Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering Department

Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

PROBLEM 1 Analyze the stability of given gravity dam (Figure 1) for the following conditions: Friction coefficient between
concrete-foundation is 0.70, respectively. Allowable shear stress at the foundation level is 2200 kN/m 2, allowable compressive and
shear stresses in concrete are 2700 kN/m2, and 2400 kN/m2, respectively. Allowable compressive stress in foundation material is
2700 kN/m2. Take specific weights of concrete and water as 24 kN/m3, and 10 kN/m3, respectively.

65 m 55 m
70 m 50 m
1 H : 10 V 0.7 H : 1 V

O 15 m
O
6m 4m 45 m
6m 5m 30 m
55 m
41 m
Figure 1
Figure 2
PROBLEM 2 Analyze the stability of given gravity dam (Figure 2) for the following conditions: The ice tickhness at the resevoir
surface is 50 cm with the increase in temperature of 5 oC/h. Friction coefficients between concretes, and concrete-foundation are
0.75 and 0.65, respectively. Allowable shear stress at the foundation level is 2000 kN7m2, allowable compressive and shear stress
in concrete are 2500 kN/m2, and 2200 kN/m2, respectively. Allowable compressive stress in foundation material is 2500 kN/m2.
Relief drainage may reduce the uplift force by 50 %. The earthquake coefficient is 0.1. Take specific weights of concrete and water
as 25 kN/m3, and 10 kN/m3, respectively.

PROBLEM 3 Determine the total volume of an arch dam 120 m high to span a 300 m wide U-shaped valley. The crest width is 6
m. Take  = 10 kN/m3,  = 120o, all = 6200 kN/m2. Ignore the variation of span width and a in the vertical direction. Consider
vertical upstream face.

PROBLEM 4 Determine the optimum central angle of an arch dam giving the minimum volume of rib.
Answer :a = 133o.34’

PROBLEM 5 Elevation of an arch dam (Figure 3) is 75 m. Span (top width) of a U-shaped valley is 350 m. Central angle is 150 o.
Allowable compressive stress in concrete is 5500 kN/m2. Ignoring the variation of , and span width with respect to depth,
determine:
a) The cross-section for a vertical upstream faced arch dam having 6 m thickness at the crest,
b) Thickness of arch at 30 m below the water surface, 6m
c) Volume of arch per unit height assuming 1 m unit height at the bottom,
d) Total volume of arch dam
In the computations, take con = 24 kN/m3, and w = 10 kN/m3
hx

75 m

tb

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net Figure 3

Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

SOLUTION 1
 Forces and loads acting the dam:
Fwh: Hydrostatic force produced by water in the reservoir and tail water in the downstream
Fwv: Water load produced by water weight
Fu : Uplift force produced by groundwater
W : The weight of the dam (W1, W2, W3)

 Free body diagram is shown in figure 4

Fwv

xm
65 m 70 m
Fwh

W1 W2 W3
O
6m 4m 45 m

55 m

Figure 4

Fu
 The value of the forces, total vertical and total horizontal forces, and moments:

FORCE (kN/m) MOMENT ARM ABOUT O(m) MOMENT (kN/m/m)

W1 = 6 * ½ * 70 * 24 = 5040 kN XW1 = 1/3 * 6 + 4 + 45 = 51.00 m W1 * XW1 = 257040 kNm

W2 = 4 * 70 * 24 = 6720 kN XW2 = ½ * 4 + 45 = 47.00 m W2 * XW2 =315840 kNm

W3 = 45 * ½ * 70 * 24 = 37800 kN XW3 = 2/3 * 45 = 30.00 m W3 * XW3=1134000 kNm

Fwv = 6 * ½ * 65 * 10 = 1950 kN Xwv = 2/3 * 6 + 4 + 45 = 53.00 m Fwv * XFv =103350 kNm

Fwh = 65 * ½ * 65 * 10 = 21125 kN XFwh = 1/3 * 65 = 21.67 m Fwh * XFh =457779 kNm

Fu = 65 * ½ * 55 * 10 = 17875 Kn XFu = 2/3 * 55 = 36.67 m Fu * XFu =655476 kNm

 MO = 457779 + 655476 = 1113255 kNm/m

 Mr = 257040 + 315840 + 1134000 + 103350 = 1810230 kNm/m
 V = W1 + W2 + W3 + Fwv - Fu = 33635 kN/m
 H = Fwh = 21125 kN/m
Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net
Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

 Stability Check For the Whole Dam:

1. Overturning (F.S0): The dam must be safe against overturning for all loading conditions. F.S0 should
be greater than 2.0 for usual loading, and than1.5 for unusual or severe loading.

F.S0 =
M r
=
1810230
= 1.626 > 1.5 O.K.
M O 1113255

2. Sliding (F.SS): The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal plane. F.SS should be greater
than 1.5 for usual loading and than 1.0 for unusual or severe loading.

f  V 0.7  33635
F.SS = = = 1.11 > 1.0 O.K
H 21125

3. Shear and sliding together (F.SSS): The dam must be also checked for shear and sliding together. F.SSS
should be greater 5.0 for usual loading and 3.0 unusual and severe loading.

f  V  0.5  A   S 0.7  33635  0.5  55  2200

F.SSS = = = 3.98 > 3.0 O.K.
H 21125

4. Stress (max/min): The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and
all points or the dam will be unsafe against overturning. Maximum base pressure (max) should be
less than the allowable compressive stress and minimum base pressure (min) should be greater than
zero.

