1E5 Glass Structures L1 ME

CTU in Prague
ADVANCED DESIGN OF GLASS

STRUCTURES
Lecture L1_ME
Design of glass beams
Martina Eliášová
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
CTU in Prague
Objectives of the lecture
Objectives
Introduction
• Introduction
Experimental
research
• Experimental research
Elements
subjected to
bending • Elements subjected to bendings
Lateral torsional
buckling • Lateral torsional buckling
Design methods
• Design methods
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Practical examples
Objectives
Introduction
Museum of glass - Kingwindford, United Kingdom
Experimental • structure of extension: length 11,0 m
research
• distance 1,1 m
Elements
subjected to
• height of column 3,5 m, depth 200 mm
bending • span of beam 5,7 m, depth 300 mm
Lateral torsional
buckling • columns, beams – laminated
Design methods glass
• snow load 0,75kN/m2
• roof, walls: insulated glass
units
Composition of insulated units:

• outer layer 10 mm float colourless
solar-control glass
• cavity between the panels 10 mm
• inner layer: 2 x 6 mm of toughened
safety glass with striped pattern of
baked-on ceramic ink
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Practical examples
Objectives
Connection between beam and
Introduction column
Experimental
research • three layered glass 3 x 10 mm
Elements
subjected to • bonded on site with casting resin
bending – total thickness 32mm
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
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Practical examples
Objectives
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Eating room – family house in

Backdoor to the family
London, UK
house - Germany
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Practical examples
Objectives
Canopies – Nijmegen, Netherlands 1999
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Cross section
1 – clamped steel column HEB300
2 – horizontal steel beam HEA300
3 – continuous glass beam – 3x
10mm, float glass
4 – glass roof panels – 2x 10mm,
float glass
5 – vertical glass panel in gutter
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass canopy at the underground station – Tokyo, Japan
Introduction
1996
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
• built-up beam
• size 10,6 x 4,8 m
• height 4,8 m
• length of cantilever 9 m
• beam composed from
triangular fins
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass canopy at the underground station – Tokyo, Japan
Introduction
1996
Experimental
research • panes with length 1,9 – 2,5 m
Elements • toughened glass 2x 15 mm
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional • triangular fins (laminated glass 2x

buckling 19 mm + acryl pane 40mm)
Design methods • acryl panes sufficient capacity in
case of earthquake
• from 1 at top to 4 fins at support
with respect to the bending
moment
• bolted connection
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass roof of interior courtyard, commercial building in
Introduction
Munich, Germany 2003
secondary
Experimental
research beams
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
primary
Design methods beams
• span of main beams 14m in

distance 2,7m; beams
composed of 13 fins with
length 4,5m – outer fins 2x
12mm, inner 10+19+10mm
• secondary beams in a
distance 2,2m
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ELEMENTS SUBJETED TO BENDING
Objectives
Glass roof of interior courtyard, commercial building in
Introduction Munich, Germany 2003
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
• secondary beams 2x 10mm, heat

strengthened glass
• bolted connection subjected by the
shear and bearing
• roof – double insulated units (2,7 x
2,3m)
• high degree of precision – assembly
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass roof for refectory at the TU Dresden, Germany 2006
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
glass roof above interior

courtyard 24 x 30m
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass roof for refectory at the TU Dresden, 2006
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
preparation for installing the roof

panels – placing the sealant strips
• span of the principal beams
5,75m
• secondary beams in
distance of 1,45m
• beams depth 350mm, 4x
12mm fully tempered glass
installation of secondary beams

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ELEMENTS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
Objectives
Glass roof for refectory at the TU Dresden, 2006
Introduction
TESTS 1:1
Experimental
research
• position of loads – joints,
eccentricity 120mm
Elements
subjected to • load-bearing capacity
bending • residual capacity of beams
• cyclic load, long term load
Lateral torsional
buckling • deflection
Design methods
Maximum breaking load 4,5

times higher than design load
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass roof for university of Glasgow, 2002
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
• triangular shape of glass roof

