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Circuit Theorems
ORIGINAL CIRCUIT
THEVENIN CIRCUIT NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
a Rt a a
Circuit Circuit + voc Circuit isc Rt Circuit
A B – B B
b b b
PROBLEMS
i 2V
4 Ω 2 Ω
– + 6 Ω
+
+ 4 2 8V
9V –
v Ω 0.5 A Ω
3 Ω 10 Ω
ia + –
–
(a) 2A 16 Ω 12 Ω 7 Ω
v0
20 Ω i
4 Ω
i Rt + –
+
Figure P 5.2-3
+ +
9V –
v
–
vt
ia – P 5.2-4 Determine the value of the current ia in the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.2-4.
(b) 10 V
6 kΩ 4 kΩ 4 kΩ
Figure P 5.2-1 +–
ia
+ –
P 5.2-2 Consider the circuit of Figure P 5.2-2. Find ia by – 12 V 3 kΩ 4 kΩ + 6V
simplifying the circuit (using source transformations) to a
single-loop circuit so that you need to write only one KVL
equation to find ia. Figure P 5.2-4
Problems 205
i R
P 5.2-5 Use source transformations to find the current ia in
the circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-5.
+ v –
Answer: ia ¼ 1 A 24 Ω
4A
+ 12 V 18 Ω 2A 12 Ω
6V –
6Ω
– +
12 V +
1A 3Ω 24 Ω
–
ia
Figure P 5.2-8
Figure P 5.2-5 P 5.2-9 Determine the value of the power supplied by the
current source in the circuit shown in Figure P 5.2-9.
P 5.2-6 Use source transformations to find the value of the
voltage va in Figure P 5.2-6. 15 Ω
Answer: va ¼ 7 V
100 Ω 8V
+
+ – 24 V – 2A 25 Ω
+
+
– 10 V va 100 Ω 100 Ω 30 mA
– 24 Ω
–
32 V + 12 Ω
Figure P 5.2-6
Figure P 5.2-9
P 5.2-7 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.2-7 is obtained from
the original circuit using source transformations and equivalent
resistances. (The lower case letters a and b identify the nodes of Section 5.3 Superposition
the capacitor in both the original and equivalent circuits.)
Determine the values of Ra, Va, Rb, and Ib in the equivalent circuit P 5.3-1 The inputs to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-1
are the voltage source voltages v1 and v2. The output of the
18 Ω a C b circuit is the voltage vo. The output is related to the inputs by
18 Ω vo ¼ av1 þ bv2
2.2 A 9Ω +
10 Ω 2.5 A – 36 V where a and b are constants. Determine the values of a and b.
32 V
–
+
20 Ω 5Ω
original circuit
+
+ +
C – v1 20 Ω vo v2 –
Ra a b
–
+ Rb Ib
– Va Figure P 5.3-1
12+15 cos(8t ) V
Given the following two facts:
The output is io ¼ 0:45 A when the inputs are is ¼ 0:25 A +–
+
and vs ¼ 15 V
10 Ω 40 Ω v (t ) 1+ sin (5t ) A
and
–
The output is io ¼ 0:30 A when the inputs are is ¼ 0:50 A
and vs ¼ 0 V Figure P 5.3-7
Determine the values of the constants a and b and the values of
the resistances are R1 and R2. P 5.3-8 Use superposition to find the value of the current
ix in Figure P 5.3-8.
Answers: a ¼ 0.6 A/A, b ¼ 0.02 A/V, R1 ¼ 30 V, and R2 ¼ 20 V.
Answer: ix ¼ 1=6 A
R1 io ix
+ R2 6Ω 3Ω
– vs is
+ +
– 8V 2A 3ix
–
Figure P 5.3-3
Figure P 5.3-4 A ix
6Ω
+ –
P 5.3-5 Determine v(t), the voltage across the vertical resistor
ix +
in the circuit in Figure P 5.3-5. + ia vo
vs – 12 Ω 12 Ω
−
40 Ω 10 Ω
+
+ + 12 cos(5t ) V
12 V – 40 Ω v (t ) –
Figure P 5.3-9
–
Hint: Determine the required values of A and ia.