X 
 M r   M O = 1810230  1113255 = 20.72 m
V 33635
55
e=  20.72 = 6.78 (eccentricity)
2
M =  V * e = 33635 * 6.78 = 228045.3 kNm/m (the net moment about the centerline of the base)

55
C= = 27.5 m
2

55 3  1
I= = 13864.58 m3 ( the moment of interia)
12

 max/ min 
V 
M C
=
33635 228045.3  27.5

B I 55 13864.58

max = 1063.87 kN/m2 < 2700 kN/m2 O.K.

max = 159.22 kN/m2 > 0.00 kN/m2 O.K.
Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net
Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

SOLUTION 2

 Forces and loads acting the dam:

Fi : Ice Load (for cold climates and Fi1, and Fi2 for reservoir and tail water in the downstream,
respectively)
Fw: Water force produced by earthquake (Fw1, and Fw2 for reservoir and tail water in the
downstream, respectively)
Fwh: Hydrostatic force produced by water in the reservoir and tail water in the downstream (Fwh 1,
and Fwh2)
Fwv: Water load produced by water weight (Fwv1, and Fwv2 for reservoir and tail water in the
downstream, respectively)
Fu : Uplift force produced by groundwater (since the tail water in the downstream, the diagram of
uplift force will be in trapezoidal shape)
W : The weight of the dam (W1, W2, W3…Wn)
Fd : Earthquake forces (Fdh1 and Fdv1: horizontally and vertically)

 Free body diagram is shown in figure 4

Fi1
Fwv1 Fdv
Fdh
xm 55 m
50 m Fw1
Fwh1 Fi2
Fwv2 Fw2

Fwh2 15 m
W1 W2 W3
O
6m 5m 30 m

41 m

Figure 5 Fu
 Shear and sliding check due to ice force at the reservoir surface:

90
Average shear stress: = 18 kN/m2 << 2200 O.K.
5

0.75  5  5  25
Sliding check: = 5.21 >> 1.00 O.K.
90
Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net
Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

 The value of the forces, total vertical and total horizontal forces, and moments:

FORCE (kN/m) MOMENT ARM ABOUT O(m) MOMENT (kN/m/m)

W1 = 50 * 6.0 * 0.5 *25 = 3750 kN 37.00 m 138750 kNm

W2 = 55 * 5.0 * 1.0 *25 = 6875 kN 32.50 m 223438 kNm
W3 = 50 * 30 * 0.5 * 25 = 18750 kN 20.00 m 375000 kNm
Fwv1 = 50 * 6 * 0.5 * 10 = 1500 kN 39.00 m 58500 kNm
Fwv2 = 15 * 9 * 0.5 * 10 = 675 kN 3.00 m 2025 kNm
Fwh1 = 55 * 55 * 0.5*10 = 15125 kN 17.00 m 257125 kNm
Fwh2 = 15 * 15 * 0.5*10 = 1125 kN 5.00 m 5625 kNm
Fu =[(50+15)/2]*41*10*0.5= 6663 kN 23.30 m 168295 kNm
FW1 = 0.726*C*k**h12
FW1 = 0.726*0.65*0.1*10*502 = 1180 kN 17.00 m 20056 kNm
FW2 = 0.726*0.46*0.1*10*152 = 75 kN 5.00 m 375 kNm
Fi1 = 90 kN 50.00 m 4500 kNm
Fi2 = 90 kN 15.00 m 1350 kNm
Fdv = k *W=0.1* 29375 =2937.5 kN 30.10 m 88419 kNm
Fdh = k * W=0.1*29375 =2937.5 kN 20.64 m 60630 kNm

 Stability Check For the Whole Dam (When vertical Fd (Fdv) is considered):

 MO = 257125+168295+20056+4500+88419 = 538395 kNm/m

 Mr = 138750+223438+375000+58500+2025+5625+375+1350 = 805063 kNm/m

 V = W1 + W2 + W3 + Fwv1 + Fwv2- Fu -Fdv = 21950 kN/m

 H = Fwh1- Fwh2 + FW1 - FW2 + Fi1 - Fi2 = 15105 kN/m

1. Overturning (F.S0): The dam must be safe against overturning for all loading conditions. F.S0 should
be greater than 2.0 for usual loading, and than1.5 for unusual or severe loading.

