis conlorence, it was decided FAL CBIP should constitute a working group to come out with a report on COPE PROTECTION to serve as a guide to utities in india. According, CBIP constituted a Working Group under the chairmanship of Shin B.S Pate, freaular Member CIGRE Study Commitice 85 (Protection & Automation, {rom ABB Limited, Bangalore and experts in he fold drawn trom varices tities, manufacturers and acaciomic institutions in india, ‘The Working Group, as a result of their untiing and sincere efforts of ‘more than three years, has come out with a comprehensive document thew ‘Manual on Rabo faut clearance and hiick-up protection of EHV ar UM transmission networks". Over the period of last three years there were Seven formal meetings of the group, each lasting for two days and severat informal meetings and discussions to arrive at the structure othe mana} ‘and finalise its contents itpocussions on main and back-up protection systems for Lines! Cabos Bower transformers, Shunt reactors, Bus bars and Breaker fal protection Gfscussions on DG system and communication system, which frm important Clements of the protection system, are also included. Use of pertonnanes Indices to assess dependablity and security of protection system to sore {Roommendations have beon made for the guidance of the ules to review ‘he current practices an make changes and adopt wherover necessary of the Working Group cravn from various utiles, acadomic Insitutions ana aacufacturers for their vakuable contributions.” Spocial thanks are due {2 She B.S. Paki, Chairman of the Export Group ior the tremendous wet 276 direction given in tialiing the manual. He also formulated the drat of {RS manual and then incorporated the suagestions/tecdback received iron 5 Yarious mombers. ‘The cantribution of Shii Mata Prasad, Sti Vises Motard fom POWERGRID, Shi 8.6. Pat rom Tata Power, Si SK Ray Mohapatra ttom Cental Electicity Authonty and Shi Pramod Kurta tom Nie for fer activ involvement in give inal shape: to te manual noods prominent mention, Iés hoped thal this manuat will help the protection engineers of various utes in India in managing the availabilty and reliability ofthe faut closers Systom in transmission networks inthe vollage range from 132 KV to 768 hr GN. Mathur September 2005, Secretary New Deihi Central Board of Inigation and Power Forno Preiace ‘chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapeer 3 Chapter 4 Chaptor 5 Chaptor 8 Chaetor 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Chapter 10 Chapter 1 Chapter 12 CONTENTS. Invoduetion Fundamentals Requirements Performance indices Lines and Cabios Power Tanstormers Int Roactors Bus Bars DC Auxiiany Supply Systems Swutohing Devices Communication Systems Retorences 101 m 129til CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ‘The tncian power system is growing steady. To match withthe growing demand, amiss system is also expanding with 765 AV AC tings overald Gm ovat don AY gystem, new long distance HVDC inks in hybrid! modo and provides sone, {omponsation including TCSC wherever teasiblo an existing 400 LV eed oes Ines tc, With the daveiopment of vegonal grse and inlrregiona tee ie Tony Utimately national and intematonal gis, ne power systom fs becoming mee one ‘mor complex. Along with this growth, requitement of high availabilty and retabie operation of large generating plants wih EHV and UHV transmission, elverk een omendous importance in maintaining power system sity for Deter a Seperation. To realize the vision of “Reliable, Allordable and Qualty Power lor a Some changes will be requced in our approach towails Imograted preteen cy ulation System planning, The protection and automation system used inthe network plays en inportan ‘ein meeting iis tesuitemont, reverting system catapse dunng major coat Sikoances, reducing outage time and minimizing tho possbilty of dereaye 6 me achines, and equipment. Ulliies. should install protection eystone ea fe Spengehle, ete, dependabiy is wo probably of not fang to clear a poe system faut or abot. Zit manual deals pedominanty wih this subject viz: how to enhance opendabitty of faut clearance systom, Wnen @ fauk occurs in the network a protective relay may tata operate or a CrcuR brdaker may fal to open and interrupt the tall cUrOnt, Such feleres at Protective relay ora evtching device may preven proper cloarance ote tae ne Addon of a second main protection increases the avalabilty and pence Of faut clearance system. in adkition, the provision of beckon Profection that Operates independenty ol speciied devices inthe main prose, Systom onhances this further. It can be gonavaly said that provisin of saree neo protection and back-up protections enhances tha copendabily of the taahnne systom Mile the provision of second main protection and back-up protection Gppances ihe dependabiliy of fault clearance system It mereasee te eater ‘merofoe thera is oten a tondency to choose to tun the power ayeiory tahoe SSISBG Prstectin and adequate back-up protetion in the retwork, At voles tasoe 21220 RV and Detow this is oles the casea Moran aati Fat Cetra Back Up Poacson of Ev and Un Fssson Rinse The disturbance costs inclado the felling © SepbefsSoriales wh he risk of ay to people and damage to tit party Property "Spang “MOF the sk of damage to power ines and ether power apparatus + Costs associated withthe customer outages * Goss associated with the votage disturbances * Costs associated with ne customers’ complaints and i wt fon age {he tes should base the decisions for provision of addtional Eiststbancoe eeeact¥ Protection considoring the costs Invalwed fy ween mantel Ran Pada wares unclearod faults) Recommengatons mage wt protection wegen, done, considrng the above. Ieis trtvor suggestion Wed Syatom n aereet Should Keop ths aspect in mind while reweine wei System in any given case. The manual is steuctured as under. Chair 2 defines some fundamental concepts of back-up protectin, Ra eShg Mesortes bay ne oxemna! requirements fr protective eystems corned come in future trom extomat authorios, goverment aes ae case cctibmant manuiacturers, insurance companies, elendenas ee, ‘organizations, utes and customers * SIAR" 4, tnes some perlornance indices tor proteation devices and switching devices *_aabler 8 10 & deals withthe diferent poner systom compononts such as (ate Greute (overhead tne. and’ undotgroune calles) ace, euuormers, bus ‘bars and shun reaclors. Each chapiee rons senna sant on the protection system, practoos of proton anaes Section on back-up protection, * Shaper 9 deals with tho OG auxiiay supply 5 DC supply system eR AO geals wih the pertomance of switching devices and circuit breaker flute protection, * Gabler 14 deals wh saablay ond recundancy of tolvcommunication syetoms, em and redundancy in the + Chapter 12 gives somo reloronses. | Chats 1 oven a While preparing the manual the working group has used a report on this Subject prepared by CIGRE working group SC 3: WG.O1 led “Felable ‘avd Gearance and back-up protection’. 1 has becn a Valuable source of infomation te the working group entrusted with preparation of ths manual ‘Arothee document refered vite proparing this 8 CBIP manual (No 274) tod Protection of Generators, Genorator Transformers anki 220. KV ‘noo at et Networks Releronce has “been mado to tvs paricularly while makiny recommendations to uilites i India, {I conetusion it can be said that even though back-up protection is the focus of ths manual, any discussion conceming it cannot De Separated Fort the Man Protection and thus the manual deals with issues involved for complete protorion System ingiuding Main and Back-up protection. Appropriate racommondaiens hong been made in various places, where itis fon tat thoy ave departarce heen he current prasices Finaty is hoped that tie marua? wil help the protection orgies of varous ities in India in managing the avaishity and telabity of tre tevlt cleneoee System in transmission networks in the vohage range fon 130 eh ee 755 WV.| } | CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS, 2 icp protection is intended to operate when a powcr system faut is not {ieared, of an abnormal condition # nol dolecte, in the requited tee Lena o {alr or inability of main protections 1 operate of lallure of Pie apprenrenan cae Breaker(s) to trp. The back-up protection, by dafiiton, Is skeen a, Brotaction. Back-up protection is installed to improve the Sependabity rire vay Back-up protection shall operate whon main protection fais to clear a fault in TeeaAe Ce; Me protection may not operaie corecy, the cicut bresher me rat eRe any tPping command oF the cut breaker may fal fo ogen asd pcr prevent Curent. Such tales of a protective way oF a suing devine fony Drevent proper clearance ofthe tat. Sometimes @ second main protection oF duplicate protection, lntended to Gharate tho main prtocton aus ist operate ort tomporsny Oulef eake Is Provided. This, however, should not bo mixed Up with back-up piotecien: Te cea Prctocton fs there i neroase th dependably of norinal aust learn Imectanism and i must ahvays operate voryseloively, while the hickeap eaaeeaes may operate with less Selectivity Becauso t opoates afer sone ime doy Zhe requirements on back-up protecion cannot be indepeiniont of the ‘equitements on the entire fault clearance systons Use of elementary form o! the single-faitro criterion is often dane whito cane, protection system arangemont. Ht requtes that the talue of ary tee COrmPenont in a fault clearance system should not resul in'a compete faite ns ear a power systom faut or abnormality important function of the protection system, aod its fed with the design of the main proteetion, nthe the proweton engineer should work ciesehy with the Power system plansors and design's rmagYsiem, Planner shoud inform the protection engineer regarsing Syaumptons made during sysiom design and requirements oF fault Creed sistem at various voltage levels in the sysiem. He must inform hum Olthe nen {TesProtection system that mus ul, as for exampse, the lola aul ear he protection engineer eust also be lariat withthe lola + System recuitements6 Marlon Peta a Coan ad BackUp Proven of E91 and OY Params ee + The system design ertria + The plant specications + The aiture rates ofthe protected plant {Te recuroments of petomance indcos of te faut clearance system 7 The requirements of rtabity of protction equipment "THe probably tata ecting devin ts to erupt be tut curent ihe Bower systom planner shout help the proteetion enginoer in formulating Nab ARETEN of the faut clearance eyciom, Roeelae et considered are the scheme, Pretcrone, 2aM ad ho ype of bos bar aka og and switching Seman ctecon enaineors and to power sysion ies ‘must co-ordinate tne ar ayn ait Slerance systom, ae also the pereen es ‘tation equipmant assoclted ep anc® Seteen tactical and eeonaminnr oct ‘and tho risks ‘“ss0citea wit making th protection system mers cores, 2.1 FAULT CLEARANCE systems sya [0S 0! any tout clearance systom eto detec a speritiog cass 7 O plan a a Seeahes and to saconnee te en seeese of substation fara, FO OF the power system, igue een oe components ofa {avi clearance sysiom. Hore TE stands for teeecies equipment. crv atseanerent shoud bo disconnected 3s tat as possiole an with sppaatisAneee ,CErsumor ond minim agree 8 powsr FP prctacton essential bopery othe Tout cearance een ‘oliabity. Rotiabity relay cog ets dopondabity and secu tp Fault analysis and ‘O6Y co-dealion are mponant sues lorie tela ah sea systems, “EAE, S281 fais a power systom abnormatiy ina involves, or isthe discos Primary eauipmert and nonaty Y tho immediate oF he ios of he aly eauoment rom te veer ra, fot system by tring Senn aBBDTate ciel breakers. Power agen Tyne bbe shunt, series or ‘Combination faut coat eas, SM Ut LEDDg Is an unwanted tipping ofa oul breaker Spore OF aut, othr than the power system toca ee Luritanted operations of ryteetan ie the absence ofa powor system lanes ye ‘epbing of a broakor due Dower sy endary eqUbmont far oF To hance ee ‘exampios of non: Power system faut Chapter 2 Fundamrite 7 Protection System aofor H Grouaveater q towonen - wor aT DC-System Pg. 22 sxcK.rproreoron {© operate or Bacauso of some athe fauitin the main faut cleoree system og. ik arising aut of tale. The back up otttion i posible fo reduce the By proviting bacup proection, tis possi ‘tuaton when a protect lay ora ston Soeoe fee protections con be cassie os eet + Remote back up, eee The man protection and the back-up protection may reside in ciforent substatone| + Local back-up . 