LTE Overview Tunisiana - Tunisia: January 6, 2014

LTE Overview
Tunisiana – Tunisia
January 6th , 2014
Qualcomm Confidential and Proprietary - Restricted Distribution. Not to be distributed to anyone who is not an employee of either Qualcomm or a subsidiary of Qualcomm without the
express approval of Qualcomm’s Configuration Management.
Outline
 LTE Technical Overview
- EPS Network Architecture & Protocols
- EUTRA Essentials
- DL Channels & Operation
- UL Channels & Operation VoLTE Overview and Deployment
 LTE Deployment Lessons Learned Challenges
- LTE Deployment in 1800MHz Band
2 Confidential & Proprietary | May Contain U.S. & International export controlled information xx-xxxxx-xx Rev A
LTE Technical Overview
Confidential & Proprietary | May Contain U.S. & International export controlled information xx-xxxxx-xRev A
Evolved Packet System
Network Architecture
& Protocols
LTE in the Standards
Release 8 Release 9 Release 10 Release 11

First LTE Release (LTE Advanced) (LTE Advanced)
December 2008 December 2009 March 2011 September 2012
· OFDMA air interface · Location services support · Enhanced interference

· Meets 4G requirements
· Scalable bandwidth · Multimedia Broadcast cancellation
· Peak data rates:
· MIMO transmission (eMBMS) · CoMP
· Enhancements to Home DL 1 Gbps, UL 500 Mbps
· FDD and TDD · Enhancements for
· Carrier aggregation
· New, simplified core eNodeBs (HeNB) and SON Smartphones
· Multi-layer beamforming (up to 100 MHz)
network, all IP network · Fixed-mobile
· Enhanced MIMO
· Packet switched (no CS) · Vocoder rate adaptation convergence
· Heterogeneous
· Interworking with legacy · End-to-end voice support architecture
· CSFB improvements networks (mix of femto/
networks · Other
pico/macro)
· SON (Self Organizing/ · Support of eICIC
Optimizing Networks) · Relays
· Seamless interoperation
LTE and WLAN
2009 2010 2011 2012+
Network Architecture Evolution
EPS is all PS (IP) based - no CS domain!
IP PSTN IP
Public circuit-switched Public or private IP
network network
PSTN PSTN IP PSTN IMS IMS
CS CS PS CS PS PS
Domain Domain Domain Domain Domain Domain
Access Access Access Access
2G initial 2G+/3G IMS EPS

architecture architecture Introduction architecture
(GSM) (GPRS/EDGE/UMTS)
(1991) (2000) (2004) (2008)
PS Domain Architecture Evolution
R99 3G-HSPA HSPA evolution EPS
3G/GPRS (Rel5/6) (Rel7-8) (Rel8)
Control User
CP UP CP UP CP UP
Plane Plane
GGSN GGSN GGSN PG

W
MME SG
W
SGSN SGSN SGS
N
RNC/BSC RNC
RNC RNC
RNC
NodeB/BT NodeB NodeB eNode B

S
- 4 functional entities on - Some RRM functions - User Data can flow - 2 functional entities on
Control and User Planes reside in Node B between GGSN and RNC User/Control Plane
- RNC/BSC based RRM (or directly to Node B) - eNode B centric RRM
EPS entities
• eNode B: Evolved Node B
Functions migration - Node B RNC SGSN GGSN • MME: Mobility Manag. Entitiy
Color Legend  functions functions functions functions • S/P-GW: Serving/PDN Gateway
Overall EPS Architecture
Basic EPS entities & interfaces
EPC SPR EPS entities:

• eNodeB: Evolved Node B
HSS/
• MME: Mobility Management
AuC Entitiy
Sp • S-GW: Serving Gateway
S6a • P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1-C or
S1-MME S10
Other
MME MMEs PCRF
Gx
c Rx
Gx
S11
SGi Operator's IP
S5
eNodeB Services
S-GW P-GW
LTE-Uu (e.g., Internet,
S1-U
Intranet, IMS,
X2 PSS)
UE
Other
eNodeBs
Signaling Other entities:
• HSS: Home Subscriber Server
(Optional) • PCRF: Policy and Charging
E-UTRAN Resource Function
• IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem
Data
• PSS: PS Streaming Service
E-UTRAN Entities/Interfaces
eNB functions
• Radio Resource Management
• E-UTRAN synchronization and
EPC
MME / S-GW / P-GW MME / S-GW / P-GW interference control
• IP header compression
• Encryption/Integrity protection of user data
S1
S1
• MME selection (among MME pool)

