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Portal GS PDF
Portal GS PDF
3.1 Introduction:
A portal frame consists of vertical member called Columns and top member which
may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members built
monolithically are considered as rigidly connected. They are used in the construction
of large sheds, bridges and viaducts.
The base of portal frame may be hinged or fixed. The portal frames are spaced at
suitable distance and it supports the slab above the top members. Various forms of
RCC portal frames used in practice is shown in Fig.6.1
Fig. 6.1
The portal frames have high stability against lateral forces such as wind and
earthquake and the moments in the top beam are also reduced. But at the same time,
large moments are induced in the columns which become more costly. A portal frame
is a statically indeterminate structure.
In the case of buildings, the portal frames are generally spaced at intervals of 3 to 4m
with a reinforced concrete slab cast monolithically between the frames. Frames used
for ware house sheds and workshop structures are provided with sloping of purlins
and asbestos sheet roofing between the portal frames. The base of the columns of the
portal frames are either fixed or hinged. Generally the columns having raft or piles
are considered as fixed for analysis purpose.
Analysis of frames can be done by any standard methods like i) Slope deflection
method, ii) Moment distribution method, iii) Strain energy method, iv) Kani’s
method. Columns are designed for axial force and bending moment, whereas beam is
1
designed for bending moment and shear force. These forces are obtained from the
analysis carried out on the frame. Limit state method of design is used for design of
members. Tables given in SP16 may be used for design.
2
PROBLEMS:
1. The roof of a 8m wide hall is supported on a portal frame spaced at 4m intervals.
The height of the portal frame is 4m. The continuous slab is 120 mm thick. Live
load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2, SBC of soil = 150 kN/m2. The columns are connected
with a plinth beam and the base of the column may be assumed as fixed. Design
the slab, column, beam members and suitable footing for the columns of the
portal frame. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Also prepare the
detailed structural drawing.
Solution:
Data given:
Spacing of frames = 4m
Span of portal frame = 8m
Height of columns = 4m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2
Thickness of slab = 120mm
Concrete: M20 grade
Steel: Fe 415
Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.2
4.00m
4.00m
4.00m
4.00m
Y 8.00m
X
Z
Fig. 6.2
3
Step1:Design of slab
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m2
Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m2 (assumed)
Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m2 (assumed)
Total dead load wd = 3.63 kN/m2
Live load wL = 1.50 kN/m2 (Given in the data)
w L2 w L2
Maximum service load moment at interior support = d L = 8.5 kN-m
10 9
Mu=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m
Mulim=Qlimbd2= 2.76 x 1000 x 1002 / 1 x 106 = 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Qlim=2.76)
M u 12.75x10 6
1.275
bd 2 1000 x100 2
The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.4
4
Fig. 6.4
The moments in the portal frame fixed at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.4 are
analysed by moment distribution
IAB = 400 x 6003/12 = 72 x 108 mm4, IBC= 400 x 7003/12 = 114.33 x 108 mm4
Stiffness Factor:
KBA= IAB / LAB = 18 x 105 KBC= IBC / LBC = 14.3 x 105
Distribution Factor:
K BA 18 10 5
D BA 0.55
K BA 18 10 5 14.3 10 5
K BC 14.3 10 5
D BC 0.45
K BC 18 10 5 14.3 10 5
Fixed End Moments:
MFAB= MFBA= MFCD= MFDC 0
wL2 27 x8 2 wL2 27 x8 2
MFBC= - =-144 kN-m and MFCB= =144 kN-m
12 12 12 12
5
Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF - 0.55 0.45 0.45 0.55 -
FEM 0 0 -144 144 0 0
Balance - 79.2 64.8 -64.8 -79.2 -
Carry 39.6 - -32.4 32.4 - -39.6
over
Balance - 17.82 14.58 -14.58 -17.82 -
Carry 8.91 - -7.29 7.29 - -8.91
over
Balance - 4 3.28 -3.28 -4 -
Carry 2 - -1.64 1.64 - -2
over
Balance - 0.90 0.74 -0.74 -0.9 -
Carry 0.45 - -0.37 0.37 - -0.45
over
Balance - 0.20 0.17 -0.17 -0.2 -
Total 50.9651 102.11102 -102.11- 102.11102 -102.11-102 -50.96-51
102
Fig. 6.5
6
Design moments:
Service load end moments: MB=102 kN-m, MA=51 kN-m
Design end moments MuB=1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m, MuA=1.5 x 51=76.5 kN-m
Service load mid span moment in beam= 27x82/8 – 102 =114 kN-m
Design mid span moment Mu+=1.5 x 114 = 171 kN-m
Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 27 x 8 = 108kN
Design shear force Vu = 1.5 x 108 = 162 kN
Step4:Design of beams:
The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam
is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular
section.