7 ln protection and he back-up pact resi ho ‘The focal back up protections can Be tunher classiiod ae und same substation8 eialon Pte Fut Ceraceand Back Up Peston ot + Gireuttocat back-up protoction Proacret SENHES Te Same curont and volage ay the main Protection, > Substation focal back-up prove rareetetion uses Curent diferant from the ene uscd by the main protection, i anstonons old Be ComBletely indopendent of the main cae en .utenttansiorners, watago tancoereey uxilagy tipping relay, tip ral ate a OC S300 systems shoud be apna ay ‘Weal condition le ‘mal asin in pracico, The folowing comprare ‘sual made * etre on one cunt tansiomr et it has several coves One core anc Gr seconatn, SOCONdaN windy enorise each proeeien eooe tines one GF secondary wincing feeds mora than ane peat ne "Fs Yoke tarstormers ate nocay used becausy uptication would inomecivea, aise eaten cost, beeauso of be tee transformers pronged Sinn eeeaND Of ho ineeased space a age have 10 te Fo cach protects lhe VT tpt deena supply 18 S32h protectin is either trom separate ewrce ( Separately tused as close dary ois posse and continuously cepeniceg ee flay that wi gia operate, Se? 9 he supply and whee appropri! et 8 unwanted operation. thepert BAGS he tao protections shoud be sepaatoy used Deplicaren of NPPPD Pallonos onsol tp cows on cro trees nase! roves 23 REMOTE BACK-UP PROTECTION Team tara 2 Belson sth idea fxm of backup protection, insystoms where remota bans OBENY. Socond ard rd vance st dee ‘olay are examples of Sunt poocesy ett: Yaraons a he ie ae oP 2 ‘bus bars may “Avalyprovont we appicaton oromote ick-ep Reece Fe selvantage of eomote back is that iis ‘Completely independent of the bolton sage NM tanstome and votaye ey of tie man Seah Nan. alo indcnendrt of tho sony supply system and tho bonne a, bstabon: The are hanay ane nea OB lutes that ean att prt a Brotoction and te Back-up preceron e setting of Remote ack up remote ta ta CONE HO Tai uti to ae seme 9.2 Fm Deyona the Compile Sue f ifoca to the tat rom ci po er souices are quite ‘Compicated and sometines ines siete’ Chapter Fanti 9 24 CIRCUIT LOCAL BACK UP PROTECTION Fr itcuit local back up protection uses the same current and voltage as the matin : “onal over eutrnt and aurh tou ahog reeston. Oslayod crectona or non deena ove ce ata poied ne ee cnc a eae ee a ao 25 SUBSTATION LOCAL BACK UP PROTECTION dod in tho same A aublation back up protection is time delayed protection providod in substation but normaly ted by a CT diferent tom the one leoding the ea, rection, Over current protections provided in fe incoming feeders providing a 1,12 Plolzctons im ‘te outgoing feedars in a sibitalon is one cna aee Substation local backup protection. I must ba noted that 'a mashoo soak {Ray be difieut to obtain back up protection of EHV linos by meant ey Sanna local back up protection, In EH cubstations is possibe to provide substation focal back up prot by reverse looking elements of distance rainy, 26 DUPLICATED main PROTECTIONS REMY and UH networks iis common practen fo use duplicated fine protectons, Wenitint; Man 2 proectons, Sco te carent iasonnorty ts wees {ranslormers and the breakers aro the expensive Components in Be Tau cen oe Sfotem i may bo diticut to justly the cost lor thew Gupicaton, Figane ose ‘example of modem line protection arrangement slenesiey + Block-t in Figure prosents the fst main protection, stainct ck 2 represents the Secon main protetion, Main?*0 anual Ras Fut Cenc anak Lp sco of 5 Block-3 represents the telonrotection eauipment for Manet 1 Bloci-a represents the tleprotoction equipment for Main 2 7 _Block-S represents the tolecommunication equipment for Main-4 * _Blocl+é represents tho ttocommurication equipment for Male 2 2.7 BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION is part ofthe local back-up protection. The breaker feiure no ta ete, Alacont breakers when the main Breaker esse proton Ponti GUteAk. The mest commen, and. skrplet, Grek ae Fra core pace ite. Which the protection stats when t epee, rae peotectan gests fr lnge ta tan he aeting ol te enor he re doveion pest command to aehicen’ breakers. Figure £3 chee pe eee optional e228 I any bronker ture protacton, The ratty sees sme SE optional Sap om | fre ead Se pecs i est] [site| 28 RECOMMENDATION FOR APPLICATION OF SINGLE FAILURE CRITERION Glerance esd, 2664 the singe tur erterion in the planning othe faut tate oh gam, A elomoniay frm of to singltature enohan eo hoe nea flora of Citoon can be cee 8 PONE S¥stem faut or abnormal, the eee Ctterion can bo applied as folos * Assume that the power systom is ether in ts normal sui lino is out of service '99 stato or that one | (taster? Fundamentas 7 ‘+ Assume that @ power systom faut occurs on tho power systom, Cansider the following types of faults. + Three phase faut ~ Phaso-o-earth fault ~ Phase-to-phase fault ‘Open conductor or broken conductor fault Assume that there is @ fault in the fault clearance system (in substation slements), Consider no of the following types ef faults in the foul oreo system. Loss of input fom a voltage tanstonner, Loss of input from a current transformer, Aeilure to operate ofa protection relay, A blown OC tuse, + Aninecruption of tipping oreut A talturo of romote end cormmunicatn (ospecialy tine difoventiat Protection) Alailure to operate ofa switching dovioo * Check it withthe above ful), tho tau clearance system clears the power System fault al pre-detind locators considering the loli Wee oan (on system elements: Aline faut + Abus bartauit Atal in powor transformer ‘fault in the shunt reactor Add second main protection or back-up protection Unt dhe taut clearance systom clears a the faults, * Check i the heathy tines and healthy items of pant can withstand the fault Gutront for he abovo cases. Add second main protoction, buck up mrekecaan trltnorce the prinary equipment unt it wistands te lull carent coreg the faut clearance time The Protoction engineer must cary out a more dolaied analysis te check the Ahove cases undor diferent outage conaltions tor which Whe oom fee tens Fomor raectmeles of ovlages 10 be considered are outage ol @ ns, outago at) Power transformer, oulage of a genorator tsee CHAPTER 3 REQUIREMENTS the omen” $7gbee" has fo Undestnd regents that axe oxpeced reac ion sistem bore enctdng the arangaments eee eeeee! ‘oaurements can be grouped under io calssore: + External requirements + Power syste requirements 3.4 EXTERNAL REQUIREMENTS feel aklroments for practi systems encomsass a wide range of non: These conse saaion put on tha protectin engineer by same esta eg ese considerations fal the folowing six cateraner, + Requirements impos rogarcing safety Py various govemmental and other agencion "Trabant PEC by maratacturers of he primary eduipment inorder to validate equipment warranties, _Reauromonts by insuranco companise who underwnte auipment fates, rey egements 1 meot ‘prudent uly practice are incisty sana n damguen tat Erma) eqiersant fiuros sult h peta ee Property GRpade ae gat action i taken apanst tho iy be Wea ye incurring carnage. + Requirements forthe saety grounding systems * General power quaity requirements trom the customer Son ree "eautoments may nol be empoced oF felt at prosan by the Concerns tants m2, But a and when those ate hiradacee ty ie deropaten ares fo Me Le teaivemarts of tha system a ee ee cemeaton and rasructurra coming. ito Torey the “yeti a8 rotecton Coremined commensurate wilh the changed erworent wile tage by the cequroments NOT THe lotowing paragaghs Gwe somo mote dette ef fe cequiromerts 34.4 Safety Regulations Hlectical Sate Feguire some back-up protsctions, These requirements ae Pet the enim requtomenta associated wih pera14 ‘olen le ice a Ouch tp Pench 3.1.2 Equipment Warranties, hasta may oblain waranty as apart of purchase agreements, The manulacturr provide aapansbity t replace damage equipment and may tous he an Provide a minimums level of protection 3.1.9 insurance Requirements Rares may be coverod by insurance, The insuranco companies pay the cost ot replacing flee equipment and may requte minimum lows of once, 3.1.4 Industry Standards Te ame cases Personal injury and propery damago tables are decided in court sal ree ner may be Based ona revew ot roan standards tte coats sooo te minkour levels of protection, thoy may be had table wey appropriate camages, 3.1.8 Prudent Utility Practice procicerimmon 360 agus he ty Is based on a rvew of prudent uty Frat ung tity wes ner eels of proiecion than otha ules secs the apelty '610t folowing praden! ity praciee and they may be hed hae ee ‘he appropriate damages 3.16 Safety Grounding ground Mee 2 Povo for appropiate slep and touch poten dung Formal coats i conto! crcl transents associated mith ful swichiny oe Shock ators, Shor clearance time is acvanageous because te vek deka Ere dena IeaNy feduced and the risk of severe inuy of death's reat ese {he uration of a current few through the body ic vory beh 3.417 Power Quality Cover {wey fequremonts are changing as compotion increases, Potential Sota neo, pic att foro data‘ct to stctcty supay tore Pa Syston ents. Some procuss industios cannot tolamie eur ean nah system disturbances, 32. POWER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS rearrartsaaeten svslom cia must meet the planting and operating cera Se eet tile mecting to specie oqurements ofthe poner seer ae faut ren 28 34 Preventing damage to ober power sjsem elements seca faut current i | Chane 3 Roguromeets 15 {Over tipping of protective system must be limited to events where more than {f° dimensioning can be tolerated by the system Fale ofthe protecive spears Punjeate profocion and backup protection must meet all of tho design requirements of the planning cetera at a minimal cos, 33 NORMS USED TRANSMISSION PLANNING IN INDIAN POWER SySTEtA Gr emaming and operational requirements and secuily standards forthe purpose gi ,tansmission planning for indian power systom are brought cel bie Do, Reimann 08 Tansmision Planning Cito” fsuod by: Cuntal Phecheen Gury, Now Debi in 1982 and this may bo releed for more deta. We, SeSamant May be fuer subjected to revisions foe updating in vcw of syslnn expansion, 34° PROTECTION CRITERIA Crntction citera are developed and derived ftom tho Planning and Oparatine Giller. The purpose is to mect the eimensioning requtemonts cesockned one, Gas, £0, 95 {0 Provont loss of stabil, toss of tynctvoniem, volags cola Hanes load shedting or unacceptable equency and vellage exeurete fee tulies may want to do preventive maintenance with the primary coninnne lites may desie to provide for ose of one sysiem element (such ae cea eh fale) during peak load condiions. ts be Tho case such Sterne ctteria should be mado known tothe protection engineer. Its wat atin Sagec notation between the planning and protecton engineers athe vory soy Pras” MM OHCs 10 Kently ho protecton requirements Yor the cnecoes projects here are the types of eiteria, as mentioned Wolow, that the protective system must moat * Gtkoria speci to the equipment wibin tho protective zane must be niet ‘ese aro “constructan specie requiremente sash as tank many requirements of capacitor cans + Grleria spectic 19 other equipment supplying faut current to tho tated Blomort. These are faut current ithsiand requitemonia ‘suehe eted ‘maximum faut current duration ofa power tanstonnoe * Gilera specie to tho siatity ofthe net. Those are toplagy spectic ume lis associated with votlage and transient sabi, “STEPHEN ERREReNcn16 Meo Rete at hssancs nd ck Up Peet da te BOwEr Generating Un doesnot ws eae vollage dips. Back tp severe outage tS Dower syst aoe to ae ree eae may cause a Fa and re yee eotane Slablyreqatemonts determi ee as the ‘aul and are systom contiguration dependent 8S FAULT CURRENT WITHSTAND CAPABILITY Sie ca ePeely thet te power syst ements epee ly CT, Isolators and eenociar aes Besides the power vantiormers chaltwee ee} ‘only fault currents The clam cena Ut earanco and take the nse of ana fares, fa oem ements ate usc spect to haan ee ‘curtents associated wit backup cloranco tines 008, 1. and 9oeean a a stem elements must withstand both mel rated load curents tin winter SBD Tho rae peak wins een a ‘ated short inne al geen aracteree te compononte Fuk ented Usually smal tne caren es Of devtopment of power syctom, Nemane a Magritide of {nil cutront increases as the system doveeree Creat eek Smensetng of te power system eae aE ts prima ins net ee BEary eauipment Thgh on eee Eomponente ™#CMaEAl and “tinal monsioning ot feet ae ‘omiponens ate TpeaaNee Syslom canna normal intuenco the peek value of the te tran The properties of tho aut Ceoraney nee A however, intuence er ceenan of te lal curont. Thus, the fail lone ae influences the heating power yics,Curibgdatbances, Tho prolecton eageea eke ow long the Camage mae anBaneMIs car wistand the taut arc eae permanent the Tat cused Me component cle power sytem sep withstand ravoma Semon Seaton associated wi Back ype se et spoctied in capably a erealonal standards For example ieee through fault SSPsOHY oan ANSIECE C5712. and tee Pubhen ey ior na gamen's in repoct of Idan Power System fr faut vithstang ‘Manvel en eer Szetem ements xe bought oat fa Sate entitled arena O% Transmission Planing Crier” oh Gene lectcity Authority, Now Dei. Some deta from His ave reprocucea ge Crapo 9: Raion ” Tobe 2.1 Rated baking cra eapabity of awichger lie vtapes Soe 35 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SYSTEM PLANNERS AND PROTECTION ENGINEERS Fox feasone brought out above. is recomended tat the system planners and ene asa he eg fr nea aa se ln yen ana ceonat wih the protean enginoer fo enaun ttOce eee luted, Sometines sich raqerente may have tt etaiey ee ee Sasi whore gneral guns mey no be sient ae Ta eae {eauremants and sutable measures taken, view o fad Genres esem tov could be Cran fcatons hy generton Gorpines hee eae ear es re Es eset oor nS ce ma we tied to bo taken by the system planar 1 cana mei anaes ter ive use of Fault Current Limiters, mre RomatranCHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE INDICES The laok of fault clearance systom is to detect power system faults and ebrarmaltes, identity the tauty tem ofthe plant, and internat Ie fault caren oe ‘uickiy and reasonable. In order to assess quanitalivaly the rotabiiy, of feok 41 CORRECT PERFORMANCE To descrbe what is meant by correct portormance snd what Is incoreet erformance by a protecive system consider te loloning throw cose Pe vs % + Gonsker a taut inthe poser system for which the protection system provided shout operate, I the protection system opofaos and luce 9 contel puna {Gommand, it should be taken as correct rertormanco and # i docs vol eee Itipping command and eperates icorecty it should be taken as rosrect * Consider a fault in the poner systom for which the protection should not ‘Sperate, this Case the protection systom operates Icorretty I ince {nping command and it operates covtecty # i elaine fom issuing & ppg command, * Consider a case when neither a power sysiem faut nor an sbnommelty exists and Mereloro the protecton should not operate. In this case the protection Systom operates incorrect fH issues a Iipysng command ind tocar Corrocty iit refrains from issuing a tipping command, 42. DEPENDABILITY OF PROTECTIONS he dependability of protection is