• Routing of User Plane data from/to S-GW
S1
S1
X2
eNB eNB
E-UTRAN S1 interface
X2
X2
• Can be split in S1-U (S-GW) & S1-C

(MME)
eNB • Many-to-Many S1 supports network
sharing, redundancy, and load
balancing
X2 interface
• Used for inter-eNB handover, load
balancing, and interference
cancellation
EPC Entities/Interfaces (1/2)
MME main functions
• NAS signaling and its security
• AS Security Control
HSS • Tracking Area List Management
• PDN GW and Serving GW selection
S6a • MME selection for inter-MME handover
•
E-UTRAN
S10 Inter CN node signaling for mobility

Other
MME
MME
between 3GPP Access Networks
S1-C s • Roaming and Authentication
S11
• EPS bearer management
S5 SG S10 interface
S-GW P-GW i • Supports mobility between MMEs
S1-U
S11 interface
• Supports EPS Bearer management
between MME and S-GW (split
case)
S6a interface
• Used for subscription & security
10 Confidential & Proprietary | control
May Contain U.S. & International export controlled informationbetween MME and HSS xx-xxxxx-xx Rev A
EPC Entities/Interfaces (2/2)
S-GW main functions
• E-UTRAN and inter-3GPP mobility anchoring
• E-UTRAN Idle mode DL packet buffering
• Packet routing and forwarding
HSS
• UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI
• Transport level QoS mapping/marking
S6a
E-UTRAN
S10 P-GW main functions

Other
MME MME • UE IP address allocation
S1-C
s • Packet filtering and Policy enforcement
S11 • Transport level QoS mapping/marking
• User Plane anchoring for 3GPPnon-3GPP
S5 SG mobility
S-GW P-GW i
S1-U S5 interface
• Between S-GW and P-GW (split case)
• Called S8 for inter-PLMN connection
• Can be based on GTP or Proxy Mobile
IP
SGi interface
• Access from/toward IMS & IP
11 Confidential & Proprietary | networks
May Contain U.S. & International export controlled information xx-xxxxx-xx Rev A
EPC Topology Options
Full Split Legacy SGSN/GGSN-like
S3 S4 S3 S4
MME
S1-C PDN S1 MME/ S5
SGi PDN SGi
S11 GW Serving
S5 GW
GW
• EPC entities can be split S1-U Serving
or combined based on GW
operator choice and/or S2 S2
EPC vendor constraints
• Tradeoff between
deployment cost vs.
Combined User Plane Fully Combined
redundancy & scalability
S3 S4 S3 S4
S11
S1-C MME
PDN GW/ S1 MME/Serving GW/
SGi SGi
Serving GW PDN GW
S1-U
S2 S2
E-UTRAN Control Plane: Protocol Stack
NAS (EMM, ESM)
EPC RRC S1-AP

MME / S-GW / P-GW MME / S-GW / P-GW
PDCP SCTP
RLC (Radio Link Control) IP
MAC Layer L2
S1
S1
Physical Layer L1
S1
S1
UE LTE-Uu eNode B S1-CP MME

X2
eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
LTE-Uu X2- AP
SCTP
eNB
IP
• AP: Access Protocol L2

• EMM: EPS Mobility Management
• ESM: EPS Session Management L1
• RRC Radio Resource Control
• PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol eNode B X2-CP eNode B
• SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
EPC Control Plane: Protocol Stack
DIAMETER GTP-C
SCTP/TCP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
MME S6a HSS MME S10/S11 MME/SGW
HSS
GTP-C
UDPgggg
S6a PMIPv6
E-UTRAN
UDP
S10
MM Other
E MMEs IP
S1-
C S11 L2
S5/S S L1
S-GW 8 P-GW Gi
S1- P-GW
S-GW S5/S8
U
(GTP or PMIP based)
E-UTRAN & EPC User Plane: Protocol Stack
Application
IP (PDP) type
IP IP • IPv4 (no/with DHCP)

• IPv6 or
• IPv4v6 (dual-stack)
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U
PMIP
tunneling
RLC (Radio Link Control) UDP UDP
MAC Layer IP IP
Physical Layer L2/L1 L2/L1 L2/L1
UE eNode B S-GW P-GW App Server

LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8 SGi
S5 Bearer EPS
LTE S1 Bearer
(GTP or PMIP
Radio Bearer (GTP-Tunnel)
Tunnel) Bearer
EPS Security Architecture
EPS Security mechanisms and Termination points
S1-UP
UE Uu eNB S1-CP MME S/P-GW
RRC Integrity/Encryption S1-AP Integrity/Encryption
Control Plane
NAS Integrity/Encryption
X2-CP:
Integrity/Encryption
Data Encryption Data Encryption

User Plane
X2-UP: Data Encryption
New standard mechanisms, e.g. eNB

• NAS/S1 encryption
• E-UTRAN security
EPS Non Access Stratum – Overview
• AS: Access Stratum
NAS (EMM, ESM)
• NAS: Non-Access Stratum
AS (RRC) S1-AP • EMM: EPS Mobility Management
• ESM: EPS Session Management
UE E-NodeB MME
UE-MME NAS includes two main protocols:
 Evolved Mobility Management (EMM), in charge of:

– User Registration and User/Network Authentication
– NAS Signaling-Connection and Idle mode Mobility
– Security for NAS protocols
 Evolved Session Management (ESM), in charge of:

– EPS Bearer management between UE and EPC
 IP connectivity and QoS allocation to the UE
EPS Network Topology and Mobility Procedures
Service Area 1 SGWs Service Area 2 SGWs
SGW1 SGW2 SGW3 SGW4
MME Pool 1 MME Pool 2

Tracking Tracking
MME1 MME2 Area 1 Area 5 MME3 MME4
Tracking Tracking Tracking

Area 2 Area 3 Area 4
Mobility Procedures
cell UE Active:
- Handover (AS)
UE Idle:
- TA Update (NAS)
- Cell Reselection (AS)
• Tracking Area (TA) = EPS Registration Area

– An Idle UE is known at a TAI list level
– An Active UE is known at a cell level
• A TA can be served by a pool of MME/SGW
EPS Idle and Active States – AS and NAS Layers
Detach,
Attach/TAU Reject,
(EMM)
Registration States
EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED
Attach accept
RRC connection (ESM, EMM, RRC)

released
RRC RRC- IDLE RRC-CONNECTED Signaling
RRC connection
Connection States
established
• In each layer’s Active
RRC&S1 connection State a UE context is
released
EMM EMM- IDLE EMM-CONNECTED
stored in the UE and
Network.
RRC&S1 connection
established
• User Plane data can flow
EPS Bearer release
only when all AS/NAS
signaling connections
ESM ESM - INACTIVE ESM - ACTIVE and bearers are Active.
EPS Bearer setup
EPS Idle and Active States – Use Cases
Registration EMM EMM EMM
State De-registered Registered Registered
ESM State/
ESM Inactive ESM Active ESM Active
Bearer
EMM/RRC EMM/RRC
EMM/RRC Idle EMM/RRC Idle
State Connected
UE location Unknown E-NodeB level TA List level
Cell Reselection
Mobility PLMN/cell selection Handover
TA Update
Data
No data Data ON Stand-by
Exchange
Registration + Data
UE EPS Bearer Active Inactivity
Idle UE
Power on setup UL/DL data
Power-off Data
resuming
EPS Registration Procedures – Highlights
EPS Attach
First EMM procedure after Power-on
• UE registers to the EPS domain
• UE can get Always-on connectivity
– UE requests for PDN connectivity
NAS EMM is responsible – EPC can allocate EPS Bearer(s)
(among other functions)

for User Registration EPS Tracking Area Update (TAU)
• UE shall register
Registration Request - At change of Tracking Area
UE MME - Periodically (avoid implicit detach)
Registration Response
• UE can be assigned multiple Tracking
Area IDs
EPS Attach Procedure + Always-on Connectivity
MME/
UE LTE Uu eNB S1 S5 PDN-GW PCRF HSS
S-GW
Network Discovery, Access System

UE is EMM Selection, and RRC connection established
De-Registered/
EMM/RRC Idle Signaling Radio Bearer
MME Selection
Attach Request (+ PDN Connectivity Request)
UE is EMM
S1 Sig. connection Setup
De-Registered/
EMM/RRC
Signaling S1 bearer
Connected
Authentication
Subscriber info
PDN-GW Selection
Default EPS Bearer Setup