• maximum span 15,5m = 4x 3,9m,
beams distance of 1,5m
• tempered glass 2x 19mm, friction grip
connection
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Practical examples
Objectives
Glass roof for dry dock – Bristol, 2005
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
• historic passenger liner built from iron  special dry dock to protect ship hull
• plates 2x 10mm heat-strengthened glass with size 4,35 x 1,5m – at waterline
• area 1000m2, 50mm of water weighing about 50 t – illusion of the dock
• the ship expand, contract and bend sideways in response to shifts in
temperature  junction between the waterline plate and the ship had to
accommodate movements  flexible collar
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Practical examples
Glass roof for dry dock – Bristol, 2005
• beams: 3x 10mm heat-strengthened laminated glass, supported

on steel beams of trapezoidal cross-section, propped by struts
• accidental design case – dropping of a hammer from 15m, person
failing from deck, occasional foot traffic on the glass for cleaning
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Experimental research
Objectives
Introduction LTB
Experimental
Experiments
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
LTB of 3m laminated beam Belis, 2005 (UGent)
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Objectives
Introduction LTB
Experimental
Experiments
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
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Objectives
Introduction LTB
Experimental
Experiments
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
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Objectives
Introduction
LTB
Experimental
Experiments
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Belis, 2005 (UGent)
LTB of 3m laminated beam

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Objectives
Introduction
LTB
Experimental
Experiments
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Belis, 2005 (UGent)
LTB of 3m laminated beam

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Elements subjected to bending
Objectives
Introduction GLASS BEAMS

Experimental
• horizontal elements
research • simply supported, cantilevering
• maximum length: float glass - 6,0 m
Elements
subjected to laminated glass - 4,5 m
bending tempered glass - 3,9 m
Lateral torsional GLASS FINS
buckling
• vertical or sloping beams used to support facades, wind load
Design methods • simple supported or fully cantilevering
• longer than L  8m are usually top-hang shorter are bottom supported
DESIGN METHOD
• design according to the elastic stability
• finite elements methods
• tests 1:1
• how the overall structure will behave

• how the structure will behave after one or more glass elements
have failed
• safety of people at failure - injury by falling glass
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Elements subjected to bending
Objectives
Introduction
Experimental Ultimate limit state

research
Elements simplified check of lateral and torsional stability based on

subjected to
bending
Et 3
Lateral torsional M Ed  M max 
buckling 6 1   
Design methods
Mmax maximum unfactored destabilising bending moment
E Young's modulus of elasticity
t thickness of the glass pane
υ Poisson's ratio
• it is possible to use for checking of buckling for glass fin with free
edges (without intermediate buckling restraint)
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Lateral torsional buckling
Objectives
Introduction
LINEAR THEORY OF ELASTICITY
Experimental
• perfect elastic beam without any imperfections with rectangular cross-
research section is subjected to an increasing load – bending moment M
Elements • instability (combination of lateral deflection and twisting) occurs
subjected to
bending suddenly when a critical load is reached M = MCR, where critical
Lateral torsional
torsional buckling moment is
buckling
Design methods  simplified formula without

MCR  EI y GIt warping torsion - conservative
L
• for rectangular cross-section including warping torsion
   2 EIw  simply supported beam loaded

MCR  EI y GI t 1  2  by constant bending moment
L  L GI t 
 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental
subjected to
Lateral torsional
buckling

L bending stiffness

L  L GI t 
 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental
subjected to
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods  torsional stiffness simplified formula without

L

L  L GI t 
 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental
subjected to
Lateral torsional
buckling

L

L  L GI t 
 
critical length
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Objectives
Introduction
Critical torsional buckling moment depends on:
Experimental • different moment distribution over the beam
research
• boundary conditions
Elements
subjected to
bending • distance between the centre of gravity and the point where the
load is applied
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Influence of following aspects on behaviour of glass
beams must be taken into account:
• glass thickness
• initial deformation – float x tempered glass
• laminated glass: shear modulus of PVB foil  temperature
• load duration
• damage of glass surface
• tensile strength of glass
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Objectives
Introduction RESEARCH BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Experimental
research
Elements
• simple supported beam, concentrated load at mid-span
subjected to
bending • stress distribution is nonlinear over the beam height
Lateral torsional • lateral torsional buckling resistance is not limited by the critical
buckling
torsional buckling moment
Design methods
• tensile strength of glass is determinant for the buckling resistance
• influence of elastic interlayer (PVB foil) on the buckling strength –
temperature, load duration, thickness of the glass as well as
thickness of the interlayer
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Objectives
A) Monolithic glass – Analytical model
Introduction
Experimental
research
Elements
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
2
 EI z  GI L2  Critical LTB
2
M CR  C1 2
 C2 z a   2 t
 C2 z a  Moment
L   EI z 