detinod as the probaly for a protection of not baving a failure 10 operate under given conditions fora sven time interval An mone, of dependabiliy should measure the abilty of Fe protection system to operate hon ‘here is @ power system faut for which the protection shal opeeate Indo, D of dependability is defined as follows20 ‘amet on eta Fi Clearance and ack. Prec of Hore Ni the number otaures ocperate at intoral power sytem tauts Nis the numberof internal power systom fauts eis the numberof correct operations during the given tne ona im poeermance index Dis 19 measure the perfomance of preadton when there is a powor system faut 43 SECURITY OF PROTECTIONS an ennai of rotecton s dane as the probabil for @ protection of not having mentors gbertion or a given me ‘ntoral An, Ree securty should neasere te ably of he protection not to operate when soe oe 'ndox, $ of security is defined as fotows: x. Where” Nis the number of correct operations Ana "HBT Of unwanted operatons ofthe prcteton during the siven tie inter Lane of pelt Of Nas aNd Nu herd Ns is the number of unwanted oF abnor Glteston Wa glen tin intra hous one systom fault Inert wr in Nu © Cube of operations of @ eee ven fine shod ee, ere 5a powoy Systm lal oF see eo Protection should not have operated. rn amance nox, § i o measure tho abiliy of protection ot not having preter QBN in 2 Gvon tine ‘eral, measeen at Performance of Popower spanner, tes a owe Systm autor avant ee there is Po power systom faut 44° RELIABILITY OF PROTECTIONS can penny, 8 protaton sytem is detined as the probably tata protectin relay of etd fneton under given coniions tra a a eo The comeing a fececton 8 the abity of nt having an ec ere me Iie tre operation “NY 9 POt Paving a fire opeaia and ak nate Unwanted operation eee nor Chapter: Petrmance ses a Index, F of retabilty is dotined as follows: » NAN, where, ‘eis the number of correct operations N'5 the number of incoreect operations duting the given time interval Horo Nis sum of Nand N,, where Ny i tho number cf faiures to operate on intemal power system taults in a given time interval and Nis ine Soreeee oy Unwanted operations of the protection during the gen tine itevear 45 DEPENDABILITY OF SWITCHING DEVICES ability of not having a The denendabitty ofa switching device is dated as the probability of ina {allure fo eterupt the faut current when the device has recowed.a ap cosmmaet ‘The depondabity ofa suitching device is dotined as folows: ® nen, whore IN: i the number of corroct responses when the device has received an ‘operate command Nis the numbor of aia to respond. 45 FAULT CLEARANCE TINE re betermance indices described above measures the probability of not having @ ae Jo oporat, the ably of rot having an unwanted operation ar the nicbebate meeting making the fault curen. The perormance nies do nol exploty ameure tho speed of operation. For measuring the speed ot operation Toluca & suggested Fault clearance timo, Tis dotined ae: 1 Mast, ) Where et!Ea Maral on Rate Fan Coser ar Bick Pecan of HV and UM Temes hese mumbo Seatac ti a taint () ofthe protected ston, and Nis the number of terminals of the protected sence Jet sector “tes the fat clearance tine, Tat toning (of the protected section. THT +h, epata et o he protection systom at terial), ane Tw inte to lime af th siching dovew at terminal ty Meee necessary, 1, Includes the operating time of ho loloprotecion chee Jil, dA? Wate the concapt a to teuk clarence tie, Teand ‘he aul learance tne, 11 a the temina a he protaces coe (7 APICAL EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATION OF VARIOUS PERFORMANCE INoIces Perermanee of Transtormer ana Reactor protections curing a given time iter Tri para REY Fie eae ___ ee al Eeaee Dependability, D = 130. 10 13066 Seeureys = 8: 10 067 NaN, 183 ® », 130 Reliab, = 0867 RON NON HN OR Oconee = Capo 4 Peace ces 2a 8 NOOUIMENDATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT OF PERFORMANCE INDICES AND ACTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT the pancmimended that wiles have a system of measuring and kooping record ot the performance indices for + Protection devices + Suitohing devices rngan, Pe Vahable data for taking decisions regarding maintenance, Imodornizing ard retrtting of switening and protection evsioee24 ana on aes Fat Carne and ak tp Pte hand OY Tanase Rea rege {ecammenced tat once tis practice i adopted and suffcint data is Seton ee aghStom of benchmarking the indices be lnvoduced bY eae os to rom yakth or improvement as considered necessary. The approach choad analyse one te lees cofbelad in parler pore wah he wep ae are than ge ae erences and what actons canbe taken To be see goat Foye lake actos tor improvement. Those actons can be regain eo Soieniog ah eater Mainirance pracios, modemcing “ond rerottiny at Piper td Prtoction sytem et, as fol appropiate, The tangas cae ha oct Figher and turthor actions be taken for umprocerrone ig ecituatng this data apart trom fooking at protection devices and crear ceuees, altenion should sso be given to remaining par or ee fend Cables eran ge DS, snp, teprotectonsigraing,nealhinoss ef otk Syeton, 2™mnaON etc. Tis wa hoip to improve the design of haat oe systom, CHAPTER 5 LINES AND CABLES {7 Protection of transmission Tines beth dependably and security of protection are Gyueramount emportanco. Any unclear fault may ereate unwanted ook See lead to grid disturbances, [7k main protections coud be jusiied onthe basis of being abl to keep an ‘rpatant yansmission ccult in servoe with ono sel of protection romance st servos while second sat of protection is taken under malntonanes, Where tee an projection Systoms aro justied one may take the opportunty 10 select man, Protection systems that cover each aiher's Initations, 2 ieeultements of averted tne ad cable protection systems vary greatly, Fue fa, the oxPosure of transmission cirouis to a wide vareyy of envrerneay wenetes nd are subjocted to tha wide varations in the. format, usage ea As iscussed in chapter 2, back-up protection might be provided in one or ‘more ofthe following forms, + Chreuitocar backeup. + Substation focal back-up. + Rlomote backup 51 TYPICAL TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS 72 etalon offers abril overvion of common transmission crcut arrangoments areca Construction fctors which might have some illuence on the Goreenes SLanamission circuits to faults and therelore onthe selection of backeun pone Schemes, Transmission creut construction can be considetee 1 thes eon categories, + Overhead construction. + Underground eat const + Composite constuction,26 Mara on Rete Fat Caisse an Ba ip Proton et "rt and UY Tamnccon Nena 5.11 Overhead Transmission Circults {iysial arangemons for overhead conductor supped vary depending on vokage love! and cost considerations “The ectical parameters of sistance, reactance and capacitance are mainy {nluenced by the size ad ype of conductors, conductor configuration ana geometry ith respect to each other and with respect to ground along With the cake oe, top of towers Tue thermal balance of elecical heat input and neat dissipation governs oul load current capcciy. feat inputs are teom FA losses, solar radaton ort solar conduction, Hat dssipations are through radiation and conduction, wich ‘depends on ambion! temperature, wind veloaty and chil factors Use of cortect ine parameters 1s important for proper setting of protective felays. Calewation of ovediead fine electeal parameters at nemiral spots frequency and line surge Impodance are usualy perlormed usiiy dedened computer software, These caiculaions may then be veriied by: taryiny ee measurements on tna istalations that could bo subjected 1 eld tty oe round conduction eltecs influence the zere sequence surga impodancos. The information may then be used by nroocton engineers ta datermine optim relay sotngs. The CIGRE WG 34.04 tepon tiles “Application guide on protesion Complex Wansmission “network configurations” gives details "of how We easuremonts of lino impedance for the seting ef distance protection ard lant locators can be carted out 8.4.4.1 Grouna Wires Ground wises help ta reduce tho apparent tower footing resistance, may be noted {hat all HV, EHV and UHV lines need one or more than ane, ground wees ots Certain height above tho conductors to provide the desitod stolding The konce {oalng impedance paramos are retired lo be kept as low as practically fosstie and may Road special measures like countorpoise® and other known metho oy educiag the footing impedances The economic jusiticaton tor ground wites, tho number of ground wires recived and their geometty is mainiy dotermined by ground fash Guna, Keren, {p¥ols and seventy of lohtning surges as also topatogy of the le profile and woo pigs, Besides reducing the number of tghtning induced faults, ground wires also Flo to teduce the apparent tower footing resistance soen ring oneuatey flashover to ground causing ground faults. They provide mulipta ground laut ooneot ssiura pains through many ower footings, which haips In ths, The annual soca fate of the transmission tne is required 1 be es knw a possible Chapter ine a Cates or ‘As said casio individual tower footing resistances can be substantially Fediuced by tho use of counterpoises, which are generally of stecl conductors burned under each towor with several configurations in crowloot layout or Contineoes counterpoizes connecting two or more num of Yowors in @ ta. Ths ie usualy one whore sol rosistivty is very high, Even with ground wite shielding, a lighiring strike to conductors or to earth wire or to tower peaks 0! ane may eauso an insvitor back fash over leading ta line cutage. This is due to discharge curt owing through tower inpedsrce ana tower footing resistance, wich will rosull in a transion! tower voltage ree with respect to power Ine conductors. Such vallage tise could be sutfclenly hig to ‘cause a singlo or a mutt-phase back-llash from a tower tots power conductors It important to appreciate that where a high transmission tower # orecled on high Protle ground with high tower footing resistance, ground wires may ierease the Hghtning outage rates. The transmission lie assignets cover this aspect while esigning the tower and conductor contguration and Bll of inaulator stings, To minimize the tisk of outages there should be good coordination between Bil. of insulator stings and tower footing resistance, 2 Underground Tranemssion Circuits ‘The oloctical characteristics of HV and EHV cablos for underground transmission routs to carry a givon foad are set by the physical eantiguratin o! the conductors and tha properties ofthe insulating moita, whieh materaly affect tne capacitance of tho cable. The materials used and the voitage rating detormines tho, external diamotor and the weight of a cable. Heat dissipation within a cable's prodaminany {rough FR load curtent losses and this is novmallycesipatod by condtiston twouge the delectric to the soll in which the cable & buried. Cooling may be enhanced By special back-ls in eable tenchos, Inornal cooing for EHV Gabie may be obtained by circvating ol through holiow conducters or though other ducts nahin the cab, Cables are assigned a continuous load current rating a! reloronce envitonmental corations Gable shunt capacitance per unt length is much higher than for overhead tines, Charging currents increase with cable vollage ratings. This moare that Inductive shunt compensation i comenonly requited for EHV cables and ae for usually long HV cables. A good example of such a sconarios could be seen tone the paratiol cable rings at 409 KY in Borin provided by Power Uhity BEWAG aed also inthe National Grid of UR. ‘cing fess prone to fault. nducing environmental hazards than overhead ines, able faults are almost exclusively permanent taulis, Conscquenty, aon, reclosing is not used for underground transmission cites, In eable cout laa Gan also occur in associated switchgoar and cable joints. The level of eldence of fault in these is often comparable te aus the cable toe2a Manus on Heute Ft Clearance ad BaceUp Preton ct hand 80 Teamemsson Nemohe Joma per itstnd faut cures fr long periods of tne: consequently fost mand, He use ol protection without any ientonal nee ey rng Shit protocton, such as curent aiternial protection theney pret oF libre optic cables. witch is etten applied to Gavia crea 5.41.3 Composite Transmission Circuits comma eas end sign requtemants sometimes demand the creation of Sd Undoramnmision cuts. Tho ypical compost ciel a mo of enna ‘id underground circu, ‘eat ele equent, there ao cases of non-homogeneous radial overhead fats ns HOE tS OF conductor oF vasying conduct gosnrae along their Wansiornes’ io" {Me C260 wore a subtanemeson line Suppiee ard He eae soeeromeneeus series impadance fora eamposite eeu, especialy Incedarsn” SRS aro voted hore may be some Biel m sa eae, corparnaton en, oF, stance “relays and in. sating’ opie’ eee ‘Compensation for grou’ faut ore BhatNe Mansion ines aro orignaly planned 1 inorconneet two Taremisen ag Pole Hoy ate aored to tut charg aus e ana wansten gfe. Olen, tho pesanco of muthcreut ince, seater ae nd transformer tee-otfs, ato due to theve roasene Or arenes flaming sateny may fead to & gradvalinplomeniation of OF pie tission aangoments. Wh ong ntevais Beluten ee slages Sage aan no always possible lo enginowr protects reser Tocommonde ful the Sal conigucion. When euch changes tame ae harmonising wate Cara Hellsing or upgrading ef ‘protector race Formorizing win tho power systems araadyin operation be car ee oe 52 COMPLEX TRANSMISSION ciRCUITS Sten rer Noes of ns can bo clasted as complex transmission cicute that Ofte present special protection sieiies “GEST ararsssion tines whore two or moro the phase tansméson chacent ow ande4 0° tha same tower or fol the same rghcl mage facjacent were, *Binaatmialnes having tree or more terminate with substantial generation Denn wach Chaser nes