Figure P 5.3-5
P 5.3-10 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-10 has three
P 5.3-6 Use superposition to find i for the circuit of inputs: v1, v2, and i3. The output of the circuit is vo. The output
Figure P 5.3-6. is related to the inputs by
Answer: i ¼ 3.5 mA vo ¼ av1 þ bv2 þ ci3
v2
8Ω
15 V
4 kΩ –
+
+– +
+ i3
30 mA 12 kΩ 6 kΩ – v1 40 Ω 10 Ω vo
2 kΩ
i –
P 5.3-7 Determine v(t), the voltage across the 40 Ω resistor in P 5.3-11 Determine the voltage vo(t) for the circuit shown in
the circuit in Figure P 5.3-7. Figure P 5.3-11.
Problems 207
+
4 ix where a, b, and c are constants. Determine the values of
10 Ω a, b, and c.
+
20 Ω
+
40 Ω – 2 V 10 Ω ix 5Ω vo(t)
–
v1 + i2 12 Ω
Figure P 5.3-11 – io
v3 – 10 Ω
+
96 Ω 32 Ω
20 V
0.3 A – Figure P 5.3-15
+
120 Ω 30 Ω
+ P 5.3-16 Using the superposition principle, find the value
vo
– of the current measured by the ammeter in Figure P 5.3-16a.
Hint: Figure P 5.3-16b shows the circuit after the ideal
Figure P 5.3-12 ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit
and a label has been added to indicate the current measured
P 5.3-13 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-13 by the ammeter, im.
is the current i1. The output is the voltage vo. The current i2 is 25 3
used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. Answer: im ¼ 5 ¼ 53 ¼ 2A
3þ2 2þ3
Determine values of the current i2 and the resistance R, that
cause the output to be related to the input by the equation
vo ¼ 0:5i1 þ 4 25 V
–+ Ammeter
a – vo + b 5A 3Ω
2Ω
2Ω
i1 i2
R 4Ω 8Ω 8Ω (a)
25 V
–+
Figure P 5.3-13
5A 3Ω im
P 5.3-14 Determine values of the current ia and the 2Ω
resistance R for the circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-14.
(b)
8V
Figure P 5.3-16 (a) A circuit containing two independent
–
+
ia sources. (b) The circuit after the ideal ammeter has been replaced
by the equivalent short circuit and a label has been added to
5 kΩ 20 kΩ indicate the current measured by the ammeter, im.
7 mA R
venin’s Theorem
Section 5.4 The
4 kΩ
2 mA
P 5.4-1 Determine values of Rt and voc that cause the
circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-1b to be the Thevenin equivalent
Figure P 5.3-14 circuit of the circuit in Figure P 5.4-1a.
P 5.3-15 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.3-15 has three Hint: Use source transformations and equivalent resistances
inputs: v1, i2, and v3. The output of the circuit is the current io. to reduce the circuit in Figure P 5.4-1a until it is the circuit in
The output of the circuit is related to the inputs by Figure P 5.4-1b.
208 5. Circuit Theorems
+ +
– 12 V 6Ω 3A –
voc
8Ω a
b b –
+ 6V va 4Ω
(a) (b) –
+ b
Figure P 5.4-1
P 5.4-2 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-2b is the Thevenin Figure P 5.4-5
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-2a.
Find the value of the open-circuit voltage voc and Thevenin P 5.4-6 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
resistance Rt. shown in Figure P 5.4-6.