Design of T-section for Mid Span :
Design moment Mu=171 kN-m
L
Flange width bf= o b w 6D f , Here Lo=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 8 =5.6m
6
bf= 5.6/6+0.4+6x0.12=2m
bf/bw=5 and Df /d =0.2 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor is
given by KT=0.459,
Mulim=KT bwd2 fck = 0.459 x 400 x 6002 x 20/1x106 = 1321.92 kN-m > Mu Safe
The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16
Mu/bd2 = 171 x 106/(400x6002)1.2 for this pt=0.359
Ast=0.359 x 400x600/100 = 861.6 mm2
No of 20 mm dia bar = 861.6/(x202/4) =2.74
Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span
Design of Rectangular-section for End Span :
Design moment MuB=153 kN-m
MuB/bd2= 153x106/400x6002 1.1 From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.327
Ast=0.327 x 400 x 600 / 100 = 784.8
No of 20 mm dia bar = 784.8/(x202/4) =2.5
Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2m from face
of the column as shown in Fig 6.6
Check for Shear
Vu 162 x10 3
Nominal shear stress = v 0.675
bd 400 600
pt=100x 942/(400x600)=0.390.4
Permissible stress for pt=0.4 from table 19 c=0.432 < v Hence shear reinforcement
is required to be designed
Strength of concrete Vuc=0.432 x 400 x 600/1000 = 103 kN
Shear to be carried by steel Vus=162-103 = 59 kN
0.87f y A sv d 0.87 415 2 50 600
Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup sv= 367
Vus 59 10 3
Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing)
7
Step5:Design of columns:
Cross-section of column = 400 mm x 600 mm
Ultimate axial load Pu=1.5 x 108 = 162 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam)
Ultimate moment Mu= 1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m ( Maximum)
Assuming effective cover d’ = 50 mm; d’/D 0.1
Mu 153 10 6
0.053
f ck bD 2 20 400 600 2
8
Pu 162 10 3
0.033
f ck bD 20 400 600
400
Step6:Design of Footing:
Load:
Axial Working load on column = 108 kN
Self weight of footing @10% = 11 kN
Total load= 119120 kN
Working load moment at base = 51 kN-m
Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC
= 108/150 =0.72 m2
However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of
moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 2mx3m (Area=6 m2)
X 3m
0.4m 2m
0.6m
1.2m
X
9
Maximum pressure qmax=P/A+M/Z = 108/6+6x51/2x32 = 35 kN/m2
Minimum pressure qmin=P/A-M/Z = 108/6-6x51/2x32 = 1 kN/m2
Average pressure q = (35+1) = 18 kN/m2
Bending moment at X-X = 18 x 2 x 1.22/2 = 25.92 kN-m
Factored moment Mu39 kN-m
Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm,
Mu 39 10 6
0.312 Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of
bd 2 2000 250 2
SP16 is pt= 0.1%, Minimum pt=0.12%
Area of steel per meter width of footing is Ast=0.12x1000x250/100=300 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/300 = 376 mm c/c
Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways
Check for Punching Shear
Length of punching influence plane = ao= 600+250 = 850 mm
Width of punching influence plane = bo= 400+250 = 650 mm
Punching shear Force = Vpunch=108-18x(0.85x0.65)=98 kN
Punching shear stress punch= Vpunch/ (2x(ao+bo)d =98x103/(2x(850+650)250)
= 0.13 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.25fck=1.18 MPa > punch Safe
Check for One Way Shear
Shear force at a distance ‘d’ from face of column
V= 18x2x0.95 = 34.2 kN
Shear stress v=34.2x103/(2000x250)=0.064 MPa
Referring to table 19 of IS456 this stress is very small and hence safe
Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.7
Fig.6.7
10
Cross-Sections of Beam
Cross-Section of Column
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION
11
2. A portal frame hinged at base has following data:
Spacing of portal frames = 4m
Height of columns = 4m
Distance between column centers = 10m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2
RCC slab continuous over portal frames. Safe bearing capacity of soil=200 kN/m2
Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 steel. Design the slab, portal frame and
foundations and sketch the details of reinforcements.
