Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the general statement of the problem, background of the study,

specific sub-problems, statement of hypothesis, significance of the study, definition of terms,

scope and limitations, and conceptual framework.

Background of the Study

A Sanitary landfill is a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and

maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential

environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. This is the

definition from R.A. 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000, an act that ensures the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and

disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental

practices in ecological waste management.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority from the 2015 Census Population,

Bacolod City is the second most populous city in Visayas after Cebu City. The city needs to

maintain proper waste disposal and to ensure the presence of a sanitary landfill for garbage

collection and storage.

The absence of a sanitary landfill in Bacolod City will not only violate the law, it will

create a big impact in terms of health and pollution issues on the residents of the city

especially those that resides near the dumpsite. The Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR) Undersecretary Arturo Valdez has warned mayors who are violating

environmental laws. Currently, Bacolod City is violating RA9003 of the Philippines. Its

sanitary landfill is no longer operational and is now categorized as an open dumpsite. The

1
violations include Article 2 - Segregation of Wastes which includes Section 21 and Section 22

or the Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes and Requirements for the Segregation &

Storage of Solid Waste. It has also violated and Section 37 which is the Prohibition Against

the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste.

The study will investigate the market, technical, financing, financial, environmental

and management feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City. The feasibility of the

study were divided into these seven areas of focus. Each aims to contribute to the

serviceability and improvement of the new sanitary landfill.

Bacolod City built a sanitary landfill last April 19, 2013 making it among the first 5%

Local Government Unit to comply with the sanitary landfill requirement in the whole country.

However, in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite. According to Mr. Ramel

Palalon, Public Service Officer II of Bacolod City and is in-charge of the city’s landfill, if

segregation was implemented in the landfill, it will be full by next year. The difference

between the expected and the current situation of the landfill stresses the pressing need of

proper waste disposal and storage for the city.

Civil engineers specializing in waste management have designed landfill sites that

incorporate environmental protection measures. Civil engineers specializing in geotechnical

engineering, hydrology, and environmental science are involved as soon as a landfill site is

proposed (Kielmas, 2017). The researcher's goal is to have a deeper and clearer understanding

of the landfill problems and current situation to help improve the current condition of the

sanitary landfill of the city.

2
 Landfills present engineers with a variety of challenges, including how to manage land

use, traffic, liquids, and gases, as well as other environmental, civil, geotechnical, mechanical,

and electrical engineering issues (Galvin & Steinhauser, 2017). The researchers would like to

rise up to the challenges by discovering methods appropriate for the feasibility of the new

sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

The current site of the open dumpsite is in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. According to

Pollution Abatement Systems Specialist, Inc. (PASSI) president Julito Pugoy, Felisa is the

best site to host the facility because it has a landfill. It is also the best barangay to host the

project because it is zonified as a heavy industrial zone, and in terms of social responsibility,

the problem is minimal.

Bacolod City should dispose its waste in a sanitary landfill to address the current

situation in compliance with the law as soon as possible. The aim of the study will be focused

on the feasibility of a new landfill for the city.

General Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

Specific Sub-problems

1. Is there a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City?

2. Is it the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal?

3. Is it technically feasible?

4. How much will it cost if a new landfill will be constructed and operated?

5. Will the operation of the landfill be financially feasible?

6. Will it be socially and economically acceptable?

7. Can it be managed and operated effectively and efficiently?

3
Statement of Hypothesis

The propose sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is not feasible; in terms of its market,

technical, financing and financial, socio-economic, environmental and management

feasibility.

Significance of the Study

The following will be benefited by the study:

1. The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod

City. The city’s need for a new sanitary landfill is very immediate for the closure

of the existing open dumpsite being currently utilized to accommodate the daily

collection of solid wastes is targeted for closure by the Department of Natural

Resources as it violates the previsions of R.A. 9003.

2. A new sanitary landfill which can accommodate the current and future volume of

solid wastes will reduce health and environmental hazards of an open dumpsite

and comply with provisions of R.A. 9003 on sanitary landfill.

3. The result from the study can help the government of Bacolod City in their

decision-making regarding their action on how to address the current garbage

situation of the city and comply with provisions of R.A. 9003

4. Civil Engineers and Future Researchers. The result, findings and recommendation

of the study can contribute additional knowledge especially to Civil Engineering

since it is dealing with the feasibility of a sanitary landfill, also considered to be in

the area of concern of the profession.

4
Definition of Terms

Project Feasibility Study

Conceptual and Operational: Project Feasibility Study refers to the culmination of all the

preparatory work that provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of the project before a

final decision about its viability is taken. An ideal F/S contains the following modules which

provide the basis for project evaluation: (a) demand-and-supply or market module; (b)

technical or engineering module; (c) manpower and administrative support module; (d)

financial module; (e) economic module; (f) social module; (g) institutional module; and (h)

environmental module. (National Economic and Development Authority Department of

Budget and Management, 2014)

Market feasibility

Conceptual: In general, a market analysis searches for the intersection of demand and supply

that will create a market for a product at a given price, and a feasibility analysis tests whether

a certain product will meet certain financial or social goals in the market. The market study

will examine comparables in the study area to see what scale and amenities will increase

absorption and capture rates. The marketability study is mainly used to describe what

conditions are necessary for the project to be successful. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: In this study market feasibility will determine the demand and supply. It will also

assess the potential return on the investment, absorption and market capture rates and the

project’s timing.

5
Technical feasibility

Conceptual: Technical and operational feasibility are concerned with whether the proper

resources exist or are reasonably attainable to implement a specific alternative. This includes

the square footage of the building, existing and available utilities, existing processing and

material handling equipment, quality requirements, and skill level of employees. During this

process, product specifications and facility constraints should be taken into account.

(Franchetti, 2011)

Operational: Technical feasibility will determine the design and specifications, process of

construction and equipment to be used for the proposed sanitary landfill. The technical

feasibility study will involve evaluating the engineering aspect of the project by applying the

principles of civil engineering.

Financial feasibility

Conceptual: Financial feasibility analysis is performed to test whether the project's return will

exceed opportunity costs. y combining the results of the market analysis and the cost

estimates, the feasibility analysis will estimate financial returns. Most feasibility analysis

include a pro forma which outlines expenses and incomes in a spread sheet. The feasibility

study estimates value based on market prices and the present worth of the site. Developers,

investors and lenders base many of their decisions on the feasibility study. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: Financial feasibility study will determine how much will be the cost to operate

the project. The financial feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the

government to come up with the funds needed to operate the landfill.

6
Financing feasibility

Conceptual: The criteria shall be used in the screening, prioritization and evaluation of the

new Feasibility Studies and Feasibility Studies updating that may be eligible for funding.

(National Economic and Development Authority Department of Budget and Management,

2014)

Operational: Financing feasibility will determine if the budget to finance for the investment of

the project using the pre-construction and construction cost estimate will be sufficient.

Socio-economic feasibility

Conceptual: Socio-economic aspect aims to discuss and determine what are the social

implications of the study to the society, the economic implications and the environment and

implications of the study to the economy. It aims to determine the social implications of the

study, to determine the economic implications of the study and to determine the environment

implications of the study. (Gatdula, 2018)

Operational: Socio-economic feasibility will determine what will be the effect of the project

to Bacolod City and its residents.

Environmental Feasibility

Conceptual: Modification of the environment caused by the action of man or of nature.

(Jaramillo, 2003)

Operational: Environmental feasibility will determine the effects of the project to the

environment. Environmental feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the

project to secure licenses, approvals and permits in a timely and cost effective way.