ans Cabos 23 + Tapped tines having ono or mote terminals with suastantiat generation bahind them and taps feeding only tha load. Tho tap is done thtaugh a stop sean, transformer and do not have suteient current feedback 0 oporato the wave * Composite tines whore system elements tke transformers, overhead tines o ‘ables are connectes together without intermodiate ctcut rockers, + Series Compensated tinos ‘The protection of theso complox transmission lines is very wall described in the document prodicod by CIGRE WG 34.04 in 1894 tiled - “Apptcaion golae oo Protection of compiex transmission network contgurations 52.1 Parallel Transmission Circuits (ten, fer roasans of economy, wo of more cteuits ara run ia parallel on the same fowors: Transmission reliability is reduced in the event of muige chou fare ‘used by lightning and certam common modo avonts, such as tower catanee SHER Eun sustained luls it nsuation backlash occurs wih a cree ighning sko to 9 tower, it could rest in mutccitet tats resulting s The possibilty of multiple fauts occuring simuitaneousty on more than ane circuit ofa transmission network imposes special demands on proteclin mn looks hase, selection for single poie tnpping, Ih may affect hgh spood wile hase autorecinsing, Juin double circuit lower construction, there is rlstively ationg inter-clecut ‘magnetic coupling between conductors, which Is expressed in erm: of arias oa EIS mual impedances for the purposes of shor-cheut calculations arid shaves ct protection ‘performance. i is usually acceptablo to neglect the seckee ee fegativo Sequence mutual impodarces, since they are only a faction of he pestis ‘siuenee sell mpedances. i's someimes necessary to consider ine counting hove Ihe pastive sex 1ence network tothe zoro sequence nctwork when satin seoeting residual over cutrent protections. Zoro sequence mutual mpedance ehesia {mroved, Because of is elatvaly High value and He posse Hiluenco oe Pence ‘r0Und Fault protection of ines The mutual coupling permutations that result Hom mutipio circuits, wich share a common rightotway. are complex in nature, Mutual coupling isnot resticted to parle ites at tho same voliage levet or to cicils which tave two common terminals. n somo cases thewle nar eon arate or att of ther route. Wrae tore is a paral nn. two ches mop Ue ormen, double circuit support two30 anon Pato Fut Cearnce ant ack Lp Poco of Ta at Some eases of ccs at eieron! votage levels sharing the same aici RE May Head to er-systom toute, Doce ee Sevoriy, may be very Sependny Getmeatvoly doect seh inte wa (ete functions that ara oven ne WOKE messuremant Th appre ecto ae iticutios are measurement oes kes. Phase-sogmapated uni pec nee current reenact the bos! option for bot route wh Se economically and technically tensio. 07 Fer Sequence current toning inthe patil ect} eyo be a electon facto based on votage measurement ate those ‘nest tKely tobe atectd by zen sequence mutual coors highlighted below + Directions! ground fault protection plone eee, wORIIM ard cure signats are those mast ‘commonly cat eye ee tat drectonal coal eteaens Se fault on one ae! hea ne Reraton ef dactonat ground tut pet oe panially docs ma an (Bal zo seauence muta! Eoseee Probie Goes nt ext fr paral eects Hetweon common cana bars * Distance protection reach accuracy dynes Of stance potton ground laut cements adversely atectod Shanon HR Of Bom system zor sequence ola ye {through zero crt ao of age WEI, 200 sequence cuwests Yasser Paraliel diane cama 830th curent in ho protected ge fault Mo dares nats tor rach. lth euente see sec ‘ant-phase, {ho distance elements wiltond to over eer 2 anenaleney for dance proecton to over rach is of no consequence for Fork ments hich ae ileal to oversach 6 rec iey line, such as Zones reac ca eSRNeY 1 ude each can bo compneere ee setting the over Claman an ieee he protectan serenes ey 9 reaching fee (a ae Elle fo prctecton of magnelealy eres cuits, when sotto fie foto account under reaching cur ceo Howevor, where commen od se SPR Orit for phase and ead faut hese elomonts, i should be necessary fr COMPENSALO eoace ndtonce eonent ees may make i The ante eo RBRY Curent reversal quad ogee tee en tre coe pn fees are aa ated to rawds Sea a ‘up protection Yor brads a 3 SORBUISAON crease aac roy ee discrimination frovlems with phase fo phase tat protect or shod ajo seman [hap 5 te ne Cables Py ot cesar Prcematc case of Zones overonch to be noted & when a Fre ener eu s Stehad out and grounded at bots tomas ee, instance, ropa ech SEA margin may be any rodased or hee anes ogatve in some applications nce gies {© Compersala fo the efecto zera sequence emia fo proves cos tk 200 Sequence curantsignal tom th patel eet dshomnosicd eee THS ttn is ot electhe when pacino preston rand grounded at bot and. Forts eason ts momhoe eat protection but used for faut location, co Fra I not advantageous to Invodice mutual compensation for tha pragbratecton schernes. The acvanteges,# any, ar tatany far cunweighoe by breton ere eaten completes thai woud be nese en SY Fo ere De tae a2 Se FOU fst ping fo faute asrg a peer tre oy D2 ble for externa tals without empleyny mutant ean There cei apbicatons where it imposcinio to accoas he coment hes magnetically Zon Seng eed ee eek fornia. nal uc cases ie manors een, Zon" setting ted as BO%e o less could be advantages reo Cam © Iplemening stil compensations o apply inidual reo Ancor ose a satln Tact for ach zone of round fat eeree ee conden aon, 8 cietent groups of soting pefameton for ae ‘operating Conditions of the doubie circuit tne ance akov® Hanspites that corel cacao ofthe transnestan tne tes tanec with z0r0 sequence parameters be cared Out wut ens by held {ests botore using thom in eoting tne nore 5.2.2 Multi-terminal Transmission circuits ebjoc ee fansmission chai! has tho a ee tuminats,&s protection may be Bepenaing arg lees within the pieced ine die to thn cheery ye concern Base Boteton operating pile, tose elec nee eee out fod can etl [2 Ean incre impotances seen by dake can Sencar Gauss ctonal protection at one timate eats ad Aopen ocean! Prtecton with vfien! intamatin tk wih “ppteaton of cont measurands and protection lays choulgte es2 ‘Mo ele aut Caran and ac Up Prcton of EV and th arcs eae 52.3 Shunt Compensation sre ed ot Prssiched shunt reactors ate oon used to compansate for THe ere Shunt capactanco fr kg overhead tiaras Lnderoround cables, be conan Banss0" is invariably Soe at ermng noe where it may Tree to te assccated cit by an tec a ee by a circuit beaker re former option is lss expensive, DUI may ee necessary to de-onorgise the lng ene, EMCO ine ractor Sometimes shane se, Conticted by circu makes ae connected to EHV Bus bas, many cre shunt reactors (and range ‘ne’ aint V2" Compensators with indvetvo ara ere compensation restorers ne Cena 10 the: tora mincing ea Interconnecting auto. power rare {0 £20! ot downs vote peg emean expansion of are connocted wry 785 te to login gt shorn oti ‘stations the nono 0 204 fp au (LILO) connections eee coneitions by bon etched fine reactors provided onthe fre hog ‘omoved or ropiaced Shnt ceacors, Under cain condionst may be ane 80 tho controted appeal eauo cerain onthe ine for a ee ‘operation. Such “Sppteaton cui be ken vew to prod mim chars oe shiting, eae oaneaton eAUMEN must have its own preteewve ‘gear. Where a protection fe CaM 10 a ranamission eeu sae eet 28 sswieh, its Temotoond eee 88 sd relate Warten ping epee, SO” {9 remove emote-cnd faut currert in food se enetore do not have @ grat intuence on the selection of tine fesponmn erecbl where aierental or drectonal compara! protection might be ood noe Wee 28H OF reactors Inch tate ae ee may havo ta be nan ine Ce Re 228 ole protection tough he ne ohne GT's in parale, Docent also be recossan iy Rhy backup ground faut Protest during sinye-poe auto recone settee ne we coe eae Sng and aulrecoswe is. appied, capacitive and avetve coupling may Keisy the extnctos or oe ‘secontary are and the fautted reactor ae Cay May bo delayed. Tete ue tem Se between shunt tipped. thc aoe a eapactance couping fo ae peace ee breaker is weet TS may ely arc exten tor ote and so singlepole Sulorlose deact-imes may need to be extern liming the parametor of Nona ne CURE 0 2 bractca vaise of about tO ea Surge Protected Eri ate wy of 0.21 04 puch taue ees, between neutral of some t (2lor and to pound. The sogarae fede 2010 10 pasiive to arouna eb ee Burt eacor be around go nme shunt reactor to around 850 kV ins 400 RY nectoore nator cna and Caos 33 5244 Series Compensation (eas ablly constrains tnt the maximum value of power ‘angle for tong lines, the full reanceol capacty can erly be ublaad thie honee eae houtt impedance is D opting wa ephring sens compensation eta he eae vattage collapse, tien ea SStibuion orto improve qty a Cope part from improving lransient stabi. we et Thy Contated Saies Capactor(10SC) is vac Some of te Toaonance of Cou be power oscilaion deletion pave eet synchronsus Fesonance oF load low contre 2 esas Sampersaion has boon univer ape to tren ata le krown motes oa AY 2 800 KV The potocionroaying cig lines are SMG Completed ard need tobe evolved ator dotaed gee ee {ha their protective current diversion nd the impact of cries compensation on ot Covert thn th Y CIGRE WG 34.04 tiled "Applicaton guide es ‘etwork contigurations” may be rolerrad or ie Aa. TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT FAILURE MODES AND RATES scr eases 8 he farmers Cow or very cose ta a eS these are 5.3.4 Arcing Faults Framer Bett fauinduing events result in he exeaton ofan fereing faut between round, oh3, Ie. between phases and tower sheen etwison phases and Bacod on a re BESON nonin: laut rita Eigen tance ainod using wellknown Warnnglon formmie “avous ther empyiet formulas used in Curen ‘eearennem4 Mana cn tate Ft Cleanrce and Back Proecan et itv ana MY Franco Rae 33.2 Smoke Hazard reaeettsl OF dloeratly inated bush fros are quite common uring cortain cramp Soe ct, Subteane waste close 0: tansmissar are“ a iondaton one Tam SHE fires may induce acing fasts 9 omnes th Phase ad ee Mts Mey be Wcated across neater Senate par of Since ind ese wl not ter mucn in natu hoon ree by lightning, torah be located atte midepan Beton tee’ oy ne ‘conductor arc Tngthe ta ib #Pan fats can bo highly ves, net ei oo long Sr ere 480 a8 a result othe ground ress beeen i point of ars and the nearest suppor! tenors smonaeh tn be nocessary o provide high resistance ground let protection as backeap onary Main protection in orders detect such auier en may also act as ‘nekup protection for so auts ands therefore rere 2 ol eating tom bush es aro usualy non darnaing faut, with a ‘good or nay SueeeRstlaulrecosure flowing tall Coser ee ltfctiveness, srougtecose schomes is irequenty. delated by ne noe lonzation of tra 53.3 Vegetation Faults esanakan Be many Ine faults 10 ground, which ave caused by rapialy growing Tasty no igeamb09 Blan is ono such oxamphe. From operate lexperiones, such rosea oN 1 Bo of highesstnce, Te tat pores a ener very high produced oy a Of 8 Or of sever kb Obs) th the eae ee smoke Fachovee tal ener dosbaton nna ro aawtanrs esa ae Jengih Hashover. This occurs aller several sosonds mala ake canslve ground taut protecton marten ae eh paragraph San also ike cate of gh resistance iaats duc to growing vere ter 8.2.4 Fonns of Overhead Line Faults ret Te ates of power nos vary from uty to uty an fom year to year. The fret mot apie 2 lis phase to grund taut (os cc eee Ye ‘mor0) comecontnnnlls ate transit in naka, "Sica. et 73% ground, oncoantcre aa Be, G40 to the ves of ground tal ect ae might be Ww doee a cee amieUetspptcains and whother he mass eee able eee nal SHER Ground fal. Itrol suplemontan’ gre may be roquired to plomentea ees The gun taut eements of Setarce eg oes be ‘Supplemented bya sensitive cesehil over eutren roan (Chaoor Les ant Cates 35 54 TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ep aktgemine the Backup protection requirements for transmission circuits itis creeeeayy at the fist instance to identity the main protection requiremonts to occ, ofshe eystem voltage lovel and than to idontly appiation specs rawurercerae (ator to the protected circuit. Examplos of possible main toquromants are heise boiow + Maintaining transient stability ofthe powor system + Maintaining operation of power station auxiliary sysiom + Avoiding loss of supply to bus bars + Qualiy of supply Examples of application specific requirements are listed below: + Allow for tallure of a protection signatinglcommunication channel + Allow protection testing withthe circuit in service + Protect a transtormer fooder + Protect a tapped ine thrcugh a step-down transformer + Protect circuit with mare than to torminals + Protect ciruit in series compensated network + Detection of broken conductorsumpers af overhoad lines + Beicotion of high resistance fauits on overhead Ines * Operate within shor-tme thermal ratings of overhead ines and eablos + Fauit detection with weak or ero infeed from one circuit terminal Gompinations of main and back-up protection systems should be used to ‘adores tho main and appicalion suecitcrequiremants for anamission crease, 5.4.1 Maintaining Transient Stability Common reauiements for circuits at primary vansmission vitages. are the raxinum peated tau destance tend in ert to taney ee sersent EADY A snl io iat soe ated for apart tarsmacon ohne aio tin abe gas gear tra ose that mea Broctn arrangemons rly ana single praosion system lo com deer ae Sed faut, single ne it usualy uned as a’ mac ase eT EE rceplon sometimes esate to alow sewer charance of Nghe AS Touts that may not be govern ate it must bo recognized thai tho maximum pomited faut clearance times ‘evar tora primary transmission systom wi nat rong fey Fee es36 Mamualon Rite Fat Ceara and Bek lp Protectan of {11 ana UH Tamera Renna desgn oF ott evolution. In parca, the changes inte kcalon, capacity and evar yoaneratng Plant that