Answer: voc ¼ 12 V and Rt ¼ 16 V
3Ω 3Ω a
10 Ω 8Ω Rt
+
+
2va 6Ω va 3A
–
–
+
–
+ 15 V 40 Ω voc b
–
Figure P 5.4-6
(a) (b)
P 5.4-7 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.4-7 is obtained by
Figure P 5.4-2 replacing part of the original circuit by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit. The values of the parameters of the Thevenin equivalent
P 5.4-3 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-3b is the Thevenin circuit are
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-3a. Find the
value of the open-circuit voltage voc and Thevenin resistance Rt. voc ¼ 15 V and Rt ¼ 60V
Answer: voc ¼ 2 V and Rt ¼ 4 V
Determine the following:
12 V Rt (a) The values of Vs and Ra. (Four resistors in the original
–+ circuit have equal resistance, Ra.)
+
(b) The value of Rb required to cause i ¼ 0.2 A.
1A 6Ω 6Ω –
voc
(c) The value of Rb required to cause v ¼ 12 V.
Ra i
6Ω
(a) (b) +
+ v
Figure P 5.4-3 – Vs Ra Ra Rb
–
P 5.4-4 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
shown in Figure P 5.4-4. Ra
12 Ω original circuit
Rt
6Ω 10 Ω a
+ +
18 V 3Ω – v oc Rb
–
b
Figure P 5.4-4
equivalent circuit
P 5.4-5 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
Figure P 5.4-7
shown in Figure P 5.4-5.
Problems 209
P 5.4-8 A resistor, R, was connected to a circuit box as shown P 5.4-12 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-12 contains an
in Figure P 5.4-8. The voltage v was measured. The resistance was adjustable resistor. The resistance R can be set to any value in
changed, and the voltage was measured again. The results are the range 0
R
100 kV.
shown in the table. Determine the Thevenin equivalent of the (a) Determine the maximum value of the current ia that can be
circuit within the box and predict the voltage v when R ¼ 8 kV. obtained by adjusting R. Determine the corresponding
i value of R.
+ R v (b) Determine the maximum value of the voltage va that can be
Circuit v obtained by adjusting R. Determine the corresponding
R 2 kΩ 6V
–
value of R.
4 kΩ 2V
(c) Determine the maximum value of the power supplied to the
adjustable resistor that can be obtained by adjusting R.
Figure P 5.4-8 Determine the corresponding value of R.
ia
P 5.4-9 A resistor, R, was connected to a circuit box as R 12 kΩ
shown in Figure P 5.4-9. The current i was measured. The
resistance was changed, and the current was measured again. + va −
The results are shown in the table. + 12 V 2 mA 18 kΩ
–
(a) Specify the value of R required to cause i ¼ 2 mA. 24 kΩ
(b) Given that R > 0, determine the maximum possible value
of the current i.
Figure P 5.4-12
Hint: Use the data in the table to represent the circuit by a
Thevenin equivalent. P 5.4-13 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-13 consists of
i two parts, the source (to the left of the terminals) and the load.
R i
The load consists of a single adjustable resistor having resist-
+
ance 0
RL
20 V. The resistance R is fixed but unspecified.
Circuit v R 2 kΩ 4 mA
When RL ¼ 4 V, the load current is measured to be io ¼ 0.375 A.
– 4 kΩ 3 mA
When RL ¼ 8 V, the value of the load current is io ¼ 0.300 A.
(a) Determine the value of the load current when RL ¼ 10 V.
Figure P 5.4-9 (b) Determine the value of R.
48 Ω
P 5.4-10 For the circuit of Figure P 5.4-10, specify the
resistance R that will cause current ib to be 2 mA. The current ia io
has units of amps. +
RL
24 V – R
Hint: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit
connected to R. source load
2000ia
Figure P 5.4-13
6 kΩ
+ –
P 5.4-14 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-14 contains an
12 V + 1 kΩ ia ib R unspecified resistance, R. Determine the value of R in each of
–
the following two ways.
(a) Write and solve mesh equations.
Figure P 5.4-10 (b) Replace the part of the circuit connected to the resistor R by
a Thevenin equivalent circuit. Analyze the resulting circuit.
P 5.4-11 For the circuit of Figure P 5.4-11, specify the
value of the resistance RL that will cause current iL to be 2 A.