IP CAN Setup
Default EPS Bearer Setup
Complete
DL data ready to send

Attach Accept (+ Default Bearer Setup) Buffered at the S-GW
UE is EMM
Registered/Connected EPS Bearer setup accept
ESM context active
Attach Complete
IP
EPS Default Bearer activated (IP connectivity - UL & DL )
EPS Bearer Setup Procedures – Highlights
NAS ESM is responsible
for EPS Bearer setup
UE MME S/PGW IMS
PDN Connectivity Request Default EPS bearer setup

• Limited/Default QoS
Default EPS Bearer Setup • Triggered by a UE request for PDN connectivity
• Within the Attach Request and/or afterwards
(for IP connectivity to additional PDNs )
Dedicated EPS bearer setup

IMS SIP call setup
• Set up in addition to default EPS bearer(s)
when specific/better QoS is required
Dedicated EPS Bearer Setup
• Can be triggered by:
• Request from Application layer (e.g. IMS)
EPS Bearer Modification Request or
• UE requested bearer modification
Dedicated EPS Bearer Setup
Default and Dedicated EPS bearers have different QoS requirements & attributes. See next slides
EPS Quality of Service Architecture
 QoS can be enforced and controlled per EPS Bearer or
a set of aggregated EPS Bearers
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Entity
End-to-end Service
Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer Data
Flow(s)
E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi
 EPC-based QoS control

– No UE QoS negotiation at EPS Bearer setup
– No eNB QoS renegotiation after EPS Bearer setup
EPS QoS Definitions and Parameters
EPS Bearer QoS depends on the resource type: GBR or Non-GBR
• A Default EPS Bearer is always Non-GBR
• A Dedicated EPS Bearer can be GBR or Non-GBR
GBR NGBR
EPS QoS Parameters QoS QoS
- QoS Class Identifier (QCI) QCI QCI

- Allocation/Retention Priority (ARP)
ARP ARP
- Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR), Maximum Bit Rate (MBR)
o GBR Bearers only - (Uplink/Downlink) APN-
GBR AMBR
- Per UE/APN Aggregate MBR(UE-AMBR, APN-AMBR)
o Non-GBR Bearers only - (Uplink/Downlink)
MBR UE-
AMBR
APN = Access Point Name
QoS Provisioning & Control

eNB QoS (QCI, ARP, GBR/MBR)
Subscribed QoS (S-QoS)
Dedicated QoS: QCI, GBR/MBR EPC S-QoS HSS

• UE-AMBR, per IMSI
• EPS QoS (QCI, ARP, GBR,
UE Deafult QoS: QCI, APN-AMBR MBR), APN-AMBR, per APN
Standard QCI characteristics are summarized at the end of this section

QCI Service Characteristics
Packet Error
Resource Packet Delay
QCI Priority Loss Rate Example Services
Type Budget (PDB)
(PELR)
1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
Conversational Video (Live

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Streaming)
GBR
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
Non-Conversational Video
4 5 300 ms 10-6 (Buffered Streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
Video (Buffered Streaming)

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail,
6
6 300 ms 10-6 chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
Non-GBR Voice, Video (Live Streaming)
7
7 100 ms 10-3 Interactive Gaming
Same as QCI 6.
8 • Can be used for further
8 300 ms 10-6
differentiation.
• QCIs 6,8,9 are suitable for default
9 9 300 ms 10-6 EPS Bearers .
EUTRA Essentials
Cellular Multiple Access Methods
Duplexing Modes
 LTE offers spectrum versatility:
 Frequency Divisions Duplex (FDD)
Full Duplex Half Duplex
fDL fDL
fUL fUL
Time Time
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
fDL/UL
Time
Bandwidth and Waveforms
 Bandwidth support
- Flexible bandwidth Support
 1.4MHz, 3 MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, and 20MHz
- Allows for deployment of LTE in various frequency bands and
increases deployment options for operators
- UL and DL may be operated with different system bandwidths (FDD)
 Waveform
- OFDM in Downlink – combats frequency selectivity at high
bandwidths
- SC-FDM in Uplink – achieves lower Peak to Average Ratio (PAR)
Modulation
LTE supports multiple modulation schemes
Higher order modulation schemes such as 64-QAM may be used

in high SNR regions.
MIMO Support
- Downlink: Single-User MIMO and up to 4x4 Multi-User MIMO –
Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) based
- Uplink: 2x2 Multi-User MIMO – SDMA

eNode B (Tx) UE (Rx)
Noise
Data 1 + Data 1
Space
Equivalent Channel Space
Data De- Freq. Freq. Mux Data
mux Encoding Decoding
Noise
Data M
+ Data M
CQI
CSI
Rate Control
Rate Control
ACK/NAK
LTE UE Categories
DL Physical Layer Parameters UL Physical Layer Parameters L2 Parameters

