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APPENDIX II
[LAMPIRAN II]

Figure I: Normalized rms load voltage vs. delay angle for a single-phase ac voltage
controller with a resistive load.

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APPENDIX III
[LAMPIRAN III]

Figure II: Normalized harmonic content vs. delay angle for a single-phase ac voltage
controller with a resistive load; Cn is the normalized amplitude.

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APPENDIX IV
[LAMPIRAN IV]

COMMONLY USED FUNCTIONS

sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1
A B A B
sin A  sin B  2sin cos
2 2
A B A B
sin A  sin B  2 cos sin
2 2
A B A B
cos A  cos B  2 cos cos
2 2
A B BA
cos A  cos B  2sin sin
2 2
1
sin A sin B   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B) 
2
1
cos A cos B   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B) 
2
1
sin A cos B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B) 
2
cos nx
 sin nxdx   n
x sin 2nx
 sin nxdx  2  4n
2

sin(m  n) x sin(m  n) x
 sin mx sin nxdx  2(m  n)  2(m  n) for m  n
sin nx
 cos nxdx  n
x sin 2nx
 cos nxdx  2  4n
2

sin( m  n) x sin(m  n) x
 cos mx cos nxdx  2(m  n)  2(m  n) for m  n
sin 2 nx
 sin nx cos nxdx  2n
cos(m  n) x cos(m  n) x
 sin mx cos nxdx  2(m  n)  2(m  n) for m  n

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APPENDIX V
[LAMPIRAN V]

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Power Computations
Fourier Series  
f (t)  a 0  a n cos(n0 t)  bn sin(n0 t)  a 0  Cn cos  n0t  n 
n 1 n 1
RMS of function f(t) t0 T
1
Frms 
T 
t0
f 2 (t)dt

  2
C 
Frms  
n 0
2
Fn,rms  a 02 
  n
n 1  2 

Instantaneous Power p(t) = v(t)i(t)

Average/real power: t0 T t0 T
1 1
P
T 
t0
p(t)dt 
T 
t0
v(t)i(t)dt

If v(t)=Vdc P  Vdc Iavg

If i(t)=Idc P  Vavg Idc
If v(t) and i(t) are P  Vrms Irms cos     pf  cos    
,
sinusoidal waveforms
If v(t) and i(t) are 
 Vn,max In,max 
nonsinusoidal periodic P  V0 I0   
n 1 2
 cos  n  n 

waveforms
Power in a resistor V 2 rms
P  I2 rms R
R
Apparent power S  Vrms Irms
Power factor P P
pf  
S Vrms Irms

Uncontrolled Half-Wave Rectifier

R load
Average output voltage 
1 V
Vo  Vavg 
2 0 
Vmsin(t)d(t)  m

RMS output voltage 
1 V
Vrms   Vmsin(t)2 d(t)  m

2 0 2
RL load
Instantaneous output V sin  t  for 0  t  

voltage vo  t    m

0 for   t  2
Average output voltage β
1 V
Vo =Vavg =  Vmsin  ωt  dωt = m 1  cosβ 
2π 0 2π

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Instantaneous output  Vm 
 sin  t     sin    e t /   for 0  t  
current i  t    Z 
0 for   t  2
 L  L
where Z  R 2   L  ,   tan 1 
2
 , and  
 R  R
RL-Source load
Instantaneous output  Vm V
 sin  t     dc  Ae t /  for   t  
current i  t    Z R
0 otherwise
 V V  V 
where A    m sin       dc  e /  ,   sin 1  dc 
 Z R   Vm 
L-Source load
Instantaneous output  1
  V  cos   cos t   Vdc    t   for   t  
current i  t    L  m

0 otherwise
RL load with freewheeling diode
Instantaneous output V sin  t  for 0  t  

voltage vo  t    m

0 for   t  2

 n
Vm Vm 2Vm
vo (t)   sin  0 t   cos  n0 t 
 2 n  2,4,6...
2

1 
R load with output capacitor filter
Vm sin  t 
 for   t  , diode on
Instantaneous output
voltage vo  t   
 Vm sin  e
 ( t )/ RC
 otherwise, diode off
  tan 1 (RC)   tan 1 (RC)  
Peak-to-peak ripple of Vo  Vm 1  sin  
output voltage
Peak-to-peak ripple of Vm
Vo 
output voltage with fRC
large RC time constant

Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier

R load
Instantaneous output V sin  t  for   t  

voltage vo  t    m

0 for   t  2  
Average output voltage V
Vo  m 1  cos  
2
RMS output voltage V  sin(2)
Vrms  m 1  
2  2
RL load

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Instantaneous output V sin  t  for   t  

voltage vo  t    m

0 for   t  2  
Instantaneous output  Vm 
 sin  t     sin      e( t)/   for   t  
current i  t    Z 

0 otherwise
Average output voltage Vm
Vo   cos   cos 
2
RL-Source load
Minimum triggering V 
angle  min  sin 1  dc 
 Vm 
Instantaneous output  Vm V
 sin  t     dc  Ae t /  for   t  
current i  t    Z R
0 otherwise
 V V 
where A    m sin       dc  e / 
 Z R 

Uncontrolled Full-Wave Rectifier

R load
Instantaneous output Vm sin  t  for 0  t  

voltage vo  t   
Vm sin  t  for   t  2

Average output voltage 
1 2V
Vo  Vm sin  t  d  t   m
0 
RMS of load and source Im
I rms 
current 2
RL load
Instantaneous output 

voltage vo  t   Vo  
n  2,4...
Vn cos  n0 t   

2Vm
where Vo 

2Vm  1 1 
and Vn    
  n 1 n 1
RL-Source load
Average output current V  Vdc
Io  o
R
R load with capacitance output filter
 Vm sin  t 

Instantaneous output one diode pair on
voltage vo  t   
 Vm sin  e
 ( t  )/ RC
 diodes off
  tan 1 (RC)   tan 1 (RC)  
Peak-to-peak voltage Vo  Vm 1  sin  
variation

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Peak-to-peak voltage Vm
Vo 
variation with ωRC>>π 2fRC
R load with LC output filter
Average output current Vo
IL  IR 
R
Average output voltage 2Vm
Vo 
for CCM (3ωL>R) 

Controlled Full-Wave Rectifier

R load
Average output 
1 V
voltage Vo  Vm sin  t  d  t   m 1  cos  

 

1  sin  2 
RMS output current 
2
1 Vm  V
Irms 
  
 R
sin t  d(t)  m
 R

2 2

4
RL load
Instantaneous output Vm 
io (t) =  sin(t  )  sin(  )e  ( t   )/   for   t  
current for DCM: Z
β<π+α
 L  L
where Z = R 2 + (L) 2 ,  = tan 1   , and  =
 R  R
Output voltage for 

CCM: vo (t)  Vo   V cos  n t   

n 1
n 0 n

 L  
  tan 1   1 2Vm
 R  Vo  V sin  t  d  t   cos 
 
m


Vn  a 2n  b2n
2Vm  cos(n + 1) cos(n  1) 
an =  
  n +1 n  1 

2Vm  sin(n + 1) sin(n  1) 

bn =  
  n +1 n  1 
n = 2, 4, 6 . . .
RL-Source load
Minimum triggering V 
angle   sin 1  dc 
 Vm 
Average output 2V
Vo  m cos 
voltage for CCM 

AC Voltage Controller
R Load
Source voltage vs (t)  Vm sin(t)

Vm sin(t) for   t   and     t    


Output voltage
vo (t)  

0 otherwise

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 sin  2 
RMS load/output 
1 V
 Vm sin  t   d  t   m 1  
2
voltage Vo,rms 
 2  2
RMS load current = Vo,rms
Io,rms 
RMS source current R
Power factor  sin(2)
pf  1  
 2
Average SCR current V
ISCR,avg  m 1  cos  
2R
RMS SCR current I
ISCR,rms  o,rms
2
RL Load
Output current  Vm  
sin  t     sin      e
t  /  
  for   t  
 Z   
i o  t   

0 otherwise

 L 
where Z  R 2   L  , and   tan 1 
2

 R 
Conduction angle  
Minimum delay angle min    
Range of delay angle 
RMS output current 
1 2
Io,rms 
 
io (t)d(t)

RMS SCR current Io,rms

ISCR,rms 
2
Average SCR current 
1
ISCR,avg 
2  
i o (t)d(t)

