D Ami is the gain at the mid frequency, fmi, of each partial filter

D Qi is the pole quality of each filter

D α and 1/α are the factors by which the mid frequencies of the individual filters, fm1
and fm2, derive from the mid frequency, fm, of the overall bandpass.

In a fourth-order band-pass filter with high Q, the mid frequencies of the two partial filters
differ only slightly from the overall mid frequency. This method is called staggered tuning.

Factor α needs to be determined through successive approximation, using equation

16–13:

ƪ ƫ
2
a·DW·a 1 (DW) 2
a2 ) ) 12 * 2 * +0 (16–13)
b 1ǒ1 ) a 2Ǔ a b1

with a1 and b1 being the second-order low-pass coefficients of the desired filter type.

To simplify the filter design, Table 16–2 lists those coefficients, and provides the α values
for three different quality factors, Q = 1, Q = 10, and Q = 100.

Table 16–2. Values of α For Different Filter Types and Different Qs

Bessel Butterworth Tschebyscheff

a1 1.3617 a1 1.4142 a1 1.0650
b1 0.6180 b1 1.0000 b1 1.9305
Q 100 10 1 Q 100 10 1 Q 100 10 1
∆Ω 0.01 0.1 1 ∆Ω 0.01 0.1 1 ∆Ω 0.01 0.1 1
α 1.0032 1.0324 1.438 α 1.0035 1.036 1.4426 α 1.0033 1.0338 1.39