• Ci, za …take into account different boundary conditions, different bending
moment, distance between the centre of gravity and the load point
• LTB formulas for steel are valid, e.g. EC3
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Objectives
B) Laminated glass – Analytical model
Introduction
Experimental • No homogene, isotropic material

research
• Shear deformation due to lateral
Elements bending & torsion
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Belis, 2005 (UGent)

Critical LTB
Moment
 2 E g I z eff  2 GI 
t eff L 2 
M CR  C1  C2 z a   2  C2 z a 
L 2
  E g I z eff 
 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental • No homogene, isotropic material

research
• Shear deformation due to lateral
Elements bending & torsion
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
Belis, 2005 (UGent)

Critical LTB
Moment
 2 E g I z eff  2 GI 
t eff L 2 
M CR  C1  C2 z a   2  C2 z a 
L 2
  E g I z eff 
 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental • it is possible to use same formula for MCR
research
• lateral bending stiffness EIz and the torsional stiffness GIt are replaced by an
Elements equivalent stiffness (EgIz)eff a (GIt)eff (determined by sandwich theory)
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional Effective bending stiffness (EgIz)eff

buckling
Luible
Design methods
2
  2    1   t g1  t g 2  t g 1t g 2
E I 
g z eff  E g I s  2
 I s  4  tint   h
 1     2  t g1  t g 2
α, β – same formulas as for compression member
Wölfel
Eg Wt g t g  tint 
E I 
g z eff  E g I z ,lower  Bs Bs 
E g t g tint
  2
1  12  2 
 Gint 2 L 
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental Effective torsional stiffness (GIt)eff
research
Elements Luible GI t eff  GI t glass1  GI t glass 2  GI t comp
subjected to
bending Glas
PVB
Glas  h 
Lateral torsional  tanh 
buckling
GI t comp  GI s 1  2 
Design methods  h 
MT
hB
 
z
 2 
x
y
Gint t g1  t g 2
t1
t PVB t

tg1 tint 2
tg2 G tint  t g 1t g 2
Scarpino GI t eff  GI t  f
Gint
6t g3 tint 
Gg

 W 2 4tint
2
 6t g tint  3t g2 
f 
 Gint 
 2
t 6t g tint  W 2
 g
G 
 g  29
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Objectives
Introduction
Interlayer shear stiffness - Gint
Experimental • Influence of the shear modulus GPVB on the critical lateral torsional buckling
research load Mcr,LT
Elements
• The curves ratio Mcr,LT / Mcr,LT, without PVB
subjected to
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
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Objectives
Introduction
Experimental • Stress problem is not solved analytically
research
Elements
subjected to C) Non-linear buckling analysis – second order calculation
bending
Lateral torsional • calculation of structure with initial imperfections

buckling
• too complicated  unsuitable for design of beams
Design methods
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Objectives
D) Laminated glass – Numerical model
Introduction
Experimental F/2 Axis of

research symmetry
Elements v0
subjected to φx
bending
Lateral torsional fork u

buckling support φy
v
Design methods w
φz
glass
Bonding condition:
x u=0, φy=φz=0
z y
Luible, 2004 (EPFL)

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Objectives
Introduction
PVB (solid element)
elastic or viscoelastic
research symmetry
=0 t
Elements v0 PVB
=0
subjected to t1
φx
bending

v
Design methods w Equal nodes glass
φz
(shell element)
with offset t/2
glass
Bonding condition:
x u=0, φy=φz=0
z y
Luible, 2004 (EPFL)

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Objectives
Introduction
PVB (solid element)
elastic or viscoelastic
research symmetry
=0 t
Elements v0 PVB
=0
subjected to t1
φx
bending

v
Design methods w Equal nodes glass
φz
(shell element)
with offset t/2
glass
PVB
Bonding condition:
x u=0, φy=φz=0 coupling 11
40 7
z y
My 44
Beam element 9 glass

5
Luible, 2004 (EPFL) t PVB =0
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Only existing code:
Experimental Australian Standard AS 1288: Glass in Buildings – selection and
research
installation
Elements
subjected to Appendix C: Buckling of glass fins
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling M cr
Design methods
M Ed  Simple approach
1,7
Better design approaches:

• Non linear numerical model inlculding all imperfections
• Buckling curves
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
determination of the lateral and torsional buckling
resistance
Experimental
research
Elements 1) an appropriate FE model: tensile stress on glass surfaces can be

subjected to compared to tensile strength - complicated
bending
Lateral torsional
2) buckling curves
buckling
• slenderness ratio depends on tensile strength of the glass
Design methods
 p ,t 2 p ,t I y
 
 CR MCR h
where
σp,t - tensile strength of glass,
σCR - critical lateral torsional buckling stress,
Mcr - elastic critical moment
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Design methods
Objectives
Design – buckling curve
Introduction
• Slenderness  DLT
Experimental 1.2
research  p ,t
 p ,t 2 p ,t I y 1.0
LT
D 
 cr , D
Elements LT  
subjected to  CR M CR h D  y

bending 0.8  LT  p ,t
Lateral torsional
buckling
• Reduction factor LTB 0.6
Design methods
 
 LT  f LT 0.4
0.2
• Bending strength taking into 0.0
account LTB 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
coefficient d’élancement
2I y slenderness
au déversement LT
D
M Rd   LT  p ,t   LT  p ,tW y
z
• Verification
M Rd  M Ed
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Experimental 1.2
research  p ,t
 p ,t 2 p ,t I y 1.0
LT
D 
 cr , D

Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
 
 LT  f LT 0.4
0.2
account LTB 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
2I y slenderness
D
M Rd   LT  p ,t   LT  p ,tW y
z
• Verification
M Rd  M Ed
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Experimental 1.2
research  p ,t
 p ,t 2 p ,t I y 1.0
LT
D 
 cr , D

Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
 
 LT  f LT 0.4
0.2
account LTB 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
2I y slenderness
D
M Rd   LT  p ,t   LT  p ,tW y
z
• Verification LTB buckling curves need to
be established for glass
M Rd  M Ed
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
• for different types of loading, glass geometries, shear modulus of PVB
Experimental
research
interlayer and initial deformations it is possible derived different buckling
curves  reduction factor 
Elements
subjected to • buckling curve (c) from Eurocode may be used as a conservative approach
bending
Lateral torsional
buckling
Design methods
slenderness  LT
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction Australian standard AS 1288 - 1994: apendix H

Experimental 1. Beams with intermediate buckling restraints
research
g 
Elements
subjected to M CR   1   
EI y GJ  
0 ,5
bending  Lay 
Lateral torsional
buckling where MCR critical elastic buckling moment
Design methods g1 constant from table
Lay distance between effectively rigid buckling restraints
(EI)y effective rigidity for bending about the minor axis
GJ effective torsional rigidity
J torsional moment of inertia
for rectangular cross-section
db 3  b
J 1  0 ,63 
3  d
d, b depth and breadth of the beam
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Design methods
Objectives
intermediate buckling
Introduction side view of beam
y restraint
Experimental
M M
research
Elements z z
subjected to Lay
bending
y
Lateral torsional
buckling top view of beam x
Design methods
Moment parameter Coefficient g1

β = M1 / M2 free restraint condition fixed restraint condition
1,0 3,1 6,3
0,5 4,1 8,2
0,0 5,5 11,1
-0,5 7,3 14,0
-1,0 8,0 14,0
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Australian standard AS 1288 - 1994: apendix H
Experimental
research
2. Beams without intermediate buckling restraint
Elements
subjected to
bending 
MCR   g 2

   0 ,5
  
EI y GJ  1  g 3 y h / Lay  EI y GJ 
0 ,5
 
Lateral torsional
buckling
 Lay 
Design methods
where MCR critical elastic buckling moment
g2, g3 constants from table
Lay distance between effectively rigid buckling restrains
(span of beam)
yh height above centroid of the point of load application
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Design methods
Objectives
Condition of end Coefficient
Introduction Type of loading Bending moment M restraint against
rotation about y-y g2 g3
Experimental
free 3,6 1,4
research
wL2ay
Elements fixed 6,1 1,8
subjected to Lay 8
bending
free 4,1 4,9
Lateral torsional wL2ay
buckling fixed 5,4 5,2
Lay 12
Design methods
free 4,2 1,7
F FLay
fixed 6,7 2,6
Lay 4
free 5,3 4,5
F FLay fixed 6,5 5,3
Lay 8
free 3,3 1,3
F/2 F/2 FLay fixed - -
Lay 8
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Australian standard AS 1288 - 1994: apendix H
Experimental
research
3. Continuously restrained beams on tension side
Elements
subjected to 2
2  d 2
bending
 La  EI y   y 0   GJ 
Lateral torsional
 4 
buckling MCR 
Design methods 2 y0  y h
where MCR critical elastic buckling moment

