MIB Master Information Block 3 bits for System bandwidth

broadcast by Enb
3 for PHICH Information
1 bit to indicate normal or extended PHICH
2 bit to indicate the PHICH Ng value
8 bits for system frame number
10 bits are reserved for future use
3 bits forisSystem
MIB bandwidth
transmitted using a physical layer channel called PBCH MIB is a 24 bit information
3 for PHICH Information
1 bit to indicate normal or extended PHICH
2 bit to indicate the PHICH Ng value
8 bits for system frame number
10 bits are reserved for future use
S.NO Name Full Form

1 EPC - Evolved Packet Core

2 MME - Mobility Management Entity

3 PCRF - Policy & Charging Rule Function

4 SAE System Architecture Evolution

5 EPS - Evolved Packet System
6 USIM - Universal Subscriber Identity Module

7 RRM - Radio resource management

8 enodeb -

9 sgw - serving gateway

10 Pgw(PDN) - packet data network gateway

11 HSS - Home Subscriber Server

1-Uu, 2-X2, 3-S1-CP, 4- S1-UP, 5-S5/S8

,6-S10, 7-S11, 8-S6a

Uu
 X2

S1-CP
12 Interfaces -

S1-UP

S5/S8

S10

S11

S6a

eUTRAN - evolved Universal Terrestrial Random Access Network

 Work

The EPC is the latest evolution of the 3GPP core

network architecture. In GSM, the architecture
relies on circuit-switching (CS). This means that
circuits are established between the calling and
called parties throughout the telecommunication
network (radio, core network of the mobile
operator, fixed network)

Pure signalling entity inside the EPC

UE attach/detach handling
Authentication & Security
Mobility Management : Idle & Active mode
Tracking area updates
Distribution of paging messages to UE
Signalling for EPS Bearer Handling: setup, modify,
release

Responsible for Policy & Charging Control

Provides PCC rules to PCEF in PGW
QoS negotiation & appropriate Bearer allocation
Charging

RRM) is the system level control of co-channel

interference and other radio transmission
characteristics in wireless
communication systems,RRM involves
strategies and algorithms for controlling
parameters such as transmit power, user
allocation, beamforming, data rates, handover
criteria, modulation scheme, error coding
scheme, etc. The objective is to utilize the
limited radio-frequency spectrum resources and
radio network infrastructure as efficiently as
possible.
 CP and
RRM: allocation & monitoring IP header MME UP
HARQ , selection security: Multiplexi
Radio Bearer control : setup, modify, release compress Segmenta & pool ciphering ng and
Radio Admission Control ion/deco tion/Conc support /decipher Mapping
Connection Mobility Control mpressio atenation
UL/DL Scheduling: n ing

Allocates & Manages its own resources.

Manages the user data in the EPC
User plane tunnel management & switching
Mobility Anchor point for Inter-eNB HO & IRAT
Packet routeing and forwarding.
Accounting & User charging
Lawful Interception

E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet buffering and

initiation of network triggered service request
procedure.

Connection between EPC and external data

networks (comparable to GGSN in 2G/3G networks)
IP Address Allocation for UE
Packet Routing/Forwarding between Serving GW
and external Data Network
Per-user based packet filtering as per Policies
Highest level mobility anchor

Permanent and central subscriber database

Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber
Contains AuC (authentication center) functionality

Air interface
Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Inter eNodeB
Used for Control Signalling
Can be used for User data forwarding in inter- eNB HO.
Provides information to neighbour eNBs to facilitate Inter Cell
interference management

Control Plane interface between eNB and MME

Used by MME and UE to exchange NAS signaling via eNB for
authentication, tracking area updates.

User plane interface between eNB and S-GW

Only user data interface

S8 is used when roaming between different operators. S5 is

network internal.
Can use GTP or PMIP, both with different ways of signaling.

