Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Closed Conduits
1- Introduction
The flow of water, oil and gas in pipes is of immense
practical significance in CE
or
0 gR
hf
gRS f (7)
L
where R (hydraulic radius) = A/P ( = D/4 for a circular pipe of diameter D).
Rewriting (7):
D hf
(8)
0 g
4 L
Figure 4 Velocity distribution across a pipe
Laminar flow
hf can be obtained theoretically in the form
of the Hagen-Pouiseuille equation:
32 LV Hagen-Pouiseuille
hf
gD 2 Equation (9)
Turbulent flow
2
LV Darcy-Weisbach
hf
D 2g Formula (10)
: Dimensionless friction factor
1. Smooth pipes
In the case of turbulent flow experimental work on
smooth pipes by Blasius (1913) yielded the relationship:
0.3164 Blasius equation (11)
Re 0.25
2. Nikuradse’s experimental results
Nikuradse conducted experiment on pipes which were
artificially roughened by sticking uniform sand grains.
He defined Ks/D as the relative roughness.
Figure 5 Nikuradse’s experimental results
This figure shows that there are 5 regions of flow, as
follows:
a. Laminar Flow
The relative roughness has no influence on the friction
factor.
64 64 (12)
DV Re
b. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow
An unstable region between Re=2000 and 4000.
Pipe flow normally lies outside this region.
c. Smooth turbulence
The limiting line of turbulent flow, approached by all
values of relative roughness as Re decreases.
d. Transitional turbulence
The region in which varies with both Re and Ks/D.
In practice, most pipe flow lies within this region.
e. Rough turbulence
This region in which remains constant for a given
Ks/D, and is independent of Re.
3. The rough and smooth laws of Van Karman
and Prandtl
Van Karman and Prandtl suggested the
following semi-empirical formulas:
For smooth pipes
1 Re (13)
2 log
2 . 51
1 ks 2.51 (15)
2 log
3 . 7 D Re
This formula is Pipe Material Ks (mm)
0.00551 20000 s
D Re
which gives correct to 5% for 4x103 < Re < 1x107 and Ks/D<0.01.
L
or alternatively,
1 . 85
hf 6 . 78 L V
1 . 165 (20)
L D C
V2
hL K L (23)
2g
hL : local head loss
KL: constant for a particular fitting.