occur on mest power epenene ne corstant orsing tansriscoy anne oF the maximum permited Yat sear a Seles that cud eats FOF EHV systom te dosed faut conser ee Fay nat lade the toay tine, broakor tne and cari Ma generally applied breakers ore eo" EHV tes to have a maximum teen eae ea circuit protein ice Qf (40 mitsaconds) giving Heaton ie ee ey lime et Protective relay and information lnk inna Rita Me singllaiue protection design ereron, ad where thor brovied wn a a SSBIY problem, a second protcten yen nea ee Fancioat sa il clea taut ‘witin the maximusn pemaeee yee ig ‘maintain trpesht sabi The backup rctecton sould alse be ait discriminative, go that oreo ghana aN one cei does na hor ImpatIhe ee ‘capability Of the transmission system dima os hal the seco orm of protection must bec leal ani must main prey cheat specs and decrininaon quates te fee an by tho alowed. £82 Maietsining Operation of Powor Station Auxilany System mraplension Of tower supoly votagos fr auxitary slant in some onerating stations Creal pave ne tn OuDut. Maintenance of fat genotaliee ern may be a Sepp ancy gYSIeM secuny factor. In case of ciclne en audtiary power StpeKeS aro also 2 major acorn providing tuk nuclear plant ate an secu aes ral 08s 3 system generation or the potential changes o nuclear Baroness" A BO factors which wil cate ane hee ‘accopiable Stosrance times for tansmision cc ats ne sci of sation, 5.4.3 Avoiding Lose of Supply Be Ge emote Back-up protection osusstaton local back-up peotegien operates for Sppy tothe, O,ohe ansmision cule thro wl te arse est Sabon (Bones Ce SHBBEOS tho lated ca tn se coer a se SinsivOns Dove Bus, Beaker and Hal bus bare, Double ha ee Hbseeoneeos [naoters tine an abies ov son Meus oF main and tansfr bus substation}, Pore wil be loss of supply to conmaage-down Wanstormers, which may or may'not resul in loos of seen SRM. Thote wil also be toss of supply to nny railaly fod comeing SIBBY, must be considered in relation 0 th cost of proving elev cine ect back-up protection to avoid ose of bus supply 5.44 Quality of Supply EpIage supers and needs 1 be revewad as and when these demands ake na by consumers on a case-to-case basis 5§ PROTECTION SCHEMES. Iason whothor or not to provide tansmissin circuit back-up protocton, or 175 (ote of back-up soptistication aquired, mist bo relate to Ihe eos of along or San Botcton fo slear a fault which itis expocted to clear and to Us oxposere fo Should rong MHE,MeBNs the decison to provide Main? protection tor snare ert Cot be morely based on vollagn ‘ove! but on how snporant Me crew fe Mio ap oe aul on te creut & na cleared in Sime. This concept could see Wel appliod to 220 kV and oven at 122 AV fovels In erdor to dotormine transmission circuit back-up protection requirements i Janey to, undortand and examine al possible modes ef Tale ant wey tang ‘election imitations for main protection schemes jaar@0|bolow are schemes tat are normaly applied in india, Some ol the main ireso spent imitans the schemes aro alo tsteg under nem: When soe Semin args 9 essential fal he main atebutes and ‘maons of ee Ne ‘emined and understood,Ee Moon ‘Beta cs kt ono S541 Distance Protection (Without signaling channel) E511 Mulizone Distance Protection (With Three or More Zones) Atributes {Fast ping at botn onl f° about 60% ot ho sroected tne + Ollers remote back up prot * Offers substation back-up (tiset 29 or 24 + Can be phase selective * Communications independent tipping + Appication to muterminal ines Sutablo for tanze in-zone toads + Suitabe or eanstormer feeders * Stille for composite cicuts(inescables} Limitations NSS Pe at ends oho te Vor aout 40% of protect in) * United resistive faut coverage + Dependant on VF signals tion of sores faults 1 SAPy desis canbe decay unstable for series compensated fines * Zot 1 reach problems for sors compensatd ines * Lack of eierimination for fauts betwen c Cui of aliferent vohago levels £52 Distance Protoction (Signal Aided) £521 Avceleratea under reach distance protection Attributes rected ine" MHSPOMFER Tat tping ot Bet ends for atout 60% ofthe protected line 7 Accelerated pping at coe ond for faults in bout 40% of he protected tne + Offers remote back-up protection 7 lors cubation bact-up (tse 28 or 24) + Gan be phage soleetive (hapter 5 ines ana Cates 29 Suitable for lenge in-zone toads Suitabio for transformer feoders + __Sultable for composite cruits (inesleabes) Limitations Sorc ernbing at ends cf tho no with 80% Zone 1 reach seting or about 40% of protected tine) n case of communication falure Resistive faut coverage limited by Zono 1 Not always suitable for muti terminat tino Dependent on VT signals Ne te acceleration signa fiom woak ere nfo / pon tomninaltpping No weak end infeed / open termina tipping No detection of series tuts Many designs can be directionally unstable or series componsated tines Zone 1 teach problems tor sei eck ciscrimination fr faults botween circus of tferont voltage levels 5.8.2.2 Permissive under Reach Distance Protection0 Morison abe Fat Coase and Back Proectn ot E11 ana Une Tamemcson Newnes Attributes Limitations. £523 Intertripping under Reach Distance Protection Attributes recto” feependnt fast toping at both ends for about 60% of the protected tine [xtolerated tipping atone er fr faults in about 40% of te protected tno Otters remote back-up protection Otors substation back-up (OMe0t 23 oF Z4) Can be phase selactive Suitable for large in-zone loads Suitable tor transformer toedors Suitable for composite circuits (inesteabies) command tends of he tne (or about 4% of protected line) incase of communication failure ‘Resistive fault coverage timed by Zone + ‘Not always sutable for muti terminal ines Dependent on VF signals Ne lp eeceleration signal from weak and in fod / open terminal tripping No Weak end infeed / open terminal tipping No detection of series fave Many desins can be drectonayunstabe for sores compensated ines Zona 1 reach problems for series compensated ines “ck lsciminaton or futsbotweon crs of dierent volage levels prolaneg tio MPONdON Tasting at Both end for about 80% of me Protected ine Zecelerated iioing a one on for elt abou 40% of he peotected tne Otlors romote back-up protection Offs substation backup (Onset 25 or 24) Can be phase selective Suitable forge in-zone toads Suitebte tor transformer feeders Suilabie for composite circuits (neste) Chapa art abioe “a + Sullabe for mut-torminal lines whore al faults can be soon by Zone-t from at feast one terminal Limitations * Delayed tipping at ends of tho tine (or abou! 40% of protected lin) in case of Communication talure + Resistive fault coverage Fmitod by Zone 4 + Dependant on VF signais + _Nolntetiping signa tom weak ond infeed / open torial tipping + Noweak end infeed / open terminal tipping + No dotection of series faits + Many designs can be directonaly unstabo far sores compensated fos * Zone 1 reach probiems for sarles compenatod lines * back of aisriminatin for tats between cous of dteront votage fovels 5524 Permissive Overreach Distance Protection Attributes, * Communication independent fast tripping at both onds for about 60% of the protected ine * _Ascolorated tipping at one end for faults in about 40% of the protected tne + Offers remote back-up protection + Oilers substation back-up (Offset 23 of 24) + Can be phase selective + Suitable for lrge in-zone foads + Suilabte tor transtonmer toodecs + Suitable for composite circuits (inesicables) + Suitable for muit-terminat tines whore af lauls can be seen by Zone-2 trom alt terminals (no out tees) + Open terminal signal echo fog possible * Suitable for series compensated fins with special designs provide directional siscsmination Limitations: * Delayed tipping at ends of the too (or abut 40% of protected tne) in case of ‘communicaton failure + Resistive faut coverage imitod by Zone 2 + Dependent on VT signals2 atone et cs ck Pont 1 Nopermissive tp signa rom weak end in feod open terminal + Nowoak ond infect/ open trina! pging + No detection of series tuts 7 Many designs con be crectonaty unable for sets compensated ines + Zone 1 reach problems for series compensated tines *_ ‘ecko discrimination for auts between cic of dierent vatage levels $528 Permissive overreach distance protection with weak in feed logic joe eth "Aa £2 roms cum ence secon nth wat nfecdloge (Chapter 5 Uns ar Cates ry Attributes * Communication independent fast tipping at both ends for about 60% of the Protected ine + Aecelerated tipping a one end for fauls in about 40% of tho protected ine + Otfers remote back-up protection + Offers substation back-up (Otiset 23 or 24) + Canbe phase selective + Suitable for large in-zone loads + Suitable or transformer teedors + Sutable tor composite circuits (inesicabves) + Sultblo for mult-erminal nes where al faults can bo seon by Zone-2 from all terminals (90 out feed}. + Open terminal signal echo logic possible * Suitable tor sories compensated lines with special designs provido drcctional ‘discrimination Limitations: + Delayed tipping a one end tor about 40% of protected tine In cese of ‘communication faire + Resistive tault coverage tmited by Zone 2 Dopendent on VT signals + No detection of series fits + Many designs can be dlrectonally unstable for series compensated ties * Zone 1 reach problems tor series compensated lines + Lack of aiscrimination for fauts betwoon crits of diferent voltage levels 5.52.8 Blocking Overroach Distance Protection Attributes * Communication indopendont fast tipping at both ends for about 60% of tho protected ine * Communication independent tripping with small delay at one ond for fais in about 40% of the protected line + Oller romete back-up protect SH Eee npeneme senenrannem+ No detection of series fauts 7 Many designs can be directonaty unstable for soies ‘compensated fines J Zone tach protioms fr sores compensated ines * Leek discsminain for tats bemoen cis of aterent voltage lovels “Ey Chapter Sines and Cabos 7 Attributes Froereataton Independent fast ppg at btn Fd fOr about 60% of the protected ina J Aeclerates tipping et one ond fo taut n about 40% of the protected tina + Ofer remote back-up protetion 1 GER substation backup Otset 23 or 24) * Can be phase sotoctive * Stitt tor argein-zone toads + Stttabe for transtonmer feeders * Suitable or composite creuts Uinesicabies) * SDS ot mutteminal tines where al ute Pan be seen by Zone trom ai) temninais (ne out feed) [Open termina signa echo logic possibio "ata fox series compensated ines wih SPecial designs provide directonal scrimination Unmitations "rete liing at one ond tor about aon, ‘communication faire 1 Resitve tut coverage tinted by Zane 2 * Dependent on VF signais * No detection of series tuts ©! protected tne in case of Attributes "erection independent satin at both ends far atout 60% oF tne rotected line "Seoul ndoponsert peng wity san ‘olay at ono enc for fats in abou 40% of he protected ne * Offers remote backup protectionaa Moron Mabe Fat Cevaea ad BackUp Prcoon of EH and OMY Taran Nome + Offors substation back-up (Ottset 23 or Z4) + Canbe phase selective + Sultabio for targe in-zone toads + Suitable for transformer feeders + Sultable for composite ckcuts (inescablos} © Sutabl for mat-trminal tines whoro thers i no out fed fran intomal tuft + eeaaeradaton of perormanca at other terminals with woakinfoed at one 5 _Dependatie scheme ler use wih PL (whore n-one aut etonvates PLC) + Sultabio for series Gace COMPENESG tines With special designs provdo direction =} { : Roe ea (jet eal ls e Fig. 5. Booting were distinc pstocton Limitations + Rosistive aul coverage tinted by Zone 2 ce ee Chavters Cees an Cables 45 + Dapendent on VF signals + Loss of external fault! securly with undetocted communication failure + No tripping at weak in eed terminal + No dotection of sores faite * Many designs can be directionaly unstable for seios compensated ines * Zone 1 reach problems for serios compensated lines * Lack of aiscrimination for fauits between circuits of diferontvotago levels 55.3 Phase Comparison Protection 55.3.1 Modulated Power Line Carrier Communication Attributes + Fast tripping for 00% of fne + Communication Independent tipping + Suitabte for transformer feeders * Suitable for composite ercuits (ineseabios) + Trnping with one weak! open terminal + Tripping not atfocted by PLC attenuation + Moderate resistive faut coverage + Not dependent on VT signal * _Oiten suitable for series compensated lines with spark-gap capacitors and no internal fault currant inversion * Can discriminate for faults between conductors at diforont votage levels Limitations + Less of external fait security with undetocted eormnunication taiture + No remote back-up protection + No tripping at weak in feed terminal + Needs additional units for phase selection + Not usually sutable for mult torminal ines + Not sutabie for transformer feeders + No dotection of series aults8 -Marualen Reale Fut Cerone a BackUp Potton of E11 and int Vanrncson tere *GBhanatle for eres compensaled tines with current reversal o large Fegatons 1 intorna faut current angle at one rolay terminal tor esleiee fas 5.5.4 Current Differential Protection 5.5.4.1 Digital Communication Attributes + Puli discriminative without time delays + Independent of VT signals + Moderate to high resistive faut coverage + Cane inherently phase- cetoctive + No problems with parallel ctcuits + Suitable for composite circuits + Tepping at all ends fr itornal fauts without in feed tom al ends * Possible appiaton te mul terminal ines (some designs) + No probioms with series compensation + No protieme with power swings + Variety of communications media possible * Sophisticated supervision of communication fink inched + Communication eror checking tor socurty 7 Desiminatvely detect tuts otwaen conducors at diferent votago levels + Operational during single pole AA * __Sigie phase tipping possible fo simstangous fails on parle ines Limitations + Dependent