Max # of total Max # of
Max # of bits Max # of bits of
DL-SCH TB bits Total # of supported layers Total Layer 2
UE of a DL-SCH an UL-SCH TB Support for 64-
(across all TBs) soft channel for spatial buffer size
Category TB received transmitted per QAM in UL
received per bits multiplexing in [kBytes]
per TTI TTI
TTI DL
Category 1 10296 10296 250368 1 5160 No 150
Category 2 51024 51024 1237248 2 25456 No 700
Category 3 102048 75376 1237248 2 51024 No 1400
Category 4 150752 75376 1827072 2 51024 No 1900
Category 5 302752 151376 3667200 4 75376 Yes 3500
TB = Transport Block
• Each UE category supports a different peak data rate in UL/DL, depending on specific physical
and L2 parameters.
• Each UE vendor may support specific UE category depending on device requirements and
development cycle.
• 64-QAM is supported in the DL by all UE categories, but 64-QAM support in UL depends on UE
category.
• Single category definition for UL/DL category in LTE (unlike HSPA).
Effects of Multipath
Signals follow several propagation paths:

Building
• Line of Sight (LOS)
• Non-Line of Sight (NLOS)
Mountains
Receiver
- Multiple copies of the signal arrive Transmitter
at the receiver with different intensities,
phase offsets, and delays.
- Multiple versions of the same signal may
constructively and destructively interfere
with each other.
Factory
- Difficult to extract the original information
when delay spread is greater than symbol time – Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
- ISI limits performance: increases the bit error rate (BER) and reduces the
achievable data rate.
Multipath and OFDM
 In OFDM, multipath causes loss of orthogonality
- Delayed paths cause overlap between symbols
Tu
Direct Path
Reflected Path
Reflected Path
 Cyclic Prefix (CP) insertion helps maintain orthogonality
Insert the CP by copying and pasting the

CP tail of the modulation symbol
Cyclic Prefix (CP) Transmission
Tu+TCP
Direct Path
Reflected Path
Reflected Path
Tu
Discarded by the
Demodulator
 Cyclic Prefix
- Mitigates Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
- Reduces efficiency
 Useable time per symbol is Tu/(Tu+TCP)
- Selection of Cyclic Prefix governed by delay
spread
Frequency Domain Organization
LTE DL/UL air interface waveforms use a number of orthogonal subcarriers to

send user traffic data, Reference Signals (Pilots) and Control Information.
Resource Block DC
(12 subcarriers)
Df = 15 KHz Subcarrier DL
N RB UL
or N RB  RB
N SC
... ...
180 KHz Frequency
Channel Bandwidth
Guard Band
• ∆f : Subcarrier spacing
• DC subcarrier: Direct Current subcarrier at center of frequency band
•N RB / N RB : Number of DL or UL Resource Blocks (Groups of subcarriers)
DL UL
• N SC
RB
: Number of subcarriers within a Resource block
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) is a multiple access scheme utilizing OFDM
modulation techniques.
OFDM  OFDMA
• OFDMA assigns subcarriers to multiple users at the same time
• Resource Blocks (RB) define contiguous groups of subcarriers
Example Resource Block:

6 subcarriers x 4 symbols
Subcarrier Number
User 4
User 3
User 2
Frequency User 1
Time Symbol Number Tu

OFDMA versus SC-FDMA
Overall Radio Resource Organization
Time Radio Frame ( 307200 * Ts) = 10 ms
Subframe (1 ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = TTI
Frequency
Slot (0.5 ms)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
.
.
.
7.5 KHz
or
15 KHz
All
Subcarriers
(k)
.
.
.
.
.
,.
DL OFDM Symbols (l)