Buck DC-DC Converter

CCM
Average output voltage Vo  Vs D
Maximum inductor current i L Vo 1  Vo   1 1  D  
Imax  IL     1  D  T   Vo   
2 R 2 L  R 2Lf 
Minimum inductor current i V 1 V   1 1  D  
Imin  IL  L  o   o 1  D  T   Vo   
2 R 2 L  R 2Lf 
Minimum inductance for CCM 1  D  R
Lmin 
2f
Peak-to-peak output voltage V 1  D 
ripple Vo  o
8LCf 2
Peak-to-peak output voltage Vo,ESR  iC rC  iL rC
ripple due to ESR
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Peak-to-peak inductor current V 
i L   o  1  D  T
ripple  L 
DCM
DC voltage gain Vo D 2D
 
Vs D  D1 D  D2  8L / RT

Boost DC-DC Converter

CCM
Average output voltage Vs
Vo 
1 D
Average inductor current Vs V 2o Vo Io
IL   
(1  D)2 R Vs R Vs
Maximum inductor current i Vs V DT
Imax  IL  L   s
2 (1  D) R
2
2L
Minimum inductor current i L Vs V DT
Imin  IL    s
2 (1  D) R
2
2L
Minimum inductance for CCM D(1  D)2 R
Lmin 
2f
Peak-to-peak output voltage ripple DVo
Vo 
RCf
Peak-to-peak output voltage ripple due to Vo,ESR  iC rC  IL,max rC
ESR
Peak-to-peak inductor current ripple Vs DT
i L 
L
DCM
DC voltage gain Vo 1  2D2 RT 
 1  1  
Vs 2  L 
 

Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter

CCM
Average output voltage  D 
Vo  Vs  
1  D 
Average inductor current V 2o P Vs D
IL   o 
Vs RD Vs D R(1  D)2
Maximum inductor current i Vs D V DT
Imax  IL  L   s
2 R(1  D) 2
2L
Minimum inductor current i L Vs D V DT
Imin  IL    s
2 R(1  D) 2
2L
Minimum inductance for CCM (1  D)2 R
Lmin 
2f
Peak-to-peak output voltage ripple Vo DT Vo D
Vo  
RC RCf

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Peak-to-peak output voltage ripple due to Vo,ESR  iC rC  IL,max rC
ESR
Peak-to-peak inductor current ripple Vs DT
i L 
L

Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverter

Square-Wave
Steady-state  Vdc  Vdc  -t/τ T
current  R +  I min  R  e for 0<t<
   2
io (t) = 
 V
 dc +  I max  dc  e-(t-T/2)/τ
V T
for <t<T
 R  R  2
Maximum and Vdc  1  e-T/2 
minimum Imax =  Imin =  
R  1+ e-T/2 
current
RMS value of 2
1 2
T
2 V  T/2
V  -t/τ 
current Irms = 
T0
i (t)d(t) =
T 0  Rdc +  Imin  Rdc  e  dt
Fourier Series Analysis
RMS currents at 2

 I  
each of Irms =  I n,rms =   n 
2

components n=1 n=1  2

Square-wave 4V
inverter of odd vo (t)=  dc sin nωo t
n odd nπ
harmonics
Total Harmonic Distortion
THD of load 

V 
2
voltage n,rms V 2 rms -V 2 1 ,rms
n=2
THDV = =
V1 ,rms V1 ,rms
THD of load 

I 
2
current n,rms
n=2
THD I =
I 1 ,rms
Amplitude and Harmonic Control
Amplitude of π-α
2 4V
voltage Vn =
π 
α
Vdcsin(nω0 t)d(ω0 t) = dc cos(nα)
nπ
waveform
Amplitude of  4V 
fundamental- V1   dc  cos α
 π 
frequency
voltage
Pulse-Width-Modulated Output
Frequency f f
modulation mf = carrier = tri
f reference fsine
ratio
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Amplitude Vm,reference Vm,sine
modulation ma = =
Vm,carrier Vm,tri
ratio
The kth pulse of 2Vdc
Vnk = cos nαk + cos n αk +1  2cos n(α k +δ k ) 
the PWM nπ 
output
Normalized ma = 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Fourier
n=1 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10
coefficients
Vn /Vdc for n=mf 0.60 0.71 0.82 0.92 1.01 1.08 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.27

Bipolar PWM n=mf ±2 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.00

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