on communication * Boos not inherently offer remote back-up protection + Commissioning itficuties for ong ines + Sensitivity varies with toad + Shunt eapacitanee may tit sonsitity + Unstatie th ange in zane loads + No ddotection af series faut (Broken conductor ! caster: nes and Cabos a 85.42 Pilot Wire Communication Attributes + Fuly ciscriminative without time delays. + Independent of VT signals + Moderate to high resistive faut coverage + Noprobioms with parallel cicuis + Sutable for composite circuits + Trieping at attends for intemal fauts (some designs) + No probioms with series compensation + No problems with power swings + Discriminatvely detects fauts betweon conductors a dierent voltage levels * Supervision of pot is possible (For security and dependability) + Operational during sinale pole Av + Rolativey iow cost retays + Single phase tipping possible for simultaneous faus on pallet tines Limitations. + No remote back-up protection + Not phase selective © nfeod terminal tip only + Protection dependent on healthy plots + Requires metalic plots + Commissioning sitficuties for tong ines + Limited o reiatively short ines * insulation required for induced voltages in parailol and aftferences be:weon substation ground potentiate + Sensitvty varies with toad (Biased schemes) + Shunt capacitance may fini sensitivity + Unstabio with large in zone loads + No detection of sores faut (Broken jumpers ofc) ~SSGAEREEREN ARE*° Nera Fut Cena ack. Paton, E21 an Fava ag Oe 5.5.5 Directional Protection Attributes * Variety of communication media possible + FUy dscriminatie wth shor time delays * Suitabie tor tong tines + Gen bo phase soiectve by dosign) + Modeato-tigh sista faut coverage * _ Woakcinteod /open-teminal logic posite * Possibie application to mut-teeminal ines * Protection of para circuits + Suttebie for compostie circuits + Possible detection of series tauts Limitations 7 No remote back-up protection * Protection dopendent on communication * Unstable with tage in zone ioads * Some standard designs e.g, DEF an compensated nes" ®% OSF are not uniersly euitabe fr seine 7 Pek up or oxtemalauts wih no reach cont eloments + Dependent on VF signals * Directional grounet taut protection m Disctonl “protection must bo ihibied during single pote dead $582 Directional Comparison Protection (Blocking) Atributes * Variety of communication media possieve 1 Fully escrininatve with stor tine days * Communicates independent upping (Chaper nes ant Cates 49 + Suitable for tong tines + Can be inherently phase setecive (ay design) + Moderato-high resistive taut coverage ‘+ Possible application to mut-terminal lines + Protection of partie crews + Suitable or composite circuits *+ Possible application to mutt-torminal nes + Possible detection of series fauts + Some special designs are suitable for series compensated fines + Bisriinative detecton of fauts Between conductors at clferent vokago love Limitations + Seeutly is dependent on communication + Noromete back-up protection + Unstable with large in zone loads * Some standard designs e.g, DEF ace not universally svitable for eeries ‘compensated ines + Pick up for extemal faults with no reach contol elements + Dependent on VF signais + Bitectiona! ground faut protection mus! be inhibited during single polo dead times 35.6 Cable Circuit Considerations ‘The attrbutos and limitations of individual protectin schomes desctived above are mainly made with respect to ovemnead or hybrid tansmiseion siete Fer pene cate Cicuits, which are generally relativo'y short in length, the most commen ard favoured form ol protection is current diferential protection, Nene again t shout he Preferably curent cfferenta! protection using dig communication and not pitt ‘wires as the experience withthe ‘ator has not been salisactory, eepacially whore pilots ar lad in the sama tronch in which power cables aro laid. ihe ie tiem ee case in cy areas whore distances are more than a hivineler Flomole back-up protection can be provided by imo-delayed phase over Gurtent and ground over surrent prolactin oF by averreaching time dclajod eee of ‘stance protection,50 aro tans Fat Clearance td Bact Prowcsen ct © and UH raramace Rae The stance relay whan eppted sou preerbly be as Main? protection, 55 TRANSMISSION CinCUIT BACK-UP PROTECTION ‘This Secon examines various fom occu back-up protection, 5.1 Distance Protection 2s Main and Back-up Protection Hi ara Ea ates, oleton fe 3 popula om et main aes backup protection tr mai protect ron Suis Zne-t tance protccon ite eh Mo otra alantlon dance poacton schon ouch sl er the entre long of he potted cnn ie wat Sea oft at any eatin wii a ranarision seu it is usual 10 use distance protection relays with protection signalir uipment. Meh pce, lepeocon santo he Zonet cre a eoUb high speed tripping for a limited reach ere eevee ae eat flee Semen mus! besa to under roach a pote er Unit ec all Seay, Way be nacseay twee ee sre Cl th Baal ansmison cat pore, meet Iierrossecet mina: For mut tinal ies ne Se mee Oar luther reduced ay aes ot apparel ees ce 562 Zone-+ Distanco a8 CireuitLocel Back-up sonny nataneus dlane ean ofer cit ocal back-up protection tr ‘owt als but not freee ramon Scat noah a Pen Chapters tines na cabloe 5 5.6.3.1 Zone-2 Reach Setting Criteria Zone-2 distance protection can offer time-delayed ciruit-ocal back-up protection for ine antire protected circuit. To achieve this, Zone-2 distance olemonts must be eet according to the folowing extra, + Zon0:2 should overeach al erminals of th protactod cic by an acceptable ‘margin (typically 20% of highest impedance seen) forall aul condone and {or al intended modes of system operation. * As far as possibo, Zone-2 reach should be less than Zono- coverage ofall ‘afacent nes, to minimize the required Zone-2 tme delay sating 563.2 Zone-2 Time Setting Criteria Since Zone-2 distance protection must be sot to overteach the circu i is intended to protect it wil also be responsive to faults within adjecent powor system coc For this reason the time delay for Zono-2 back-up protection mest be ose ts Coordinate with clearance of sdjacont cout taulls, within reach, By the mtedog "ain protecton or by breaker al protaction The following formuia would be the basis for detemaining the minimum ‘acceptanie Zona-2 time setting Phra * hee +a th where: ey = Roquired Zone-2 time delay ‘wa = Operating time of slowest adjacent crcut main protection of Circuit Local back-up for fauts within Zone-2 reach leg = Associated avjacent citcul breaker clearance time ‘cana Resetting ime of Zone-2 impedance element with load current Present 5 = Satety margin fr tolerance (e.g. 100 ms) 56.3.3 Cansideration of Zero Sequence Mutual Coupling for Parallel Circuits Ils necessary to consider the undor reaching effects of zero sequence mutual oupling on ground felt impedance measurement when setting the teach of Save a distance protection to meet the primary roach ertrion for patale cette, Wrecesing diferent vatuos ae wore a PatametOTS, to keep union ‘approach tolow wore made ‘ecommendations may be oloacs Zone + of distance rey 52 Cn 0 i ee ad tcktp etn Estar Tarascon efcinaton dtieutes, patictary ws Mere aftcont sectone or tansmisen creat are of unequal length modem numerical detance rlays peneraly have Ycture of individual zero Ses¥ene9 compensation factor fr eae ee 970UuPd faut element ogee Protctons its gonoaly possibie "0 compensate intuence of zero Setence morta! cousin in fotowine ee J pee east these matiods sha be soe ‘More detats ponaring to theory Ropu Ca be found inthe cece produced by CIGRE WG aa.0¢ tiny, “APoteation guido on pretation ore ‘ransmission network conliguicticct (A ,CBIP Publication No 274 tod “Protection of sansformers and 220 KW and dnp’ y Notworks neni Be 24050 for etance rage a TRUE Ihe distance relays have sone e¥® 20r0 recone Fs Uectded to use camry Zoe seavence compensation factor, ra he folowing exlains basis orang at reso Fecomendations double cert gXeMOGGh the probed fe andar al 1 dacannetn St OF double crea wee eae onaiions when paral line croun gd 0d Grounded ta ea a {0 overteach for single tine to Basel on ei Em? a ole rg ofa, 2H conventional Ke setting ssedion his the Zano sting wea eee limited to 60-65%, Cone SH lay shoud et under fehny fone 8 £250 of double cat ton {Shy can undo reach tora sine ‘th conventional Ke set ach the protectod line under at en both lines aro in sors tat © fe 0 round fauts by as much oe nee fn the arid there are ax of see RMeehaNCa, state and numeric aye wig oi Merc welys have ea {eke cara ofthe above ettocte ty zap tert zones or by ving ae groups of '99 recommendations 7080 10 be st 0 cover 80.65% of protcte line length ss as Cains ona ure ste an non double ru nee EON eee rv fo take care of under Tooting do to meal ening ser aoe i longest section subject to reach restriction so. etme conc vert diacen an ier is No provision of or peaniy ae ae achmen! eonsidering maximum exsect scaling. 5.6.94 Zone-2 Application with a short Adjacent Circuit Section rout ean make itificut to mect the Zone-2 resale ol anemones cana ieee ine : Zone? wih onger tine asl The aes Zonw-2 protection operating tm to co-ordinate Cnterion, i wll be necessary to 654 ‘nfo Nett Canady ecton at Ei aa it Yao ae 5535 Application to Atuttterminal Circuits Moweuliterminal ctcuits, the primary Zane-2 Setting criterion must ba met with serge? 10 highs! appara impedes etd 8 faut t any remote creat terminal sgl 8 application, tro Zone-2 reach Setting may teach very bigh reed Ta po gine ei impetnnce between the ree terminals. The reach may, Proccing paca emaTCE to ediress” under ees ‘Found fauts when Protecting parallel mutivterminal roe 8836 Zone-2 Load impedence Encroachment encom wth mho impedance elements strat the fault resistance cevora faut resieat a 2S each ee When sya laments to short ines, Paretance coverage may be atinen oe also Bo disadvantage for Zona, minements 10 be set With umisuaty Mg tte each setting in relation to te moron (alacant may be poste tr ‘inimum toad impedance to Snereach upon the Zone-2 operating remon 5.54 Distance Zone. Remote Back-up We a ZONE cstance protections pole tig usually 90 19 provide remoto back: creront nt (OF ad]2cert sections ef tances Sircut. Zone-3 impedance som denen te indepencontyadustabe ea Teverse reach soltng fhe ‘duce th reach orto block 9 zone kai, ‘olay for reasons of secunty S841 Fonvard Reach Setting criteria ace tae proleton can eter tine delayed emote back-up protection for an scat Kasmision ciel. To aoe nor es stance elemonts must be cat ‘strona 0 te flowing ereta where yn kee —— SoS RT RRS (huctor5 tne ant Caos 55 © Breet oveneech the ramote trina of the tngostadacont ine by conelons neg er Bh (YPKaly 20% of tighost rnpedanee sacar Syslom opentag” °°4 S2Rdtions associated wi al itswioy eat aut system operation. * Zones teach chould be fess than the Zone-? proteation coverage of the images! aciacont transmission cicut and f shawle ney eae through power Sime soe oto Santon systems, in erdorto mums zone. 3 time dolay setting $6.42 Zone-3 Time Setting Criteria be roaranes stan protecon must be set to overeachacjacet ireuits, i wath prosscene@ fauis thal should be eesred by area ee backup For tone ee ge" Of ay main protctin late, Fotis ra ae delay Croce Potacon must beset io co-ednate wih aaa by adhacent athe create ag eaten. This commeny Zone’? deers make eee ‘other circuits, 1 may bo tne delayed over eument wae, ae Sorting formula WoUIS bo the basis for delemining the minimum ‘acceptable Zone-3 time setting fa hae ea terme Ph, where: rod Zone 9 ne detay = Opt ie ant st ca ack wp protection = Associate ajacnt cau Erker conn eat Stevia ary renee serenes te ves of mutual eounlog ong mee ll ercuh hee! el acacen cuts. tn addon, some corey ee may be50 fenton pe Fu anes cont 5.6.4.4 Consideration of intervening Fault Current in Foeds Tree ner teaching etlect of fault current in feed from an addtional terminal of a tarsmission tcl has boon highlighted "section 5.63.5, Simdar ofiees ore adctonal zor sequence curnt in feed tom transformers. with guiness connscted primary windings and ether dea-conneetod wings 5.6.45 Zone-3 Load Impedance Encroachment Udo eeetanded Zone-3 reach sotings, that may be requite to adioss the many scar Leaching factors akeady considered, oud impedance encronchmenk wet ‘iaglicant disk when Motype impedance eienients are applied to lang ines oF oo imlerconnocled power system. Not anly must ite minimum load mocdare toy ‘ected modes ol system operation be considered in ck assessment, bor aise oo, Toray anbedance that might bo sustained for seconds er minutos dare Spamalot emorgency system sivations. Fatuca to do-so cout! jeoparcoe one system security x ‘achat may bo based on use of blinders a pointe iPe f elements, by spacial shapes mpedance eloments ory nat Pi boMgon type impedance olements. Even with shaped characters Te croc {2g 400 KV kransmission ines it may be dosrabie to hm the leech of eee rears of Security, Ils fek thal in such cases, tthe adjacent slalom ha ac he protection and breaker aiure protectin, Zone-3 can be Ukperced in Fe gxample ESKOM (South Ateca} have a practice of nol using thd zone Tong sence aletion i fg line applications duo to ihe radveed secur of an pa reaches which may encroach on emerponey load conditions, Thek cercncem, Sune oral breskor back-up ie. extensive duoteatod breaker fale poleero Provide ened go ferote (hitd Tone) backup. may be noted hore at dey Provide cupicated breaker faiure protection, 5.85 Distance Zone-4 Substationocal Back-up Protect ante Pmeeton fs usualy fargoted to provide only remote backap serccten. In Suc a case. tho dstance relay may be provided wilt oe arene, protect ee oka prolocton (e.g. Zones) 10 ofr substan local Carte protection. The criterion tor seting Zane-a reverse reach would ben con * Re Zoned tovorse reach must adequatoly cover expected tevels of apparont ‘us ba fail esistance, when