1/52

Chapter 5. OP-AMP 응용실험

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 2.1 Op-amp의 주파수 특성

Vout = A0 (Vin1 - Vin 2 )

u Op amp is a circuit that has two inputs and one output.
u It amplifies the difference between the two inputs.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Bandwidth and Gain Tradeoff

AOL : feedback없는 OPAMP만의 이득

ACL: feedback 증폭기의 이득

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Open loop gain(AOL)의 주파수 특성

Vout A0
(s ) =
Vin1 - Vin 2 s
1+
w1

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Open loop gain(ACL)의 주파수 특성

Continued : Gain X bandwidth = constant

Vout A0 Ao
= , A0 ( s ) =
Vin 1+
R2
A0 1 + 1 / w1
R1 + R2
Vout A0 ( s ) A0
(s) = =
Vin R2 s R2
1+ A0 ( s ) + A +1
R1 + R2 w1 R1 + R2 0
A0
R2
A0 + 1
R1 + R2 A0 R + R2 æ R2 ö
= , Gain( DC ) = @ 1 , BW = w1 çç A0 + 1÷÷
s R2 R2 è R1 + R2 ø
+1 A0 + 1
æ R2 ö R1 + R2
w1 çç A0 + 1÷÷
è R1 + R2 ø

Gain ´ BW = A0w1 OP-AMP 를 이용해서 만든 회로는 OP-AMP 의

한계를 넘어서는 특성을 절대로 보일 수 없다.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 6/52

Vout A0 Ao
= , A0 ( s ) =
Vin 1+
R2
A0 1 + 1 / w1
R1 + R2
Vout A0 ( s ) A0
(s) = =
Vin R2 s R2
1+ A0 ( s ) + A0 + 1
R1 + R2 w1 R1 + R2
A0
R2
A0 + 1
R1 + R2 A0 R + R2 æ R2
= , Gain( DC ) = @ 1 , BW = w1 çç A0 +
s R2 R R
è 1 + R
+1 A0 + 1 2 2
æ R2 ö R1 + R2
w1 çç A0 + 1÷÷
è R1 + R2 ø

Gain ´ BW = A0w1

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 (참고)Inverting Amplifier

0 - Vout Vin
=
R1 R2
Vout - R1
=
Virtual ground: + 와 –node 의 전압이
같아서 ground(0V)로 보인다는 말임
Vin R2
u Infinite A0 forces the negative input to be a virtual ground.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 (참고)Noninverting Amplifier (Finite A0)

Vin1 = Vin ,
Vout = Ao (Vin1 - Vin 2 ),
Vin1 - Vin 2 = Vout / Ao @ 0
Vin1 = Vin 2 = Vin
R2
Vin 2 = Vout
R1 + R2
Vout æ R ö
= ç1 + 1 ÷
Vin è R2 ø

u The error term indicates the larger the closed-loop gain, the
less accurate the circuit becomes.
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 9/52

2.2 적분기와 미분기

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Complex Impedances Around the Op Amp

Vout Z1
»-
Vin Z2

u The closed-loop gain is still equal to the ratio of

two impedances.
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 Integrator

1
ò
Vout 1
=- Vout = - Vin dt
Vin R1C1s R1C1

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Differentiator

Vs

Vout R
dVs = - 1 = - R1C1s
Vout = - R1C1 Vs 1
dt C1s

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Offset in Integrator

t
1 Vos
Vout = Vos + ò
R1C1 0
Vos dt = Vos +
R1C1
t

시간이 지나면 출력전압이 계속 커져서 전원전압까지 올라감

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Offset in Integrator

출력전압이 계속 커지는 것을 막아줌

æ R2 ö Vout R2 1
Vout = Vos çç1 + ÷÷ =-
è R1 ø Vin R1 R2C1s + 1

u A resistor can be placed in parallel with the capacitor to

“absorb” the offset. However, this means the closed-loop
transfer function no longer has a pole at origin.
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 15/52

2.3 능동 필터 회로

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 16/80

능동필터회로

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 17/80

(a) 저역통과필터(Low Pass Filter, LPF)

Vout R2 / / ( sC1 )
=-
Vin R1
R2 1
=-
R1 R2C1s + 1

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Continued
1 / sC1 1
Av ( s ) = =
R1 + 1 / sC1 1 + sC1 R1
1
1) R1 =
sC1
1 / jwC1 1 1
Av ( jw ) = = =
Magnitude[dB] R1 + 1 / jwC1 1 + jwC1 R1 1 + j
Low frequency High frequency
band band 20 log Av ( jw ) = -3dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = -45 o
1
2) R1 << : low frequency band or passband
Frequency[Hz] sC1
1 / jwC1
Av ( jw ) = @1
R1 + 1 / jwC1
20 log Av ( jw ) = 0dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = 0o
Phase[degree] 1
3) R1 >> : high frequency band or stopband
sC1
1 / jwC1
Frequency[Hz] Av ( jw ) = @ 1 / jwC1 R1
-450
R1 + 1 / jwC1
20 log Av ( jw ) = -20 log(wC1 R1 )dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = -90 o
0
-90

