2.

Abstract of Excitation Equipments(ExEq)

3 phases brushless alternator, equipped with ExEq which has the voltage regulator with parallel
operation(droop compensation) equipment, consists of several parts but can be described as 3
main parts as below.
The main roles for each part will be described.

Fig (1) Control circuit

load reference value

voltage measuring (sensing) AVR.

droop compensator
current transformer bypass resistor

rectifier transformer static rectifier

thyristor
main stator reactor

capacitor exciter field residual magnetic flux

stator part

rotor part
main rotor rotating rectifier exciter rotor

main exciter

2.1. Main stator:

(1) Main armature or main stator of main machine
Main winding(static part) which generators the electric power proportional to the main rotor
current or main field current and supplies power to the load.

2.2. Rotor:
(1) Main field(rotating field of main machine)
(2) Rotating rectifier
(3) Armature(Exciter rotor) of exciter machine
The three-phase current(A.C.) generated in the rotor winding of the exciter is rectified to direct
current(D.C.) by rotating silicon diodes(three-phase bridge circuit) and applied to the rotating
pole winding of the main generator which produces the magnetic flux required to generate the
voltage(electric power) at Main winding.

2.3. Static exciter:

(1) Automatic voltage regulator(controller, AVR.)
(2) Exciter field(exciter stator))
(3) Excitation Equipment(ExEq) besides A.V.R
Static exciter contains exciter field and ExEq with AVR, but generally it means ExEq(AVR,
Transformers, Static rectifier and etc.) except exciter field. Brief operating sequence is as below.

2.3.1. Exciting current(current required to produce about 110% of no-load rated output voltage)
proportional to the no-load voltage of Main stator is transferred to the Rectifier Transformer(T6)
via Reactor(L1) - 분권 특성
2.3.2. Exciting current(current required to produce about 105% of full load rated output voltage
by compensating armature reaction and armature reactance) proportional to the load voltage of
Main stator is transferred to the Rectifier Transformer(T6) via Current transformers(T1.T2.T3). -
직권 특성
2.3.3. The exciter currents transferred to the rectifier transformer via Reactor and current
transformer are magnetically combined and transferred to the static rectifier(V1, V29).
2.3.4. The static rectifier transforms A.C power transferred via rectifier transformer to D.C
power and this D.C power is supplied to the exciter field.
 2.3.5. AVR. compares the terminal voltage(sensing voltage) compensated by droop
compensator and the reference voltage set by reference value setter and transforms the
difference between sensing voltage and reference voltage to the pulse. That pulse turns on the
gate of thyristor.
2.3.6. By turning on Thyristor gate, the excess current(transferred from rectifier transformer
over the current required to keep proper output voltage bypasses through the bypass
resister(R1,R48). By controlling the bypass current the output terminal voltage of main stator
can be kept required proper voltage value.

7. Function of the components of excitation equipment

7.1. Reactor(L1):
Reactor(L1) transforms the main terminal voltage to the current which is supplied to the exciter
field as exciting current(Ifo:no-load exciting current) through rectifier transformer(T6). The
current can be adjusted by changing the size of L1 air gap located upper side of it. Ifo is almost
proportional to the size of L1 air gap. It means that the bigger air gap supplies bigger Ifo and
the smaller air gap supplies smaller Ifo.
Fig.(3) Vector diagram for exciting current
Ua: terminal voltage(phase)
Ja: armature current
Ja.Xp ep: internal voltage
Ja.Ra: voltage drop by resistance
ep Ja.Xp: voltage drop by Potier reactance
Ja.Ra Φ: power factor angle
Jf(Reactor): supply current from reactor
Ua Jf(current): supply current from current transformer
* Jf = exciter field current before static rectifier bridge

Jf(total)∼

Ja
Φ Φ Jf(current)∼

Jf(Reactor)∼
7.2. Capacitor(C1, C2, C3):
By resonance with the reactance of reactor(L1) during increasing the rotating speed of the
generator, the capacitors(C1,C2,C3) acts to reduce the voltage built-up time.
7.3. Current transformer(T1, T2, T3):
CTs supply to the exciter field the exciting current proportional to load current via the rectifier
transformer. The CTs compensate the voltage drop coming from armature reaction and armature
reactance by supplying the load proportional current to the exciter field. The load compensating
current which is adjusted by changing the turn ratio of CTs keeps the output voltage at the
constant value under same condition by supplying additional exciting current required to
compensate the voltage drop due to armature reaction and armature reactance.