N symb
Time Domain Organization
LTE Time Domain is organized as Radio Frame has 2 structures:
• Frame (10ms) • Type 1 (FS1) for FDD DL/UL
• Sub-frame (1ms) • Type 2 (FS2) for TDD
• Slot (0.5 ms)
• Symbol (duration depends on FS1 is considered in this presentation.
configuration)
Radio Frame Tf = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1ms
01234 5 6
Subframe
(2 slots)
Slot
CP length (configured by higher
Tslot=0.5 ms Number of OFDM Symbols/Slot
layer)
CP
4.69µs (Normal CP)
16.66μs (Extended CP)
7 OFDM/LFDM symbols DL
N
6 OFDM/LFDM symbols Symb
or N 
UL
Symb
OFDM
33.3µs (MBSFN only) 3 OFDM symbols
Symbol
LFDM = Localized Frequency Division Multiplexing
DL Channels and Operation
Downlink Channelization Hierarchy
Common Dedicated
Control Data/Control
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

Downlink
RLC Logical channels
Downlink
MAC Transport channels
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
Paging
HI
CFI DCI
Downlink
Physical Channels
DL-RS SCH PCFICH PBCH PHICH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH
Downlink System MBSFN

broadcast
Physical Signals
Most DL data traffic is carried on the Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) transport
channel and its corresponding Physical Downlink Shared Channel or PDSCH
DL Cell-Specific Reference Signals: 4 Tx Antennas
Normal CP Extended CP
10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
subcarrier
subcarrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1 0 R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1 0
1 1
2 2
slot
R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 3 R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 3
RB
4 4
5 5
RB
R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1 6 R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1 6
7 7
8 8
R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 9 R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 9
subframe
10 10
11 11
OFDM OFDM
symbol symbol
slot 0 slot 1 slot 0 slot 1
subframe subframe
Overheads Normal CP Ext CP

1 Tx antenna 4.76% 5.56%
2 Tx antenna 9.52% 11.11%
4 Tx antenna 14.29% 15.87%
Downlink Transmission – An Example
Example of Frame Structure Type 1 (extended CP) transmission
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
RS 0 1 2 3
Physical Resource Block
Frequency (PRB) PDSCH
Time
Slot
Sub
Frame
Resource Scheduling in LTE
10 ms
5 ms subframe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Dynamic Scheduling
– Resources are assigned to users explicitly every 1ms
through L1/L2 control channels in Control region
– Resources can be (re-)allocated in a fast dynamic
manner and sent in the Data region
– Control channel capacity (PDCCH resources) limits
the maximum number of active users that can be
6x180KHz=1.08MHz
6-100 RBs
scheduled (e.g., low rate VoIP users)
6 RBs
PBCH
 Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS)
– A set of resource assignments and transport formats
are pre-allocated to users at call setup
– Dynamic Scheduling over-writes SPS if needed
– Can support more than 200 active users (LTE target)
– SPS assignment can be activated/de-activated via
PDCCH 1 ms
Control Data
Region Region
DL Link Adaptation Operation Overview
1. UE reports CQI (Channel Quality
IP Network Indicator), PMI (Pre-coding Matrix
Index), and RI (Rank Indicator) in
PUCCH (or PUSCH if there is UL traffic).
MME
2. Scheduler at eNode B dynamically
eNode B
X2 allocates DL resources to the UE:
– UE reads PCFICH every subframe
X1 and determines the number of OFDM
symbols occupied by PDCCH.
– UE reads PDCCH to determine
assigned DL resources (PRB and
MCS) for a specific Tx Mode.
3. eNode B sends user data in PDSCH.
eNode B
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
4. UE attempts to decode the received
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
packet and sends ACK/NACK using
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PUCCH (or PUSCH if there is UL traffic).
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
UL Channels and Operation
E-UTRA Uplink Channel Mapping
Common Dedicated
Control Control/Traffic
CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical channels
• No dedicated transport channels
• Focus on “shared” transport
channels
Transport channels
RACH UL-SCH • vs.DCH and E-DCH in UTRA
Uplink Physical Signals
Physical channels
SRS DM-RS PRACH PUCCH PUSCH • vs. DPCH and E-DPCH in UTRA
New channels & signals are shown in RED

Uplink Scheduling
Overload and
high interference
indicator over X2
interface
Serving eNode B - Uplink load
Neighboring
- UE capability
eNode B UL Scheduler - Uplink cell capacity
Scheduling Buffer Status Power Headroom

Request (SR) Report (BSR) (PHR)
E-UTRA Uplink Scheduled Operation: No Uplink Resources
IP Network 1. If UE does not have UL-SCH

resources, UE sends SR
(Scheduling Request) on
PUCCH.
MME
2. Scheduler at eNode B allocates
eNode B resources to UE in terms of
X2
Uplink grant on PDCCH.
• Assigned resources: Physical
S1
Resource Blocks (PRB) and
Modulation and Coding Scheme
(MCS).
3. UE sends user data on PUSCH.