Lay distance between points of effective rigid rotational
restraints
d depth of beam
yh location above the neutral axis of the loading point,
positive or negative values
y0 distance of the restraints from neutral axis
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Design methods
Objectives
Introduction Serviceability limit state

Experimental • deflection, vibration
research
Elements • simple rule for natural frequency

subjected to
bending
16
Lateral torsional f   5 Hz 
buckling d
Design methods
where d midspan deflection of beam or tip deflection of cantilever [mm]
f first natural frequency [Hz] - foot traffic and wind
Float glass – low tension stress levels  usually deflection is not

problem
Laminated or tempered glass – higher stress levels  important
check of deflection
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References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 „Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products“
HALDIMANN, Matthias; LUIBLE, Andreas; OVEREND, Mauro.
Structural Use of Glass. Structural Engineering Documents 10 , IABSE, Zürich:2008. ISBN 978-3-85748-
119-2
THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Structural use of glass in buildings, London: The institution of Structural Engineers, 1999.
KASPER, Ruth.
Tragverhalten von Glasträgern, RWTH Aachen, Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2005.
Australian Standard AS 1288.
Glass in Buildings – Selection and installation, Appendix C: Basis for determination of fin design to prevent
buckling, 2006.
AMADIO, Claudio; BEDON, Chiara.
Buckling of laminated glass elements in out-of-plane bending, Engineering Structures 32 (2010), 3780–
3788.
BELIS, Jan; MOCIBOB, Danijel; LUIBLE, Andreas; VANDEBROEK, Marc.
On the size and shape of initial out-of-plane curvatures in structural glass components, Construction and
Building Materials 25 (2011), 2700–2712.
LUIBLE, A.
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1E5 Glass Structures L1 ME

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1E5 Glass Structures L1 ME

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CTU in Prague

ADVANCED DESIGN OF GLASS

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Composition of insulated units:

Eating room – family house in

Lateral torsional • triangular fins (laminated glass 2x

• span of main beams 14m in

• secondary beams 2x 10mm, heat

glass roof above interior

preparation for installing the roof

installation of secondary beams

Maximum breaking load 4,5

• triangular shape of glass roof

• beams: 3x 10mm heat-strengthened laminated glass, supported

LTB of 3m laminated beam Belis, 2005 (UGent)

LTB of 3m laminated beam Belis, 2005 (UGent)

LTB of 3m laminated beam Belis, 2005 (UGent)

Belis, 2005 (UGent)

LTB of 3m laminated beam

Belis, 2005 (UGent)

LTB of 3m laminated beam

Introduction GLASS BEAMS

• how the overall structure will behave

Experimental Ultimate limit state

Elements simplified check of lateral and torsional stability based on

Design methods  simplified formula without

• for rectangular cross-section including warping torsion

   2 EIw  simply supported beam loaded

Design methods  simplified formula without

• for rectangular cross-section including warping torsion

   2 EIw  simply supported beam loaded

Design methods  torsional stiffness simplified formula without

• for rectangular cross-section including warping torsion

   2 EIw  simply supported beam loaded

Design methods  simplified formula without

• for rectangular cross-section including warping torsion

   2 EIw  simply supported beam loaded

Introduction RESEARCH BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

Experimental • No homogene, isotropic material

Belis, 2005 (UGent)

Experimental • No homogene, isotropic material

Belis, 2005 (UGent)

Lateral torsional Effective bending stiffness (EgIz)eff

Lateral torsional • calculation of structure with initial imperfections

Experimental F/2 Axis of

Lateral torsional fork u

Luible, 2004 (EPFL)

Lateral torsional fork u

Luible, 2004 (EPFL)

Lateral torsional fork u

Beam element 9 glass

Better design approaches:

Elements 1) an appropriate FE model: tensile stress on glass surfaces can be

Introduction Australian standard AS 1288 - 1994: apendix H

for rectangular cross-section

Moment parameter Coefficient g1

where MCR critical elastic buckling moment

Introduction Serviceability limit state

Elements • simple rule for natural frequency

Float glass – low tension stress levels  usually deflection is not

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