Between MMEs
Based on GTP-Control

Between MME and S-GW

Based on GTP-Control

Between MME and S-GW

Based on GTP-Control
 Physical
layer
functiona Measure
lity: ments User Data
OFDM, and Routing
TxDiversit reporting to the S-
y GW/ P-
GW
 QCI stands for QoS Class Identifier. This is a special indentifier defining the
quality of packet communication provided by LTE. The range of the class is
from 1 to 9. Each of this class is defined as in the following table (TS
QCI QCI 23.203).

The specific QCI value is allocated for each UE and is informed to UE via
'Activate default EPS bearer context request' message as shown below.
(Followings are just a couple of examples.)

Activate default EPS bearer context request ::= DIVISION

. ...
    EPS quality of service
        Length: 1

        Quality of Service Class Identifier (QCI): QCI 9 (9)

Activate dedicated EPS bearer context request ::= DIVISION

.    ...
    EPS quality of service
        Length: 5

        Quality of Service Class Identifier (QCI): QCI 1 (1)

        Maximum bit rate for uplink : 1 kbps

        Maximum bit rate for downlink : 1 kbps
        Guaranteed bit rate for uplink : 1 kbps
        Guaranteed bit rate for downlink : 1 kbps
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing For Downlink
The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks.
The resource blocks have a total size of 180kHz in
the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain.
Each 1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists
of two slots (Tslot).

Each user is allocated a number of so-called resource

blocks in the time.frequency grid. The more resource
blocks a user gets, and the higher the modulation
used in the resource elements, the higher the bit-
rate. Which resource blocks and how many the user
gets at a given point in time depend on advanced
scheduling mechanisms in the frequency and time
dimensions.

LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single

Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-
FDMA) in the uplink. This is to compensate for a
drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).

High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power

amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which
increases the cost of the terminal and drains the
battery faster.

SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together

the resource blocks in such a way that reduces the
need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the
power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage
and the cell-edge performance.
Primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS & SSS) in LTE

Cell synchronization is the very first step when UE wants to camp on any cell. From this, UE acquires physical cell id (PCI), time

UE will tune it radio turn by turning to different frequency channels depending upon which bands it is
supporting. Assuming that it is currently tuned to a specific band / channel, UE first finds the primary
synchronization signal (PSS) which is located in the last OFDM symbol of first time slot of the first subframe (subframe 0) of rad

In the next step UE finds the secondary synchronization signal (SSS). SSS symbols are also located in the same subframe of PSS

Using physical layer identity and cell identity group number, UE knows the PCI for this cell now. In LTE 504 physical layer cell ide

PCI = 3*(Physical layer cell identity group)+ physical layer identity = 3*2+1 = 7

Once UE knows the PCI for a given cell, it also knows the location of cell Reference signals as shown in figure (red and black squ
quires physical cell id (PCI), time slot and frame synchronization, which will enable UE to read system information blocks from a particular n

rst subframe (subframe 0) of radio frame as shown in figure (green squares). This enables UE to be synchronized on subframe level. The PS

ed in the same subframe of PSS but in the symbol before PSS as shown in the figure(yellow squares). From SSS, UE is able to obtain physica

. In LTE 504 physical layer cell identities (PCI) are allowed and are divided into unique 168 cell layer identity groups where each group consi

hown in figure (red and black squares). Reference signals are used in channel estimation, cell selection / reselection and handover procedu
mation blocks from a particular network.

onized on subframe level. The PSS is repeated in subframe 5 which means UE is synchronized on 5ms basis since each subframe is 1ms. From

SSS, UE is able to obtain physical layer cell identity group number (0 to 167).

groups where each group consist of three physical layer identity. As mentioned earlier, UE detects physical layer identity from PSS and phy

selection and handover procedures.

since each subframe is 1ms. From PSS, UE is also able to obtain physical layer identity (0 to 2).

l layer identity from PSS and physical layer cell identity group from SSS. Assuming physical layer identity = 1 and cell identity group=2 then t
and cell identity group=2 then the PCI for given cell is