7.4. Rectifier transformer(T6):

It acts as power transformer. The current supplied by Reactor(L1) from main bus and current
transformers(T1,T2,T3) is transformed and compounded magnetically by this rectifier
transformer(T6) and supplied to the exciter field. The current supplied by Reactor from main bus
is amplified by the turn ratio of the primary winding and secondary winding(the winding at static
rectifier side), and the current supplied by current transformer(T1,T2,T3) from main bus is
amplified by the turn ratio of the input winding(from current transformer) and output
winding(the winding at static rectifier side) of the rectifier transformer. These two currents were
compounded magnetically and supplied to the exciter field. The exciting current is changed
according to following regulation.
(1) Reduction of primary winding turn number(1U1  1U3) :
The exciting current proportional to the output voltage of generator decreases during no-
load operation.
(2) Reduction of input winding(from current transformers) turn number(2U1  2U8) :
The exciting current proportional to the load current of generator decreases during on-load
operation.
(3) Reduction of output winding(the winding at static rectifier side) turn number(2U1  2U8) :
The exciting current proportional to the output voltage and proportional to the load current
of generator increases at the same time during no-load or on-load operation.
At any case the amount of exciting current is inversely proportional to the turn number of
output winding(the winding at the static rectifier side) and proportional to the turn number of
input winding(primary winding during no-load operation, input winding at CTs side during on-
load operation).

7.5. Static rectifier(V1 or V29):

It rectifies the AC power supplied via Rectifier transformer(T6) to DC power which is supplied to
exciter field.

7.6. Measuring(Step down) transformers(T7, T8): (HFx5 only)

The high voltage(generator output voltage) is step downed by these transformer to the sensing
voltage(near to 24 [V]) and supplied to the AVR which measures this voltage to control the by-
pass current to keep the generator output voltage at the constant value.

7.7. Intermediate transformer((Droop compensation current transformer: T4, T5 or

T4):
They add the sensing voltage via tandem potentiometer(‘R2’/HFx5, ‘S’/HFx6) by supplying the
transformed current proportional to the load current. This additional voltage(proportional to the
load current) and the sensing voltage supplied through measuring transformer from output
voltage of generator are compounded in vector and compounded voltage is supplied to the AVR
as final sensing voltage. The sensing voltage increases(The output voltage of generator
decreases) according to increasing of reactive load current because the sensing voltage
increases to the maximum value at cosΦ = 0 and minimum value(almost same as before) at
cosΦ = 1.
Fig.(4) Vector Diagram of sensing voltage for HFx5 series generator
Sensing voltage (cosΦ = 0)
Sensing voltage (cosΦ = 1) U
Line – line voltage

W V
Phase sequence of Phase voltage

Voltage drop at R2 (cosΦ = 1)

Voltage drop at R2 (cosΦ = 0)

7.8. Series(By pass) resistor(R1 or R48):

The output voltage of the generator can be controlled by controlling the bypass current which
flows through the bypass circuit with this series resistor. And some of U phase current of three
phases currents supplied to the static rectifier(V1 or V29) from Rectifier Transformer(T6)
bypasses through this series resistor. The bypass amount of U phase current is controlled by the
thyristor, which makes the ON or OFF circuit by the pulse signal supplied by voltage regulator.
The voltage regulator(A1) compares the sensing voltage value and the reference value given by
reference value setter, and makes the pulse according to the comparison result and supplies the
time controlled pulse to the thyristor.

Fig. (5) Bypassing the exciting current by bypass resistor(HFx5 Type generator)
w v u
Ju A.V.R. (A1)

Jb R1 1 5

Jua

Js

Jb
Jef Jef = Js - Jb
F1 F2 Jua = Ju - Jb
Jef = exciter field current
Js = total current of rectifier bridge (-) line
Jb = bypass current
Jua = ‘u’ phase current of rectifier bridge
Ju = total current of ‘u’ phase

7.9. Series(By pass) Thyristor(V28):

It makes the bypass circuit as ON or OFF state by the gate pulse supplied by Voltage
regulator(A1).