allowing for musi in feeds ton choo oor (Charter tne and Calos 7 is dificut to precisoly apply the above citron and in such cases the Bractica is to sel Zono-4 reverse reach to something tho 25% of the acteaey Zono-1 forward reach reach sottng. The Zone-S reverse react, in conjunction with he forward reach, ane be et to adcquatoly cover expected apparent faut resistance, while alg for tiple feeds from other circuits, The time delay howover wil be that of Zones 566 Use of System Studies to Analyse Behaviour of Distence Relays Ouring ‘System Disturbances lien during systom easturbance conditions, due to tripping of one or more ecome susceptible to operation due tw encroachment of impedance focus in o te distance teay characledcee Mine tro ohmic characteristic o a distance rolay is independent of votage, the load is not generally a constant impedance. The apparent mpedance preceroed {2 8 Glance rely, as the load voliage vanes, wil dopend or the valago Characteristic ofthe bad. I the ow voltage situation resulted from the tose of one {fore transmission ines or generating writs, there may be a sutistanial change the real and reactive power flow through the line in question. The combination cae Wollage and worsened phase angio may cause’ a long sot talay te opeios Lundesrably olther on stoady state uasis, 0” in responsd to rocoverable money ‘elated 10 the inating event Is desiraio that system stustes are conchicted using computer aided tools to assess the socurity of protection by tncing out traoctory of impedance hee, zones of stance relay under abnormal or emergency system conion oh eae te fase basis. Sinco valiy f such skxses depend onthe Vaihty ol data ¥ proce ol conducting euch stusies exst, the quality of dala improves ever a penta nee ve Feeuls hon ean be trusted when one telly looks Tor awe tegartng seth os bbe adepted58 ariaon Palate Fat Clarence and Back Up Prawn of Fsvand UY Tasman Nabe se nase OY" euttent pretecion eters bat excut oval back ‘up protection many ak RACK P Potton or mull phase toute Set oe oact Protection for ‘nany faults vowing ground it aut curent high enous relay operation oun eel eure round aut asa rest of nigh ground faut tesistance one cet Ov! Curent protections are applied. They oer ge 8 ‘supplement to phase restive Reset, They might ato be appt as nes Teme for igh “esttance laut where main protection does nol eer iene coverage, prow ies nosmaly non-drectonal over cutent presen ig Used as back-up Sun Tas aah Pastner hath crest oa ain See back-up for for vets, (7Ro imptiaton for avoking the ese Cea Conventional IOMT relays rege SUTEN! back-up preteen or more seta ey Simple dotnte time IS ‘lays may be keptin view) Fhase ove Curent relays shouldbe set according to following criteria 73h sitction must not operate fr highest toad eurent ‘uring Both normat ‘nd abnormal power eystom operator umettston must operate or mutphase aus onthe entie circuit under ‘meimum plant condltons ie, lows au carey The operatinn time must be according lo the following ertoria * The protaction shout not oporate bet cireut "6 the main protection of the protocted * Fee Polestion must not operate betore the circuit cal back-up protection clears afaultin an adjacent ect 5.672 Directional Phase Over current Protection neta £2-9dnete, non ectonal everse-tme) over Curent protection on fo cal tansmission cicutsy the powes syetan ne Sutficiemly interconnected cuca ag anan lronce between fated rear cee end in toad circuit orcinaon age Of deacons phase over cuore eee ee eases such eo Drcination etiaties ChactorS tines ant Cabos 59 Directiona protections may a'so be applod for + Roceiving terminals of radial paral! eicuits + Yihare faut current in one ditection is ow in comparison to load cutrontin tho ‘thor direction, 5.8.7.3 Nondirectional Ground Over Current Protection loment to main Fr racial nes normaty this protection is appliod as a supplement t Projection when ground faut curente may be lowe: than tho thresh of hace ny AIR Protection. kt might also be applied as main protocion for high reer, faults 7 ground over current threshold should be set to ensure detection of al Smeontdts, but above any continuous residual curont under nora! syolony poration. Continuous residual curent may arise Because ot + _Unbalancad series impedances of unansposed transmission ctcils + Unbaianced shunt capacitance of transmis circuits + Third haimonic curt citculation 8.8.7.4 Directional Ground Over Current Protection et described for nonectiona The pupose ofthis pretacion i simlar 10 thct desenbed team Draciona Grund praseon el lead, onset nigh ‘eistance faults whorovr ff Yl hat Mah protien does atte veh ‘esstanes us adequate, tol operation of 1Yatious types of citecional elements may be employed te contol oo Ground over current (zero sequence over curtany) protociin responce The coe, f:ammon approach is * Phase angle aitteenes betwoon Zero sequence vetage and curtont ince the ‘elaying sigats can easly be derived by summing phase current ‘anals an hy suming phaso voltage signals tam a sullable vollage werclonnee awover this method isnot sulabte for some applications where transmission sree dah natal fx palo to citer substations. in such casos flosing aod rectenal controls recommend to be used or the racionl ear at ee * Relative phase of negativa sequence vatage and current6 wo abe Fou econ ‘Manat on tae Fat Caran nd ack Prsecon at ‘and PW Marana nena o7 ESGOMMENDATIONS FOR PROVISION OF MAIN 1, MAIN 2 AND BACK. Up pRorections Transmission ine protection te ost comple z i te ost complex al he protean in tomo he ro ane hee nth abn pga may et eaten to th too and cabo protocton some recommendations nawtee Ines Ob considered Few af tase ae baa ote OUD Ot aed reer S gies cette of main atibulos and trations ot various main Brecon. When api any cle male ph ‘examined and understood ees bed * [ihn unt protections are used, Phase segregated unt Protection based on Safer measurement 4s tho best option ere» gen! easorem ‘est option, when it is economieaty acy * Grouls C2 2 ion faut eurents to tng perods of time. Unt Protection Should be used as main protection a Brod be used Protection and distance protection shall 06 woos on ewerioad koe eloctica paramos Cra 102 lfomaten ten bed trroay soy C8 YOMeS y eltesing and we zee * Secon 5.6 gvae how distance slay is 26 g lance relay & apoted as erat loco ba th rage A Subaaton ealCackup.Gartinos ie eee Sek ting stale flowed Tha octon age goes nan et eng eaten varus re ok daancerony ey, enon SH Prowe eaa O oR W case bas Won ase aye eretaY Poveda main praacton tse maybe ane eae Chapters: Line an Cables 6 Zone: remote back-up protection for roasone of sacurity. Such eases may ‘emerge from such stucies + The potential oss of system generation or the potenti! chaiongos to nuclear Plant salety eyetoms may be factors which wil detato the longest acceptable {learance times for tansmission circu fauts In Ne viceuly ofS power sens This should be kept in mind while designing protection system close to these locations. Provision of independant Main-t and Main-2 protection is important to ensuro ‘learance of al tauts inthe shortost possible time. As per the currant practice the {olowed for ai! ines at 765 kV, 400 kV lovel and in some cases tor nes of 220 KW level, No change is proposed in this practice. Releronco may bo enade to OPI Manal No. 274 ‘Protection of Generators, Transformers and 220 kV ard 400 KV Networks", which gives details of current pracicos being followed: with growing interconnections fas faut clearance n 220 kV thes is becoming important to avord grid eistrbances. Therefore itis recommended that for wll 200 he lines too Main 1 and Min ? protectins ne prose For 192 KY tines itis fot that provision of one Main protection and ditectionat ‘over current and earth faut protection as back-up protection i acesuata Homocen t in any given part of tha 132KV network, failure of laut clearance by primary protection 18 going to create wide spread disturbance and consequences of cack disturbances aro too costly, provision of Main 2 protection should be corcideved hore too. !¥ only one main protection is usod, the back-up protection should be provided ina separate hars ware unt Bistance relays have inherent features for provsing back-up protection. When 8 Gistance protection is provided as Main prolactin the Zone. 2 loment of tre {stance relay provides circuit toca! bace-up, the Zono-8 elomert provides toon back-up and reverse reach element of Zone 4 provides substation ioral back-vn in ase & line dforntialiphase comparson/érectional comparison protection 's used they do not hava inherent features to provide back-up protection. Thetelore, i's tocommended that they shouid preferably be provided with additonal cloments {hat can provide backup protection. Usually these features, aro achveved ty upplomenting the unit protections with addlional impedance clement, iis fel at for transmission overhead tine anon sagregatee type phase ‘Comparison pretecton may not provide the correct practical soluuon to Proferron Probicm due 10 sovoral technical ceasans. Though segregated typo proce comparison protection overcomes these liniaions, tha ovral cost may be tox hatCHAPTER 6 POWER TRANSFORMERS The Most widaly used transformor at high voiaga level isthe Inerconnecting mith a ener without tertiary winding and tw inurconractng nae 220 wisn tinsing. Too and thee winding Wanstormers such sn nat WV, fanemiccon 732, KVE8 oF HT RV ave also nod gute entnseey os Ae rtoctssl0n love. Transformer protecton practices encoripags’ nas variety of brotoction schemes and philosophies, 64 TRANSFORMER DESIGN tho nee Set lays a koy rola in tanstorme protection because ttuencos Darn, uen UTE In lead sat, ho exstaton curren sonata ead ee con ereaton or faut, Wie exctationcurent may become wees Contains lage amcunts of even hasmanics su armen icky increase me winding emporatv. Translormers must vencinge oe CUran’ for given tine. Axal and rail tes ae gonna at sak raul coaneee cuter, whieh may damage tho tnsuion he wee see ft, eutont causes tne maxim forces which detetminos ise Tint 62 TYPICAL TRANSFORMER ARRANGEMENTS 1 aay crangements ar usually indopendnt of the type of vanstommer boing rangement S° 3 decided by substation cost art opera ea ae iangaments Af more a product of substation ‘coats aaa ye operating ‘olity nee Figure 1 covers some ote pal talon an oe {Flaite 6.10. the simplest with dosicated high at low site breakers "8s 6.18 ass a broakor and a halt ora rng bus cantquraton to alow ‘reaker maintenance and switching Vexdilly on Nigh vohage oes6 Maman oso Fc ola Ft ora rd Bap Peteton ad EH and Tams we a O-oO o-o el Bl ag oO CFH-9 A B Cc Fi. 6.1 Tpiatvanstonnorarangerons 52. FAILURE RATES OF POWER TRANSFORMER Tp trae o power vansomers ange to 4% 3 Ho 164% er yar or 122K a oan ang pre bo mun 6 or 765 kv pee 82 AY ‘rough faults may influence the tars tate ses peer Table | gen boow fom IEEE can be taken as tpl of ranslormer ike, modes, ino Faas Tap Changer |g ie angers alls sl rpresen the major exposuts to vatormer tare win proven i Mend a att socond Two chractonstes fier ae cause ageiie pectensohomes ate Tow magntude bevic na eae high ron fo ee sa aru SUTURE cing energng Somme Pace gs tout retin t0% ofa uarstomer cated caren. On teehee a maximum {out eurrent can Sow fra high se Manctoner tush oes Chator Raw Tanstomere 85 64 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS Zhe transmission transformer i a major component inthe butk power system and ie + Maintain transiont stability of the power systom, + Provent unwanted operation by ioad currents oF by inush eurrenis or OLTC poration + Maintain requited quality of power * Provide for maintenence of protective equipment with primary equipment ‘energized by providing two groups of protections ihe protection system must satsly the folowing requirements specie to the transmission tansformer * Protect for interna! tank faults to ground o io altemate phases. + Protect for external tank fauts to ground atcrnate phases, + Protect for internat partial wining or turn-o-tum faut, * Limit trough faut magnitude and duration within transformer mechanical and thermal eatings, + Limit top ci temperature to maximum temporature limit + Umit hot spot winding temperature to maximurn temperature tit + Prevent rupture of translermer tank during intemal fut + Provide for filure ofa switching dovico + Limit overtoad as per thermal eapabitty ofthe tansformor * Provide for tertiary winding protections over volages causod due to transferred Igniting surgos or switching surges from high voltage sates * Provide protection of winding insulation by suitably dimensioned and ‘monitored surge artostors * Flow lor over-exctation of anslonmr coro (iit to Generator Stop-up lansormer: Refer CIGRE WG Report on Overfuxing) Most transmission translormers are located crkica! areas of the pow fyslan whore either utility votage stabitty or transient stably is a treoee Floviding Nihspeed clearing to meet gonorator vatiaye and disihy Won Ts ‘essential° peace erti 22m Sau Chaenge tho depondaity of to tan Bron a eth and serntmes ay ma ee NSE otto, GerTnts may bo les tran sO%b ol Be sso iicbeelatel steed foot requterent is ty fatonane wha the targa ar press SAU hale Man? prac ae Hea ae referee les meet Main tequrenseae . : = pr one ‘qaintenance, Normally this is done by grouping the ct oes aaee A a8 8 hat ae et Seay See grein fedundant protection groups. : peer oe 65 PROTECTION ScHEMES rood tar ihe he of taomer pokes ches Ea chan nie yang as ed dancanage ane ee ath Stems Protective zelaying requirements, ‘These typos are as follows: it a + Dito ey {Bieler or Hons has ower ce lye . Ser rotten (restual neva, esteted carh teu, or tank round 2 Rrvctiona! or nertroctonal earth ot elays + Mechanica tyoo tat dot fotaya (9 "anstormer and Buetints ter OLeey Overcurrent blocking * _Preroxcitalon relays (Not nocessaty for transmiesk eesoncaon