CHAPTER XX

PARTS
1. MECHANICAL PARTS

1.1 RACK AND PINION

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair

of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear
called "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the
rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to
the pinion, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear
motion.
It is the easiest way to convert rotation motion into linear motion in the most
economical way. Rack and pinion mechanism is commonly used because of its
compactness and robustness. This mechanism is used in automobiles because it
gives easier and most compact control over the vehicle.
The most adverse disadvantage of rack and pinion is the inherent friction,
the same force that actually makes the mechanism work. Due to this friction, it
is under a constant wear, possibly needing a replacement after a certain time
1.2 SPRING

A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy. Springs are

typically made of spring steel. There are many spring designs. In everyday
use, the term often refers to coil springs.
When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is
compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an
opposing forceapproximately proportional to its change in length (this
approximation breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or spring
constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the
change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force
versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is
expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or
lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting; when it is twisted
about its axis by an angle, it produces a torque proportional to the angle.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common
being spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock,
while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after
fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used including phosphor
bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium
copper for springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical
resistance).
2. ELECTRICAL PARTS

2.1 150 RPM DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts

direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common
types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC
motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the
motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC
motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for
portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel
rolling mills.
2.2 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board

based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano
2.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but
in a different package.
It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead
of a standard one. The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB
connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated
external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to
the highest voltage source.

2.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC)

converter that rectifies mains AC input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are
widely used in power supplies that provide necessary DC voltage for the
electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with four or
more diodes or any other controlled solid state switches.
Depending on the load current requirements, a proper bridge rectifier is
selected. Components’ ratings and specifications, breakdown voltage,
temperature ranges, transient current rating, forward current rating,
mounting requirements and other considerations are taken into account
while selecting a rectifier power supply for an appropriate electronic
circuit’s application.
2.4 CURRENT SENSOR ALLEGRO ACS712

The Allegro ACS712 provides economical and precise solutions for AC

or DC current sensing in industrial, commercial, and communications
systems. Typical applications include motor control, load detection and
management, switched-mode power supplies, and over current fault
protection. The device consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor
circuit with a copper conduction path located near the surface of the die.
Applied current flowing through this copper conduction path generates a
magnetic field which is sensed by the integrated Hall IC and converted into
a proportional voltage. Device accuracy is optimized through the close
proximity of the magnetic signal to the Hall transducer. A precise,
proportional voltage is provided by the low-offset, chopper-stabilized
BiCMOS Hall IC, which is programmed for accuracy after packaging.

2.5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or
other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,
instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour
or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information
content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits,
and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
 LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including LCD
televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays,
and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in
portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators,
and mobile telephones, including smart phones. LCD screens are also used
on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices
and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray
tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in
a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD
screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very
large television receivers.

2.6 MOSFET IRF540

The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is a

type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by
the controlled oxidation of silicon. It has an insulated gate, whose voltage
determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change
conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying
or switching electronic signals.
The main advantage of a MOSFET is that it requires almost no input
current to control the load current, when compared with bipolar transistors.
In an enhancement mode MOSFET, voltage applied to the gate terminal
increases the conductivity of the device. In depletion mode transistors,
voltage applied at the gate reduces the conductivity.
 A power MOSFET is a specific type of MOSFET designed to handle
significant power levels. Compared to the other power semiconductor
devices, for example an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or
a thyristor, its main advantages are high switching speed and good
efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that
makes it easy to drive. They can be subject to low gain, sometimes to degree
that the gate voltage needs to be higher than the voltage under control.

2.7 12v LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is

a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a
suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than
1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape
the radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs
emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used
as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote
controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light
LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high
brightness.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness,
smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in
applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted
wallpaper and medical devices. They are also significantly more energy
efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their
disposal.
Unlike a laser, the colour of light emitted from an LED is neither
coherent nor monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to
human vision, and for most purposes the light from a simple diode element
can be regarded as functionally monochromatic.