F.S0 =
M r
=
805063
= 1.495 < 1.5 NOT O.K.
M O 538395

2. Sliding (F.SS): The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal plane. F.SS should be greater
than 1.5 for usual loading and than 1.0 for unusual or severe loading.

f  V 0.65  21950
F.SS = = = 0.94 < 1.0 NOT O.K.
H 15105

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net

Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

3. Shear and sliding together (F.SSS): The dam must be also checked for shear and sliding together. F.SSS
should be greater 5.0 for usual loading and 3.0 unusual and severe loading.

f  V  0.5  A   S 0.65  21950  0.5  41  2200

F.SSS = = = 3.93 > 3.0 O.K.
H 15105

4. Stress (max/min): The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and
all points or the dam will be unsafe against overturning. Maximum base pressure (max) should be
less than the allowable compressive stress and minimum base pressure (min) should be greater than
zero.

X 
 M r   M O = 805063  538395 = 12.15 m
V 21950
41
e=  12.15 = 8.35 (eccentricity)
2
M =  V * e = 21950 * 8.35 = 183307 kNm/m (the net moment about the centerline of the base)

41
C= = 20.5 m
2

413  1
I= = 5743.42 m4 ( the moment of interia)
12

 max/ min 
V 
M C
=
21950 183307  20.5

B I 41 5743.42

max = 1189.64 kN/m2 < 2700 kN/m2 O.K.

max = -118.91 kN/m2 < 0.00 kN/m2 NOT O.K.

 Stability Check For the Whole Dam (When horizontal Fd (Fdh) is considered):

 MO = 257125+168295+20056+4500+60630 = 510606.0 kNm/m

 Mr = 138750+223438+375000+58500+2025+5625+375+1350 = 805063.0 kNm/m

 V = W1 + W2 + W3 + Fwv1 + Fwv2 - Fu = 19012.5 kN/m

 H = Fwh1- Fwh2 + FW1 - FW2 + Fi1 - Fi2 + Fdh = 18042.5 kN/m

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net

Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

1. Overturning (F.S0): The dam must be safe against overturning for all loading conditions. F.S0 should
be greater than 2.0 for usual loading, and than1.5 for unusual or severe loading.

F.S0 =
M r
=
805063
= 1.58 > 1.5 O.K.
M O 510606

2. Sliding (F.SS): The dam must be safe against sliding over any horizontal plane. F.SS should be greater
than 1.5 for usual loading and than 1.0 for unusual or severe loading.

f  V 0.65  19012.5
F.SS = = = 0.65 < 1.0 NOT O.K.
H 18042.5

3. Shear and sliding together (F.SSS): The dam must be also checked for shear and sliding together. F.SSS
should be greater 5.0 for usual loading and 3.0 unusual and severe loading.

f  V  0.5  A   S 0.65  19012.5  0.5  41  2200

F.SSS = = = 3.19 > 3.0 O.K.
H 18042.5

4. Stress (max/min): The contact stress between the foundation and the dam must be greater than zero and
all points or the dam will be unsafe against overturning. Maximum base pressure (max) should be
less than the allowable compressive stress and minimum base pressure (min) should be greater than
zero.

X 
 M r   M O = 805063  510606 = 15.49 m
V 19012.5
41
e=  15.49 = 5.0 (eccentricity)
2
M =  V * e = 19012.5 * 5.0 = 95299.25 kNm/m (the net moment about the centerline of the base)

41
C= = 20.5 m
2

413  1
I= = 5743.42 m4 ( the moment of interia)
12

 max/ min 
V 
M C
=
19012.5 95299.25  20.5

B I 41 5743.42

max = 803.87 kN/m2 < 2700 kN/m2 O.K.

max = 123.57 kN/m2 > 0.00 kN/m2 O.K.

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net
Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

SOLUTION 3
6m
B 300 6m
r = = 173 m
 120
2  Sin 2  Sin 300 m
2 2 300 m

Thickness at the base: 120o

120o
  h  r 10  120  173 Figure 6
tb = = = 33.5 m
 all 6200
6m

6  6200
h  = 21.5 m
10  173
h*=21.5 m

L = r *  = 173   120 = 362 m
180
120 m

 b  tb 
VT = b  h   h  h   L
 2 

 6  33.5 
= 6  21.5   120  21.5  362 = 750924 m3
 2 
tb = 33.5 m

Figure 7
SOLUTION 4

The optimum central angle  for a minimum volume of arch rib can be determined by differentiating the equation written below
with respect to  and equating to zero.

  h r2
V=    V’ = Continue
 all

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net

Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli
 Civil Engineering Faculty WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics 2011-FALL
EXERCISES 2- DAMS - ACTING FORCES

SOLUTION 5
6m
a)
B 350
r = = 181 m
 150
2  Sin 2  Sin hx=18.23 m
2 2

Thickness at the base: 75 m

  h  r 10  75  181
tb = = = 24.7 m
 all 5500

6  5500
h  = 18.23 m
10  181 tb=24.7 m

b)
10  30  181
t30 = = 9.87 m
5500 Figure 8
c)
  h r2 10  75  1812 
V=  =   150 = 11695.65 m3/m
 all 5500 180
d)

L = r *  = 181   150 = 474 m
180

 b  tb   6  24.7 
VT = b  h   h  h   L = 6  18.23   75  18.23  474 = 464899 m3
 2   2 

Abdüsselam ALTUNKAYNAK www.altunkaynak.net

Research Assist. İsmail DABANLI www.akademi.itu.edu.tr/dabanli