vias *Y fOr transmission transformers or gud *RISIER, oacone (OH temperate wining temperave Nensionmer andi OL16, verted lays) O® PPOTEE rye tor Ee NNER: Crate 8: Power tarsbmers 7 + Overvoltage relay for tertiary winding ‘Some discussion on these relay olemenis is given below 65.1 Transformer Ditferentia! Protection Parefental Protecton is the mest commonly applied protection for transmission transformers arn eo Pes of dierent relays, Percentage biasod eternal relay imposarce estat @ and 8” harmerie retard) mith a high sot a aoe a toy a tierental relay. Fora mut-ninging vanstormer ony parcotage tao Impaas ebied whereas fr auloanstorerboenperconlage biosed amt oak erence fas can be used. The sinplicty of comparing cunent hie ok ne ae ofthe transformer gives tha diterontal lay very high vlad Jn GaSe Of percentage biased ifferentia’ relays current tanslormers or dindog, CTS [a2 dia connection have to te sed at grounded Kerrier, comport: AYO alse operation on oxeraifaus. Tho tmmoved sere sear component, however, makos the tanslormer diferonial tela le sect or ot te enka relay protection does an excelont job of meeting @ targo prot te brotetve relaying requiremenis, but must be combined win aoe Protective devices to provide fll vanstormer protection 6.2 Local Distance Relay Protection frau (alts can be used as primary protection or as backup protoction forthe ceo ey tt SoRsiss of a mult-zone impedance reay on Bus HV eels oy on ey Se of he transformer looking ino tho transformer as shan in Fig @ 9 Hy ww ro-O—C)—1-0-+4 po Zonet He Zone-3 ———— Zoned Fg. 82 bisunce ray sstecon Ig ain advantages of dtance rola ate, provides back-up tor remote fro be a Drolecton for tall withstand. i also provides everiapning peteciee protect CeINe ZONES by is roverso zone’ Thin can be benahera a ne Fearne ot Guptealad ana tare of bus protection to aporate ross in oars Stearanco of aul by over eutont reiys on the other Sto of tna Naren eecy Manual on Rai Faust Coaranen and BackpPreecton of WV and LHW Tapani, crores 8 Braece to use this protection by wes ia ines however, it bee prose i 8 €880-0-case basis. One of the man een ee usage ean {ef provide substation mack-up protection for Sos tame rev araraton of Zone 2 1 Zones tiers wit vansmistion tne relays can bo Cannot pride ef Hakan care of. It must Be notes Mar he ge rolays anno! provide sensitive ground faut protects 655 Directional and Non Divetional Phase Overcurrent Protection tor es OYOreutont protection savory inoxponsive,cinpin ant reliable scheme tnteg eeacton ands used for raniommerpoteson apace ce Provide es oterload protection bat. cannot provide meen set protection for ai ‘ternal falts It can also provide tack protection forte goes ty Riitional high set unt is also usually provided. the Instantaneous troaten oye ND Fih-sreod clearance ef hessy regina that threaten system stabiy, cad protec He MEtTE® out withstand protecton aed some imine cng) wa eectcn. i can proviso back-up tor lalnee eve ‘itching device but are Tocatod Gong ire days come appizatons sroctonal en oe relays See ne ao ath the HV and LY sides ofthe wansione rolays are sat fo Toaye boca amet This allows beter coordination wth ee a current ‘olays because ofthe need onlyte see pall of he nareer winaings. 1 aaa oNet Cte elas prove upgraded performance for transformer the ma Prteaton The digits tomove the DG corer es harmonics from mor sere gtTer Numereal backup ovo: cunt rans oe bbe set mach ‘more Senstive man conventional iypes and are racommondecliae 6.5.4 Ground Fault Protection parole {FoUre faut protections used are doserbed olow Generaiy, these Faun prone {AO Ovi th grounded Wing it ey ‘Sensiviy ground {aur protection only. They do nt prove ober ypoe cpa 65.4.1 Zero Sequence Over Current Relays ZeeSequence over current relays prove protection a Stound feu. The neu current of th teehdea eres St Internal phase-io- may energize the over Chapor Power Hstomers 6 Gurr! relay, The cating may be mach lower tan the rad phase current Farris otrant ay 86 rat obtuse seings setuntis leo usualy provided 6.5.4.2 Directional or Non-Directional Earth Fault Relay ‘onstvty the harmore and ius curors an bo ono of he main protien boa up gu cerca a Sega gta he man Sue hich wsualy meena deserstpng to backip tebe cee aa a have fer for these harmonies usutly can nave abn eae ators the bat chatconite sce gtl tre vomove hagas Se Curis tom the nush ands erolre aesootes 6.5.4.3 Restricted Earth Fault Relays Zor eauance siorenial relays (Restictd eat faut lay) prove best men aBahst prasodo round fous in vansorrs.comostd to acho Groundod systoms or resistance grounded transformers. Tho residual cusent ant the neutral current energize the relay 65 20 Soeucnce over Vag toys 65.45 Tank Ground Fault Protection t mers with at least one grounded or This type of protection is speci: to transformers wilh at tact one g 7 fesislance grounded winding. The protection is spocialzed fo protec! for wining faults to ground,7 Monier 10 Ft esance ad acy Pec et rh hans el Bound tes. at mont + oe eee ty oh esitance, This erates a ry ne any ae fe to foe aaa rents a cat oman is, Te aan ey ts sl a la ch ropa ro gats ee tarsomeres Rage tat y ‘maloperation from ar ot oon fOgenea prolectin is mean to prove @ geundeg 6 Provide & grounded winding wits a Srhly gos recente re aap epg M2 ow sot nama practice o use ts prtecton I botction by tities in neta bu in some neh pace ie cn to ae apn ee a it ra ates ETA ay Fran eS Eee inter on fo oe Garon el LY Fut Detectors ous, t,o out press Current Blocking Relays eaten eee oe seete! Buchholz protection, OLIC Buchnat ant sricag cetnee Protection, Pressure. Rais protect ey fal 9 Wis cass of proieence They aro al designed to proven Covered by ey MPA turn to ta tao ae ‘ypes of faults are not protest ot the ter protection scteann, 2dtion 10 this specialize! ‘ping before a major taut weet rige® RCEUMUALO ely (Buehhole Relay) lea ‘perates dive 10 tong tox seoumulation of gassos associated, ma eerheating of various pare oy te or aren sect 8 Problem fs these typos of desis, ng an over current blocking ldo the ie ation ot Scickrg dane one sh mapa 2 he eve Such blocking devices may be ‘done on case-to-case basis, eee As Sed bolero, gonraty thon pre protacuos ‘ions are mainly aimed at meeting Providiey tow magnitude turmtoture wed : { | Cater Pawo Hanstomers n ay ba Snet clad, duptzaing of the inating contacts sometimes done ‘and may be considered on a case-to case basis, avd cor-mon talus and to alow optional gas caliston from ditterent Eas an ans 2 0! the uly provise nha aystem two Bech sor concenmnyeieh ae located in separate pipes tim dierent arcas ol he moe That those prea ere ate two PROS on each tank Tis is Because Tex ty Srcreohee taeton functions for senstive inorel laut detector ear ot versely covered and therefore need to be dupicates 85.7 Over Excitation Protection ion where only ane No thor relay provides adoquate over-euctaton Create ec anslormer coro. Damago 1 the core laminations cov oee en Spree gna the Visor tating ofthe Wansfommors reached ae Gen ‘of protection doos not cover any requiremonts excoptine one arate apstormers this protection may tnd to essed” “ping dus to we intro $tbstaton tarstomorssubjacted o ove waages coord aa as report “Teorey, Mewes 10 I. An exact om CIORE, SCSt herkng gee, reproduced benareT SWettoxing protectin” tom ELECTRA (Neg DEE "eproduced below {grace margins beteon rated ard saturation tux denies prevousiy reccssaly ag anette, in gener, no. special over lasing ae eee itrature ding peers Cannccted t tho system and this daniel be erature andthe repos from working groups ngewe” sary tg been 8 Bratice 10 Use over exctation roy tor the gpd dittze "few of he above reasoning ths practco shout be rovaed oye ies, 6.5.8 Ovorloed Protection 65.8.1 Oi! Temperature Sensors range GH emporatra sonsor can dtect overeating. The temperature mi recommend ley t0 uilty and aso dopend upon mana tt Orie pewallons, Typical eottings are 85°C for alarm and 100°C for ba Sponainen ne 2nd coolng requirements of & transmission heck ee Lange of pen eaalae protection fs requires to provide protesion oon tee Opon the meee ims ofthe transformer, The tanstomertemperatine dene and ie vansioraae oe REG, te coDIng system cond. the exces sees Drove io re at: TO Bowe tr terrae protecion asentar consgy Proved 10 indeaie top ei temporauro. the power wansirmons have rion under isltor operation’ Tha tna {0 the arcing time of the circuit breaker and e hen 1.2 Perubations ering Power Systm Disturb 1.5.2.1 Arcing Faults fa A tha onset of faut ave and betore the tesa high and have iran of upto So ois falls to a tower level, The in the no ireuit breaker operates. eres ly estabiisnod, th atiishod, the noise tevels are ten tho are i established: the "remain unatected unt tho 1.5.2.2 interruption of Fault Current 19 (roi 14 Cemmancaron Bytom: 115.3 Eifect of Different Forms of Interfarence on Teleprotection “The inporance of the eiflerent forme of interforence dopends on the signal-to-noise {atios, bo lroquency spectrum, duration of the interference and the tio at which i takes piace, General, the type of inlertorenco generated under isolator operation's the most serious because of ts high amplitude, wide trequoncy spectrum, duration fand frequency of occurrence. Because it occurs under normal conditions, i important in telaton te causing unwanted operation of systems based on a “command to tip" where pormissive features are not used, Intorloronco caused during power system faults and thelr clearance, attioughs tess sovore than in case of isolator operation, are important because they occur at the time during iehich tho. tcloproteetion is. active oporation. Fusormore, protective relays on othor crouts may at this ime be actvatod. Interference trom Fortra etcuit breaker operation and carena are goneraly the 11.6 RELIABILITY OF THE INFORMATION LINK “The main parameters of an information ink are + Transmission Time + Dependability + Security + pealebity peding 10 the ransfor aupoing). & “The optimum compromise botwoen these paricuar application (Diockirg, permissive tipning, dec piolection-signaing concept is always @ compromise; the application cctnes the best compromise. 11.6.4 Transmission Tie The transmission timo of a teleprotecton systom isthe tine elapsed beween instant of change in state atthe command pur and the instant of the corresp Change ip slats at tho command output, excising propagation tine. ing ‘The nominal transmission tie Tos tho tine that eapses fromthe iestanl a signal is applied fo the input of the toleprotection transmiter unt! it appears at the i of thm luleprotecton rozewer, The nominal transmission tme Tz is te outa ‘under noise free. tranemesion concitions. The lwansmission time measured measurement is carted out with the transmitler and recewver connected back-to onthe chanel back and there ig no isertrer “The maximum actual vansmission time T.: i the maxémum transmissh encountered under noisy condivans for a dened dopcadablty and sign: (GIN) rato or bt error rate (BERR). The aciua transmission time © measures with120 srt on tat Pr a Carrey ad tp Pen, Sivan tenses PA Continuous white noise or with rand ith candom bit errors appli z ‘fepending upon tho type of telopcoteton systom, Nat © he transmission paty Sines a fonger transmissio racafansmission timo enhances signal retabitly with respect to ‘matoperation, the transmission time, rmaggraton he ns ‘should not be chosen shorter than realy 11.62 Dependabiity Noise may disrupt a teleprotaction channel by cia a a rt ¥ delaying a genuine commans ver trom delivering a command, Dependabity Is a measure of soma aE of tho sysion’s aby 49 rece regs Sng avers signal condone characiones the ee iy ‘ecognize a genuine tipping signal win Communicates ane Epa stanal witin a gion tmo In spite of meorcreree 11.63 Security Security o 2 measure o snc Ey ne Sommunization systa's aby not obi a eral condos. Sooty ithe propery ef to ecaiae ey generale spurious tipping. signale ih Communicator rene fPPO Sanals in the presence Of inloroee ye 11.64 Availability he aval of equipment Kipmont is aso voy important time between failure, MTBF, and the san tne ope takes to apa a fat sy ir ‘depend on the mean ime t0 repair, MTR, wmveh the time FRetlablty is always a rcecun ay canetm ot lepoteton systoms. Roably i a compromica 1 IS not emproved by increased redundancy, dopendability is, “reaves ts recon mended that utes measure dope leprotecton equipmont and kaop a tocord, The dae ne Samoed data from teloprotetion tevin ave ‘securty of each diata may be based on time foagers. This may be valuable sepsis (beter 19 Communication Sytoms 124 information to monitor the performance of he telecommunication equipment and the dala can be Used in taking decisions ragarding maintenance, relrofiting and ‘modemization. lt may algo bo decirablo 10 carry out field taste as a pat of [Acceptance tests to measure the securty and dopendabiity ofthe carer signats. For detailed definitions of these parametore, reference may be made to IEC 60824-1 Teleprotection equioment of power systems - Performance and Testing (Pant: Command Systerns). 11.7 OUTPUT POWER OF POWER LINE CARRIER SETS, While planning a carer systam itis rocommended that, the signal-to-noise rato (SNR) is calculated consigering the noiso love! for the various system voltages, weather conditions, fine attenuation at the operating carior froquoncics. If the Calculated SNA Is not adequate the output power ofthe cartier set may have to be Increased. For long power Ines tls chock s particularly important. [A typical SNR calculation takes in to account the folowing paramaters into consideration + Line votage + Une tength + Line configuration (e.g: conductor diameter, number of bundies and transpositons) + Frequency band used + PLC tranemit poner + Mode of Coupting 1E6 60658 "Planning of (Single ~

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