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Worked Out Examples (Bernoulli Equation)
Worked Out Examples (Bernoulli Equation)
V2
4m
2. System Diagram
V2, z2, p2
4m
z1
V 1, p 1 Streamline
Ghosh - 550 Page 2 4/29/2018
3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Incompressible fluid flow (working fluid, water, is usually assumed to be incompressible)
Inviscid fluid flow
2 - D problem
4. Governing Equations
p V2
Bernoulli's Equation: gz const.
2
Restrictions:
(1) Steady flow
(2) Incompressible flow
(3) Frictionless flow
(4) Flow along a streamline
0
t
CV
dV
CS
V dA … Integral version of mass conservation (to find V1
first.)
Imagine a control volume (one possibility is shown on the diagram by the box sketched
in red) such that control surface intersects with the inlet and the outlet areas.
Now, for an
incompressible fluid flow problem, the equation above 0 dA
V
CS
5. Detailed Solution
The Bernoulli's equation can be applied between any two points on a streamline provided that
the other three restrictions are satisfied. The result is
2 2
p1 V1 p V
gz1 2 2 gz 2
2 2
where subscripts 1 and 2 represent any two points on a streamline that correspond to and
in this particular problem.
A2
Substituting 0 V1 A1 V2 A2 V1 V2 into the above equation,
A1
p1 p 2 1 2 A2
2
V2 V2 g z 2 z1
2 A1
p1 p 2 1 2 A2
2
V2 1 g z 2 z1
2 A1
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p1 p 2 1 2 D2
2
2 2 D2 2
A2 D2
V2 1 2 g z 2 z1
4 2
2 D1 A1 2 D1
D1
4
1 2 D2
2 2
1 2 D2
2 2
Finally, p1gage p 2 gage V2 1 2 g z 2 z1
2 D1
6. Critical Assessment
Remember that four restrictions must be satisfied to use the Bernoulli's equation.
Water flows from a very large tank through a 2 in. diameter tube. The dark liquid in the
manometer is mercury. Estimate the velocity in the pipe and the rate of discharge from the
tank.
12 ft 2 in. i.d.
Flow
2 ft
6 in.
Mercury
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2. System Diagram
, p1, V1, z1
Streamline
12 ft 2 in. i.d.
, p2, V2, z2
A Flow
h1 = 2 ft C
B h2 = 6 in. = 0.5 ft
Mercury
3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Incompressible fluid flow (water, working fluid, is usually considered as incompressible)
Inviscid fluid flow
2 - D problem
4. Governing Equations
p V2
Bernoulli's Equation: gz const.
2
Restrictions:
(5) Steady flow
(6) Incompressible flow
(7) Frictionless flow
(8) Flow along a streamline
5. Detailed Solution
Physical quantities:
S .G. 13.55 (Specific gravity of mercury)
mercury
water 1.94slug / ft 3 at 59 F
g 32.174 ft / s 2
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Pressure variation in any static fluid is described by the basic pressure-height relation
dp
g (This equation is from fluid statics.)
dz
Thus,
dp
g p dp z gdz p p 0 g z 0 z p p 0 gh
p z
dz 0 0
Consider the portion of the figure A, B, and C as a U-tube manometer. Using this statics
relationship (Pascal's Law),
p A p B water gh1
p B p C mercury gh2
Adding the two equations gives
p A pC mercury gh2 water gh1
This pressure pA is same as the pressure p2 because of the absence of pressure drop for
inviscid fluid flow. Thus,
p 2 298.044lbf / ft 2 p atm
The Bernoulli's equation can be applied between any two points on a streamline provided that
the other three restrictions are satisfied. The result is
2 2
p1 V1 p V
gz1 2 2 gz 2
2 2
where subscripts 1 and 2 represent any two points on a streamline that correspond to and
in this particular problem.
2
1 2 2
V2 V1 1
p p2
g z1 z 2
p p2
g z1 z 2 V1
2 2
V2 2 1
6. Critical Assessment
This problem illustrates how Bernoulli equation may be applied with manometry.
Review fluid statics if you are not confident with how the Pascal's law was utilized to
relate the pressures pA, pB and pC.
Consider the flow represented by the stream function = Ax2y, where A is a dimensional
constant equal to 2.5 ft-1 s-1. The density is 2.45 slug/ft3. Is the flow rotational? Can the
pressure difference between points (x,y) = (1,4) and (2,1) be evaluated? If so, calculate it,
and if not, explain why.
2. System Diagram
It is not necessary for this problem.
3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Incompressible fluid flow.
Frictionless fluid flow
2 - D problem
4. Governing Equations
Stream function (incompressible fluid flow version) definition: u & v
y x
w v u w v u
Vorticity: 2 V i j k
y z z x x y
p V2
Bernoulli's Equation: gz const.
2
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Restrictions:
(9) Steady flow
(10) Incompressible flow
(11)Frictionless flow
(12) Flow along a streamline
5. Detailed Solution
Velocity components can be obtained through the given stream function = Ax2y using the
stream function definition:
u
y
y
Ax 2 y Ax 2
v
x
x
Ax 2 y 2 Axy
Since this is 2 - D (xy plane) problem, check z for rotationality of the flow field.
1 v u 1 1
z 2 Axy
2 x y 2 x y
Ax 2 2 Ay 0 Ay 0
2
There is rotation in the flow field. You may wonder that there is no friction (no
viscosity) but why the flow is rotational. Imagine that the fluid flow is rotated initially and
keep rotating forever because of the absence of viscosity.
Because the flow is rotational, Bernoulli's equation cannot be applied between any two
points in the flow. The only way to apply Bernoulli's equation in this case is that two
points must be on the same streamline. This can be verified by:
1 =2 Two points are on the same streamline. Bernoulli's equation can be applied
between these two points.
p1 V1 p V
gz1 2 2 gz 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
p2 p1 A 8 A 4 A 4 A 33 A2
1 1 33
2
A2
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33 33
p2 p1 A 2 2.45 2.5 2 252.66 lbf/ft2
2 2
6. Critical Assessment
Make sure four restrictions are all satisfied before using Bernoulli's equation.
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