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DAFTAR ACUAN PUSTAKA

1. INTRODUCTION TO ORE-FORMING PROCESSES, Laurence Robb,

Genesa bahan galian : Blackwell Science Ltd, Blackwell Publishing Company, 2005

Ilmu yang 1. ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND THEIR PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS

K.G. McQueen CRC LEME, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 and
memperlajari School of REHS, University of Canberra, ACT 2601.
pembentukan serta
asal usul bahan 3. IRON & FERROALLOY METALS IN (ed) M. L. Jensen & A. M. Bateman, 1981;
galian, baik logam Economic Mineral Deposits,
maupun non logam
4. GEOLOGI, KARAKTERISTIK DAN GENESA ENDAPAN LATERIT BAUKSIT
dan bahan galian PT. ANTAM (Persero) Tbk, UNIT GEOMIN, DAERAH KENCO, KABUPATEN
industri. LANDAK, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT , Fachrul Rozi Ramadhan, Yoga
Aribowo, Dian Agus Widiarso, Dedi Sunjaya, Betraz A

5. RANGKUMAN GENESA BAHAN GALIAN , muhammad dahlan balfas

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GENESA BAHAN GALIAN

Pertumbuhan Penduduk Dunia 1 M (1830)6 M (2000) 11 M
(2030)  Meningkatkan kebutuhan produksi SDA  Pengetahuan 1. Proses pembentukan 4. Model (bentuk, ukuran, dimensi)
tentang asal, kejadian, keterdapatan, penyebaran, ukuran, kekayaan 2. Keterdapatan 5. Kedudukan
SDA menjadi sangat penting 3. Komposisi 6. Faktor kontrol

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SOURCE Transport Mechanism Deposition Proces

Metal
Ligands
S,H,C,O,Cl
Combination

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Rocks are classified universally in terms of a threefold subdivision,

namely igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, that reflects the
fundamental processes active in the Earth’s crust

ores are rocks and can often be relatively easily attributed to an

igneous or sedimentary/surficial origin, a feature that represents a
good basis for classification.

Such a classification also reflects the genetic process involved in ore

formation, since igneous and sedimentary deposits are often
syngenetic and formed at the same time as the host rock itself.

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rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or

more minerals or mineraloids. Average crustal abundances for selected metals and typical concentration
factors that need to be achieved in order to produce a viable ore deposit

Average Typical Approximate

Metal crustal exploitable concentration
abundance grade factor

Al 8.2% 30% ×4
Fe 5.6% 50% ×9
Cu 55 ppm 1% ×180
Ni 75 ppm 1% ×130
Zn 70 ppm 5% ×700
Sn 2 ppm 0.5% ×2500
Au 4 ppb 5gt 1 ×1250
Pt 5 ppb 5gt 1 ×1000
ore deposit is deposit of mineral that is sufficiently rich to be
worked at a profit is called an , and in an ore deposit the Note: 1 ppm is the same as 1 g t 1.
assemblage of ore minerals plus gangue is called the ore.

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Komposisi elemen-elemen penyusun kerak bumi dan

pada batuan beku (Sumber; Bateman, 1982).
a. Elemen penyusun kerak bumi b. Logam-logam yang umum pada batuan beku

Elemen % % % Elemen % Elemen %

Berat Atom Volume
Oksigen 47,71 60,5 94,24 Alumunium 8,13 Kobalt 0,0023

Silikon 27,69 20,5 0,51 Besi 5,00 Timbal 0,0016

Titanium 0,62 0,3 0,03 Magnesium 2,09 Arsenik 0,0005

Alumunium 8,07 6,2 0,44 Titanium 0,44 Uranium 0,0004

Besi 5,05 1,9 0,37 Mangan 0,10 Molibdenu 0,00025

m
Magnesium 2,08 1,8 0,28 Kromiun 0,02 Tungsten 0,00015

Kalsium 3,65 1,9 1,04 Vanadium 0,015 Antimony 0,0001

Sodium 2,75 2,5 1,21 Zink 0,011 Air Raksa 0,00005

Potassium 2,58 1.4 1,88 Nikel 0,008 Perak 0,00001

Hidrogen 0,14 3,0 Tembaga 0,005 Emas 0,0000005

Timah 0,004 Platinum 0,0000005

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pelapukan
Partial Weathering, Erosion
transport
Melting Diagenesis, Metamor
phism, Deformation
Pengangkatan ke
pengendapan permukaan Mantle Crust Residual,
Supergene
Deposits
Endapan
BATUAN BEKU
EXTRUSIVE Meteoric Placer
Magma Ore
Liquefaction, kompaksi, dan Marine, Deposits
sementasi
--------------- Fliud Connate
Lava
konsolidasi Water
BATUAN
SEDIMEN