Solution:
Data given:
Spacing of frames = 4m
Span of portal frame = 10m
Height of columns = 4m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete: M20 grade
Steel: Fe 415
Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.8
Fig. 6.8
12
Step1:Design of slab
Assume over all depth of slab as 120mm and effective depth as 100mm
Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m2
Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m2 (assumed)
Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m2 (assumed)
Total dead load wd = 3.63 kN/m2
Live load wL = 1.50 kN/m2 (Given in the data)
w L2 w L2
Maximum service load moment at interior support = d L = 8.5 kN-m
10 9
Mu=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m
Mulim=Qlimbd2= 2.76 x 1000 x 1002 / 1 x 106 = 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Qlim=2.76)
M u 12.75x10 6
1.275
bd 2 1000 x100 2
13
The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.10
Fig. 6.10
The moments in the portal frame hinged at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.10
are analysed by moment distribution
IAB = 450 x 6003/12 = 81 x 108 mm4, IBC= 450 x 7503/12 = 158.2 x 108 mm4
Stiffness Factor:
KBA= IAB / LAB = 21.77 x 105 KBC= IBC / LBC = 15.8 x 105
Distribution Factor:
K BA 21.77 10 5
D BA D BC 0 .5
K BA 21.77 10 5 15.8 10 5
Fixed End Moments:
MFAB= MFBA= MFCD= MFDC 0
wL2 28x10 2 wL2 27 x8 2
MFBC= - =-233 kN-m and MFCB= =233 kN-m
12 12 12 12
14
Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -
FEM 0 0 -233 233 0 0
Balance - 116.5 116.5 -116.5 -116.5 -
Carry - - -58.25 58.25 - -
over
Balance - 29.13 29.13 -29.13 -29.13 -
Carry - - -14.57 14.57 - -
over
Balance - 7.29 7.29 -7.29 -7.29 -
Carry - -3.65 3.65 - -
over
Balance - 1.83 1.83 -1.83 -1.83 -
Carry - - -0.92 0.92 - -
over
Balance - 0.46 0.46 -0.46 -0.46 -
Total - 155.21156 -155.21- 155.21156 -155.21-156 -
156
Fig. 6.11
15
Design moments:
Service load end moments: MB=156 kN-m,
Design end moments MuB=1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m,
Service load mid span moment in beam= 28x102/8 – 102 =194 kN-m
Design mid span moment Mu+=1.5 x 194 = 291 kN-m
Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 28 x 10 = 140kN
Design shear force Vu = 1.5 x 140 = 210 kN
Step4:Design of beams:
The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam
is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular
section.