18
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 19/80

(b) 고역통과필터(High Pass Filter, HPF)

Vout R2 sC1R2
=- =-
Vin R1 + 1/ sC1 sC1R1 + 1
R2 sC1R1
=-
R1 sC1R1 + 1

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Continued
R1 sC1 R1
Av ( s ) = =
R1 + 1 / sC1 1 + sC1 R1
1
1) R1 =
sC1
R1 jwC1 R1 j
Magnitude[dB] Av ( jw ) = = =
Low frequency High frequency R1 + 1 / jwC1 1 + jwC1 R1 1 + j
band band
20 log Av ( jw ) = -3dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = 45 o
1
Frequency[Hz] 2) R1 << : low frequency band or passband
sC1
R1
Av ( jw ) = @ jwC1 R1
R1 + 1 / jwC1
Phase[degree] 20 log Av ( jw ) = 20 log(wC1 R1 )dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = 90 o
1
3) R1 >> : high frequency band or stopband
900 sC1
Frequency[Hz]
R1
45 0
Av ( jw ) = @1
R1 + 1 / jwC1
20 log Av ( jw ) = 0dB , ÐAv ( jw ) = 0o

20
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 21/52

2.4 능동 다이오드 회로

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 Precision Rectifier

OP - AMP의역할
1)Vin > 0
D1 = F.B. - > FB loop(0) - > Vin1 = Vin 2
1)Vin < 0
D1 = R.B. - > FB loop(X) - > VY = A0 (Vin1 - Vin 2 )

u When Vin is positive, the circuit in b) behaves like that in a), so the output
follows input.
u When Vin is negative, the diode opens, and the output drops to zero. Thus
performing rectification.
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
Inverting Precision Rectifier (input=Vin,output=Vx)

OP - AMP의역할
1)Vin > 0
D1 = F.B. - > FB loop(0) - > Vin1 = Vin 2 = 0 = VX
1)Vin < 0
D1 = R.B. - > FB loop(X) - > VX = Vin

u When Vin is positive, the diode is on, Vy is pinned around VD,on, and
Vx at virtual ground.
u When Vin is negative, the diode is off, Vy goes extremely negative,
and Vx becomes equal to Vin.
Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University
 24/52

2.5 Op-amp 발진기

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 25/80

OP-AMP 발진기회로

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 26/80

OP-AMP 발진기회로: R1=R2

VCC/2
VCC
discharging charging

VCC/2 0V

0V -VCC -VCC
VCC -VCC/2 VCC
VCC/2 VCC/2

-VCC/2

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 27/80

OP-AMP 발진기회로
VCC/2 VCC/2
discharging charging

-VCC/2 -VCC/2

VCC VCC VCC

-VCC VCC/2 -VCC
VCC/2
-VCC/2 -VCC/2

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 28/52

Chapter 5 실험방법

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 29/80

실험 준비물
부품이름(UA741CP )이 다르지만, 741이 들어가 있으면, 특성에 차이 없음

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 30/231

실험시 주의사항
u 실험하기전에 power supply 전류 limit을 100mA에 설정해 놓아야 함

u OPAMP의 전원전압=+/- 15V

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 31/80

실험방법 수정: cap 값 변경

F3dB 주파수를 계산해서 결정해야 함: 100k, 10k, 1k, 0.1kHz(예제일 뿐, 이렇게 하면 안됨)

0.0022uF로 변경하여 Cut off 주파수를

7Hz 에서 700Hz로 변경
너무 낮아서 실험에 어려움이 있음

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 32/80

실험방법 수정

출력단자에 Offset 이 낮아 신호가 있는 상태에서 측정불가

출력에 offset을 확인하기 위해서 입력단자를 short시키고, 측정.
OPAMP의 입력 offset값이 얼마인지를 계산해보고, data sheet 확인

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 33/52

오타 수정

-R2/R1 으로 수정해야 함.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 34/80

오타 수정

연결이 잘 못되어 있음.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 35/80

4.1 Op-amp 적분기와 미분기

출력에 offset을 확인하기 위해서 입력단자를 short시키고, 측정.

OPAMP의 입력 offset값이 얼마인지를 계산해보고, data sheet 확인

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 36/80

Continued

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 37/80

4.2 Op-amp 능동 필터 회로

F3dB 주파수를 계산해서 결정해야 함: 100k, 10k, 1k, 0.1kHz(예제일 뿐, 이렇게 하면 안됨)

0.0022uF

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 38/80

Continued

F3dB 주파수를 계산해서 결정해야 함: 100k, 10k, 1k, 0.1kHz(예제일 뿐, 이렇게 하면 안됨)

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 39/80

4.3 Op-amp 능동 다이오드 회로

Amplitude 변경에 따른 출력파형: 최대 출력은 supply voltage에 의해서 limit

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University

 40/80

4.4 OP-amp 발진기

출력주파수를 계산하고 예측한 결과가 나오는지 확인해야 함.

Nanowave Integrated Circuit and System Lab. Korea Aerospace University