7
Management feasibility

Conceptual: The overall implementation plan is discussed in the organization and

management study. This aspect includes a study of the officers and key personnel, basic

consideration in forming the organization, form of ownership, organizational chart and project

schedule. The objective of the management aspect of a feasibility study is to determine the

option effectiveness of the organizational setup and the qualifications of the individuals who

will make up the organization. (Bejo, Bio , Borras, and Gabatan, 2013)

Operational: Management feasibility will determine how the project will be managed

effectively and efficiently to achieve its purpose.

Sanitary Landfill

Conceptual and Operational: A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed,

operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential

environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. In

particular, engineering of the site is undertaken to contain and regulate the uncontrolled

migration of leachate (water contaminated from contact with decomposing waste) and landfill

gas. (DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998)

Leachate

Conceptual and Operational: Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes,

pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may

result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil. (Bailey, 2016)

8
Geomembranes

Conceptual and Operational: Geomembranes are also called flexible membrane liners (FML).

These liners are constructed from various plastic materials, including polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The preferred material for use in MSW and

secure landfills is HDPE. This material is strong, resistant to most chemicals, and is

considered to be impermeable to water. Therefore, HDPE minimizes the transfer of leachate

from the landfill to the environment. The thickness of geomembranes used in landfill liner

construction is regulated by federal and state laws. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

Geotextile

Conceptual and Operational: In landfill liners, geotextiles are used to prevent the movement

of small soil and refuse particles into the leachate collection layers and to protect

geomembranes from punctures. These materials allow the movement of water but trap

particles to reduce clogging in the leachate collection system. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich,

2013)

Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)

Conceptual and Operational: These liners consist of a thin clay layer (four to six millimeters)

between two layers of a geotextile. These liners can be installed more quickly than traditional

compacted clay liners, and the efficiency of these liners is impacted less by freeze-thaw

cycles. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

9
Landfill Base Liner

Conceptual and Operational: Landfill Base Liner means a continuous layer of primary

Geosynthetic membrane and a secondary compacted clayliner or Geosynthetic Clay Liner

(GCL), installed beneath and/or on the sides of a landfill footprint which acts as a barrier to

vertical and lateral leachate and landfill gas movement. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid

Wastes, 2016)

Landfill Cell

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Cell" means that portion of compacted MSW in a

landfill that is enclosed by cover after a designated period. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal

Solid Wastes, 2016)

Landfill cover

Conceptual and Operational: A daily cover of compacted soil or earth is applied on top of the

waste deposited in a landfill. This cover minimizes the interaction between waste and the

surrounding environment. It also reduces odours. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid

Wastes, 2016)

Design Capacity

Conceptual and Operational: "Design Capacity" is the volume of airspace available for waste

within the landfill footprint. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

10
Landfill Gas

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Gas" (LFG) means a mixture of gases generated by

the decomposition of MSW. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

Scope and Limitations

Scope

General purpose: Specifically, the study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary

landfill for Bacolod City.

Topics studied: Market Feasibility, Technical Feasibility, Financial and Financing Feasibility,

Socio-Economic, Environmental Feasibility and Management Feasibility

Study will be conducted in Bacolod City and will affect the residents of Bacolod City.

The study will cover the period: June 2017-March 2018

Limitations

The basis of the study is the historical data of Bacolod City regarding its waste

collection volume and population. The study will not include cases of increase and decrease

of prices due to inflation or deflation. The feasibility of the study will be limited to the seven

aspects to be investigated which are market, technical, financing, financial, socio-economic,

environmental, and management feasibility.

11
Conceptual Framework

DATA PROCESSING
INPUTS AND ANALYSIS
MARKETING DATA TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY OUTPUT
TECHNICAL DATA MARKETING
FINANCING DATA TECHNICAL ESTABLISH FEASIBILITY OR
FINANCIAL DATA FINANCING NON FEASIBILITY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FINANCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT DATA ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

Figure 1. Feasibility of Proposed Landfill for Bacolod City

The feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill will be evaluated through the seven

aspects namely; marketing, technical, financial, financing, socio-economic, environmental

and management. All these aspects for the feasibility studies are interconnected and may

affect one another:

1) The technical feasibility will include the following factors:

a) Product / Service

b) Process

c) Technology

d) Equipment / materials, facilities

e) Production cost

2) The marketing feasibility will cover the volume produced and volume capacity.

3) The financing feasibility will cover the investment while the financial feasibility will

include the operation, maintenance and affordable management costs at the local level.

4) Management being the simple, dynamic management of the service.

12
 5) Socio-economic feasibility will be concerned about the community and the role of the

sanitary landfill to the people.

6) The environmental factors include negative impacts on soil, water and air that should

be minimized.

Each of the seven main feasibility studies will be evaluated by data collected and data

processing procedures setting a criteria in each area.

13
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes concepts, ideas and researches relevant to this study and that can

provide insights for the problems discussed in the first chapter. The concepts and researches

are presented in the following order: Related Literatures, Local Studies and Foreign Studies.

Related Literature

MARKET FEASIBILITY

Quantity of Waste

In the Philippines, where the population has already exceeded 100 million in 2015,

and an average solid waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, it can be estimated

that an average of 50,000 metric tons of garbage per day is being generated, of which only

35,000 metric tons/day are collected. (Gilbert and Ramos, 2012)

Recycling offers some of the most pragmatic solutions to reduce the volume of

generated waste. The Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, defines

recycling as “the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them

sustainable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid

waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products

may lose their identity…” It is differentiated from Reuse in which there is no alteration of the

physical or chemical characteristics of the recovered material.

Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as

garbage production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Though not yet quite a pervasive practice, organized recycling in the Philippines has picked

up in recent years. According to the National Solid Waste Management Commission

14
(NSWMC), recycling rates have been increasing, particularly in Metro Manila, from 6% in

1997; 13% in 2000; and 28% in 2006 (Andin, Z; NSWMC, 2007). Among the major reasons

for this improvement are the following: the implementation of RA 9003, the grassroots SWM/

recycling movement, and the market forces. (Antonio, L. C., 2010)

Population (Produce Garbage)

Based on the 2015 Census of Population, the population of the Philippines as of

August 1, 2015 was 100.98 million persons.

With a total area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers, the population density

of the Philippines in 2015 was posted at 337 persons per square kilometer. This represents an

increase of 29 persons per square kilometer (9.4 percent) from the population density of 308

persons per square kilometer in 2010. (POPCEN 2015)

Volume of Waste Generated per Year

With an average per-capita waste generation ratio of about 0.5 kg per day, the annual

waste generation in the Philippines is 12 million tons in 2012. This figure is expected to

double by 2025. The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reported

that the country’s solid waste generation includes 73% of households, 26% of commercial

establishments, institutions and industries, as well as 1% of healthcare facilities. (CCAC,

2014)

Capacity of Landfill

The Designed Landfill Capacity (DLC) shall be determined by calculating the product

of the sum of planned waste to be landfilled and soil covered per year, by the number of years

that the landfill is to be operated.

15
Density of Compacted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

The municipal solid waste is the combination of different individual waste

components, properties of the individual components controls the overall characteristics of the

landfill waste. The understanding of the variation in compositional characteristics is helpful to

estimate properties when MSW is subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (Tiwari,

2014)

It is of utmost importance to have reliable engineering properties of MSW in order to

evaluate and predict landfill behavior and hence for landfill operation. However, determining

engineering properties is extremely difficult as mentioned by Manasslero et al., (1997) due to

the following reasons:

1) Difficulties in sampling of MSW which simulate the in site condition

2) Lack of generally accepted sampling procedure for geotechnical characterization of

waste material

3) Variation in properties of municipal solid waste with time

4) Level of training and education of the personnel on site for basic interpretation and

understanding of the measurements

5) Heterogeneity of the MSW within the landfill and its variation with geographical

location.

The properties of MSW are determined for designing landfill, particularly bioreactor

landfill. Generally, density, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, compressibility, stiffness and

shear strength are the most important properties of any solid waste. (Dixon and Jones 2005).

16
Density of MSW is determined to assess volume of transportation vehicle and size of the

disposal facility. (Chandrappa & Das, 2012)

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Technical Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

According to DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998,

WHEREAS, the disposal of municipal solid waste in the Philippines is mostly through

open dumps that cause environmental damage and adverse impact on public health;

WHEREAS, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the primary

government agency in charge of environmental and natural resources management and as

Chairman of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management is tasked with providing

appropriate guidelines in all aspects of waste management;

WHEREAS, Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Philippine Local

Government Code devolved the responsibility for the provision of basic services, such as but

not limited to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification and solid waste management to

local government units (LGUs);

WHEREAS, the DENR recognizes the value of strengthening its coordination and

cooperation with the LGUs in the planning and implementation of solid waste management

strategies;

WHEREAS, by virtue of Presidential Decree 1152 (the Philippine Environmental

Policy), Presidential Decree 984 (the Pollution Control Law) and Administrative Order no. 90

there is a need to improve the present disposal practices of municipal solid waste to make then

environmentally- sound;

17
Design Landfill Layout

The site layout shall be designed to satisfy all criteria including the siting criteria, and

minimize environmental impacts. (British Columbia Ministry of Environment, June 2016)

The site layout shall provide for site entrance, gatehouse, material recovery/recycling

area, structures, access roads, landfill footprint, surface water ditching and management ponds

and leachate and gas management infrastructure if applicable. The site layout should

minimize the potential for leachate and landfill gas impacts offsite taking into consideration

groundwater flow direction and surface water infiltration and discharge points.

Site Equipment

Basic functions to be performed by landfill equipment are:

• Waste grading and compaction; and

• Excavating and placing of daily and intermediate cover.

Typically, these functions will be performed by a landfill compactor and a wheeled

loader. A pick-up truck will also be included in the typical on-site equipment fleet (Dillon, et.

al., 2007). Other functions requiring equipment are landfill cell preparation, final cover

construction, delivery of drop-off bin wastes to the working face, road maintenance and dust

control. Some of these functions may be performed with on-site equipment, but others may

require equipment to be leased or a contractor to be hired. Routine maintenance and cleaning

will be performed as necessary to keep onsite equipment in good operating order.

Topography of the site

The method of construction of a manual sanitary landfill depends mainly on the

topography of the site, although it is also influenced by the type of soil and the depth of the

water table.

18
 The area method is used on flat terrain, abandoned quarries, depressions, and low parts

of ravines. The features of each individual site will determine whether it is possible to extract

the cover soil from the site or whether it will have to be hauled from nearby places. The area

method consists of depositing the wastes on the surface and laying them against the slope of

the inclined terrain; they are then compacted in sloping layers to form the cell that will

afterwards be covered with earth. The first cells are built at one end of the area to be filled and

the work advances to its completion at the other end.

The trench method is used when the water table is deep and the gradients of the terrain

are gentle. The trenches can be excavated with earthmoving equipment. This method consists

of depositing the waste at one end of the ditch, placing it against the slope; the workers then

spread and compact the waste in layers using masonry tools until a cell is formed which, at

the end of the day, will be covered with the earth from the excavation. (Jamillo, 2003)

FINANCING FEASIBILITY

Initial Working Capital

The capital investment portion of the total costs is divided between site development,

equipment purchases and construction costs. The facility development costs are preliminary

costs associated with the entire site (e.g., characterization studies, land acquisition,

engineering and design studies, and permit package fees) thereby occurring only in the first

year of operation. The construction phase typically occurs in stages as required. Only a

portion of the site or “cell” is developed with each subsequent cell being developed as the

previous cell nears capacity. (Eilrich, et. al., 2002)

19
Costs of Land

Costs of the land depend on the land prices which can differ for each location. The

actual use of the land is important for the price which influences the level of compensation for

the owner or actual users. The potential landfill with the lowest costs is more preferable.

(Sener, 2004).

Costs for the Access of the Landfill

Costs for the access of the landfill depend on the condition and the presence of roads

close to the landfill. If reconstruction of actual roads is needed, the costs will increase.

Because of that road network is an important factor to locate a landfill site. (Sener, 2004).

Landfill Costs

Landfill costs fall into one of four categories: (1) initial construction, (2) cell

construction, (3) operations, and (4) closure as modeled. Initial construction costs consist of

those activities that would be completed prior to operation of the facility, which would not be

repeated for each individual cell. These costs are amortized over the facility life. Cell

construction costs include all engineering design and construction completed for each

individual cell of the facility and are amortized over the life of the cell. (Barbara Sich and

Morton Barlaz July 2000)

FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Payback period

Landfill cost recovery potential from 8% to 106% of total sanitary landfill costs

(including the gas system), if all revenues go only to landfill cost recovery. However, usually

some revenue needs to cover private developer profit and some is allocated to community

20
development funding to the host municipality and surrounding neighborhood or waste picking

community. No funds are likely to be leftover for the rest of the solid waste system. When

systems are small and poorly operated, cost recovery potential can be half of the above

estimates. (Cointreau, March 2008)

Operation and Closure Costs

Operation costs include all costs incurred annually to run the facility. Closure costs

include all one-time activities conducted after all cells in the facility are completed, as well as

post-closure monitoring and other long-term activities related to site maintenance after

closure. The post-closure costs are amortized over the life of the facility so that these costs are

reflected in the cost of waste disposal. Landfill gas can be used directly or to generate

electricity or steam. The associated revenues can be sold to offset some of the costs associated

with building, operating, and maintaining a landfill. (Barbara Sich and Morton Barlaz July

2000)

Transport Costs

Transport costs are determined by the transport distances from the source of waste

generation, the way of transport and the way of collection. The other factors affecting

transport costs are the need for waste transfer stations and the possibility to use railways.

(Sener, 2004).

Costs for Personnel, Maintenance and Environmental Protection

The costs for personnel will not differ so much between the different potential landfill

sites. Maintenance depends on the availability of soil needed for the daily or regular covering

and for the stability of the landfill. If the soil is not available in the area, it should be imported

which increases the maintenance costs. Technical provisions should be placed to prevent the

21
pollution of the soil, groundwater and surface water at the landfill. Monitoring the drainage

system and the quality of the leachate and surface water are also important factors in the

maintenance costs. The potential landfill with the lowest maintenance costs is more suitable

for a landfill. (Sener, 2004).

Costs for the After-Care

The costs for after-care is not only dependent on the kind of final use but also on

provisions to monitor the groundwater quality, existence of gas, the winning of gas, the

stability of the completed landfill. Needed provisions are depending on the characteristics of

the filled waste, the kind of subsoil, the hydrogeological situation, and the kind of final use.

(Sener, 2004).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Political Acceptance

The issues of public acceptance, changing value systems, public participation in

planning and implementation stages, and changes in waste behavior are equally as important

as the technical and economic aspects of waste management (Marshall and Farahbakhsh,

2013). Effective waste management must be fully embraced by local authorities and the

public sphere, and must include all stakeholders in the entire waste management decision-

making process. Key elements to the success of these integrated programs are public

participation and empowerment, decision transparency, networking, cooperation and

collective action, communication, and accessibility of information (Marshall and

Farahbakhsh, 2013).