Design of T-section for Mid Span :
Design moment Mu=291 kN-m
L
Flange width bf= o b w 6D f , Here Lo=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 10 =7m
6
bf= 7/6+0.45+6x0.12=2.33m
bf/bw=5.2 and Df /d =0.17 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor
is given by KT=0.43,
Mulim=KT bwd2 fck = 0.43 x 450 x 7002 x 20/1x106 = 1896.3 kN-m > Mu Safe
The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16
Mu/bd2 = 291 x 106/(450x7002)1.3 for this pt=0.392
Ast=0.392 x 450x700/100 = 1234.8 mm2
No of 20 mm dia bar = 1234.8/(x202/4) =3.93
Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span
Design of Rectangular-section for End Span :
Design moment MuB=234 kN-m
MuB/bd2= 234x106/450x7002 1.1 From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.327
Ast=0.327 x 450 x 700 / 100 = 1030
No of 20 mm dia bar = 1030/(x202/4) =3.2
Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2.5m from
face of the column as shown in Fig 6.12
Check for Shear
Vu 210 x10 3
Nominal shear stress = v 0.67
bd 450 700
pt=100x 1256/(450x700)=0.390.4
Permissible stress for pt=0.4 from table 19 c=0.432 < v Hence shear reinforcement
is required to be designed
Strength of concrete Vuc=0.432 x 450 x 700/1000 = 136 kN
Shear to be carried by steel Vus=210-136 = 74 kN
Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup
0.87f y A sv d 0.87 415 2 50 700
sv= 341.53
Vus 74 10 3
Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing)
16
17
Step5:Design of columns:
Cross-section of column = 450 mm x 600 mm
Ultimate axial load Pu=1.5 x 140 = 210 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam)
Ultimate moment Mu= 1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m ( Maximum)
Assuming effective cover d’ = 50 mm; d’/D 0.1
Mu 234 10 6
0.07
f ck bD 2 20 450 600 2
Pu 210 10 3
0.04
f ck bD 20 450 600
450
18
Step7:Design of Foundations:
Load:
Axial Working load on column = 140 kN
Self weight of column=0.45 x 0.6 x3.72x 24 = 24
Self weight of footing @10% = 16 kN
Total load= 180 kN
Working moment at base = 42 x 1 =42 kN-m
Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC
= 180/200 =0.9 m2
However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of
moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 1mx2m (Area=2 m2)
X 2m
0.45m 1m
0.6m
0.7m
X
Maximum pressure qmax=P/A+M/Z = 180/2+6x42/1x22 = 153 kN/m2
Minimum pressure qmin=P/A-M/Z = 180/2-6x42/1x22 = 27 kN/m2
Average pressure q = (153+27)/2 = 90 kN/m2
Bending moment at X-X = 90 x 1 x 0.72/2 = 22 kN-m
Factored moment Mu33 kN-m
Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm,
Mu 33 10 6
0.528 Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of
bd 2 1000 250 2
SP16 is pt= 0.15% > Minimum pt=0.12%
Area of steel per meter width of footing is Ast=0.15x1000x250/100=301 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/375 = 376 mm c/c
Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways
Check for Punching Shear
Length of punching influence plane = ao= 600+250 = 850 mm
Width of punching influence plane = bo= 450+250 = 700 mm
Punching shear Force = Vpunch=180-90x(0.85x0.7)=126.5 kN
Punching shear stress punch= Vpunch/ (2x(ao+bo)d =126.5x103/(2x(850+700)250)
= 0.16 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.25fck=1.18 MPa > punch Safe
Check for One Way Shear
Shear force at a distance ‘d’ from face of column
V= 90x1x0.45 = 40.5 kN
Shear stress v=40.5x103/(1000x250)=0.162 MPa
For pt=0.15 , the permissible stress c = 0.28 (From table 19 of IS456-2000)
19
Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.13
Fig.6.13
20
Cross-Sections of Beam
Cross-Section of Column
LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION
21
Reference Books
N.Krishna Raju Advanced Reinforced concrete Design
Jaikrishna and O.P.Jain Plain and reinforced concrete Vol2
B.C.Punmia Reinforced Concrete Structures Vol2
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