Metamorfosis
BATUAN BEKU Magmatic Hydrothermal Exhalative Marine, Sedimen
INTRUSIVE Deposit
Deposit Deposit tary Deposit
BATUAN
METAMORF
kristalisasi
Syngenetic Epigenetic Syngenetic
pelelehan
MAGMA
Diagenetic, Metamorhpic, Deformational

Skema Sederhana Klasifikasi Genesa bahan galian untuk

SIKLUS PEMBENTUKAN BATUAN/BAHAN kelompok besar endapan.
GALIAN
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ENDAPAN PRIMER
PROSES PENGENDAPAN BAHAN GALIAN
Endapan yang terjadi berhubungan langsung
dengan magma
1. Endapan primer
2. Endapan sekunder Macamnya :
3. Endapan sedimenter
4. Endapan metamorf
1. Konsentrasi magmatis
2. Metasomatis kontak
3. Hidrotermal
4. Vulkanis
5. Pegmatit

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Differensiasi magma
VESICULATION

1. Konsentrasi magmatis
DIFUSSION

“EARLY MAGMATIC”
CRYSTAL SETTLING

Tipe Proses Contoh

FLOATATION
“Disseminasi” Kristalisasi, disseminasi Corondum,
THICK HORIZONTAL SILL
tanpa konsentrasi diamond ASSIMILATION OF WALL ROCK

GRAVITY SETLLING

Segregasi Differensiasi dan Chromite, di

akumulasi Bushweld. THICK HORIZONTAL SILL
THICK HORIZONTAL SILL

Injeksi Differesiasi dan injeksi Fe, di Kiram, Swedia ASSIMILATION OF WALL ROCK

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Endapan konsentrasi magmatis dapat terjadi

karena :
• Kristalisasi magma
• Segregasi
• Regregasi
• Injeksi
• Syngenetik
Biasanya mineralnya sederhana (monomineral) mineral
berat

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The process of ASSIMILATION by a magma is shown in the following

figure. Assimilation is a type of MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION. Un-melted parent
rock remains intact in the form of XENOLITHS. Contact metamorphism occurs in the
form of "chill zones" where the heat and/or fluids from the magma came in contact with
the Parent/Country rock, thus causing the deformation.

Intrusive vs. Extrusive Igneous Environments

Phaneritic textures are produced by slow cooling associated with Intrusive
environments and are characterized by large crystals.
Aphanitic textures are produced by rapid cooling associated with Extrusive
environments and are characterized by small or tiny crystals. Crystal Settling (a type of Fractional Crystallization) in a SILL (a tabular,
concordant pluton,) similar to the Bushveldt complex.
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“LATE MAGMATIC”
2. Metasomatis Kontak
Kontak antara magma dengan batuan samping dimana ada
Tipe Proses Contoh penambahan unsur dari magma.
Regregasi Diferensiasi, kristalisasi Pt, Buskveld Titan, Misalnya :
residu dan akumulasi residu magnesite,
AB & CD ACy & BDz
Buskveld

Injeksi Differensiasi dan Chromite,  Umumnya terjadi pada batu kapur, bisa terjadi pada
larutan residu akumulasi diBuskveld. proses pembentukan mineral secara hidrotermal.
 Sering juga disebut : “pyrometasomatic”.
Injeksi Differesiasi dan injeksi Fe, di Kiruna,
Swedia

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Major geologic processes at convergent

plate boundaries
Proses Contact Metasomatism
1.
Terjadi pada intrusi dalam, pada T & P yang tinggi (500 s/d
1100 ºC).
2. Terjadi penambahan dan penguapan unsure-unsur yang ada
pada batuan samping.
3. Batuan yang di intrusi harus reactive.
4. Magma harus membawa unsur-unsur logam yang berharga.
Terjadi perubahan susunan kimia, rekristalisasi + rekombinasi + unsure-
unsur baru.
• AB & CD ABx & CDy
Relative tidak ada perubahan volume.

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Urutan Pembentukan
Metasomatik replacement
1. Silikat + magnetite dan hematite.
2. Magmatite + hematite. Replacement
3. Mineral-mineral sulfide Adalah suatu proses pembentukan mineral-mineral
dimana terjadi perubahan daripada mineral-mineral yang
» Pyrite + arsenopyrite lama yang terdapat pada “hast rock”. Penambahan ini
» Pyrotite, molibdenite, shpalerite, chalcopyrite, terjadi karena adanya penambahan unsure-unsur baru
galeana.
dan unsure-unsur lama menguap, jadi disini terjadi reaksi
» Garam-garam sulfo.
kimia.
Urutan pembentukan ini Berdasarkan temperatur. Meskipun
ada beberapa perkecualian yaitu sulfide lebih dahulu dari
silikat + oksida.

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