22
 According to another study (WRC, 1995), communities should be required to take

responsibility for their own waste collection and disposal. Through community self-help,

waste management costs are reduced and community self-interest is increased. The advantage

of this strategy is its emphasis on community involvement in the reuse of waste materials. The

study suggested the following steps to encourage community involvement: 1) Promotion of

environmental education, information and capacity building in communities; 2) Promotion

and provision of support for community-based initiatives to seek solutions to waste

management, sanitation, and access to resources; and 3) Creation of community forums

responsible for developing integrated environmental, developmental and spatial plans.

(MaAllister, 2015)

ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY

Identification of Standards in Force

Another aspect not to be overlooked by the designer of a sanitary landfill is the need to

consult with the standards currently in force for the design and construction of the landfill and

infrastructure works, and also for the issue of environmental impact (constraints on the project

in order to prevent or mitigate possible negative effects from the construction and operation of

the landfill). (Jaramillo, 2003)

Analysis of Environmental Impacts

Environmental impact analyses serve to anticipate the positive and negative effects that every

sanitary landfill project has during its different stages: site selection, construction, operation,

and closure. The measurement of these impacts should be interdisciplinary and should be

23
carried out on the natural components (water, soil and air), of the site and surrounding area as

well as on the project-related economic and social variables. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Republic Act No. 9003

According to Republic Act No. 9003 or “An act providing for an ecological solid

waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,

declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for

other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies wherein it is hereby declared the

policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste

management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use,

recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in

appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with

ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of

solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in

ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste

management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement

24
and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and

recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government,

other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the

application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order

to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Section 40, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for siting a Sanitary

Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the siting of sanitary landfills:

(a) The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

(b) The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

(c) The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled

and compacted;

(d) The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

(e) The size must be located in an area where the landfill’s operation will not detrimentally

affect environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or

watershed area;

25
(f) The site should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for a period of

five years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and

sustainable solid waste disposal;

(g) The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary

constraints, including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-closure care

and possible remediation costs;

(h) Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource

recovery projects; and

(i) Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

Section 41, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for Establishing a

Sanitary Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the establishment of

sanitary landfills:

(a) Liners – a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate

and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

(b) Leachate collection and treatment system – Installation of pipes at the low areas of the

liner to collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;

(c) Gas control recovery system – a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing

permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or

productive use as an energy source;

(d) Ground water monitoring well system – wells placed at an appropriate location and depth

for taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

(e) Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect the

waste from long-term contact with the environment:

26
(i) a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each day’s operations, and;

(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control

infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

(f) Closure procedure – with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems

and final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of

the final cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least receipt of wastes; and

(g) Post-closure care procedure – During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible

for providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfill’s

environmental protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater

should it become contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission.

MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY

Operational Procedures

The operational procedures employed at any landfill site will have a significant

bearing on its planned development, performance and potential effects on the environment,

particularly effects on site neighbours. The procedures are the following: landfill

management plan, staffing and training, health and safety, site access,waste acceptance and

monitoring, roading, visual impacts, waste compaction, cover, nuisance control, fire

prevention, water control, landfill gas management, and closure and aftercare. (Centre for

Advanced Engineering , 2000)

Staffing

The level of staffing should be adequate for environmentally-responsible and safe

management of the landfill. Staffing requirements will vary as a function of size, types of

27
wastes, and diversity and complexity of site operations. Landfill operators should provide

adequate staffing to ensure that during operating hours all continuous tasks (including waste

reception, and security, compaction and covering) are completed in accordance with the

landfill management plan. (Centre for Advanced Engineering, 2000)

Related Studies

Local Studies

Market Study

A Study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe and Richard B. Parilla entitled

“Opportunities and Threats to Adjacent Community in a Sanitary Landfill, Philippines”

assessed the adjacent community in Cebu City Sanitary Landfill (CCSL), Philippines. Data

were gathered on April, 2011 using interview-questionnaire covering sixty three households.

Areas assessed include the general household profile, perceived opportunities, water resources

and utilization, health status and services, waste management practices, and perception to

CCSL management and institutions. Result showed that households perceived opportunities

in CCSL as a result of employment, resources, and security through informal workforce like

scavenging. However, the adjacent community was found to be at high risk owing to use of

contaminated groundwater and unsafe waste management practices. These threats were

manifested through prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermal diseases.

Households also acknowledged the negative impacts to health and environment however their

major concern was accessed to employment upon closure and relocation of CCSL. The study

provided basis for policy makers and concern institutions on identifying basic services to be

28
made available to the adjacent community considering the closure of CCSL. The study gave

idea to the researchers on what to consider in the formulation of the design and considerations

for the new sanitary landfill in study.

Technical Study

Solid waste management remained to be a serious problem in the country. Despite the

enactment of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, nothing has

improved. The volume of wastes being generated particularly in the urban centres tends to

increase with increased population growth. Improper waste disposal is not only an eyesore but

has serious environmental consequences to the soil, air, ground and surface waters and even

to human health. Groundwater contamination may be the most serious problem caused by

improper waste disposal because, as usually the case in the Philippines where dependence on

groundwater for drinking purposes is very common. Sanitary landfills are the most widely

utilized method for solid waste disposal. (Rebullida, 2000)

According to Republic Act No. 9003 which states that “An act providing for an

ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms

and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds

therefor, and for other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies: It is hereby declared the policy

of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

29
(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use,

recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in

appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with

ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of

solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in

ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste

management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement

and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and

recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government,

other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the

application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

30
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order

to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Republic Act No. 9003, Article 2, Section 21 states the Mandatory Segregation of

Solid Waste; The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in

providing collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best

meet their needs: Provided, That segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the

source, to include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources:

Provided, further, That wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in Section 22

of this Act.

31
Financing Study

Cost Estimates /Financial Aspects

The Solid Waste Management Program of San Carlos City is being financed through the 20%

Development Fund (20% of the Internal Revenue Allotment or IRA) as source of fund. The

yearly budget is being deliberated annually (which usually falls on the 3rd quarter of the year)

under the auspices of the Local Finance Committee.

Investment cost

32
Financial Study

In the study “Final Report on Consulting Services for Solid Waste Management

(Environmental Management) Within Project Micropolis in Metro Manila, Republic of the

Philippines” last April 2007 provided a breakdown of the costs. The table includes a

schematic calculation for a Barangay in Metro Manila with 10,000 inhabitants of mixed

population. The Barangay has initially eight (8) hauling trips per week to collect the Solid

Waste. The Barangay has initially no Eco Aids designated to the Solid Waste Management

System. Each item can naturally be discussed and modified, but the ambition of the table is to

show the orders of magnitude and where the critical costs and revenues are found.

The investments can naturally vary a lot depending on the starting conditions in the

specific Barangay, the level of ambition, stepwise implementation of the new schemes, etc.

However, the order of magnitude, 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 pesos, is a good estimate for a

Barangay of 10,000 inhabitants. An investment of this magnitude is very hard for a typical

Barangay to handle in one step. However, with a good planning of budget allocations over the

years and a stepwise implementation it would be possible to build up a well-functioning Solid

Waste Management System within just a few years. Experience from various other projects

also shows that there are other sources of funding than only the Barangay budgets.

Waste Management Fund as a part of the Property Tax allocations;

Savings and funding;

Soft Loans / Concessionary credits;

33
 Donations from companies and individuals; and

Various “politically” allocated funds

are some examples of funding used in other projects.

The use of part of the Property Tax to the Waste Management Fund seems to be

supported by law. Savings and funding are sometimes difficult due to administrative rules and

regulations where a “saving” from one budget year can not be transferred to the following.

However, it seems as if such transfers can be done given one of the basic rules: “If there is a

will there is a way”. Countries that are engaged in various kinds of support to developing

countries sometimes provide so called Soft Loans (or Concessionary Credits) at favorable

conditions. Naturally, a single Barangay cannot get involved in such a financing scheme, but

with a good coordination between Barangays and the City Level or at the Central Government

Level (like the DILG, Department of Interior and Local Government), such financing would

bring down the costs and increase the implementation pace.

The latter two types of funding are available especially during election periods. This

kind of sources can, of course, not be utilized in every Barangays when a full scale Solid

Waste Management work is started. The interest on the investment should be included as a

cost in a complete budget estimate. However, since the budgets for investments in a Barangay

are provided on an annual basis by City / Municipality, the interest is of no significance on the

Barangay level.

Another study entitled, “Funding Solid Waste Disposal: A Study from the Philippines”

by Antonia Corinthia C. Naz and Mario Tuscan N Naz , talks about the treatment of solid

waste as a major priority in countries across Southeast Asia. Economic development and

population growth, particularly in the region's mega-cities, have made the challenge more

34
acute. This is particularly true in the Philippines, where the legacy of dangerous open dump

sites such as 'Smokey Mountain' have kept the issue high on the political agenda. This study

looks at how a municipal government in one of the Philippines's provinces should organize its

solid waste management plans to meet strict new national targets. It recommends that the

local government charge user fees for its waste collection & disposal services and

recommends a level of service that will reflect people's preferences, However, even with this

level of charges, the study warns of a funding gap and says that the local government may

have to divert as much as 25% of its development fund to pay for it.

In the study “A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila,

Philippines” by Rhea Abigail Navarro last November 2003, he indicated the following

assumptions:

 SWM expenses include personnel services, landfill aftercare, maintenance and

operation costs, wastewater treatment, landfilling costs (tipping fee) and collection

and transportation costs. Except for transportation and collection, all costs are

deducted from MMDA’s SWM budget. Transportation and collection costs are borne

by the individual LGUs themselves.

 All initial prices of expenses are worked out from the 2002 SWM budget of MMDA.

Maintenance and operation cost Php34.17/m2 of controlled dump area. Wastewater A

Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines Rhea

Abigail Navarro, LUMES 2002/2003 8 treatment costs Php8.68/m2 while the tipping

fee is initially Php600/ton. Landfill aftercare is paid yearly after a controlled dump is

closed up to 10 years at the same rate as wastewater treatment. All rates double for

35
 each new controlled dump opened. Php2.35 million is spent annually for total

personnel services. (MMDA, 2002)

 Collection and transportation costs are priced at Php785.7/ton. This is derived from a

weighted average of costs spent by Marikina, Valenzuela and Muntinlupa (WB,

2001).

 Total SWM allocation is composed of the share of SWM from the government plus

the individual expenses of LGUs in collection and transportation. The government

allocated share for SWM is set as 0.13% of the GRDP, based on the approved 2002

budget (MMDA, 2002). LGU contribution, on the other hand, varies yearly

depending on the amount of waste collected.

Socio-Economic Study

A study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe entitled, “Socio-Demographic

Assessment of Surrounding Community to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and a

Dumpsite: The Case of Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines” published on November 2015 states

that, The Philippines urgency for comprehensive solid waste management under the

monitoring and implementation of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) and the National Solid Waste were given emphasis for the last years through the

establishment of the following facilities; compost, landfill (38), open dumpsites (640), and

material recovery (7327) (NSWMC, 2001). It has become a common practice elsewhere that

these facilities tend to attract informal settlers because of the available economic option and

livelihood (Sia Su, 2007; Paul et al., 2012; Afon, 2012; Galarpe and Parilla, 2014). The

community surrounding disposal sites seeks employment through scavenging, collecting, and

36
as middlemen agents (Asim et al., 2012; Sia Su 2007; Rankokwane and Gwebu, 2006;

Nzeadibe, 2009), which becomes an integral part of the informal sector of solid waste

management (Dhokhikah and Trihadiningrum, 2012). This typically exists since dumped

waste potentially becomes a profitable resource through recycling or converting it into an

intermediate product (Galarpe and Parilla, 2014; Nzeadibe, 2009).

Environmental Study

A study by Paz B. Reyes, Mabelle V. Portu entitled, “Greening of the Solid Waste

Management in Batangas” can also help improve design the new sanitary landfill.

Management of solid wastes in the Philippines has long been a responsibility of the Local

Government Units in the country since the enactment of Republic Act 9003 also known as the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2002. In support to the local government of

Batangas City, this study was conducted to propose a plan of action that will enhance the level

of implementation of solid waste management in the city, lessen the harmful effects to the

environment and health of the people and find solutions to problems encountered in its

implementation. The descriptive survey method was used with 204 respondents taken by

stratified sampling from selected 69 barangays. A Likert scale instrument was used to

measure the level of implementation of solid waste management practices of the residents and

the problems encountered by the residents in the implementation of solid waste management

practices. A checklist determine the effects of the implementation of solid waste management

practices to the environment and health of the people Data analysis made use of frequency

distribution, weighted mean and ANOVA. From the findings gathered on the level of

implementation of solid waste management and the observed effects to the environment and

37
health of the people including the problems encountered in its implementation, a plan of

action was proposed with the hope of enhancing the level of implementation of solid waste

management thereby lessening its harmful effects and problems to health and environment.

Another study by Leonora E. Ngilangil entitled, “Assessment of Groundwater and

Leachate Quality from Balaoan Sanitary Landfill in La Union, Northern Philippines” could be

very helpful as well. The study emphasizes that landfills are point sources of pollution. In this

study, it seeks to assess the groundwater and leachate quality in Balaoan sanitary landfill

using physico-chemical and biological characteristics and to compare the results to quality

standards. Proper coordination with authorities, ocular visits and surveys and final evaluation

on the study site were made to ascertain the presence of a leachate pond and deep/tube wells

within or near the facility.

Groundwater and leachate samples were collected through grab sampling during the

months of February and April and sent for laboratory analyses .Except for the Total coliform

and E.coli counts, the physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples such as pH,

turbidity,total dissolved solids, and nitrate were found to conform to the Philippine National

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Leachate water samples in terms of chemical

oxygen demand were found to conform to the regulatory limit while toxic metals such as

cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and mercury showed very low concentration based on

DAO 35, series of 1990 class C waters.

Management Study

A study by Gia Golda D. Dela Corte entitled “Establishment of Municipal Solid Waste

Management Guidelines for Bais City Using Leachate Analyses and Wastes Characterization”

38
published on December 2005 states that although landfilling is a part of solid waste

management, environmental management practices should also be of concern. These practices

can be summarized in a comprehensive and integrated form such as a waste management

plan. Waste management plans are formed by performing waste characterization through

inventory of the volume of incoming solid wastes. Aside from determining the volume of

solid wastes through inventory, evaluation of effluent parameters may be used to formulate

solid waste management plans or guidelines. Analysis of effluent parameters may reveal

which parameter is critical.

Foreign Studies

Market Study

A study in India is entitled “Modified Landfill Design for Sustainable Waste

Management” by Sudhakar Yedla states that waste management, being one of the most

important aspects of urban development, is gaining importance among developing nations.

Landfills, which were initiated for hazardous waste management and subsequently

transformed into sanitary landfills, have been the most widely adapted practice for municipal

solid waste management worldwide. However, the conventional design of landfills not only

fails to fulfil the needs of waste management but also fails to target optimal resource recovery

and energy generation. In the present study, modified design was proposed for partially

engineered landfill system based on theoretical considerations. Its potential for energy

generation and resource utilization was analyzed with a case study of Mumbai municipal solid

waste. It was found that the system with modified design could yield 0.157 million tons of

39
landfill gas (0.145 million tons of coal equivalent) out of one year of solid waste. Further, this

could recover resource valued at US$2.49 million per year.

“The Normandy Landfill: A Case Study in Solid Waste Management” is a study by S.

Sadek* and M. El-Fadel in Lebanon and was published in 2000. As in most developing

countries, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has been a chronic problem, particularly in

areas with high population density, high production of refuse, and scarcity of land adequate

for landfills. In such settings, uncontrolled waste dumping along the seashore has been an

unfortunate, yet common practice for solid waste disposal in major urban centers. These

practices along the Mediterranean coast resulted in serious sea pollution problems. Random

disposal activities began around 1975 and were suspended in 1994. Initially, the waste was

limited to household wastes and later included inert fill and construction material. The site

currently covers about 360000m2 and extends about 600 m beyond the original shoreline.

During the period 1975 to 1982, the material dumped was mostly municipal waste with some

construction rubble. At that point 30 000m2 land area had been deposited into the sea.

Between 1982 and 1983, large quantities of demolition debris were dumped into the sea north

of the existing waste piles. In addition, the years of war resulted in significant damages to the

city infrastructure, including sewage and wastewater disposal, resulting in the discharge of

large volumes of untreated wastewater at the edge of the fill.

Technical Study

Based on the “Technical Guidelines on Specially Engineered Landfill” published by Basel

Convention in 2002, a number of technical measures which are interdependent should be

40
taken to mitigate the impacts of landfill operations on the environment and human health, they

concern:

a. Site selection. Landfills should be sited, where possible to avoid the possibility of

ground water pollution. Where this is not possible, landfills should be designed and

constructed to prevent the migration of leachate from the fill to ground water.

b. Design of operations. Landfills can be designed and operated in ways that minimize

the generation of leachate, by for example tipping vertically rather than horizontally,

and by the prompt application of appropriate intermediate cover over the deposited

waste, graded to encourage run-off rather than infiltration. Effective compaction of the

deposited waste is also important.

c. Design of landfill and its proper engineering

d. d. Control on incoming waste. The amounts of waste that directly increase leachate

volumes (e.g. wet wastes) should be reduced to a practical minimum.

e. Landfill closure. The final closure cover for the landfill can be designed and laid in

such a way that infiltration of rainfall into the fill will be greatly reduced.

f. Careful construction and operation are essential.

g. Monitoring. A comprehensive programme of monitoring will be required for all

landfill sites. It should cover inputs to, contents of and emissions from the site and the

surrounding environment. It should be designed to provide advanced warning of any

unexpected problems and guidance on remediation possibilities. It should also indicate

the point at which the landfill has become stable.

41
Financing Study

The study “Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Economic Impact Analysis for the

Proposed New Subpart to the New Source Performance Standards” by staff from the Office of

Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency last June 2014 had given insights

about costs and revenue streams for landfills. Landfill costs are site specific and vary based

on factors such as terrain, soil type, climate, site restrictions, regulatory issues, type and

amount of waste disposed, preprocessing, and potential for groundwater contamination.

Landfill costs fall into the following categories: site development, construction, equipment

purchases, operation, closure, and post-closure.

Construction costs encompass building the landfill cells as well as development of

permanent on-site structures needed to operate the landfill. Cortland County, New York

estimated that the cost for site development and cell construction (not including on-site

building construction) for a 224.5-acre site would be approximately $500,000 per acre (EnSol,

2010). In 2005, a series of articles was written that estimated costs for a hypothetical landfill

based on known market conditions and cost data. The theoretical landfill had a design

capacity of 4 million cubic yards and a footprint of 33 acres. The study determined that the

cost of constructing a landfill of this size would be between $300,000 and $800,000 per acre.

For the hypothetical landfill in the study, total building and additional structure costs could

total between $1.165 million and $1.77 million. The cost of each building structure varies

depending on its functions and could range from $10 to $100 per square foot. Office buildings

cost more while maintenance buildings and tool sheds cost less. (Duffy, 2005a).

Operating costs of the example landfill include staffing, equipment, leachate

treatment, and facilities and general maintenance. Landfill operations and maintenance

42
activities are performed using a variety of heavy construction equipment with operating costs

dependent on fuel, repairs, and maintenance. Operating costs are relatively small when

compared to the capital costs; estimated annual operating costs from this study are:

• Operations (equipment, staff, facilities and general maintenance): $500,000.

• Leachate collection and treatment (assumes sewer connection and discharge cost of

$0.02/gallon): $10,000.

• Environmental sampling and monitoring (groundwater, surface water, air

gas,leachate):

$30,000.

• Engineering services (consulting firms and in-house staff): $60,000.

Financial Study

The collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in Fiji’s cities and towns are

the responsibilities of individual municipal councils, under the country’s Local Government

Act. In the capital city, Suva, solid waste management is carried out by the Suva City Council

(SCC). Household waste is collected by the SCC, using its fleet of compactor trucks.

The SCC believes that its collection system is cost-effective and customer-friendly. It does

not plan to outsource these services to the private sector. The cost of compactor trucks is seen

by the SCC as a barrier to private sector participation, although Port Moresby has shown that

this can be overcome by councils leasing trucks to private contractors.

Green waste collection in Suva is outsourced, as part of municipal cleaning and

maintenance contracts, which also include grass-cutting, clearing of drains, and street-

sweeping. Suva is divided into 10 sectors, tendered separately through the SCC tender

43
process, which encourages local contractor participation and an equitable distribution of

economic opportunities. Contracts have a 3-year term. They include a lump sum component

and a fee for each load of waste transported to the Naboro landfill. Current contractors include

eight incorporated companies, a youth group, and a church group. Performance is monitored

daily through physical inspections, and penalties are applied for non-performance. Fiji’s

Office of the Auditor General recommended in 2014 that the SCC enter into legally binding

contracts with contractors. The SCC reports that standardized contract documents are now

being used, and that improvements in contract management and monitoring have led to

improvements in service delivery.

The SCC also has a 2-year contract with a waste disposal company to provide skip

bins at informal settlements and council facilities (about 28 sites in total). The contract

includes fixed rental and haulage fees. Commercial and industrial wastes in Suva are collected

by private companies.

The city’s waste is disposed of at a sanitary landfill at Naboro, which also serves the

towns of Lami, Nasinu, and Nausori, as well as Navua and Korovou. The Government of Fiji

owns the landfill, and the Department of Environment (DOE) is responsible for its operation.

Since the landfill opened in 2005, its management has been contracted out to a private

operator from New Zealand. Until 2010, a 5-year contract provided a lump sum payment to

the company for the disposal of 100,000 tons of waste per year. Since 2010, the company has

been awarded two weight-based contracts with 2-year terms, following competitive tenders.

There has since been a number of contract extensions and interim contracts due to delays in

the process for tendering and awarding of contracts. The most recent 2-year contract has

expired, and is expected to be extended until a new, longer-term contract is awarded.

44
 In the absence of a longer-term contract, there has been insufficient investment in

equipment by the contractor, which is impacting services at the facility. Delays in the

development of the landfill’s second stage, which is the government’s responsibility, have

resulted in additional strain and overload at the existing site.

In February 2016, the DOE called for expressions of interest for a waste-to-energy

facility at Naboro. However, amid uncertainty about key project parameters and the tender

process, it is unlikely that any contract that might be awarded would maximize value for

money for the government. Further, the absence of an integrated solid waste management

strategy for the Greater Suva area means that there are uncertainties about the future quantity

of solid waste, landfill requirements, and waste-to-energy potential.

Socio-Economic Study

“Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Landfills” is a study by

Danthurebandara M., Passel S. V., Nelen D., Tielemens Y,. and Acker K. V. was published

on the year 2012. Socio-economic impacts of landfills include risks for public health derived

from surface or groundwater contamination by leachate, the diffusion of litter into the wider

environment and inadequate on-site recycling activities. Nuisances such as flies, odors, smoke

and noise are frequently cited among the reasons why people do not want to reside close to

landfills. Various researches conclude that landfills likely have an adverse negative impact

upon housing values depending upon the actual distance from the landfill. The present paper

reviews the environmental and socio-economic impacts related to landfills and presents

existing modeling approaches to assess these impacts. Furthermore, this review is

45
complemented with suggestions to minimize the environmental burden of landfills and to re-

introduce the buried resources to the material cycle.

Environmental Study

“Landfill site suitability assessment by means of geographic information system

analysis,” is a study by M. Yazdani1, S. M. Monavari, G. A. Omrani, M. Shariat, and S. M.

Hosseini in Iran and was published last July 30, 2015. Open dumping is the common

procedure for final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Iran. Several environmental

pollution and soil degradation problems were found as a consequence of poor planning of

landfills.

So recognition of the MSW landfill state is required to prevent environmental

problems. The objective of this research was to study the suitability of existing municipal

landfill sites using geographic information system methods. Tonekabon city in the west area

of Mazandaran province, northern Iran, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, was

chosen as a case study. In order to carry out this evaluation, two guidelines were used:

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and regional screening guidelines. The results

indicate that the landfills were not located in suitable sites and also that there are few suitable

locations to install the landfills.

The study entitled “The Challenge Of Future Landfill: A Case Study Of Malaysia” by

Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Latifah Abd. Manaf focuses on Toxicology and

Environmental Health Sciences published last May 16, 2013. Landfilling is the most frequent

waste disposal method worldwide. It is recognized as being an important option both now and

in the near future, especially in low- and middle-income countries, since it is the easiest and

46
the cheapest technology available. Owing to financial constraints, landfills usually lack of

environmental abatement measures, such as leachate collection systems and lining materials.

As a result, a lot of contamination is inflicted upon the environment. Importantly, even with

proper abatement measures in landfills, there is no guarantee that contamination will be

prevented. Another major concern is the appropriate location for landfills to ensure the impact

towards the environment are minimized. This paper highlights the challenge to find suitable

place for future landfill in Malaysia. There is a tendency of landfill to be built on unsuitable

area such as near to residential area or on agricultural land where most of the land are grading

as high prospect value to be developed as business or industrial area that are more profitable.

The situation in Sweden, relates a lot in the current situation in the city in sanitary

landfills turning into open dumpsites. Mohammad Aljaradin and Kenneth M Persson

elaborates in their study entitled “Design of Sanitary Landfills in Jordan for Sustainable Solid

Waste Management” that Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental

problems in Jordan. World Bank visibility study (2004) showed that the rate of production of

solid waste in Jordan was estimated annually of about 1.46 million ton, and is expected to

reach 2.5 million ton by year 2015 with generation of 0.9/kg/capita/day. This solid waste

volume is still increasing at high rates due to the rapid increase of populations and change

in living standards and the consumption patterns. The Majority of landfills in Jordan are

practicing open dumping and thus cause various environmental problems such as health

hazards, surface water and ground water contamination, odors, etc. Sanitary landfills offer a

viable option for the Common Service Councils (CSCs) which are responsible for operation

and management of disposal sites in the country, to deal with the environmental hazards

47
caused by open dumps practice within its financial constraints. If sanitary landfills are

conducted properly, the negative environmental impacts can be kept to a minimum level.

Management Study

The study “Understanding Waste from a Climate Change Perspective: Municipal Solid

Waste Management in Canada” by Rathan Kumar Bonam published on May 2009 states that

current waste management practices are unsustainable requires that we look for alternative

waste management practices tohelp us stop and, eventually, reverse the steady increase in our

waste production. Although usable materials are now being salvaged from landfills in many

locations, there are easier ways to cycle resources (Van der Zee et al., 2004). Significant

environmental pressures are currently resulting from our rising waste generation levels and

our improper disposal of waste; these behaviours lead to the unsustainable consumption of

natural resources and energy, and contribute to the pollution of air, land, and water. In

awareness of these environmental risks, Canada adopted a 50% waste reduction target from

1988 levels by 2000 to increase waste diversion (i.e., recycling, composting, etc.) (PWGSC,

2005). However, contrary to this goal, the amount of waste disposed in landfills in Canada

actually increased by 25% 2between 1990 and 2000 (Thompson et al., 2006).An average

person in Canada currently generates about 2.66 kg of waste each day and most of it ends up

in a landfill (Thompson et al., 2006).

48
SYNTHESIS

MARKET STUDY

The estimation and analysis of the capacity and volume of waste of the new sanitary

landfill study can be based on the historical information about the amount of population,

average volume of garbage collected in a certain amount of time and other processes

necessary for the landfill from cities in the country or in the Philippines as a whole. The aim is

to come up with a capacity that can hold the amount of volume of garbage collected to be

disposed in the landfill. A study was cited about the market aspects of a landfill in Cebu City

in terms of its market feasibility. Foreign studies cited, also based their landfill capacity from

market studies conducted to provide a feasible supply from the demand.

TECHNICAL STUDY

This related literature provides insights for determining the equipment, facilities,

materials and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary landfill. It provided

ideas on the method of construction of the landfill. Also, the technical study cited governing laws

(R.A. 7169 and P.D. 1152) and the government department liable of ensuring that the technical

guidelines are met as well as the impact of the technical aspect of the sanitary landfill.

FINANCING STUDY

This study provides estimates for total cost of landfill. Results indicate that volume

significantly impacts feasibility. Additional information is required to localize the estimate to a

specific site. However, this study provides useful information to assist community and county

decision-makers as they attempt to evaluate their alternatives.

49
FINANCIAL STUDY

The financial feasibility highlights the operation and maintenance cost of sanitary landfills. It

generally involve transport cost, cost for personnel, maintenance and environmental protection.

Local and foreign related studies are cited regarding financial information on the operation of

sanitary landfills.

SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY

The public is also very important in considering the feasibility of the new sanitary

landfill because they will be greatly affected. Also, a study suggested that without the

cooperation and help of the public in the implementation of a new landfill, the overall

feasibility will be affected.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Environmental related literature stresses the importance of negative effects during site

selection, construction, operation, closure. R.A. 9003 that regulates the protection of public

health and environment information about the environmental risks of landfills. Also, some

procedures stated could be applied in the environmental feasibility of the new sanitary landfill

in Bacolod City.

MANAGEMENT STUDY

This study aims to provide guidelines in how an organization manages a landfill. It

provides different functions of an organization that needed to be fulfilled properly so that the

landfill would serve its purpose well. This could help us in creating a project schedule for the

construction of the landfill.

50
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, data gathering and analyses procedures of

marketing, technical, financial, financing, management, environmental and socio-economic

study.

Methodology

The study aims to determine the feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill of Bacolod

City. The type of research that will be used for this study is descriptive research, this kind of

research focuses on the current issues or problems done by a process of data collection that

enables them to describe the situation completely than without using this method. To describe

the aspects of the phenomenon, descriptive research are used. And also, descriptive research

is used to described characteristics and/or behavior of the sample population. The most

important trait of descriptive research that more researchers use this kind of study is that it can

employ a number of variables, however only one variable is required to conduct the study.

The descriptive research has its three main purposes: describing, explaining and

validating research findings. The kind of study is also closely related with observational

studies but not just limited for observation data collection method and case studies.

Descriptive study also has surveys as a popular data collection method.

An effective method to analyze non-quantified topic and issues, possibility to observe

the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment, and its

opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are some of

the reasons why descriptive research is used for this study.

51
 The study aims to determine the feasibility of marketing, technical, financing,

financial, socio-economic, environmental, and management. The method of descriptive

research is most closely practical for determining the feasibility of the said studies. Collecting

data by historical method, surveys, observations, interviews, and taking it from a reliable

source, are used in the descriptive research.

The procedure for the conduct of a project feasibility study are the following:

1. Market Study

2. Technical Study

3. Management Study

4. Environmental Study

5. Socio-Economic Study

6. Financing Study

7. Financial Study

1. Market Study

1.1 Service: The “Proposed Sanitary Landfill of Bacolod City” aims to come up with a

sanitary landfill that is designed and constructed in a manner that exerts engineering

control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development

and operation of the facility.

1.2 Volume of Wastes:

1.2.1 Data Gathering:

1.2.1.1 Secure weight per capita per day of solid wastes in Bacolod City.

52
 1.2.1.2 Secure data of the number of inhabitants and population in Bacolod

City for the next 5 years using the rate of population growth from the City

Government.

1.2.2 Data Processing:

1.2.2.1 Project the volume of the solid waste for the next 5 years.

1.2.2.2 Determine the volume and weight capacity of the proposed sanitary

landfill.

1.2.2.3 Estimate the volume/weight produced by the population.

ppc = DSr / (Pop x 7 x Cov)

DSd = Pop x ppc

ppc = Production per capita per day (kg/cap/day)

DSr = Quantity of MSW collected in one week (kg/wk)5
Pop = Total population (inhab)
Cov = Coverage of the urban cleaning service (%)
Cov = Population served (inhab) / Pop
DSd = Quantity of MSW produced per day (kg/day

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.2.2.4 Estimate the projected total volume.

1.3 Capacity of Landfill:

1.3.1 Data Gathering:

1.3.1.1 Create criteria for capacity.

1.3.1.2 Visit current site and check for area condition.

1.3.2 Data Processing:

1.3.2.1 Determine if current landfill is still operational or there is a need to

design for the new landfill.

1.3.2.2 Estimate required volume capacity of the landfill.

53
 Volume of Solid Waste:

Vdaily = DSp / Dmsw

Vcompacted annually = Vdaily x 365

Volume of the Cover Material:

c.m = Vcompacted annually x (0.20 or 0.25).

Volume of the Sanitary Landfill:

VSL = Vstabilized annually + c.m

Vdaily = Volume of MSW to be disposed of in one day (m3/day)

Vannual = Volume of MSW in one year (m3/year)
DSp = Quantity of MSW produced (kg/day)
365 = Equivalent to one year (days)
Dmsw = Density of the recently compacted MSW (400-500 kg/m3) and
of the stabilized landfill (500-600 kg/m3)
c.m = cover material equivalent to 20 or 25% of the volume of the recently
compacted wastes.
VSL = Volume of the sanitary landfill (m3/year)
Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.3.2.3 Estimate/Compute the landfill land area for the next 5 years.

1.4 Volume Capacity

1.4.1 Data Gathering:

From the processed Market Feasibility Analysis on the average volume per day

that solid waste in Bacolod City have and the volume capacity of the sanitary

landfill.

1.4.2 Data Processing:

Determine design specification of new landfill.

54
2. Technical Study

The determination of engineering layout and design and its corresponding equipment,

facilities, materials and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary

landfill.

2.1 Data Gathering:

2.1.1 Create criteria for feasibility on technical aspect of landfill.

2.1.1.1 Site visit and determination of technical violations of current landfill.

2.1.2 Secure common type of soil, permeability coefficient, and the allowable

side-slope of the landfill requirement of the landfill.

2.1.3 Determine average depth of the water table of the Bacolod City.

2.1.4 Identify different kinds of construction method for a sanitary landfill.

2.1.5 Identify the necessary facilities required for the sanitary landfill

2.2 Data Processing:

2.2.1 Identify compliance and non-compliance of the current site to the

technical criteria.

2.2.2 Use the data from 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 for the design of the landfill.

2.2.3 Select construction method that is suitable for the project study.

2.2.4 Prepare vicinity, location and site development plan.

2.2.5 Selection and computation of structural configuration of landfill

2.2.6 Prepare landfill Layout and facilities drawings and specifications

55
3. Management Study

3.1 Data Gathering:

3.1.1 Identify the functions involved in setting up the organization for the

construction and operational phase of the landfill

3.1.2 Identify the activities needed for the construction of the landfill

3.2 Data Processing:

3.2.1 Set up the organization for construction and operational phase

3.2.2 Set up project schedule for the construction phase

 Gantt Chart

 PERT-CPM

4. Environmental Feasibility

4.1 Environmental Provisions

Determine environmental requirements set forth by R.A. 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

from DENR pursuant to P.D. 1586. Compile in a checklist as environmental criteria.

4.2 Site Investigation

Visit current site at Brgy. Felisa and check for environmental criteria.

4.3 Data Processing

Identify mitigating measures to counteract violations from environmental criteria.

5. Financing Study

5.1 Data Gathering:

5.1.1 Identify the source of financing.

5.1.2 Listing of project cost which will include the following:

56
  Equipment

 Machinery

 Materials

 Supplies Requirements

 Labor

5.2 Data Processing:

5.2.1 Compute project cost considering the following:

 Equipment

 Machinery

 Raw Materials

 Supplies Requirements

 Labor

5.2.2 Determine the total investment cost needed for the construction of the

landfill.

6. Financial Study

6.1 Data Gathering:

6.1.1 Listing of operation cost for the landfill

6.1.2 Determine the labor requirements taking into consideration the following:

 Labor types (Direct, Indirect and Administrative)

 Pay scale

6.2 Data Processing:

6.2.1 Determine the total operating cost

6.2.2 Draft a cash budget for the project life

57
 6.2.3. Construct a proposed project schedule for construction and operation of

the proposed sanitary landfill

7. Socio –economic Study

The Public Awareness Survey Questionnaire from the Metro Manila Solid Waste

Management Project will be adopted in the study, however some portion of the questionnaire

will be omitted.

7.1 Respondents of the Study

The respondents for the study will be the residents of Bacolod City residing near the

new location of the sanitary landfill.

7.2 Locale of the Study

The locale of the study is the City of Bacolod. The respondents of the study

will be obtained from the sample population of residents of the Barangay in Bacolod

City where the new landfill will be constructed. .

7.3 Reliability and Validity of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire will be validated by experts in Civil Engineering to check the

validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

58