Answer: RL ¼ 12 V 20 Ω 40 Ω
4i
a R
+ – +
40 V –
10 A 2Ω iL RL 0.25 A
i
20 Ω 10 Ω
b
P 5.4-15 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-15. P 5.4-17 Given that 0
R
1 in the circuit shown in Figure
Replace the part of the circuit to the left of terminals a–b by P 5.4-17, consider these two observations:
its Thevenin equivalent circuit. Determine the value of the Observation 1: When R ¼ 2 V then vR ¼ 4 V and iR ¼ 2 A.
current io.
a Observation 1: When R ¼ 6 V then vR ¼ 6 V and iR ¼ 1 A.
Determine the following:
96 Ω 32 Ω io (a) The maximum value of iR and the value of R that causes iR
20 V to be maximal.
– 32 Ω (b) The maximum value of vR and the value of R that causes vR
+
to be maximal.
+
(c) The maximum value of pR ¼ iR vR and the value of R that
120 Ω 30 Ω vo
causes pR to be maximal.
–
ia 24 iR
b Ω
Figure P 5.4-15 +
+ Bia R
–
vs 6 Ω
vR
P 5.4-16 An ideal voltmeter is modeled as an open circuit. A
more realistic model of a voltmeter is a large resistance. Figure –
P 5.4-16a shows a circuit with a voltmeter that measures the
voltage vm. In Figure P 5.4-16b, the voltmeter is replaced by the Figure P 5.4-17
model of an ideal voltmeter, an open circuit. The voltmeter
P 5.4-18 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-18.
measures vmi, the ideal value of vm.
Determine
(a) The value of vR that occurs when R ¼ 9 V.
200 Ω 10 Ω
(b) The value of R that causes vR ¼ 5.4 V.
+ Voltmeter (c) The value of R that causes iR ¼ 300 mA.
+ 25 V 50 Ω vm
– iR
20 Ω 6Ω
–
+
(a)
+ R
9V – 300 mA 30 Ω vR
200 Ω 10 Ω
–
+
+ 25 V
– 50 Ω vmi
Figure P 5.4-18
–
P 5.4-19 The circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-19a can be reduced
(b)
to the circuit shown in Figure P 5.4-19b using source transfor-
200 Ω 10 Ω mations and equivalent resistances. Determine the values of the
+ source voltage voc and the resistance R.
+ 25 V Rm R
– 50 Ω vm
–
42 Ω
(c) +
18 V 84 Ω C
–
Figure P 5.4-16
As Rm ! 1, the voltmeter becomes an ideal voltmeter
(a)
and vm ! vmi. When Rm < 1, the voltmeter is not ideal and
vm > vmi. The difference between vm and vmi is a measurement
error caused by the fact that the voltmeter is not ideal. 46 Ω
+ v oc
– C
(a) Determine the value of vmi.
(b) Express the measurement error that occurs when Rm ¼
1000 V as a percentage of vmi.
(c) Determine the minimum value of Rm required to ensure (b)
that the measurement error is smaller than 2 percent of vmi. Figure P 5.4-19
Problems 211
i
P 5.4-20 The equivalent circuit in Figure P 5.4-20 is obtained 50 Ω
(a)
Determine the following:
i
Ra Ra i
(b)
+ Figure P 5.5-1
+ v
– Vs Ra Rb
P 5.5-2 Two black boxes are shown in Figure P 5.5-2. Box
–
A contains the Thevenin equivalent of some linear circuit, and
box B contains the Norton equivalent of the same circuit. With
access to just the outsides of the boxes and their terminals, how
original circuit
can you determine which is which, using only one shorting wire?
Rt
Box A Box B
1Ω a a
+
– v oc Rb
1V +
– 1A 1Ω
equivalent circuit b b
(b)
Answers: vs ¼ 37:5 V; R1 ¼ 25 V; max v ¼ 10 V and max
p ¼ 1.25 W Figure P 5.5-3