EXPERIMENT NO.

1
MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A LIQUID

NAME Prado, Mon Patrick M. DATE PERFORMED July 3, 2017

Publico, Jerome R.
Riñon, Daniel S.A.
Rivera, Kristian Asterio R.
SECTION 57045 DATE SUBMITTED July 5, 2017
GROUP # 5 INSTRUCTOR Engr. L.A. M. Olasiman

I. OBJECTIVE:

The activity aims to understand the concept and relationship between density and specific gravity of a
liquid.

II. LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):

The students shall be able to:

1. Demonstrate different methods for measuring density and specific gravity of various liquid.
2. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle.
3. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow
instruction.

III. DISCUSSION:

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is a measure of the size of the molecules and
how closely the molecules are spaced in a material. The density of the substance, in general, depends
on temperature and pressure. The density of most gases is proportional pressure and inversely
proportional to temperature. Liquid is essentially incompressible substance, and the variation of their
density with pressure is usually negligible. At 20 °C, for example, the density of water changes from 998
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔
at 1 Atm to 1003 𝑚𝑚 3 at 100 Atm, a change of 0.5%. The density of liquid depends more strongly
𝑚3
on temperature than it does on pressure. At 1 Atm, for example, the density of water changes from 998
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔
at 20 °C to 975 𝑚𝑚 3 at 75 °C, a change of 2.3%, which can still be neglected in many engineering
𝑚3
analysis.
𝒎
𝝆= (1)
𝒗
Sometimes the density of a substance is given relatively to the density if a well-known
substance. Then it is called specific gravity or relative density, and as defined as the ration of the density
of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature.
Then, Specific gravity of a substance is dimensionless quantity, for liquid the standard substance is
water and for gas the standard substance is air at same pressure and temperature.
 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑺𝑮 = (2)
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

IV. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

QUANTITY ITEM
1 Graduated Cylinder
1 Funnel
1 Beaker
1 Weighing scale
5 Different types of liquid

V. PROCEDURE:
Based from the name of the experiment, “Measurement of Density and Specific Gravity of a Liquid”, the instructor
or professor dictate the students to perform and analyze the indicated experiment by means of measuring the
density (ρ) and specific gravity (s.g.) of the different liquid samples that every particular group brought.
Safety and precaution is important in conducting, the following procedure are the safety measures
which have been practiced upon conducting the experiment:
1. Always wear the laboratory gown preferred by instructor upon performing the
experiment in order to avoid getting spills and smudges from the liquids used in the
experiment especially for corrosive liquids and flammable liquids.
2. It is necessary to use gloves since the liquid indicated in the experiment are widely used
for household tasks or just liquids that is not toxic.
3. We must know the safety precaution to bring or to use flammable liquids with high in
(i.e. gasoline, alcohol, etc.) which may be a cause of fire upon conducting the
experiment.
Before directing the analysis, the professor told us to bring no less than 500mL of various
sorts of fluid which is monetarily accessible in any stores in advertise or just in family unit day by day
use with a specific end goal to be utilized as a part of the test. It has been reported before the date of
the analysis.
Following these means are the method directed in the test to quantify the density and specific
gravity of the fluid test samples:
1. Borrow and ask the student assistant for a slip at the Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory to list down the materials required in leading the experiment.

2. first step, the students must get the mass of the equipment (e.g. graduated
cylinder, and beaker) using the weighing scale in order differentiate the raw mass
of the liquid excluding the weight of the given equipment. (note that the measuring
equipment must set to 0 or in balanced scale so that only the liquid will be
calibrated by the weighing scale. (fig. 1)
 (Fig. 1)
3. Use the weighing scale in getting all of the mass of the liquid sample to determine
which is the heaviest. Each of the weighing process indicates 5 trials. (fig.2)

Fig.2 – Determining Liquid Mass using Weighing Scale

4. Getting the mass of each of the liquid, the students also get its density and
specific gravity of each which has been done in 5 trials in order to validate which
liquid is the heaviest. Refer from the formula of getting the density: ρ-is density;
m- mass of the liquid measured v-volume
𝒎
𝝆=
𝒗
Since density is a quantity which means the degree of compactness of a substance, also,
refer from the formula of specific gravity indicated: SG=specific gravity; ρfluid= density of the
fluid; ρwater= density of water
𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

5. After getting the density of each of liquids, the group representative in the
experiment poured the different liquids in a beaker in order to check the concept
both theoretical and experimental. It has been indicated that the liquid which has
the heaviest density will settle at the bottom of the beaker and the one, which is
the lightest, will be the one 6which will remain at the upper part of the mixture
(fig. 1)

Fig.3 – Layers of Liquid

 6. DATA AND RESULT:

LIQUID 1: Glucose ST. DENSITY: 1.54 g/ml

TRIAL MASS (grams) VOLUME (ml) DENSITY(g/ml) SP.
GRAVITY % of error
1 75.3 50 1.506 2.328 2.2077922
2 91.3 60 1.522 2.242 1.1688312
3 105.5 70 1.507 2.0914 2.1428571
4 121.1 80 1.513 2.02 1.7532468
5 135.3 90 1.503 2.02 2.4025974

LIQUID 2: Joy Dishawashing liquid ST. DENSITY: 1.05 g/ml

TRIAL MASS (grams) VOLUME (ml) DENSITY (g/ml) SP.
GRAVITY % of error
1 51.5 50 1.03 0.726 1.9047619
2 62.7 60 1.045 0.767 0.4761905
3 72.3 70 1.032 0.801 1.7142857
4 82.7 80 1.033 0.835 1.6190476
5 90.5 90 1.005 0.852 4.2857143

LIQUID 3: Tap Water ST. DENSITY: 1 g/ml

TRIAL MASS (grams) VOLUME (ml) DENSITY (g/ml) SP. % of
GRAVITY error
1 48.2 50 0.964 0.586 3.6
2 59.3 60 0.988 0.645 1.2
3 68.5 70 0.978 0.786 2.2
4 76.3 80 0.953 0.778 4.7
5 85.8 90 0.95 0.834 5
LIQUID 4: Palm Oil ST. DENSITY: 0.92 g/ml
TRIAL MASS (grams) VOLUME (ml) DENSITY (g/ml) SP.
GRAVITY % of error
1 44.3 50 0.886 0.576 3.6956522
2 52.2 60 0.87 0.62 5.4347826
3 61.3 70 0.8757 0.895 4.8152174
4 70.6 80 0.8825 0.681 4.076087
5 82.2 90 0.911 0.719 0.9782609

LIQUID 5: Engine Oil ST. DENSITY: 0.84 g/ml

TRIAL MASS (grams) VOLUME (ml) DENSITY (g/ml) SP.
GRAVITY % of error
1 40.1 50 0.802 1.196 4.5238095
2 49.7 60 0.828 1.183 1.4285714
3 56.7 70 0.81 1.127 3.5714286
4 63.5 80 0.79 1.079 5.952381
5 73.4 90 0.82 1.051 2.3809524
 7. COMPUTATION:

Density and Specific Gravity Computation

Liquid 1: Glucose 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
Computation of Specific
Computation of Gravity:
TRIAL 𝒎 DENSITY (g/ml) SP. GRAVITY
Density: 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒗 𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟒 𝒈 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
1 𝝆= 2.328 𝑺𝑮 = 2.328
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 𝒈 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

2 𝝆= 2.242 𝑺𝑮 = 2.242
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟒 𝒈 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
3 𝝆= 2.091 𝑺𝑮 = 2.091
𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟔 𝒈 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
4 𝝆= 2.02 𝑺𝑮 = 2.02
𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟏 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
5 𝝆= 1.89 𝑺𝑮 = 1.89
𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Liquid 2: Joy Dishwashing liquid 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

 Computation of Specific
Computation of Gravity:
TRIAL 𝒎 DENSITY (g/ml) SP. GRAVITY
Density: 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒗 𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟑𝟔. 𝟒 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
1 𝝆= 0.726 𝑺𝑮 = 0.726
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟒𝟔. 𝟎 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝒍
2 𝝆= 0.767 𝑺𝑮 = 0.767
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟓𝟔. 𝟏 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

3 𝝆= 0.801 𝑺𝑮 = 0.801
𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟔𝟔. 𝟖 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
4 𝝆= 0.835 𝑺𝑮 = 0.835
𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟕𝟔. 𝟕 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
5 𝝆= 0.852 𝑺𝑮 = 0.852
𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Liquid 3: Tap Water 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Computation of Specific
Computation of Gravity:
TRIAL 𝒎 DENSITY (g/ml) SP. GRAVITY
Density: 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒗 𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟐𝟖. 𝟒 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
1 𝝆= 0.586 𝑺𝑮 = 0.586
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟑𝟖. 𝟕 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
2 𝝆= 0.645 𝑺𝑮 = 0.645
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟓𝟓. 𝟎 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

3 𝝆= 0.786 𝑺𝑮 = 0.786
𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟔𝟐. 𝟐 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

4 𝝆= 0.778 𝑺𝑮 = 0.778
𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟕𝟓. 𝟏 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟒 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

5 𝝆= 0.834 𝑺𝑮 = 0.834
𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Liquid 4: Palm Oil 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

 Computation of Specific
Computation of Gravity:
TRIAL 𝒎 DENSITY (g/ml) SP. GRAVITY
Density: 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒗 𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟐𝟖. 𝟖 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
1 𝝆= 0.576 𝑺𝑮 = 0.576
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟑𝟕. 𝟐 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
2 𝝆= 0.62 𝑺𝑮 = 0.62
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
3 𝝆= 0.895 𝑺𝑮 = 0.895
𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟓𝟒. 𝟓 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

4 𝝆= 0.681 𝑺𝑮 = 0.681
𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟔𝟒. 𝟕 𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
5 𝝆= 0.719 𝑺𝑮 = 0.719
𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Liquid 5: Engine Oil 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

Computation of Specific
Computation of Gravity:
TRIAL 𝒎 DENSITY (g/ml) SP. GRAVITY
Density: 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒗 𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟗 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
1 𝝆= 1.196 𝑺𝑮 = 1.196
𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

𝟕𝟏. 𝟎 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝒈/𝒎𝒍

2 𝝆= 1.183 𝑺𝑮 = 1.183
𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟕𝟖. 𝟗 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
3 𝝆= 1.127 𝑺𝑮 = 1.127
𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟖𝟔. 𝟑 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝒈/𝒎𝒍
4 𝝆= 1.079 𝑺𝑮 = 1.079
𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
𝟗𝟒. 𝟔 𝒈 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
5 𝝆= 1.051 𝑺𝑮 = 1.051
𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒍 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍
Computation of percentage of error
Glucose % of error
Trial 1 𝟏.𝟓𝟒−𝟏.𝟓𝟎𝟔
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 2.207792
𝟏.𝟓𝟒
Trial 2 𝟏.𝟓𝟒−𝟏.𝟓𝟐𝟐
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.1688312
𝟏.𝟓𝟒
Trial 3 𝟏.𝟓𝟒−𝟏.𝟓𝟎𝟕
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 2.1428571
𝟏.𝟓𝟒
Trial 4` 𝟏.𝟓𝟒−𝟏.𝟓𝟏𝟑
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.7532468
𝟏.𝟓𝟒
Trial 5 𝟏.𝟓𝟒−𝟏.𝟓𝟎𝟑
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 2.4025974
𝟏.𝟓𝟒

Joy Dishwashing liquid % of error

Trial 1 %error=
𝟏.𝟎𝟓−𝟏.𝟎𝟑
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.9047619
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 2 𝟏.𝟎𝟓−𝟏.𝟎𝟒𝟓
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 0.4761905
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 3 𝟏.𝟎𝟓−𝟏.𝟎𝟑𝟐
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.7142857
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 4` 𝟏.𝟎𝟓−𝟏.𝟎𝟑𝟑
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.6190476
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 5 𝟏.𝟎𝟓−𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝟓
%error= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 4.2857143
𝟏.𝟎𝟓

Tap water % of error

 Trial 1 %error=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝟒
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 3.6
𝟏
Trial 2 %error=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗𝟖𝟖
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.2
𝟏
Trial 3 %error=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟖
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 2.2
𝟏
Trial 4` %error=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟑
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 4.7
𝟏
Trial 5 %error=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟗𝟓
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 5
𝟏.

Palm Oil % of error

Trial 1 %error=
𝟎.𝟗𝟐−𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟔
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 3.6956522
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 2 %error=
𝟎.𝟗𝟐−𝟎.𝟖𝟕
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 5.4347826
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 3 %error=
𝟎.𝟗𝟐−𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟕
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 4.18152174
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 4` %error=
𝟎.𝟗𝟐−𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟓
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 4.076087
𝟏.𝟎𝟓
Trial 5 %error=
𝟎.𝟗𝟐−𝟎.𝟗𝟏𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 0.9782609
𝟎.𝟗𝟐

Engine Oil % of error

Trial 1 %error=
𝟎.𝟖𝟒−𝟎.𝟖𝟎𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 4.5238095
𝟎.𝟖𝟒
Trial 2 %error=
𝟎.𝟖𝟒−𝟎.𝟖𝟐𝟖
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 1.4285714
𝟎.𝟖𝟒
Trial 3 %error=
𝟎.𝟖𝟒−𝟎.𝟖𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 3.5714286
𝟎.𝟖𝟒
Trial 4` %error=
𝟎.𝟖𝟒−𝟎.𝟕𝟗
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 5.952381
𝟎.𝟖𝟒
Trial 5 %error=
𝟎.𝟖𝟒−𝟎.𝟖𝟐
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 2.3809524
𝟎.𝟖𝟒

8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The group has observed that as the volume of the liquid increase the mass of the liquid will
also increase which lead to a greater value in density of the liquid. It is also seen in the tables that
the specific gravity of the liquid is identical to the density of the liquid; it has remained identical
throughout the five trials of each liquid. The cause for this pattern to happen is the density of water
𝒈
which is the density of water ( 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒎𝒍). The standard specific gravity of the five liquids are not near
to the calculated specific gravity in the experiment. The standard specific gravity of the five liquids were
observed at a location with controlled temperature, since this experiment was not in an ideal setting the
specific gravity will not be near the standard value. The errors can also be due to the human error in measuring
the volume of the liquid.

9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

Upon the actual experimentation liquids used in this experiment tend to manage
themselves from the heaviest to the lightest liquid, from bottom to top respectively the
divisions of the liquids are noticeable once laid on the top of the other. Liquids in the
container doesn’t mix at all liquids used in the experiment have different densities hence it
was the factor which made the liquids have their own separation making it impossible to mix
the said liquids.
10. RUBRICK:

EXCEEDS MEETS BELOW

EXPECTATION EXPECTATION NOT ACCEPTABLE
EXPECTATION
CRITERIA
4 3 2 1

Demonstrate Occasionally Partially Do not demonstrate

needed skills to demonstrate demonstrate the needed skills to
finish the task, needed skills to needed skills to finish the task, do
able to set – up finish the task, finish the task not able to set – up
the materials able to set – up and able to set – the materials and
Laboratory
with without the materials up the materials do not follow
Skills
supervision and with minimum with safety guidelines
(30 %)
always follow supervision, supervision, during laboratory
safety guidelines occasionally partially follows performance.
during follows safety safety guidelines
laboratory guidelines during during
performance.
 laboratory laboratory
performance. performance.

Professional Accurate Accurate Data are not shown

looking and representation of representation of OR are inaccurate.
accurate the data in tables the data in
representation of and/or graphs. written form, No calculations are
the data in tables Graphs and but no graphs or shown OR results
Data and and/or graphs. tables are labeled tables are are inaccurate or
Calculation Graphs and and titled. presented. mislabeled.
(20 %) tables are
labeled and Some Some
titled. calculations are calculations are
shown and the shown and the
All calculations results are correct results labeled
are shown and and labeled appropriately.
the results are appropriately
correct and
labeled
appropriately.
Analysis The relationship The relationship The relationship The relationship
between the between the between the between the
(20 %) variables is variables is variables is variables is not
discussed and discussed and discussed but no discussed.
trends/patterns trends/patterns patterns, trends
logically logically or predictions
analyzed. analyzed. are made based
Predictions are on the data.
made about what
might happen if
part of the lab
were changed or
how the
experimental
design could be
changed.
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion No conclusion was
Conclusion includes whether includes whether includes what included in the
(30 %) the findings the findings was learned report OR shows
supported the supported the from the little effort and
hypothesis, hypothesis and experiment. reflection.
possible sources what was learned
of error, and
 what was from the
learned from the experiment.
experiment.

SCORE

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT AND SUGGESTION: