Chapter5 INTEGRATION

Section 1 Antidifferentiation : The Indefinite Integral

In Problems
Z
1 through 30, find the indicated integral. Check your answers by differentiation.
1. −3dx
Solution
Z
−3dx = −3x + C
Z
3. x5 dx
Solution
Z
x6
x5 dx = +C
6
Z
1
5. dx
x2
Solution
Z
1 1
2
dx = − + C
x x
Z
2
7. √ dt
t
Solution
Z Z √
2
√ dt = 2t−1/2 dt = 4 t + C
t
Z
9. u−2/5 du
Solution
Z
3 3/5
u−2/5 du = u +C
5
Z √
11. (3t2 − 5t + 2)dt
Solution
Z √
2
√ 2 5 3/2
3
(3t − 5t + 2)dt = t − t + 2t + C
3

1
 Z
√
13. (3 y − 2y −3 )dy
Solution
Z Z
√
(3 y − 2y −3 )dy = (3y 1/2 − 2y −3 )dy

= 2y 3/2 + y −2 + C
Z
ex √
15. + x x)dx
(
2
Solution
Z Z x
ex √ e
( + x x)dx = ( + x3/2 )dx
2 2
ex 2 5/2
= + x +C
2 5
Z
1
17. u1.1 ( − 1)du
3u
Solution
Z Z
1 1
u1.1 ( − 1)du = ( u0.1 − u1.1 )du
3u 3
u1.1 u2.1
= − +C
3.3 2.1
Z
x2 + 2x + 1
19. dx
x2
Solution
Z Z
x2 + 2x + 1 2 1
dx = (1 +
+ 2 )dx
x2 x x
1
= x + ln x2 − + C
x
Z
1
21. (x3 − 2x2 )( − 5)dx
x
Solution
Z Z
3 1 2
(x − 2x )( − 5)dx = (−5x3 + 11x2 − 2x)dx
x
5 11
= − x4 + x3 − x2 + C
4 3
Z √
23. t(t2 − 1)dt
Solution
Z √ Z
2
t(t − 1)dt = (t5/2 − t1/2 )dt
2 7/2 2 3/2
= t − t +C
7 3

2
 Z
25. (et + 1)2 dt
Solution
Z Z
t 2
(e + 1) dt = (e2t + 2et + 1)dt
1 2t
= e + 2et + t + C
2
Z
1 5
27. − √ + e−y/2 )dy
(
3y y
Solution
Z
1 5 1 √
( − √ + e−y/2 )dy = ln |y| − 10 y − 2e−y/2 + C
3y y 3
Z
29. t−1/2 (t2 − t + 2)dt
Solution
Z Z
t−1/2 (t2 − t + 2)dt = (t3/2 − t1/2 + 2t−1/2 )dt
2 5/2 2 3/2
= t − t + 4t1/2 + C
5 3

45. MARGINAL COST A manufacturer estimates that the marginal cost of producing
q units of a certain commodity is C 0 (q) = 3q 2 − 24q + 48 dollars per unit. If the cost of
producing 10 units is 5,000 dollars, what is the cost of producing 30 units.
Solution(e.g. 5.1.5)
C(q) is found by antidifferentiating C 0 (q) as follows:
Z Z
0
C(q) = C (q)dq = (3q 2 − 24q + 48)dq = q 3 − 12q 2 + 48q + K

Since the cost of producing 10 units is 5,000 dollars, we have

C(10) = 5000 = 103 − 12 · 102 + 48 · 10 + K

So K = 4720 and

C(q) = q 3 − 12q 2 + 48q + 4720

Thus, the cost of producing 30 units is

C(30) = 303 − 12 · 302 + 48 · 30 + 4720 = $22360

3
47. LEARNING Bob is taking a learning test in which the time he takes to memorize items
from a given list is recorded. Let M (t) be the number of items he can memorize in t minutes.
His learning rate is found to be

M 0 (t) = 0.4t − 0.005t2

a. How many items can Bob memorize during the first 10 minutes ?
b. How many additional items can he memorize during the next 10 minutes (from time t = 10
to t = 20)?
Solution(e.g. 5.1.7)

Z Z
0
M (t) = M (t)dt = (0.4t − 0.005t2 )dt = 0.2t2 − 0.005t3 /3 + C

for some constant C.

a. Since
1
M (10) − M (0) = 0.2 · 102 − 0.005 · 103 /3 + C − C = 18
3
Bob can memorize 18 items during the first 10 minutes.
a. Since

M (20) − M (10) = (0.2 · 202 − 0.005 · 203 /3 + C) − (0.2 · 102 − 0.005 · 103 /3 + C)
1
= 48
3
Bob can memorize 48 items during the next 10 minutes.

Section 2 Integration by Substitution

In Problems 3 through 35, find the indicated integral and check your answers by differentia-
tion.
Z
3. (2x + 6)5 dx
Solution (e.g. 5.2.1)
We choose u = 2x + 6 and obtain
1
du = 2dx so that dx = du
2
Then the integral becomes
Z Z
1
(2x + 6)5 dx = u5 ( du)
2

4
 Z
1
= u5 du
2
1 6
= u +C
12
1
= (2x + 6)6 + C
12
Z √
5. 4x − 1dx
Solution (e.g. 5.2.1)
We choose u = 4x − 1 and obtain

1
du = 4dx so that dx = du
4

Then the integral becomes

Z √ Z
√ 1
4x − 1dx = u( du)
4
Z
1
= u1/2 du
4
1 2 3/2
= · u +C
4 3
1
= (4x − 1)3/2 + C
6
Z
7. e1−x dx
Solution(e.g. 5.2.3)
Z Z
e1−x dx = e1−x d(x − 1)
Z
= e1−x (−d(1 − x))
Z
= − e1−x d(1 − x)
Z
= − eu du

= −eu + C

= −e1−x + C
Z
2
9. xex dx
Solution
Z Z
2 2 1
xex dx = ex ( dx2 )
2
Z
1 2
= ex dx2
2

5
 Z
1
= eu du
2
1 u
= e +C
2
1 x2
= e +C
2
Z
11. t(t2 + 1)5 dt
Solution
Z Z
1
t(t2 + 1)5 dt = (t2 + 1)5 ( dt2 )
2
Z
1
= (t2 + 1)5 d(t2 + 1)
2
Z
1
= u5 du
2
1 1 6
= · u +C
2 6
1 2
= (t + 1)6 + C
12
Z
13. x2 (x3 + 1)3/4 dx
Solution
Z Z
2 2 3/4 1
x (x + 1) dx = (x3 + 1)3/4 ( d(x3 + 1))
3
Z
1
= (x3 + 1)3/4 d(x3 + 1)
3
1 4 3
= · (x + 1)7/4 + C
3 7
4 3
= (x + 1)7/4 + C
21
Z
2y 4
15. dy
y5 + 1
Solution
Z Z
2y 4 2 1
dy = ( d(y 5 + 1))
y5 + 1 y5
+1 5
Z
2 1
= 5
d(y 5 + 1)
5 y +1
2
= ln |y 5 + 1| + C
5
Z
17. (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 5)12 dx
Solution
Z Z
2 12 1
(x + 1)(x + 2x + 5) dx = (x2 + 2x + 5)12 d(x2 + 2x + 5)
2
1 2
= (x + 2x + 5)13 + C
26

6
 Z
3x4 + 12x3 + 6
19. dx
x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12
Solution
Z Z
3x4 + 12x3 + 6 3 1
dx = d(x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12)
x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12 5 4
5 x + 5x + 10x + 12
3
= ln |x5 + 5x4 + 10x + 12| + C
5
Z
3u − 3
21. du
(u2 − 2u + 6)2
Solution
Z Z
3u − 3 3 1
du = d(u2 − 2u + 6)
(u2 − 2u + 6)2 2 (u2 − 2u + 6)2
Z
3
= (u2 − 2u + 6)−2 d(u2 − 2u + 6)
2
3 1
= − 2 +C
2 u − 2u + 6
Z
ln 5x
23. dx
x
Solution
Z Z
ln 5x
dx = ln 5xd(ln 5x)
x
1
= (ln 5x)2 + C
2
Z
1
25. dx
x(ln x)2
Solution
Z Z
1 1
dx = d(ln x)
x(ln x)2 (ln x)2
−1
= +C
ln x
Z
2x ln(x2 + 1)
27. dx
x2 + 1
Solution
Z Z
2x ln(x2 + 1)
dx = ln(x2 + 1)d(ln(x2 + 1))
x2 + 1
1
= [ln(x2 + 1)]2 + C
2
Z
ex + e−x
29. dx
ex − e−x
Solution
Z Z
ex + e−x 1
x −x
dx = d(ex − e−x )
e −e e − e−x
x

= ln |ex − e−x | + C

7
 Z
x
31. dx
2x + 1
Solution(e.g. 5.2.8)

Z Z
x x + 0.5 − 0.5
dx = dx
2x + 1 2x + 1
Z
1 1
= [ − ]dx
2 2(2x + 1)
Z Z
1 1 1 1
= 1dx − · d(2x + 1)
2 2 2 2x + 1
1 1
= x − ln |2x + 1| + C
2 4
Z √
33. x 2x + 1dx
Solution
√ 1
Choose u = 2x + 1 to obtain du = √ dx, so that
2x + 1

u2 − 1 √
x= dx = 2x + 1du = udu
2

Z √ Z 2
u −1
x 2x + 1dx = · u(udu)
2
Z
1
= (u4 − u2 )du
2
1 1 5 1 3
= ( u − u )+C
2 5 3
1 5 1 3
= u − u +C
10 6
1 1
= (2x + 1)5/2 − (2x + 1)3/2 + C
10 6
Z
1
35. √ √ dx
x( x + 1)
Solution
Z Z
1 1 √
√ √ dx = 2 √ d( x + 1)
x( x + 1) x+1
√
= 2 ln( x + 1) + C

51. TREE GROWTH A tree has been transplanted and after x years is growing at the
1
rate of 1 + meters per year. After 2 years it has reached a height of 5 meters. How
(x + 1)2
tall was it when it was transplanted?
Solution(e.g.5.2.11)

8
Let h denote the height of the tree, so
1
h0 (x) = 1 +
(x + 1)2
to get
Z
h(x) = h0 (x)dx
Z
1
= (1 + )dx
(x + 1)2
1
= x− +C
x+1
Since h = 5 when x = 2, that is
1
5 = 2− +C
2+1
10
C =
3
so
1 10
h(x) = x − +
x+1 3
When the tree was transplanted, it was
1 10
h(0) = 0 − + ≈ 2.3 meters
0+1 3
59. DEMAND The manager of a shoe store determines that the price p (dollars) for each
pair of a popular brand of sports sneakers is changing at the rate of
−300x
p0 (x) =
(x2 + 9)3/2
when x (hundred) pairs are demanded by consumer. When the price is $ 75 per pair, 400
pairs (x=4) are demanded by consumers.
a. Find the demand (price) function p(x)
b. At what price will 500 pairs of sneakers be demanded? At what price will no sneakers be
demanded?
c. How many pairs will be demanded at a price of 90 dollars per pair? Solution(e.g.5.2.11)
a. The demand (price) function is
Z
p(x) = p0 (x)dx
Z
−300x
= dx
(x2 + 9)3/2
300
= √ +C
x2 + 9

9
Since p = 75 when x = 4, we find that

300
75 = √+C
42 + 9
C = 15

so

300
p(x) = √ + 15
x2 + 9
b. When 500 pairs of sneakers are demanded, x = 5 and the corresponding price is

300
p(5) = √ + 15 ≈ $66.45 per pair
52 + 9
No units are demanded when x = 0 and the corresponding price is

300
p(0) = √ + 15 = $115 per pair
02 + 9
c. When the price is $ 90 per pair, p = 90 and solve the equation

300
√ + 15 = 90
x2 + 9
x ≈ 2.65

That is, roughly 265 pairs will be demanded.

10