4. If eNode B decodes the Uplink
data successfully, it sends ACK
on PHICH.
eNode B
In absence of PUCCH resources, UE must complete a RACH procedure to request UL-SCH

resources.
E-UTRA Uplink Scheduling Reporting
1. UE sends Buffer Status Report
IP Network
(BSR) & Power Headroom
Report (PHR) to network on
PUSCH.
MME
2. Scheduler at eNode B
eNode B
X2 dynamically adjusts resources
assigned to UE:
S1 – Grant is adjusted and reflected
on PDCCH.
3. Based on the adjusted grant, UE

sends user data on PUSCH.
4. If eNode B decodes the Uplink
data successfully, it toggles the
eNode B New Data Indicator (NDI) on
PDCCH, and sends ACK on
PHICH.
Uplink Closed Loop Power Control
IP Network
1. UE transmits PUCCH or
PUSCH.
MME
2. Serving eNode B monitors link
eNode B quality
X2
3. Serving eNode B sends transmit
S1 power control commands (TPC)
as part of Downlink Control
Information (DCI) on PDCCH.
4. UE adjusts transmit power
levels [Pmax] of PUCCH or
eNode B PUSCH .
5. Repeat.
Random Access Steps
IP Network 1. UE selects one of 64 preamble

signatures for transmission
MME 2. UE sends random access
eNode B preambles at increasing power
X2
3. UE receives random access
S1 response that includes
- Grant for UL transmission
- Preamble ID
- UL timing alignment information
- C-RNTI
4. UE sends signaling or user

eNode B data on UL
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LTE Overview Tunisiana - Tunisia: January 6, 2014

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LTE Overview

Release 8 Release 9 Release 10 Release 11

· OFDMA air interface · Location services support · Enhanced interference

2009 2010 2011 2012+

PSTN PSTN IP PSTN IMS IMS

Access Access Access Access

2G initial 2G+/3G IMS EPS

(1991) (2000) (2004) (2008)

GGSN GGSN GGSN PG

NodeB/BT NodeB NodeB eNode B

EPC SPR EPS entities:

• MME selection (among MME pool)

• Can be split in S1-U (S-GW) & S1-C

S10 Inter CN node signaling for mobility

S10 P-GW main functions

NAS (EMM, ESM)

EPC RRC S1-AP

RLC (Radio Link Control) IP

UE LTE-Uu eNode B S1-CP MME

• AP: Access Protocol L2

MME S6a HSS MME S10/S11 MME/SGW

IP IP • IPv4 (no/with DHCP)

Physical Layer L2/L1 L2/L1 L2/L1

UE eNode B S-GW P-GW App Server

RRC Integrity/Encryption S1-AP Integrity/Encryption

Data Encryption Data Encryption

New standard mechanisms, e.g. eNB

UE-MME NAS includes two main protocols:

 Evolved Mobility Management (EMM), in charge of:

 Evolved Session Management (ESM), in charge of:

SGW1 SGW2 SGW3 SGW4

MME Pool 1 MME Pool 2

Tracking Tracking Tracking

• Tracking Area (TA) = EPS Registration Area

RRC connection (ESM, EMM, RRC)

UE location Unknown E-NodeB level TA List level

(among other functions)

Network Discovery, Access System

Attach Request (+ PDN Connectivity Request)

Default EPS Bearer Setup

DL data ready to send

UE MME S/PGW IMS

PDN Connectivity Request Default EPS bearer setup

Dedicated EPS bearer setup

UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

 EPC-based QoS control

- QoS Class Identifier (QCI) QCI QCI

QoS Provisioning & Control

Subscribed QoS (S-QoS)

Dedicated QoS: QCI, GBR/MBR EPC S-QoS HSS

Standard QCI characteristics are summarized at the end of this section

1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

Conversational Video (Live

5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling

Video (Buffered Streaming)

 Time Division Duplex (TDD)

LTE supports multiple modulation schemes

Higher order modulation schemes such as 64-QAM may be used

- Uplink: 2x2 Multi-User MIMO – SDMA

DL Physical Layer Parameters UL Physical Layer Parameters L2 Parameters

Signals follow several propagation paths: